Search

The study carried out from 1995 to 1997 within the framework of "Le Havre" harbour extension project, concerned the description of halieutic populations and the characterization of a coastal nursery in the oriental part of the Seine bay and in the Seine estuary. The main objective was to describe the specific and demographic composition of marine populations as well as their spatio-temporal distribution, and then to assess the biologic and halieutic role of this area. The study also included a research about the dietary needs of fish juveniles living in the estuary. Methodology Five series of surveys were carried out in subtidal and intertidal zones. They were realised in autumn and winter, from September 1995 to March 1997, in an area extending from the coast to a distance of 20 meters depth, between the "Pont de Normandie", Ouistreham and Antifer. Autumn is the most favourable season to assess juveniles abundance in nurseries areas. Nevertheless winter surveys were planed to determine seaward extension of the nursery area at this time of the year. In subtidal zones, two beamtrawls were used (2 m and 3 m wide) with a mesh size of 20 mm. Intertidal zones were sampled with a one meter beamtrawl of 8 mm mesh size. The study area was divided into 13 strata which were considered homogeneous for bathymetry and environment. Between 3 and 6 trawling were carried out in each stratum. At each station all the species were identified, and for each species, animals were counted and weighed. Commercially important fishes were measured. For six species, the age was determined from otoliths (all fishes except for bass) or scales (only bass). Halieutic study Species richness During the whole study, a total number of 110 species (fishes: 50, molluscs: 34, crustaceans: 16) was identified. At each survey more than 70 species, on average, were identified . In autumn, the Seine estuary and its mouth appeared to be the richest area in terms of number of species. In winter the species richness was at its highest in the estuary mouth. The average number of species found in this area during all the surveys varied between 35 and 38. In the other zones the average number varied between 12 and 30. Areas directly influenced by the estuary are characterized by a larger average number of fish species. More than 20 species were identified in this latter area whereas less than 20 species were identified elsewhere. Dominant species and abundance Seastars (Asterias rubens) and Ophiuridea are the most abundant in the whole prospected zone, except in the estuary. The average density of all the different species indicates that species other than fishes are numerically dominant. Their density reaches 180 ind/1000 m2, when fish density varies between 30 and 60. When the data are analysed without taking into account seastars and ophiuroidea, brown shrimp Crangon crangon is numerically dominant. Among the fishes, Trisopterus luscus, Dicentrarchus labrax, Sprattus sprattus and Solea solea are the numerically dominant species. The estuary area differs by the numerical dominance of species like Clupea harengus, D. labrax, P. flesus, S. solea and C. crangon. Other areas, outside the estuary, are characterized by numerically dominant species like Callionymus lyra and Buglossidium luteum which don't live in brackish waters. In autumn, as well as in winter, the estuary and its mouth play a major role for fishes : more than 90 ind./1000 m2 in the mouth and less than 40 ind./1000m2 more seaward (average numbers in autumn). Age and length Most of the fishes captured in the whole area subject to the study are less than 2 years old. The Length structure shows that the majority of fishes are shorter than the legal minimal length. Spatial distributions The analysis of spatial distributions shows that juvenile fishes are preferentially present in under 10 m depths . The distributions of the nine species of juvenile fishes previously mentioned, cover each other. The capacities of the coastal zone - situated between the Orne and Seine estuaries - to be a nursery area - are thus confirmed. Nevertheless, in this area, each species has a distribution influenced by its own biologic requirements. D. labrax and P. flesus are more often observed in brackish and muddy waters, with concentration areas near the « Pont de Normandie ». C harengus is abundant inside the estuary, even if it is also present outside. S. solea is essentially captured on fine and muddy sediments. This species seems to be quite subject to the Seine estuary influence and, to a lesser extent, to the Orne influence. On the contrary, P. platessa and L. limanda hardly enter into the estuary. Brown shrimp, C. crangon, a commercially important species, is also essentially catched at less than 10 m depths, with high concentrations in estuary area. The Observations made in 1981 regarding the same zone, within the framework of « SAUM baie de Seine » are confirmed, though differences of abundance of some species could be high between 1981 and 1995-97. Studies carried out in the Somme bay lead to the same kind of observations : juveniles are predominant in coastal and estuary zones and juveniles are present at less than 10 m depths . The role of the intertidal areas Surveys conducted in the intertidal zone provide essentially qualitative information which are complementary to the ones obtained in the subtidal zone. These two kinds of information cannot be compared because of a difference in methodology. C. crangon, Gobiidae, Cerastoderma edule and some fishes like P. platessa and D. labrax are numerically dominant in the intertidal zone. All fishes (species whose age has been determined) are under one year old and abundant. Though their densities cannot be directly compared to the ones obtained in the subtidal zone, their abundance indicates that the intertidal zone plays an essential role for the juveniles of many species. In this area, juveniles are shorter than the ones of the same group of age, which have been catched in the subtidal zone. That is the confirmation of the major role of the intertidal zone, especially the muddy grounds of the estuary, for the youngest fishes of many species. Interannual variability of abundance An important result from the surveys made during two years is the high interannual variability of abundance of most species, including juveniles of many species like S. solea and D. labrax. This observation has also been made in other sites, particularly in the bay of Somme. This might be considered as a characteristic of coastal nurseries Trophic study Nurseries areas are high productive zones, of primordial importance for biological cycles of many fish species, particularly for diet. In addition to the demographic analysis, the other objective of this study was to identify the diets of some fish. Methodology The stomach contents study concerned 6 species well captured in the Seine estuary, each of them having a behaviour different from the others. We studied 3 flatfishes (S. solea, P. platessa, P. flesus) and 3 round fishes (D. labrax, T. luscus, M. merlangus). To assess the season's influence, samples were collected in autumn and winter. The predator's length influence has been studied by using 3 length classes (=21 cm) for each species. For each predator species, a global study of stomach contents was first carried out. After that, analyses were made for each predator length class and for each season. These analyses concerned prey species numbers, frequencies and biomass. The study was also carried out using a global diet index, MFI "main food item" (Zander 1982, in Rosecchi and al., 1987) which gathers in one value the three parameters, number, frequency and biomass. Primary and secundary preys of each predator could thus be better determined. Results The preys identified belong to various ecological environments. If we consider preys frequencies in stomach contents and global amounts of preys, it appears that a group of preys has a particular importance. It concerns crustaceans (Mysidacea, Corophium volutator, Crangon crangori), Annelida {Pectinaria koreni, Nereis diversicolor) and one Bivalvia (Abra alba). Corophium and Nereis belong to muddy intertidal benthic environment. They are eaten by very young bass, flounders and plaices. Nereis forms a part of the young sole's diet, and, in winter, of flounder and bass (medium and large size sole) diet. These fishes feed on muddy bottoms invertebrates. Pectinaria and Abra alba are characteristic of muddy fine sands of subtidal environment. They are respectively eaten by sole (medium and large size sole), flounder (for Pectinaria) and by flounder and plaice (for Abra). Mysidacea and C. crangon belong to suprabenthic and pelagic environment. They are eaten by bass and pout. Fish , belonging to pelagic environment, are principally eaten by whiting.S. solea, P. platessa and P. flesus have a great relationship with benthic fauna. The smaller bass have also a great affinity for benthic preys of intertidal environment (Corophium). Unlike these, hardly any link has been observed between subtidal round fish and the Seine estuary benthos. M. merlangus feeds on pelagic preys (essentially fish). D. labrax and T. luscus prefer crustaceans, most often C. crangon. For each species, different kinds of diet behaviour are observed according to fish length. There is a particular prey typology to which the diversity of the estuary environments can answer. Subtidal zones contain bentho-demersal resources with low densities (, L'étude, menée de 1995 à 1997 dans le cadre du projet d'extension du Port Autonome du Havre, a porté sur la description des peuplements halieutiques et la caractérisation d'une nourricerie côtière dans l'estuaire et la baie de Seine orientale. Elle a eu pour objectif principal de décrire la composition spécifique et démographique des peuplements marins ainsi que leur distribution spatiotemporelle, et d'évaluer ainsi la fonctionnalité biologique et halieutique de ce site. Cette étude comportait aussi une recherche sur les exigences alimentaires locales des juvéniles de poissons séjournant dans l'estuaire. Les résultats des prospections automnales et hivernales montrent que l'ensemble formé par l'estuaire et sa zone d'influence directe est le plus riche des points de vue biologique et halieutique, les fonds situés juste à la sortie de l'estuaire étant les plus riches en diversité et en abondance. Le secteur estuarien de la Fosse Nord se caractérise par une certaine spécificité biologique et semble jouer un rôle particulièrement important pour les juvéniles de Dicentrarchus labrax, Clupea harengus, Solea solea, Platichthys flesus et pour la crevette grise Crangon crangon, espèces dominantes dans ce secteur. On peut considérer que, par rapport à la totalité du site étudié (jusqu'aux fonds supérieurs à 20 mètres), les fonds de moins de 10 mètres apparaissent comme les plus riches en juvéniles de poissons. La proportion d'individus de moins de 2 ans dans les captures y est élevée et souvent supérieure à 90 %. La zone intertidale, pour sa part, se distingue par la présence exclusive d'individus de moins d'un an dont la taille est inférieure à celle des poissons de même âge péchés plus au large. Au cours des différentes campagnes est apparue une forte variabilité interannuelle d'abondance de la plupart des espèces, y compris les formes juvéniles de nombreux poissons tels le D. labrax ou S. solea. Cette observation a été faite sur d'autres sites, en particulier la baie de Somme, et doit être considérée comme une caractéristique des nourriceries. Malgré cette variabilité, la caractérisation, désormais sans ambiguïté, d'une nourricerie de Seine s'appuie sur le constat des potentialités du site à abriter une large gamme de juvéniles d'espèces dont toutes ne seront pas régulièrement présentes, ou par exemple distribuées à l'identique, chaque année. L'étude des exigences alimentaires des juvéniles de six espèces de poissons pêchées dans l'estuaire et son embouchure fait apparaître des proies différentes appartenant à trois grands types de milieux : le domaine benthique intertidal vaseux, le domaine benthique subtidal des sables fins envasés de la partie aval de l'estuaire, le domaine suprabenthique plutôt cantonné aux fosses et aux chenaux. Chacun de ces milieux est utilisé par les différents prédateurs à des stades successifs de leur cycle biologique, chaque groupe de taille ayant une typologie particulière de proies. Les nourriceries de bar, de sole, de flet, de plie, de tacaud et de merlan sont ainsi tributaires de ces trois milieux complémentaires qui leur sont indispensables en termes de disponibilité alimentaire globale.

Changes in the seasonal development of the gonads of female Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, in Ebrié lagoon (Côte d'Ivoire) are described over an annual reproductive cycle. Seven macroscopic stages of gonad maturity were identified. There is a major spawning period from July to November. The mature fish spawn only once during the breeding season. There was a slightly higher correlation between fecundity and fish length than between fecundity and fish weight or gonad weight. Fecundity estimates ranged from 5438 to 36257 eggs and from 4878 to 87724 eggs, respectively for the fish in captivity and those in the natural environment.

The artisanal and industrial fisheries exploiting demersal resources off the coast of Senegal compete with one another and overlap on the fishing grounds and in the market. The competition occurs in terms of fish species and fish length and in volume and the quality of the catches. On the other hand, there is a complementary in the methods of exploiting the resources by the means of contracts and mutual aid between the two fisheries, and in the financing of the artisanal fishery and the marketing of products. A multidisciplinary approach used to analyse these interactions and involving biological, economic, social and political aspects is described. (Résumé d'auteur)

Le nombre de cæca pyloriques a été déterminé dans diverses populations de Truites fario (Salmo trutta) et de Truites arc-en-ciel (Salmo gairdneri). On a pu mettre en évidence : - une importante variabilité phénotypique intrapopulation de ce caractère (coefficient de variation = 16 à 18 p. 100) ; - la structure log-normale des distributions intrapopulations du nombre de cæca ; - des différences notables entre des populations issues de milieux différents ; - l'existence d'effets génétiques importants dans le déterminisme du caractère. Une borne supérieure de l'héritabilité a été estimée (0,84 < h2 < 1,00 chez la Truite fario, 0,41 < h2 < 1,00 chez la Truite arc-en-ciel). Pour les deux espèces, on n'a pas observé d'effet du sexe. Chez la Truite arc-en-ciel, on a mis en évidence une corrélation (log-log) faible mais significative (= + 0,247, 98 dl) entre le nombre de cæca et la longueur du poisson pour des animaux de même âge, ce qui peut correspondre à un effet du nombre de cæca sur la vitesse de croissance. Ce résultat ne se retrouve cependant pas chez la Truite fario. La possibilité d'obtenir par sélection artificielle des lots d'animaux différant entre eux par leur nombre moyen de caeca et la valeur sélective éventuelle de ce caractère sont discutés., The number of pyloric caeca was determined in various populations of Brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri). This revealed : - an important phenotypic variability of the character within the populations (variation factor = 16 to 18 p. 100), - the log-normal structure of the distribution of caeca number within populations, - important differences between populations issued from different environments, - the existence of important genetic effects in the character determinism. An upper limit for the heritability was estimated (0.84 < h2 < 1.00 in Salmo trutta and 0.41 < h2 < 1.00 in rainbow trout). The sex does not seem to have any influence on this character in both species. In rainbow trout, a pour but significant (log-log) correlation between caeca number and fish length was demonstrated in fishes of the same age which may correspond to an influence of caeca on growth rate. However this result was not observed in Salmo trutta. The possibility of obtaining through artificial selection batches of fishes with a different mean caeca number and the eventual selective value of this character are discussed.