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Gli spazi del commercio costituiscono uno dei focus della ricerca di ambito progettuale e storico almeno un paio di decenni. Nelle scuole di architettura corsi incentrati sul retail corrispondono da una parte a sempre più numerose ricognizioni storico-critiche e dall’altra a un potenziamento delle aziende di settore, in una gamma di operatività che va dal contracting alla comunicazione, all’impiego di strumenti tecnologicamente avanzati come l’intelligenza artificiale, la realtà virtuale o aumentata. Quanto emerge è l’attitudine a raccogliere specializzazioni e discipline diverse, con ampio spazio per la sperimentazione grazie alla temporaneità dei dispositivi e alla necessità del loro continuo rinnovamento in consonanza con le modificazioni dei linguaggi, delle dinamiche economiche, degli assetti sociali. Il paper si propone una embrionale ricucitura tra le sfaccettature del progetto per il commercio a partire dal progressivo ribaltamento della formula “form follows function” per arrivare all’ipotesi che lo spazio – progettato – determini i comportamenti di chi lo frequenta. Retail spaces have been at the center of research on design and architectural history for at least a couple of decades. In architecture schools, courses focusing on retail stem on one hand from an increasing amount of critical and historical research, and on the other hand from the evolution of retail companies. In fact, the sector has been revolutionised by a number of new developments, from contracting to communication to the use of technologically advanced tools such as artificial intelligence and virtual or augmented reality. This shows an aptitude for combining different specialisations and disciplines, privileging experimentation, which is facilitated by the temporary nature of the devices and the need for their constant renewal, in keeping with changing languages, economic dynamics, and social structures. The paper proposes a review of the manifold components of design for retail, starting from the progressive overturning of the “form follows function” rule. Thus, it formulates the hypothesis that the (designed) space dictates the behaviour of its visitors.

L’obiettivo del presente contributo è quello di esplorare la natura e la caratterizzazione dell’offerta di attività economiche urbane etnicamente connotate e quali siano le dinamiche evolutive in atto, con l’intento di definire alcune questioni emergenti e proporle all’agenda dei decisori pubblici come tema da trattare negli strumenti di governo del territorio. A partire dall’analisi delle posizioni ricorrenti nel dibattito internazionale sul tema, si approfondisce il caso del comparto Sarpi-Canonica-Bramante a Milano, caratterizzato da un’offerta di attività economiche urbane di matrice cinese. Lo studio del processo di formazione e consolidamento di questo sistema – che si configura come un laboratorio di integrazione culturale, funzionale ed economica – permette di riflettere sul ruolo che queste attività possono avere nel configurare ed abitare gli spazi pubblici della città post-pandemica. The aim of the present paper is to explore the nature and characterisation of ethnic diversity in urban economic activities available today and the ongoing development of these establishments. In doing so, we may identify some emerging issues and have policymakers add them to their agenda as topics of discussion for local government strategies. After reviewing the recurring positions in the international debate on the subject, this paper explores the case of the Sarpi-Canonica-Bramante area in Milan, which is characterised by a unique range of economic activities of Chinese origin. We then study how this system started, strengthened and how it has become a workshop for cultural, functional and economic integration. This analysis allows us to reflect on the role these businesses may play in shaping and inhabiting the public spaces of the post-pandemic urban context.

Este artículo analiza el papel del Sindicato de Costureras de Buenos Aires, ideado por la Acción Católica Argentina (ACA), en un periodo que abarca desde sus orígenes hasta la llegada del primer peronismo. A través de un ejercicio de historia social con perspectiva de género se presentan las estrategias de la Asociación de Mujeres de la Acción Católica (AMAC) en los ambientes laborales, y también el proselitismo que desarrollaron las católicas con las trabajadoras de la industria textil durante este periodo. En esta investigación se muestran los arquetipos de género y el ideal de feminidad de la cultura católica en Argentina, que atravesaban la pertenencia social de las católicas y de las costureras. Finalmente, se realiza una aproximación a la campaña por la defensa de la Ley de Trabajo a Domicilio que enarboló la ACA, concluyendo cómo los discursos proteccionistas se encontraron en perfecta consonancia con las representaciones de género del peronismo y del catolicismo social. Abstract This paper analyses the role of the Seamstresses Trade Union from Buenos Aires, conceived by the Argentinian Catholic Action (ACA) between its origins and the arrival of First Peronism. Through Social History and Gender Studies this article is focused on Female Catholic Action strategies over the working environments. Also, it researches the proselytism that Catholic women did against women workers from the textile industry among this period. Furthermore, the article presents gender archetypes and femininity ideal from the Catholic culture in Argentina, which outperform the social class of Catholics leaders and the seamstresses. Finally, this paper shows an approach to the campaign in defence of the «Ley de Trabajo a Domicilio», led by the ACA. Conclusions shows that these speeches where in perfect accordance with Peronism and Social Catholicism gender representations.

Zusammenfassung Die deutsch-kubanische Forschungs- und Digitalisierungsinitiative „Proyecto Humboldt Digital“ (ProHD) hat während ihrer Projektlaufzeit (2019–2023) wichtige Quellen zum Thema „Humboldt und Kuba“ erstmals digital erschlossen. Als Kooperation zwischen der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Oficina del Historiador de la Ciudad de La Habana hat ProHD damit wichtige Akzente für die Archivdigitalisierung, die digitale Editionsphilologie und die digitale Wissenschaftskommunikation in Kuba gesetzt. Das Korpus der erschlossenen Bestände wird hier in fünf Schlaglichtern vorgestellt: 1) Quellen zur Humboldt’schen Forschungsreise, 2) Juan Luis de la Cuesta, 3) Materialien zu Kuba aus dem Humboldt-Nachlass, 4) Zensur und Beschlagnahme des Essai politique sur l’île de Cuba, 5) Francisco de Arango y Parreño. Resumen La iniciativa alemana-cubana “Proyecto Humboldt Digital” (ProHD) ha hecho accesibles digitalmente por primera vez importantes fuentes sobre el tema “Humboldt y Cuba” durante el período de su ejecución (2019–2023). Como cooperación entre la Academia de Ciencias y Humanidades de Berlín-Brandeburgo y la Oficina del Historiador de la Ciudad de La Habana, ProHD ha inspirado importantes pautas para la digitalización de archivos, la ecdótica digital y la comunicación científica digital en Cuba. El corpus de los fondos catalogados se presenta aquí en cinco puntos destacados: 1) fuentes en torno al viaje humboldtiano, 2) Juan Luis de la Cuesta, 3) materiales sobre Cuba de la colección Humboldt, 4) Censura y confiscación del Essai politique sur l’île de Cuba, 5) Francisco de Arango y Parreño. Abstract The German-Cuban initiative “Proyecto Humboldt Digital” (ProHD) has made important archival sources on “Humboldt and Cuba” digitally accessible for the first time during the project period (2019–2023). As a cooperation between the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities and the Office of the Historian of the City of Havana, ProHD has inspired key principles for archival digitization, digital scholarly editions and digital scholarly communication in Cuba. The digital corpus is presented in this article along five main strands: 1) documents related to Humboldt’s voyage, 2) Juan Luis de la Cuesta, 3) Documents on Cuba from the Humboldt personal papers, 4) censorship and confiscation of the Essai politique sur l’île de Cuba, 5) Francisco de Arango y Parreño.

The drawings preserved in the collection of the Gabinetto Disegni e Stampe di Palazzo Rosso in Genoa include three sketches concerning the involvement of Francesco Gandolfi (1824‑73) in the pictorial decoration of Genoa’s first railway station between 1859 and 1860. Except for the medallion under the entrance porch, these frescoes have been considered lost since the early 20th century. This research is grounded in the stylistic and cultural homogeneity that these drawings express, as well as in the remarkable evidence they provide about an iconographic scheme intended for a novel public space in the 19th-century city. The aim of this paper is also to outline the artistic and social environment of Genoa at the time when it became the first commercial centre of the Kingdom.

This paper investigates for the first time the restoration work carried out on the refectory of the monastery of San Michele in Bosco in Bologna, which was supervised by Alfonso Rubbiani between 1892 and 1895. In spite of the vast literature on the ‘restorer’, this work has so far been scarcely considered both because of the chronology of the building (mid-16th century) as well as because it did not entail radical changes. Indeed, the limited size of the room and the numerous documentary traces – carefully tracked by Rubbiani and his patron, the lawyer Giuseppe Bacchelli – were addressing the operation philologically. The discovery of unpublished archival evidence contributed to a more appropriate understanding of the overall work; in particular, it is possible to note how the initial intentions of the architect and the commissioner, which were based on erudite investigations that involved intellectuals and politicians of the time, did not, unfortunately, come to fruition.

This paper aims to investigate the intriguing phenomenon of costumed parties held in Rome between 1880 and 1900 through the study of photographic material. In particular, the essay focuses on two main iconographic aspects: the carnival masquerades, conceived in most cases by the painter and antiquarian Attilio Simonetti and interpreted by some members of the International Artistic Association; and the tableaux vivants, the so-called living pictures, which were figurative compositions usually set up in the patrician residences, including that of the counts Giuseppe and Luigi Primoli, who were an active part in their creation. A crucial role was also played by Henri Le Lieure, a professional photographer of French origin who was responsible for much of the visual documentation of the time.

El Nacional-Sindicalismo fue la propuesta política y económico-social del fascismo español que se desarrolla en España a partir de 1931 por obra de Ramiro Ledesma Ramos, fundador de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista, continúa con Falange española de José Antonio Primo de Rivera y finaliza con el régimen del general Franco. El ensayo que presentamos estudia el pensamiento económico de los fundadores del fascismo español y su influencia en la formación del primer franquismo. El trabajo se estructura en tres partes, en la primera abordaremos las características esenciales del fascismo español; en segundo lugar nos centraremos en el pensamiento económico-social de los ideólogos del fascismo en España y terminaremos con el análisis del papel económico-social del sindicalismo vertical españolNational syndicalism was the political and socio-economic proposal of Spanish fascism that developed in Spain from 1931 through the work of Ramiro Ledesma Ramos, founder of the National Syndicalist Offensive Juntas. National syndicalism continued with the Spanish Falange of Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera, and culminated in the regime of General Franco. The present paper studies the economic thinking of the founders of Spanish fascism and their influence on the formation of the early Franco regime. The paper is divided into three parts. The first part addresses the essential characteristics of Spanish fascism. The second part focuses on the economic and social thought of the ideologues of fascism in Spain. And the third part ends with an analysis of the economic and social role of the Spanish vertical syndicalism.

Zusammenfassung Die Reisetagebücher der Amerika-Reise (1799-1804) stellen ein Kompendium an schriftlichen Einträgen, Tabellen, Diagrammen und Zeichnungen dar, das in der Tradition römischer Papiermuseen des 17. Jhs. steht. Sie können als Mikrokosmen kleiner Kunstkammern aufgefasst werden, in denen Naturobjekte, Kunstwerke und Arbeitsmittel einen gemeinsamen Reflexionsraum bilden. Im Zentrum des vorliegenden Beitrags steht Humboldts Auffassung einer gestalteten Bestimmung von Landschaft vermittels besonders einprägsamer Bildformen. Auf erstaunliche Weise nähert sich Humboldts Ästhetik der Gesamtsicht von Natur Charles Darwins Begriff der natürlichen Schönheit an. In den Reisetagebüchern zeigt sich ein heterogener, von Lebendigkeit zeugender Charakter, der sowohl durch das unterschiedliche Format der einzelnen Hefte, als auch durch die inkonsistente Behandlung des Papiers erreicht wird. Dieser bewegliche Zug setzt sich in zahlreichen Zetteln, Briefen und weiteren Texten fort als ein eigenes Prinzip von Evolution. Abstract The travel diaries of Humboldt’s journey to the Americas (1799-1804) form a corpus of research in the form of written entries, tables, diagrams and sketches and serve as a continuation of the Roman “paper museums” of the 17th century. They can be seen as microcosms of small Kunstkammern (cabinets of curiosity) in which specimens from nature, artworks and working materials are documented and presented together in a common space for reflection and contemplation. The focus of this paper is Humboldt’s conception of a “designed determination” through particularly memorable images and forms. His aesthetic of an overall vision of nature bears a striking similarity to Charles Darwin’s theory of natural beauty. His travel diaries reveal a heterogeneous character, imbued with a vibrancy that is attained through both the various formats of different notebooks, as well as by the inconsistent treatment of the of the booklet’s paper. In the form of countless notes, letters and further texts, this dynamic process establishes the framework for its own principal of evolution. Abstract I Reisetagebücher („diari di viaggio“) scrisse durante il suo viaggio in America del Sud (1799-1804) costituiscono un compendio di annotazioni scritte, tabelle, diagrammi e disegni, che appare legato alla tradizione dei musei cartacei romani del Settecento. Questi diari possono essere considerati delle Kunstkammern in miniatura, in cui oggetti della natura, opere d’arte e strumenti di lavoro formano uno spazio di riflessione comune. Al centro dell’attenzione del presente contributo è l’idea humboldtiana di una determinazione del paesaggio attraverso immagini particolarmente facili da ricordare. In modo sorprendente, la riflessione estetica di Humboldt sul panorama naturale si avvicina all’idea di bellezza della natura di Charles Darwin. I Reisetagebücher mostrano un carattere eterogeneo e vivo, che si manifesta sia nel diverso formato dei quaderni, sia attraverso il trattamento inconsistente della carta. Questa dinamicità continua poi nei numerosi foglietti, nelle lettere, e in altri testi di Humboldt, e costituisce il principio di evoluzione a loro proprio.

O regime autoritário português definiu-se constitucionalmente como uma república unitária e corporativa, mas o sistema político erigido não exigiu em exclusivo a representação orgânica dos interesses organizados no Estado e conservou vários elementos típicos da representação política liberal. Neste artigo, procura-se perceber as razões dessas escolhas ideológicas e políticas, avaliando de que modo se equacionou a questão da soberania e como se organizaram os poderes do Estado. Identificamse ainda instrumentos e processos de representação política e de representação de interesses. Discute-se o pensamento do legislador e, consequentemente, do poder político atuante, quanto a tentativas de compatibilização entre posições estadualistas e antiestadualistas, organicistas e liberais. Para tanto, observam-se propostas apresentadas durante o período constituinte sobre as competências e modo de formação dos órgãos de soberania, mas também as soluções finais que foram inscritas na Constituição de 1933. Referem-se as reações que as mesmas suscitaram entre as várias forças políticas e a opinião publicada. Reflete-se, por último, sobre as tendências dominantes da constitucionalidade europeia da época, com o objetivo de situar nesse quadro referencial o modelo português.The Portuguese authoritarian regime was constitutionally defined as a unitary and corporatist republic, but the political system established did not exclusively require the organic representation of organised interests in the State and kept several typical elements of liberal political representation. This paper attempts to understand the reasons of these ideological and political choices, assessing how the issue of sovereignty was considered and how the powers of the State were organised. Instruments and processes of political representation, as well as of the representation of interests, are also identified. The thought of the legislator is discussed, and hence of the active political power with respect to attempts to reconcile pro-state and anti-state positions, organicists and liberals. To this end, the paper analyses proposals presented during the period of the establishment of the constitution regarding the competencies and way of creation of state bodies, as well as the final solutions that were eventually recorded in the 1933 Constitution. The reactions that these solutions provoked among the various political forces and the published opinion are referred to. Finally, a reflection is made on the dominant trends of the European constitutionality of that time in order to place the Portuguese model within this reference framework.

Zusammenfassung Alexander von Humboldts 1827/28 gehaltene Kosmos-Vorträge stellen ebenso einen kanonischen Bezugspunkt wie einen weißen Fleck in der Rezeption seines Schaffens dar. Zahlreiche Deutungen basieren auf lediglich zwei unkommentierten Leseausgaben von Collegheften anonym gebliebener Zuhörer Humboldts. Seine 2009 wiedergefundenen eigenhändigen Vorlesungsmanuskripte versprechen, diese schmale Quellenbasis zu erweitern. Alfred Dove hatte bereits 1872 auf ihre Existenz verwiesen und interpretierte sie damals als Nukleus der schriftlichen Ausarbeitung des Kosmos. Diese Sichtweise hat sich in der Rezeption gehalten, während die Materialien, die Dove beschrieb, in Vergessenheit gerieten. Der Artikel stellt anhand ausgewählter Beispiele die Vorlesungsmanuskripte Humboldts und Nachschriften seiner Zuhörer in ihrem Zusammenhang vor, entwickelt die These von der Eigenständigkeit der sogenannten Kosmos-Vorträge gegenüber dem fünfbändigen Kosmos und umreißt die wichtigsten Ziele und Inhalte der geplanten digitalen Edition. Abstract Alexander von Humboldt’s famous Kosmos-Lectures, presented in 1827/28, constitute a major benchmark as well as a blind spot in the reception of his work. Numerous interpretations are based on merely two uncommented textbook editions of notes made by anonymous listeners. Humboldt’s own lecture manuscripts, rediscovered in 2009, promise to extend the sources of interpretation. Already in 1872, Alfred Dove gave a hint to the existence of these papers. At that time, he regarded them as the nucleus of the later published Kosmos. This perception persisted up to recent times, while the existence of the papers on which Dove alluded, fell into oblivion. The article presents examples of Humboldt’s own lecture manuscripts together with notes made by his listeners. It develops the thesis of the autonomy of Humboldt’s Kosmos-Lectures towards the Kosmos, but at the same time points to aspects of continuity between the two. Furthermore, it will outline some major ambitions and contents of the project of their digital edition. Résumé Les cours ‘Kosmos’ donnés en 1827/28 par Alexander von Humboldt, bien que mal connus jusqu’alors, représentent un repère canonique dans la réception de son œuvre. De nombreuses interprétations sont basées uniquement sur les transcriptions non commentés de deux auditeurs anonymes. Ses manuscrits personnels retrouvés en 2009 promettent d’élargir cette faible source. Alfred Dove y avait déjà fait référence en 1872 et les interprétait à l’époque comme le germe de la rédaction du Kosmos. Ce point de vue a persisté dans la réception, alors que les sources que Dove décrivait tombaient dans l’oubli. L’article présente les manuscrits de Humboldt et les notes de ses auditeurs dans leur contexte à l’aide d’exemples choisis ; il développe la thèse de l’indépendance des cours ‘Kosmos’ par rapport au Kosmos en cinq tomes et résume les objectifs et le contenu de l’édition numérique prévue.

Article in German. Abstracts in German and English. The paper is divided into five sections. It begins by showing the similarity between Humboldt's world view and that of the Pythagoreans. It inquires into Humboldt's notion of nature that comprehends natura naturans and natura naturata as well. Numbers are powers of the univers. They especially occur in the 'only decisive method' that is in the method of mean values. This method makes it possible to recognize the law guiding the changes of variable quantities. The botanical arithmetic and earth magnetism provide examples. Finally the paper explains how Humboldt combined the three possible approaches to the world that is thinking, acting, and regarding by means of the notion of knowledge.

Article in German, Abstracts in English and German.This paper outlines how Humboldt’s life and work have been influenced by his general interests in Russia, his researches related to that country, and his relationships with individual Russians. Humboldt’s manifold Russian researches cannot be limited to his great expedition of 1829, but extend much more widely. This paper summarizes the topical state of knowledge in this field, and indicates the need for further researches into Humboldt’s relationship with Russia.

Article in German, Abstracts in English and German. Humboldt’s „Kosmos“ or „physical world description“ aimed at the same time at the outer and at the inner world. Corresponding to Horace’s famous dictum it was meant to be useful and to delight. Such a description was characterized by two notions, that is by force and by liberty. The paper deals with Humboldt’s conception of his work, with his notion of nature, taken from the elder Pliny. Again and again Humboldt named his famous model namely Laplace whose methodological principles coincided with his own convictions. The paper demonstrates that and how Humboldt was influenced by Herder without mentioning Goethe’s friend and explains Kant’s role in this context. The final aims of Humboldt’s conception of natural science were the laws of nature which connected natural phenomena with each other. Finally Humboldt’s high respect for mathematics is analysed.

Article in German, Abstracts in English and GermanIn 1869 the “Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein” was founded in Magdeburg (Saxony Anhalt). That was the time when the scientific world celebrated Alexander von Humboldt’s 100th birthday. In this context, Humboldt’s achievements were remembered during the founding ceremony of that society. The paper which was read in September 2003 on a meeting of this organisation, focuses on three famous naturalists who celebrated Humboldt because they owed him much help in their own professional careers. The botanist Matthias Jacob Schleiden gave a memorial speech in 1869 in Dresden. The physiologist and pioneer of electro-biology Emil du Bois-Reymond honoured his mentor A. v. Humboldt on the occasion of the dedication of the statues of Wilhelm and Alexander in 1883 in Berlin. Charles Darwin expressed his gratitude to Humboldt by sending him in 1839 the report of his travels and received an interesting reply. These three scholars represented a new epoch in the development of the natural sciences. The paper includes a recently re-discovered letter from Humboldt to Schleiden, dated April 13, 1842.

A central question in today’s environmental debate is how economic development and environmental protection interrelate, especially in middle-income countries with exponential economic growth. This article’s focal point is to identify how the fast strong growth and change in consumption in Vietnam impacted on the environment during a 60-year period (1954-2018), in terms of climate change, air pollution, water pollution and waste disposal. Those issues would be thoroughly discussed and supported by the country’s report on the number of emissions by different means (industrial activities, transportation, etc.), experts’ analysis, forecasts and reliable databases from the World Bank, Euromonitor, Vietnam General Statistical Office, Statista. All data on this paper is taken from other various sources, ranging from government and companies reports to journals and articles worldwide.

The publication in 1885 of the Raphaelesque monograph written by the Bolognese politician and statesman Marco Minghetti gave rise to a large number of negative or controversial reviews. The attention of some detractors certainly focused on the structure and contents of the volume, on the inaccuracies and naivety that characterized some pages, but in perspective it extended to a criticism against Giovanni Morelli, famous connoisseur and Minghetti's close friend, and his controversial experimental method. Some papers survive documenting Minghetti's ‘Morellian’ training, the making of his monograph, the connection with Raphaelesque celebrations in 1883 and with events and episodes in the art market. Today these archival materials allow to open a window on a not secondary conjuncture in late-19th-century Italian culture.

Among the least investigated personalities of the milanese erudition between the 18th and 19th century, we find Carlo Amoretti (1741-1816): polygraph, naturalist, Winckelmann’s first Italian translator and Leonardo scholar as prefect of the Ambrosiana Library. Starting from the manuscripts kept at the Istituto Lombardo – Accademia di Scienze e Lettere in Milan, this paper aims to shed a first light on the observations of Amoretti around 14th and 15th century artworks in the Lombard territory. In particular, his travel diaries provide unpublished insights into the debate on medieval and proto-Renaissance art that involved some of the leading antiquarians of the 19th century, with whom Amoretti himself was in contact: from Giuseppe Bossi to Seroux d’Agincourt, from Tommaso degli Obizzi to Stefano Borgia.

This paper focuses on the artworks commissioned to Antonio Canova by Portuguese patrons in 1805: the monument to Alexandre de Sousa Holstein, ordered by his son, the young diplomat Pedro de Sousa Holstein (1784-1850), and the statue of the Genius of National Independence for the Portuguese Prince John VI. New information about these projects has been uncovered through the analysis of unpublished letters, highlighting the influence of the writer and art connoisseur Giovanni Gherardo De Rossi (1754-1827). Therefore, this article will explore the relationships between De Rossi, Canova, and Pedro de Sousa Holstein, which may play a significant role in understanding Portuguese commissions.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the events connected with the establishment of the Reale Galleria di Torino as a public museum in 1832 in relation to the training path of its first director, Roberto d'Azeglio, who was in voluntary exile in Paris, where he came into contact with artists from the entourage of David's pupils in the 1920s. The function of the museum for d'Azeglio is the same as that identified by Quatrémere de Quincy: an institution of high civic value strongly linked to the present. Contemporary art and ancient art can thus establish a close dialogue to consolidate the ethical and civic involvement of visitors.

Il contributo indaga le ultime istanze del retail design collegate alla vendita omnicanale che ha ricadute anche nel contesto urbano, modificando l’organizzazione ambientale del negozio e la relazione con lo spazio cittadino. Personalizzazione, inclusione, esperienza digitale – lungo un processo definito dalla letteratura sui negozi e i consumi in termini di retailtainment – guidano negli ultimi anni, e sempre di più dopo le vicende pandemiche, il progetto di architettidesigner e sviluppatori di software per la vendita off e on line, confermando la pronosticata convergenza tra mondo fisico e digitale (phygital). In questo scenario in fieri, dove i feedback forniti dai social sono già inclusi tra i fattori cruciali d’acquisto, i colossi dell’on-line sperimentano punti vendita reali con vetrine interattive, uso di fotocamere e sensori per l’acquisto senza cassa, e la grande distribuzione si ridimensiona con concept store nei centri storici cercando l’integrazione con la vita del quartiere. The present paper investigates the latest developments in retail space design related to omnichannel retail. The latter also has an impact on the city, transforming the stores’ layout design and their relationship with the urban context. In recent years, customisation, inclusiveness and digital experience, the key features of the so-called retailtainment – a term coined by the literature on retail spaces and consumption – have inspired the projects of architects, designers and software developers for online and offline retail, and increasingly so after the pandemic, confirming the predicted convergence of physical and digital (phygital) worlds. In this scenario in the making, with social networks influencing purchasing decisions, on-line giants have been using stores to experiment with interactive shop windows, the use of cameras and sensors for checkout-free shopping. Large retailers, on the other hand, are experimenting with smaller store formats such as concept stores, located in city centres and thus seeking integration with the neighbourhood.

This contribution describes, through letters and printed documents, the history of the Catalogo di antiche medaglie consolari e di famiglie romane (Naples, 1855) by the collector Gennaro Riccio, the connections with the training environment, the scientific choices and the printing techniques of the book. The illustrated plates of ancient coins were produced experimentally in relief with the galvanoplastic method and with a special metal hue simulating gold, silver and bronze, in order to obtain a very realistic view of these coins. This method of illustration was successful, but also suffered criticism; it gained fame and later it was forgotten. The spectroscopic investigations carried out on some papers for the identification of the material sand of the execution techniques (ft-ir, Raman and frx spectra) enable the reconstruction of the kind of paper used for the hollow printing, the layer of «white lead» and the composition of metal used in hues suggesting the presence of gold, silver and copper coins in relief, but reveal the absence of precious metals and especially the presence of copper particles (for gold and bronze coins) and tin (for silver coins).

Abstract Alexander von Humboldt repeatedly evaluated Leibniz’ scientifi c achievements and projects. He was especially interested in his contributions to the investigation of earth magnetism and in his writings on earth history and in his invention of the differential calculus. Hence the paper deals with these three subjects. It explains their historical background before it explains Humboldt’s comments and evaluations. To that end some historical documents or letters are published for the first time, in particular Theodor Wittstein’s letter to Humboldt dating from 1851. Zusammenfassung Alexander von Humboldt bewertete wiederholt Leibnizens wissenschaftliche Errungenschaften und Projekte. Insbesondere war er an dessen Beiträgen zur Erforschung des Erdmagnetismus, an dessen Schriften über die Erdgeschichte und an dessen Erfi ndung der Differentialrechnung interessiert. Der Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit diesen drei Themen. Er erklärt deren historischen Hintergrund, bevor er Humboldts Kommentare und Bewertungen darlegt. Zu diesem Zweck werden einige historische Dokumente oder Briefe zum ersten Mal veröffentlicht, vor allem Theodor Wittsteins Brief an Humboldt aus dem Jahre 1851. Résumé Alexander von Humboldt a évalué à maintes reprises les accomplissements scientifi ques et projets de Leibniz. En particulier, il s’intéressait à ses contributions à la recherche du magnétisme terrestre, à ses écrits sur l’histoire de la terre et à son invention du calcul différentiel. L’article s’occupe de ces trois sujets. Il explique leur contexte historique avant qu’il décrive les commentaires et les évaluations de Humboldt. À cette fi n, quelques documents historiques ou lettres sont publiés pour la première fois, avant tout la lettre de Theodor Wittstein à Humboldt de l’année 1851.

Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von einem Brief Alexander von Humboldts an die Schriftstellerin Therese von Bacheracht (1804 – 1852) wird die Geschichte der Herausgabe der Briefe seines Bruders Wilhelm an Charlotte Diede im Jahr 1847, nach dem Tod beider Korrespondenten, nachgezeichnet. Besonders wird dabei auf die bisher unveröffentlichten „Tagesblätter“ Karl August Varnhagens von Ense zurückgegriffen, aus denen hervorgeht, dass Alexander von Humboldt seine anfangs ablehnende Haltung aufgibt, Varnhagen mit der Prüfung und Korrektur des Manuskripts betraut, und dass Therese von Bacheracht durch Hartnäckigkeit und Charme ihr Ziel erreicht, die nicht unbeträchtlichen Einnahmen aus der Veröffentlichung zugesprochen zu bekommen. Abstract Using a letter written by Alexander von Humboldt to the writer Therese von Bacheracht (1804 – 1852), this paper tells the story of how Humboldt’s brother Wilhelm’s letters to Charlotte Diede were published in 1847, after the death of both correspondents. The emphasis is placed on the hitherto unpublished daily journals (Tagesblätter) of Karl August Varnhagen von Ense. Not only do they show how gradually Alexander von Humboldt abandons his former adverse attitude towards the project, but also that he asks Varnhagen to proofread the manuscript and that, by perseverance and her charming attitude, Therese von Bacheracht succeeds in obtaining considerable profi ts from the publication of the letters. Résumé Sur la base d’une lettre d’Alexander von Humboldt à l’écrivain Therese von Bacheracht (1804 – 1852), on retrace l’histoire de la publication des lettres de son frère Wilhelm à Charlotte Diede en 1847, après la mort des deux correspondants. En particulier, on utilise les « Tagesblätter » inédits de Karl August Varnhagen von Ense, dont il ressort qu’Alexander von Humboldt renonce à son attitude initialement négative, confi e à Varnhagen la révision et la correction du manuscrit, et que Therese von Bacheracht avec persévérance et charme atteint leur objectif de se voir attribuer les revenus non négligeables de la publication.

Se pretende con el presente estudio poner el acento en lo denunciado, tantas veces, en la historiografía de género como «invisibilidad femenina», con el objetivo último de comprender la problemática socio-política a la que se ha visto subyugada la mujer durante el lapso de tiempo que transcurre desde el triunfo del Frente Popular hasta los comienzos de la Guerra Civil. Todo ello con la intención de contribuir intelectualmente al esfuerzo iniciado por otras colegas historiadoras en la materia, enfatizando en aquellos aspectos menos conocidos, o en aquellos otros que han pasado más desapercibidos en determinados círculos académicos. La mujer participa activamente en la vida política republicana, su voto es decisivo en la victoria del Frente Popular; así mismo, es destacable su creciente influencia en el entorno sindical, siendo víctima por este motivo de la represión franquista posterior. Durante el estudio destacamos la activa participación de la mujer republicana y de izquierdas en la campaña electoral de 1936, y su intervención en la conflictividad sociolaboral durante la primavera de 1936. La mujer juega un papel relevante en la campaña electoral, apoyando las listas del Frente Popular. Muchas mujeres hicieron su propia «campaña» particular, con actos de apoyo al Frente Popular y en pro de la amnistía; recorriendo todo el país, impulsando y encabezando numerosos actos electorales. Basaron fundamentalmente sus acciones en cuestiones de naturaleza económica y en todo aquello relacionado con la lucha política clásica.The paper emphasizes the «female historical invisibility», many times reported in Gender Historiography, with the ultimate goal of understanding the socio-politic causes that have subjugated women during the period elapsed since the victory of the Frente Popular to the begining of the Spanish Civil War. This paper is, also, to add a small contribution to the significant effort developed by some colleagues on this field of study, and it stresses somo aspects less known and less studied. During the reporting period, women play an important role in trade unions, wich be the causes for the later repression, already in the begining on Franco Period. This study highlights the active participation of left wing an republican women in the election campaing of 1936, and their involvement in social unrest during the spring of 1936. Supporting Frente Popular, Women will play an important role in the capaign, and many of them will made, also, their own «campaign» with specific acts such as travelling around the country, promoting and leading numerous campaign events or developing acts in favour of amnesty. Women topics on campaign were about economics and classical political struggle.

Análisis del papel que en la evolución de la pintura española del siglo XIX tuvieron la jerarquía de los géneros, el mecenazgo estatal, la crítica y el nacimiento del artista-intelectual. Un nuevo sistema artístico, diferente tanto del hegemónico hasta ese momento como del actual, cuya comprensión resulta imprescindible para juzgar la producción artística decimonónica.This paper discusses the role that State patronage, art criticism, the relative importance of different painting styles and the birth of the artist/intellectual played in the evolution of 19th century Spanish painting. This resulted in a new artistic order that differed from the one previously in use and from the one that followed in the 20th century. The paper argues that understanding this organisation is essential in order to approach 19th century artistic production.

La relación entre literatura e historia no sólo tiene que ver con la creación de contextos para el análisis literario o con la identificación de nuevas fuentes de datos para la investigación histórica. Afecta tanto a la manera en que los textos literarios participan de la historia como a las semejanzas y diferencias entre las representaciones que ambas disciplinas generan. En este artículo nos proponemos reflexionar sobre estas cuestiones tomando como ejemplo la formación y recepción de un género denominado testimonio. El testimonio se crea en la Cuba de los setenta y de aquí se difunde como un ejemplo óptimo para ilustrar las propuestas de ciertas tendencias críticas emergentes como la crítica postcolonial o los estudios subalternos. El testimonio ha sido definido como un género híbrido, un tipo de literatura creada en la intersección entre disciplinas para abrir un nuevo espacio para la expresión de las voces subalternas. En este artículo, estudiaremos la recepción crítica de este género así como también las dificultades para atribuir una autoría única a los textos testimoniales, una cuestión, esta última, que podría determinar su posición entre la literatura y la historia.The links between Literature and History are not only related to the creation of social contexts for the literary analysis or to the identification of new sources of information for the historical research. They also are connected with the way in which literary texts take part in History as well as with the similarities and differences between the discursive representations created by both disciplines. In this paper we will use a genre called testimonio to analyse these issues. Testimonio was created during the 70s in Cuba and later divulged by literary critics as a good example to illustrate the proposals of new critical tendencies such as Postcolonial Criticism or Subaltern Studies. Testimonio has been defined as a hybrid genre, a type of literature created in the intersection between different disciplines in order to open a new space for the expression of subaltern voices. This paper will discuss the critical reception of this genre and the difficulties of the attribution of authority in testimonial texts, a question that could determine its location between Literature and History.

La novela británica, desde la Revolución Francesa a la Primera Guerra Mundial, difícilmente puede apreciarse globalmente si se descarta el papel que juega la mujer, no solamente como lectora sino también como escritora, dentro del panorama literario y de desarrollo del pensamiento en el mundo anglosajón. Este trabajo propone una lectura crítica de la novela escrita por mujeres a lo largo del siglo XIX, con el fin de releer la representación de la diferencia, es decir, del Otro femenino en la cultura anglosajona, así como sus ramificaciones críticas y culturales. Tomando como punto de partida el planteamiento crítico de Judith Halberstam sobre la mujer masculina (female masculine), el trabajo propone una revisión crítica de la novela escrita por mujeres en Inglaterra a lo largo del siglo XIX, entendiendo éste ideológicamente, el comprendido entre la Revolución Francesa y la Primera Guerra Mundial. La tesis fundamental que se explora en esta aportación se centra alrededor de la manera en que, por una parte, la mujer novelista supone una subversión del modelo de feminidad impuesto culturalmente a lo largo del siglo XIX. Asimismo, y por otra parte, se analizará cómo las novelas que estas mujeres escriben se convierten en un foro de debate sobre la mujer, su naturaleza y su papel en la sociedad inglesa del momento. Finalmente, el trabajo demostrará que la revisión de la contribución cultural de la mujer novelista, dentro de este período y contexto concretos, es crítica e históricamente relevante aún hoy en día para comprender las construcciones y representaciones culturales del Otro femenino, las historias de la diferencia.The English novel, from the French Revolution to WWI, can hardly be understood in its complexity without taking into consideration the role of women not only as writer but also as reader, within the literary and cultural panorama of the period. This article offers a critical reading of the novel written by women in the nineteenth century in England in order to re-read the representation of difference (the female Other in English culture) and explore its critical and cultural ramifications. The paper will take Judith Halberstam’s notion of female masculinity as a starting point to reviewing the novel written by women in England in the nineteenth century in its wide sense, that is, from the French Revolution to WWI. The paper will suggest that the female novelist is in itself a subversion of the conventional notion of femininity dominant throughout the nineteenth century. At the same time, the paper will discuss the extent to which the novels written by these women writers become in themselves sites of debate about the role and nature of women in society at that time. Finally, the paper will state that revising the contribution of the woman novelist to culture, in this period and context, is critically and historically relevant even today to understand the construction and representation of the female Other, the (hi)stories of difference.

El objetivo de este artículo es defender el uso de la novela como fuente para el historiador y, más concretamente, para la historia contemporánea. En una primera parte del trabajo, mi propósito ha sido el de ofrecer una visión general del debate historiográfico sobre la utilidad de la literatura para la escritura de la historia, dando algunos de los argumentos que la historiografía —especialmente aquellos historiadores que más han practicado la llamada «historia cultural»— ha aportado como razones que justifican la condición de la literatura como documento útil para el historiador. En un segunda parte del trabajo, he centrado mi atención en las novelas de Pío Baroja como posibles fuentes que el historiador puede usar para estudiar la crisis de fin de siglo en España; de ellas, he tomado el ejemplo del El árbol de la ciencia como novela paradigmática de Baroja que nos puede ser útil para estudiar el período de la historia contemporánea de España que abarca la última década del siglo XIX y las dos primeras décadas del siglo XX.The aim of this paper is to defend the use of the novel as a source for the historian, for the Contemporary History to be precise. In the first part of the paper, my purpose has been to provide with an overview of the historiographical debate about the usefulness of literature for the writing of history, giving some of the arguments historiography —specially those historians who had concentrated on the so-called «cultural history»— has provided as reasons to justify the condition of literature as a useful document for the historian. In the second part of this work, I have paid more attention to Pío Baroja’s novels as possible sources to the study of the end-of-century crisis in Spain; from among these novels, I take Pío Baroja’s El árbol de la ciencia as a paradigmatic novel which could be useful for us to the study of the period of Spanish contemporary history which covers from the last decade of 19th century to the first two decades of the 20th century.

En este trabajo intentamos explicar el porqué de la oleada de huelgas agrícolas que tuvo lugar en Castilla durante el año 1904, y para ello, nos centraremos en el estudio de lo acontecido en la comarca castellano-leonesa de Tierra de Campos, centro neurálgico de la conflictividad que protagonizó el campesino castellano durante ese año. La investigación se basa en el estudio, aparte de la usada Memoria de Adolfo A. Buylla, de la prensa provincial y documentación militar y judicial.In this paper, we try to explain the reason for the spate of farming strikes, that it took place in Castile during the 1904, and for it, we focus our research in the region of Old Castile called Tierra de Campos, that it was the principal area of the disputes were led by the Castilian peasant during that year. The research is based on the study, besides of the trite Memoria of Adolfo A. Buylla, the provincial press and the military and judicial papers.

Zusammenfassung Die beiden Forschungsreisenden Alexander von Humboldt und Ulrich Jasper Seetzen haben sich während der gemeinsamen Studienzeit in Göttingen kennengelernt und sich dort über ihre Arbeiten zur Naturkunde ausgetauscht. Später brach Seetzen, wie Humboldt, zu einer großen Expedition auf, die ihn als ersten Europäer durch das zentrale Afrika führen sollte. Seine Forschungen im Nahen Osten gelten bis heute als Pionierleistungen der Orientalistik. Das Unternehmen fand auf der arabischen Halbinsel ein vorzeitiges, tragisches Ende. Über die Beziehung der beiden Kommilitonen während ihrer Göttinger Zeit war bislang wenig bekannt. Ein kürzlich entdecktes Brieffragment ermöglicht neue Einblicke. Es erweist sich als eine Abschrift Seetzens aus einem bislang unbekannten Brief des einundzwanzigjährigen Humboldt über dessen Helgolandreise 1790. Im Zusammenhang mit weiteren Quellen kann diese Jugendfreundschaft nun besser bewertet werden. Summary Alexander von Humboldt and the Frisian naturalist Ulrich Jasper Seetzen met in 1789 during their studies at the University of Göttingen. They shared common scientific interests in natural history. Later Seetzen, like Humboldt, conducted a multidisciplinary expedition which was meant to encompass the Middle East, Arabia and, as a final destination, central Africa which he intended to traverse as the first European traveller. The expedition came to an abrupt end in Yemen. This short description of Seetzen’s life and work focuses on his early relation to Humboldt. The paper centers around an investigation of a manuscript written by Seetzen which turns out to be an excerpt of a so far unknown letter by the 21-year-old Humboldt featuring a short observation abstract of his journey to the North Sea island Helgoland in 1790. Résumé Les deux voyageurs scientifiques Alexandre de Humboldt et Ulrich Jasper Seetzen se sont connus au cours de leurs études universitaires à Goettingen. Ce fut là qu’ils se sont échangés sur la connaissance de la nature. Comme Humboldt, Seetzen partit pour une grande expédition qui devait le conduire, en tant que premier Européen, à l’Afrique centrale. Ses recherches au Proche-Orient sont considérées, aujourd’hui même, comme des travaux pionniers de l’orientalisme. A la péninsule arabe, son entreprise échoua d’une façon tragique. Peu de chose est connu, jusqu’à présent, de leurs relations pendant leurs études à Goettingen. Le fragment d‘’une lettre récemment découverte nous permet d’en savoir plus. Il s’agit de la copie de la main de Seetzen d’une lettre, inconnue jusqu’à maintenant, du jeune Humboldt âgé de 21 anssur son voyagew à lîle de Helgoland en 1790. A l’aide d’autres sources en plus, l’amitié entre les deux jeunes peut être évalué d’une façon plus précise.

Zusammenfassung Alexander von Humboldt gehört zu den ersten Fachleuten, die für die sichere Beherrschung technischer und ökonomischer Prozesse gleichzeitig naturwissenschaftliche und kameralistische Kenntnisse anwendeten und dabei weiterentwickelten. Durch die allseitige Betrachtung von Herstellungsvorgängen gelang es ihm, für seine Vorgesetzten gut durchdachte Vorschläge zur Gestaltung der Rohstoffverarbeitung zu formulieren. Nach einigen Fakten aus seinem kameralistischen und hüttenmännischen Studium wird das anhand von Beispielen belegt. Dazu gehören u. a. die Anlage von Gradierwerken, der Einsatz hochwertiger Rohstoffe in der Steingutfertigung, die Anwendung von Komplexrohstoffen zur Glasschmelze, die Auswahl effektiver Wasserräder, die Dimensionierung der Gaskanäle in Porzellanbrennöfen sowie der Einsatz von Flussmitteln für die Roheisenschmelze. Bei der Ausreichung eines königlichen Kredites für die Blaufarbenherstellung zeigte sich der Kameralist. Abstract Alexander von Humboldt was one of the first experts to apply simultaneously scientific and fiscal (cameralistic) knowledge for mastering and developing technological and economic processes. Based on thorough observations of manufacturing processes he wrote reports to his supervisors which included well-founded suggestions for improving the processing of raw materials. This paper provides some facts about Humboldt’s studies in fiscal accounting and metallurgy, and discusses examples which show how he used his expertise for developing technological processes. These examples refer for instance to the installation of walls made of branches and twigs that allow salt water to evaporate, the use of high-quality raw materials for pottery, complex raw materials for glass melting, the choice of the most efficient water wheels, porcelain furnaces with optimal gas channels and the use of fluxing agents for the melt of pig-iron. Similarly, Humboldt revealed his economic acumen by advising on loans from the Crown for cobalt blue manufacturing. Resumen Alexander von Humboldt fue uno de los primeros expertos en aplicar al mismo tiempo el conocimiento científico y fiscal (cameralismo) para dominar y desarrollar procesos tecnológicos y económicos. Sobre la base de observaciones exhaustivas de los procesos de fabricación, escribió informes a sus supervisores que incluían sugerencias bien fundamentadas para mejorar el procesamiento de las materias primas. Este artículo proporciona algunos datos sobre los estudios de Humboldt en contabilidad fiscal y metalurgia, y analiza ejemplos que muestran cómo utilizó su experiencia para desarrollar procesos tecnológicos. Estos ejemplos se refieren, por ejemplo, a la instalación de torres de graduación salina, el uso de materias primas de alta calidad en la producción cerámica, materias primas complejas para fundir vidrio, la elección de las ruedas hidráulicas más eficientes, el dimensionamiento de los conductos de gas en hornos de porcelana con canales de gas óptimos y el uso de agentes fundentes para la fundición de arrabio. Del mismo modo, Humboldt reveló su perspicacia económica al asesorar sobre préstamos de la Corona para la fabricación de azul cobalto.

Resumen [Die spanische Zusammenfassung gehört zum Text, wurde also vom Verf. autorisiert.] Entre las impresiones determinantes que recibió el joven Humboldt está en primer lugar su relación con Georg Forster, circunnavigador del mundo, escritor y mas tarde revolucionario. Aquí se toca la historia de las relaciones entre ambos subrayando previamente lo que Forster significó para Humboldt. Los escritos y la personalidad de Forster lo impactaron emocionalmente; él consideró a Forster como un ejemplo en la observación y comparación de fenómenos geográficos, naturales y sociales, pero también por su tendencia a descubrir leyes; Forster estimuló a Humboldt incursionar en el campo de ciencias diversas; también en el arte de descripción literaria de la naturaleza, del paisaje y sus moradores se sentía la influencia de Forster; finalmente, Forster fue uno de los representantes más importantes del pensamiento político-ideológico progresista con el cual entró en contacto el joven Humboldt y el cual, por su toma de partido en favor de la Revolución Francesa, así como contra la esclavitud y la discriminación racial, ejerció un poderoso influjo sobre él. Aunque era inoportuno declararse en favor del jacobino Forster, Humboldt adhirió públicamente a su amigo y maestro subrayando su “igual dirección en opiniones políticas” respecto a Forster. Zusammenfassung Unter den prägenden Eindrücken, die der junge A. v. Humboldt empfing, steht an erster Stelle seine Beziehung zu Georg Forster, dem Weltumsegler, Schriftsteller und späteren Revolutionär. Hier wird neben der Geschichte ihrer Beziehungen vor allem Forsters Bedeutung für Humboldt behandelt. Forsters Schriften und seine Persönlichkeit beeindruckten Humboldt. Er sah in dem Forscher ein Vorbild bei der Beobachtung und dem Vergleich geographischer, naturkundlicher und sozialer Erscheinungen, aber auch im Bestreben, Gesetzmäßigkeiten aufzudecken. Forster regte Humboldt an, in verschiedene Wissenschaftsgebiete einzudringen; in Humboldts literarischen Beschreibung der Natur, der Landschaft und ihrer Bewohner wird der Einfluss des Älteren deutlich. Forster war einer der wichtigsten Vertreter progressiven politischen Denkens und der Parteinahme für die Ideale der Französische Revolution, mit dem der junge Humboldt in Berührung kam. So beeinflusste ihn auch Forsters Haltung gegen Sklaverei und Rassendiskriminierung. Humboldt identifizierte sich nie mit dem Jakobiner Forster, bekannte sich aber öffentlich zu seinem Freund und Lehrer, indem er die „gleiche Richtung politischer Meinungen“ hervorhob. Abstract It was the relationship with the circumnavigator, writer, and (later) revolutionary Georg Forster that had the greatest impact on the young Alexander von Humboldt. This paper is dealing with the history of their relationship and pays special attention to Forster’s influence on Humboldt. Forster’s writings and his personality influenced Humboldt greatly. He took Forster’s approach as a model for his own observations and comparisons of geographical, natural, and social phenomena, but also applied them in his efforts to discover natural laws. Forster encouraged Humboldt to study various fields of natural sciences and his influence is evident in Humboldt’s way of describing nature, landscapes and their inhabitants. As a passionate supporter of the French Revolution, Forster was one of the most important representatives of progressive political thinking with whom the young Humboldt came into contact. Forster’s stand against slavery and racial discrimination had a strong influence on Humboldt as well. Though unlike Forster, Humboldt did never identify himself as a Jacobin, he referred to him publicly as his friend and teacher by pointing out “common directions in their political opinions”.

El texto trata de la dimensión internacional de la transición sindical en Portugal y España. En concreto, analiza la contribución de la socialdemocracia alemana a la reconstrucción del movimiento sindical socialista, muy débil en ambos países al iniciarse el proceso de transición. Muestra cómo el temor a que el predominio comunista en las dos grandes centrales ibéricas, Intersindical y Comisiones Obreras, significase un factor de inestabilidad permanente en las nacientes democracias, movió a la DGB y la Fundación Ebert a implicarse masivamente en apoyo de las modestas organizaciones socialistas. El texto explora las líneas maestras de la colaboración con los cuadros sindicales del Partido Socialista portugués y con la española Unión General de Trabajadores. El autor defiende la tesis, que podrá refrendarse o refutarse cuando se permita el acceso a algunas fuentes relevantes en Madrid y Lisboa, que el apoyo alemán fue crucial para el meteórico ascenso del histórico sindicato socialista español y para la creación de homónima central portuguesa União Geral de Trabalhadores. Abstract This paper deals with the international dimension of the trade union transition in Portugal and Spain in the 1970s. It analyzes the contribution of German social democracy to the reconstruction of the socialist labor movement, which were extremely weak in both countries at the beginning of the transitions. It shows how the fear that the communist dominance in the two great Iberian unions, Intersindical and Comisiones Obreras, meant a permanent instability factor in the nascent democracies, moved the DGB and the Ebert Foundation to massively support the modest socialist labor movement. The text explores the main lines of the cooperation with the trade union cadres of the Portuguese Socialist Party and with the Spanish Unión General de Trabajadores. The author holds the thesis, which can be endorsed or refuted when access to some relevant sources in Madrid and Lisbon is allowed, that German support was crucial for the meteoric rise of the historic Spanish socialist union and for the creation of the homonym Portuguese União Geral de Trabalhadores.

Article in Spanish, Abstracts in English and Spanish.As it is well known, Humboldt and Bonpland ended their almost five-years-journey throughout the American continent with a short but intense stay of nearly three months in the USA.As it has already been studied in a previous paper (‘HiN’ nº 3, 2001), Humboldt’s political and economical thesis predicted the role and the place that would most probably correspond to the newly born American nations within the new post-Napoleonic world order.Afterward, Humboldt explicitly stated that not only the future but the present of the USA seemed very different to the one of the Latin American countries due to the many ethnic, social and cultural barriers, and specially to the many historical ‘vices’ that these had inherited from the colony. This conviction was shared with other ‘illustrated’ German thinkers of his time, such as G.F. Hegel, who thought that after the full consummation of the Iberoamerican independence from Europe a confrontation, even military, will be unavoidable and even necessary between the North and the South of the America as precondition for the rebirthing of the ‘idea’, ‘reason’ and ‘spirit’ into the ‘new world’; it is, as precondition for the continuity of ‘History’; in other words, for avoiding the ‘end of History’. After 200 years of a complex and difficult coexistence between the USA and the rest of the continent, and after at least two failures of Iberoamerica to achieve a full reinsertion within the Western politics, culture and economy, the USA, having been a super world power for several decades, have offered, and even forced, a great continental alliance (‘ALCA) ’that will lead in, a very short term (2005), to a unique and preferential continental market and, in some way, to a unique American economic culture. One of the many questions that arises about such a challenge is if the Iberoamerican countries have yet been able to overcome the mentioned historic and structural barriers and colonial ‘vices’ referred by Humboldt. And, if in despite of these barriers, would Iberoamerica, by the hand of the USA and Canada, finally be able to find an appropriate and deserved ‘place’ and ‘role’ within the ‘new world order’ of the so called ‘globalization’ era. This questioning is a new challenge for the Humboltian science and a possibility for it to analyze the ‘present time’ with the same premises used by Humboldt at his time to criticize the Hispano-American reality and to certain extent, predict its immediate future. This is what, with the required humbleness, this paper tries to formulate.

Este artículo estudia la trayectoria histórica de la Unión General de Trabajadores en Cantabria entre agosto de 1888 (en que fue creada) y finales de 1917 (cuando, debido a la huelga general revolucionaría de ese año, quedó desmantelada temporalmente). Para ello, el texto se divide en tres partes: mientras la inicial coincide con el establecimiento de las primeras sociedades de resistencia en Santander, la segunda se centra en la expansión obrerista producida desde 1898 tanto en esta ciudad como en otras localidades de la región citada; por último, el tercer apartado analiza la evolución de las colectividades proletarias a partir de 1905.This paper is the result of research into the historical evolution of the General Workers Union in Cantabria between August 1888 (in which it was founded) and the end of 1917 (when, due to the revolutionary general strike of that year, the organization was temporarily prohibited). For this purpose, the paper is divided into three parís. The first deals with the creation of the earliest trade unión societies in Santander. The second is centred on the growth of the working-class movement from 1898 as in this city as in other localities in the same región. Lastly, the third examines the evolution of the proletarian societies since 1905.

Este articulo, cuyos datos básicos fian sido extraídos del Libro registro de Circuncisiones de Rabí Yisiiaq Bar Vidal Ha-Serfaty, manuscrito aljamiado tiebreo-español y íiaquetía, que se encuentra en el Museo Sefardí de Toledo, intenta ser una aportación al conocimiento de la tiistoria de la comunidad sefardí de Tetuán en Marruecos, entre los años 1881-1940. Consta de una introducción histórica sobre esta comunidad durante el periodo que abarca este manuscrito, una descripción del mismo, así como un estudio biográfico de su autor, rabino de esta comunidad entre 1880- 1941, el cual nos proporciona una serie de datos de natalidad, onomástica, lengua, oficios y trabajos, emigración y otros detalles, que nos permiten conocer desde su interior, al analizar una fuente sefardí, la evolución de esta comunidad durante el periodo citado.This paper intends to contribute to the knowledge of the Sephardic community in Tetuán, Maroc, between the years 1881 and 1940. Its basic data have been drown out af the Register Circumcision Book by Rabí Yishaq Bar Vidal Ha-Serfaty from Tetuán, an aljamiado manuscrpt in Spanish-Hebrew and Haquetia, which is at the Sephardic Museum in Toledo. The paper consists of a historical introduction about that community along the period covered, followed by a descrption of the manuscript, as well as a biographic study of the author, rabbi of the community between 1880 and 1941.

El estudio de la Acción católica durante el franquismo ha sido hasta el momento objeto de escasa atención por parte de los investigadores, a pesar de la relevancia de su protagonismo social. El objeto específico de este trabajo es presentar algunas de las fuentes escritas y orales que pueden ser utilizadas para la reconstrucción de esa historia. Previamente se esboza la evolución general de la A.C. durante el franquismo, dedicando especial atención a un momento, los años sesenta, en el que la proyección social y política de esas organizaciones apostólicas adquiere mayor relevancia e interés. Pues más que el estudio interno de las diversas asociaciones, lo que aquí interesa sobre todo es el de su proyección externa, social mental y política.In spite of its relevance from a social point of view, the research on the Acción Católica during the Francoism has been limited. The aim of this paper is to introduce some of the written and oral sources that can be used to study its history. This paper analyze the general evolution of Acción Católica during the Franco years, with an special focus in the sixties, when the política! and social influence of this apostolic institution was most decisive. This study is centered in the external, social, mental and political influence, more than in the inside story of the differents organizations.

The Quatre Saisons by Eugène Delacroix are among the lesser-known and hitherto little-explored works of the French artist. Designed in 1821, the paintings served as decorations for the dining room in the hôtel particulier of the French actor François-Joseph Talma in Paris. Stylistically, the series draws inspiration from ancient art, especially from the Roman wall paintings of Herculaneum and Pompeii that were rediscovered during the eighteenth century. However, rather than imitating models from the past, the artist adapts and rearranges them, thus also revitalising the motif of the four seasons that was very popular for interior decorations in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The paper discusses Delacroix’s four-part cycle as a striking example of both the rediscovery and appropriation of antiquity in nineteenth-century art. In doing so, it examines the artist’s close relationship with ancient art and the way in which Delacroix draws on models from the past and eclectically transforms them for his own artistic needs. The interest for ancient Roman art is also considered according to the role the patron Talma played in the development of the décor.

James Cavanah Murphy (1760-1814), one of Ireland’s foremost antiquarian architects, is considered as a protagonist of the Gothic and Moorish Revival. His work was a catalyst on reception and dissemination of architectural styles in continental Europe. Murphy’s essay on the origins of Gothic architecture set the stage for his monograph, Royal Monastery of Batalha (1795). Murphy’s monumental opus Arabian Antiquities of Spain (1815) was an exponent of Moorish Revival architecture. A material source for Owen Jones’s Plans, Elevations, Sections and Details of the Alhambra produced from 1836 to 1845. This paper sets out to locate Murphy as a pioneer of developing style, ornament and colour in the Nineteenth century.

In 19th century Italy and Europe the phenomenon of religious buildings as State-owned properties and their reuse as ‘public services’ assumed the characteristics of a real urban and cultural revolution. In the case of Venice, this phenomenon consisted in an effective project of ‘regeneration’ of an historical city. Thanks to the extensive use of archival sources, this article investigates Venice as a case study of a complex urban plan that occurred massive transformations, especially considering the suppressions of religious buildings undertaken between 1805 and 1808 in the lagoon area. The papers also offer an insight on the French plan of reuse of ‘emptied’ buildings for allocating there new services.

William Beckford’s statue of Saint Anthony, sculpted by John Rossi, included one of the most valued pieces of his art collection. As this paper argues, this statue was modeled after a sixteenth century sculpture of the Church of Saint Anthony located in Lisbon. The statue played a major role at Fonthill Abbey, where it was displayed in a sumptuous sanctuary. The same occurred in Lansdown Tower, enthroned in a new oratory. After Beckford’s death, the art collector Francis Cook purchased the statue for his Monserrate estate in Sintra, where Beckford lived between 1794 and 1795. The Lansdown sanctuary was then recreated in Monserrateas an intriguing homage to Beckford.

The aim of this paper is to show how French sculpture briefly resumed the impasse in which it was stuck in the middle of the nineteenth century thanks to the reliance on fifteenth-century Florentine sculpture. An analysis of the commentaries made by the critics of the Gazette des Beaux-Arts, which was the first journal to assess and promote neo-Florentine sculptors in the 1860s and 1870s, allows to better grasp the evolution and failure of the trend, as well as the various issues that were at stake, such as originality and naturalism in sculpture. This revival provided French art with a new generation of successful sculptors and inspiring works that eventually lead to the unprecedented – and short-lived – triumph of sculpture at the Exposition Universelle of 1878.

La revolución de octubre de 1934 fue uno de los acontecimientos de gran importancia en España durante la Segunda República. Con este trabajo se ha pretendido estudiar la revolución del octubre de 1934 en uno de los focos mineros más significativos de España como es el Andévalo onubense. Asimismo, se ha analizado la posterior represión que sufrió la población de esta comarca. Represión que tuvo un carácter tanto física, con un gran número de detenciones y algunas muertes, como política con los “desmoches” llevados a cabo en los distintos ayuntamientos. Abstract The revolution of October 1934 was one of the most significant events in Spain during the Second Republic. In this paper it is presented a study of the revolution in the Andévalo, an important mining field in the province of Huelva (Southern Spain). It was examined the subsequent repression that the population who had taken part in the insurrection suffered. The repression was marked by a large number of deaths and detentions. As an additional severe consequence, lots of mayors, councilors and many others chairpersons of the province were struck off their positions, a process that is known as «desmoche» in Spanish historiography.

El presente artículo analiza el lugar del testimonio y la construcción de memorias en la trayectoria de memorialización del que fuera el cuartel Terranova durante la dictadura en Chile, hoy Parque por la Paz Villa Grimaldi. El objetivo del recorrido propuesto es iluminar distintos procesos sociales en los que se configuran condiciones materiales y simbólicas para la construcción de un sitio de memoria. En el análisis se destacan la dimensión y los usos públicos de los testimonios de las personas que estuvieron secuestradas en el cuartel, y su constitución como una voz/actor social –o como varias voces/actores sociales- en las luchas por la memoria y en el esclarecimiento de la historia. La reflexión identifica el uso estratégico de los testimonios por actores insertos en un contexto en el que inciden y por el que son, a su vez, afectados. Abstract The article analyses the role of the construction of memories and testimony in the memorialization process of the former Terranova barracks, in what is now the Villa Grimaldi Park for Peace. The purpose of this review is to shed light on different social processes which shaped the material and symbolic conditions affecting the construction of a memory site. The analysis highlights the public dimension and uses of the testimonies of survivors, and how they become social voices and agents engaged in the struggle over memory and history. The paper addresses the strategic use of testimonies by social agents entangled in a context they affect and by which they are affected.

Resumen Este artículo estudia el papel de Alexander von Humboldt como promotor de una representación iconográfica del Nuevo Mundo. El objetivo de Humboldt era proporcionar una nueva imagen de América, basada en hechos reales, encontrados in situ, y no en la fantasía europea. Esta representación se sitúa entre su estricta visión científica, y su combinación con su elaborada sensibilidad artística, y, por lo tanto, utiliza tanto elementos textuales como visuales para transportar el conocimiento producido. En este trabajo se analizan las fuentes que inspiraron a Humboldt para desarrollar lo que hoy entendemos por «arte científico» así como los criterios que deberían aplicarse a este género. Partiendo de la importancia que tuvo la pintura de viaje para su gran proyecto americano, interesa de particular manera su interacción con los inicios del nuevo medio de la fotografía y las ventajas que él vio en este importante avance tecnológico. Zusammenfassung Dieser Artikel untersucht die Rolle Alexander von Humboldts als Förderer einer ikonographischen Repräsentation der Neuen Welt. Humboldts Ziel war es, ein neues Bild von Amerika zu liefern, basierend auf realen Ereignissen, die in situ und nicht in der europäischen Fantasie stattfanden. Diese Darstellung verbindet seine strenge wissenschaftliche Vision mit seiner ausgeprägten künstlerischen Sensibilität und verwendet sowohl textliche als auch visuelle Elemente, um das erzeugte Wissen zu transportieren. In diesem Beitrag werden die Quellen analysiert, die Humboldt dazu inspirierten, das zu entwickeln, was wir heute unter "wissenschaftlicher Kunst" verstehen, sowie die Kriterien, die für dieses Genre gelten sollten. Ausgehend von der Bedeutung, die die Reisemalerei für sein großes amerikanisches Projekt hatte, ist auch seine Interaktion mit den Anfängen des neuen Mediums Fotografie und die Vorteile, die er in diesem wichtigen technologischen Fortschritt sah, von besonderem Interesse. Abstract This paper studies the role Alexander von Humboldt played as forerunner of an iconographic representation of the New World. Humboldt’s aim was to provide a new image of America, based on actual facts, found in situ, and not coming out of the European imagination. This representation lies somewhere between his rigorous scientific vision and its combination with his elaborate artistic sensibility, therefore using both textual and visual elements to convey the knowledge produced. In this work, the sources that inspired Humboldt to develop what today is known as “scientific art” as well as the criteria that should be applied to this genre, are analyzed. Starting with the relevance of travel painting for his great American project, it is of particular interest the study of its interaction with the incipient photographic technology, as well as the benefits he identified on the utilization of this innovation.

Zusammenfassung Die Erforschung und Beschreibung mikroskopischer Organismen durch Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg ist durch seine publizierten Texte und Kupfertafeln in den „Infusionsthierchen“, der „Mikrogeologie“ sowie aus Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften überliefert. Zentrale Bedeutung haben seine Zeichenblätter, anfangs alleinige Dokumentation, später komplementiert durch tausende mikroskopischer Dauerpräparate rezenter und fossiler Kieselschalen sowie getrockneter Einzeller. Alle Originalmaterialien Ehrenbergs stehen für die aktuelle Forschung in der Ehrenbergsammlung zur Verfügung. Seine detailgenauen Zeichnungen dienten der Erstbeschreibung einer Vielzahl neuer Arten aus allen Weltteilen. Biogeografische und ökologische Fragestellungen, Beschreibungen von Lebenszyklen sowie außerordentliche Phänomene wie die Färbung von Gewässern und Erden wurden mithilfe zeichnerischer Analysen bearbeitet. Abstract Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg researched and described microscopic organisms and passed this knowledge on through his published texts and copper engravings in his two books “Infusionsthierchen” and “Mikrogeologie”, in addition to his many papers in the “Abhandlungen” of the “Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin”. Of central importance are his drawing sheets which were his sole documentation in the beginning. Later they were complemented by thousands of dried permanent microscopical preparations of recent and fossil diatom valves and other dried unicelled organisms. All his original materials are available in the Ehrenberg Collection for study. His detailed drawings served as the first description of a multitude of new species from around the world. Biogeographical and ecological questions, description of life cycles as well as extraordinary phenomena such as the coloring of waters and soils were treated by him through his drawings. Resumen Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg investigó y describió miles de microorganismos y transmitió este conocimiento a través de sus textos publicados y placas de cobre en sus dos libros “Infusionsthierchen” y “Mikrogeologie”, además de sus numerosos artículos en los “Abhandlungen” de la “Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlín”. Sus dibujos son de importancia central y que fueron inicialmente su única documentación. Posteriormente se complementan con miles de preparaciones microscópicas permanentes entre otas, de frústulas de diatomeas fósiles y recientes. Su material original está disponible para la investigación en la Colección de Ehrenberg. Sus dibujos detallados sirvieron como la primera descripción de una multitud de nuevas especies de todo el mundo. Temas biogeográficos y ecológicos, la descripción de los ciclos de vida, así como fenómenos extraordinarios como la coloración de aguas y suelos, fueron tratados por él a través de sus dibujos.

This paper focuses on the evolution of the sentiment of landscape in Gustave Flaubert’s work, both in his travel stories (in Brittany and, especially, in Near East, with the famous Voyage en Orient) and in his major literary works (Salammbô, Madame Bovary, L’éducation sentimentale, Bouvard et Pécuchet). It is part of a more general and collective research in the School of Architecture of Granada about the image of architecture, town and landscape in literature and painting.

Zusammenfassung Ein Brief Alexander von Humboldts an den Philologen Friedrich August Wolf vom 3. Januar 1817 enthält Neues zur Entstehung der pflanzengeographischen Schrift De distributione geographica plantarum secundum coeli temperiem et altitudinem montium prolegomena (1817). Der Gräzist Karl Benedikt Hase unterstützte Humboldt beim Verfassen des lateinischen Textes. In der Miszelle veröffentlichen wir den Brief Humboldts an Wolf zum ersten Mal und schließen mit dem Plädoyer für eine zuverlässige und vollständige Übersetzung der Prolegomena ins Deutsche. Abstract A letter from Alexander von Humboldt to the philologist Friedrich August Wolf dated January 3, 1817, contains new details on the origin of the plant-geographical treatise De distributione geographica plantarum secundum coeli temperiem et altitudinem montium prolegomena (1817). The Hellenist Karl Benedikt Hase assisted Humboldt in composing the Latin text. In this short paper, we publish Humboldt’s letter to Wolf for the first time and conclude with a plea for a precise and complete translation of the Prolegomena into German. Résumé Une lettre d’Alexander von Humboldt au philologue Friedrich August Wolf, datée du 3 janvier 1817, contient de nouveaux détails sur l’origine du traité phytogéographique De distributione geographica plantarum secundum coeli temperiem et altitudinem montium prolegomena (1817). L’helléniste Karl Benedikt Hase a aidé Humboldt à composer le texte latin. Dans ce court article, nous publions pour la première fois la lettre de Humboldt à Wolf et concluons par un plaidoyer pour une traduction précise et complète des Prolegomena en allemand.

Abstract In a previously published article in HIN under the title of “Eduard Dorsch and his unpublished poem on the occasion of Humboldt’s 100th birthday,” I elaborated on Dorsch’s poem that was read in Detroit in front of a German-American audience on Sept. 14, 1869, a day widely celebrated in the US in honor of Humboldt. Although it was not surprising that Dorsch wrote the occasional poem in the first place given his affinities with Humboldt’s world of thought, a discovery of a second occasional poem upon further research in Dorsch’s voluminous papers was indeed unexpected, in this case read on the same date in Monroe, Michigan. Although there are a number of similarities between the Detroit and Monroe versions, there are enough differences that warrant this addendum to my original article. Zusammenfassung In einem bereits in HIN veröffentlichten Artikel mit dem Titel Eduard Dorsch und sein unveröffentlichtes Gelegenheitsgedicht zu Humboldts 100. Geburtstag ging ich auf Dorschs Gedicht ein, das am 14. September 1869 vor einem deutsch-amerikanischen Publikum in Detroit verlesen wurde, an einem Tag, der überall zu Ehren Humboldts in den USA gefeiert wurde. Obwohl es nicht überraschend ist, dass Dorsch angesichts seiner Affinität zu Humboldts Gedankenwelt das Gedicht überhaupt schrieb, war der Fund eines zweiten Gelegenheitsgedichts in Dorschs umfangreichem Nachlass dennoch unerwartet, in diesem Falle am selben Tag in Monroe, Michigan verlesen. Obwohl es eine Reihe von Ähnlichkeiten zwischen den Detroit- und Monroe-Versionen gibt, tauchen auch genug Unterschiede auf, um diesen Nachtrag zu meinem ursprünglichen Artikel zu rechtfertigen. Resumen En un artículo ya publicado en HIN bajo el título de "Eduard Dorsch y su poema inédito con motivo del centenario de Humboldt", abordé el poema de Dorsch leído en Detroit frente a una audiencia germano-estadounidense el 14 de septiembre de 1869, un día ampliamente celebrado en los Estados Unidos en honor a Humboldt. Aunque no sorprende que Dorsch escribiera el poema de ocasión debido a sus afinidades con la cosmovisión de Humboldt, lo inesperado fue el hallazgo de un segundo poema para la misma ocasión durante un estudio adicional de los voluminosos papeles de Dorsch. Este segundo poema fue leído en la misma fecha en Monroe, Michigan. Si bien existe una serie de similitudes entre las versiones creadas para Detroit y Monroe, también hay suficientes diferencias que justifican este apéndice a mi artículo original.