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Copyright of Cultures et Conflits is the property of Centre d'Etudes sur les Conflits, Revue Cultures & Conflits and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Droit et Cultures is the property of Revue Droit et Cultures - Université Paris Nanterre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad is the property of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to introduce some methodological tools used in economics to analyze the facts with environmental impact to society, because the law has to weight the benefit from the economic development and the cost of damage the environment. To achieve this goal, it starts presenting the concept of externality in Environmental Law as the effect of pollution to third part who do not produce this pollution, in this approach, it is to know that the market is not capable to be efficient (it is a market failure). In a second moment the paper shows how economy uses those methodological tools to induce agents to produce fewer externalities (pollution to third parts) with a focus on market mechanisms to internalize the externality and due real cost-benefit analysis by the society. At last, we analyse the solutions used in Brazilian Law to try to internalize the effects of the pollution and their problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Direito da Cidade is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lien Social et Politiques is the property of Institut National de Recherche Scientifique (INRS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Tiers Monde is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Tiers Monde is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Natures Sciences Sociétés is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cultures et Conflits is the property of Centre d'Etudes sur les Conflits, Revue Cultures & Conflits and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper compares anti-hookworm campaigns conducted in the early twentieth century in France, Germany, Brazil and West India. The populations that suffer from hookworm are not identical in the North and in the South. In tropical and semi-tropical regions hookworm is mainly found among poor peasants and is related to lack of hygiene, while in temperate climates hookworm was a professional disease of miners, a highly organized professional segment. Nevertheless, major disparities in the pattern of hookworm control did not reflect the North-South divide, but a difference between campaigns. These aimed at the eradication of hookworm infection (Germany and West-India) and at alleviating the effects of this infection on populations (France and Brazil). Maps that represented the prevalence of hookworm mirrored the aims of the sanitary campaign in which they were used: eradication of parasitic worms versus the reduction of the handicap induced by these worms. In public health as well, representing is intervening. And vice versa: patterns of intervention shape representations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les concepts de ressource naturelle et de dégradation sont des constructions sociales. En témoignent les points de vue confrontés ici des transformations connues par la région brésilienne des Cerrados depuis les années 1960, assimilées à une mise en valeur par les uns et à un appauvrissement, voire une agonie, par les autres. La confrontation des points de vue des éleveurs (de type familial), à propos des pâturages et de leur dégradation, à ceux des techniciens confirme encore ce statut de construction sociale. Elle montre aussi que l'adoption matérielle d'innovations techniques (ici la fertilisation et la gestion tournante des pâturages) par les éleveurs nécessite également de leur part une reconstruction, voire une construction, des concepts de ressource et de dégradation. Cela témoigne plus généralement d'une activité conceptuelle socialement partagée et non confinée aux seuls lieux de la production officielle de connaissances. Cette analyse invite pour conclure à penser la gestion durable des ressources naturelles en termes d'intégrité fonctionnelle plutôt qu'en termes de stocks. The concept of degradation of a natural resource, a social construct. Pastures and small-scale farms in Brazil. The concepts of "natural resource" and "degradation" are social constructs. This point is emphasized by analyzing the discourses of Brazilian NGOs and agricultural research institutes working in the region of Cerrados in Central Brazil: their diagnoses on the colonization process of the region (from the 60's on) range from an "area of impoverishment" for the NGOs, to a "New Eldorado" for agricultural research institutes. These divergences highlight ideological and interest conflicts about what should be the "good uses" and "good users" of this region. They are also evident when analyzing the question of pasture degradation in small-scale farms in the Silvânia commune in the State of Goiás. The recent increase of dairy production in the small-scale farms of this commune has been sustained partly by an intensified use of pastures (e.g. strip grazing) as part of a wider technological package. The concept of pasture degradation was introduced with this innovation; it is mainly assessed in terms of the technical production potential and mainly concerns the soil. This concept has replaced the concept of "weakening", which concerns mainly the plant cover and is assessed by comparing it with the native vegetation. It has been shown that the adoption of the degradation conceptbyfarmers results from a change in the function of their pasture, rather than from a change in its state. It also becomes integrated into different representations of the animal farming system, which have shifted from a set of interactions to a representation in term of resource stocks. This analysis invites us to view the concept of sustainable development in terms of functional integrity of resources rather than in terms of managing resource stocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to highlight the role played by a country's colonial past in the development of the popular imagination in Brazil and Benin. This pinpointing of the cases of two countries that share a common history allows the genealogy and natural development of modern-day means of heritage portrayal commemorating the Slave Trade to be viewed in an new light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]