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This paper aims to introduce some methodological tools used in economics to analyze the facts with environmental impact to society, because the law has to weight the benefit from the economic development and the cost of damage the environment. To achieve this goal, it starts presenting the concept of externality in Environmental Law as the effect of pollution to third part who do not produce this pollution, in this approach, it is to know that the market is not capable to be efficient (it is a market failure). In a second moment the paper shows how economy uses those methodological tools to induce agents to produce fewer externalities (pollution to third parts) with a focus on market mechanisms to internalize the externality and due real cost-benefit analysis by the society. At last, we analyse the solutions used in Brazilian Law to try to internalize the effects of the pollution and their problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze the role of ethics and self-interest in Buchanan's explanation for pro-social behaviors. Our main argument is that, to Buchanan, ethics matters and is even necessary to explain pro-social behaviors—narrowly self-interested individuals do not behave pro-socially. We show how Buchanan became progressively convinced by the importance of ethics. We also show that the size of groups—an important variable in his analysis of pro-social behaviors—is secondary. It is a necessary and not a sufficient condition: even in small groups, narrow self-interest leads individuals to behave anti-socially. This is new and this is a second important outcome of this paper.

The goal of the paper named “The impact of the externalities generated by Competitive Intelligence” is to describe and understand how this activity works and behaves in a competitive environment, and what are the real cost of obtaining durable competitive advantages through a process such as Competitive Intelligence. This activity creates high added value on the market and the proper use of it can have a strong influence on increasing the competitiveness on the global economic environment and, therefore, increasing the efficiency inside those environments. On the other hand, externalities play a significant part in the economic welfare and, currently, in a globalized world, must be taken into consideration in order to obtain sustainable growth of the economy. As any other economic activity, Competitive Intelligence is also causing both positive and negative externalities. A thorough analysis of those externalities effects has to be made in order to understand how this process really works, and this paper aims to be the starting point of that analysis. Of course, further studies have to deepen each impact and obtain relevant results that will add up and draw more specific conclusions. This study’s conclusions, however, will reveal if this activity can work properly in every type of economy, regardless of its state of development. Since it represents a way to improve global competitiveness and, therefore, the market’s performance, the impact Competitive Intelligence is making on the whole economic system is a main parameter for establishing its real use. All in one, by being one of the most innovative ways to obtain competitive advantages through qualitative methods of analysis, the implementation of this process into the organizational culture of firms might change the way competitors choose to respond to one another’s actions. This research has taken into consideration both the macroeconomic and the microeconomic environment, using both empirical and theoretical items. Also, it was conducted in a qualitative manner, since the Competitive Intelligence process is made exclusively through qualitative analysis methods.

This paper contrasts the treatment of external economies in the neoclassical framework with that in Hirschman’s linkage model. It traces the doctrinal historical roots of both to the two types of division of labor in Smith’s Wealth of Nations, with the neoclassical one based on production (of final products) and exchange, while Hirschman’s model is related to the woolen coat example. Especially through the theory of domestic divergences, the former is predisposed to defend free trade. Uneven development from free trade can arise in the latter. To catch up, lagging countries might employ both non-trade and trade interventions to overcome technological strangeness and activate linkages. Some connections with the Cambridge welfare economics literature are made, including a brief consideration of the issue of rent-seeking. The discussion underscores the importance of critically appraising the role of concepts like external economies, or market failures in general, against the analytical frameworks in which they are situated.

This paper examines the concept of externalities using the concepts of rights and corrective justice as an alternative to utilitarianism and efficiency. Specifically, standard treatments of externalities in welfare economics do not consider the role of wrongfulness in the harms that economists and policymakers aim to optimize. I argue that if a harm is wrongful, involving the violation of a valid legal right, then it can be addressed through the existing system of tort law without necessarily involving mechanisms of policy or regulation. If a harm is not wrongful, however, then it should be considered an incidental and ordinary effect of interactions within a world of scarcity, which does not justify any government intervention, especially if the activity that led to the nonwrongful harm involved an exercise of the injurer’s valid rights.

The paper traces the developments in the formal treatment of “external economies” from the seminal contribution of Jacob Viner via John Chipman’s introduction of the concept of “parametric external economies” through to Paul Krugman’s modelling of external economies in his contributions to development, geography, and trade. The main focus is on clarifying the existing relationships between the different conceptualizations. It is first shown that Viner’s formalization of Marshall’s concept was originally conducted in a “Ricardo-Marshall framework” with perfectly elastic factor supplies, and that Viner derived a negatively inclined long-run industry supply curve by invoking primarily pecuniary net external economies, because he considered the concept of technological external economies as empirically vacuous. Chipman’s concept of “parametric external economies” concentrates instead on the formalization of technological external economies. Moreover, in order to rehabilitate the Marshallian tax/subsidy analysis, Chipman adopted a specific general equilibrium model, with a single primary factor in inelastic supply and no inter-industry linkages, in which pecuniary external economies in Viner’s sense cannot possibly occur. Finally, it is shown that Krugman’s conceptualization of external economies is—from an analytical point of view—closely related to Viner’s graphical representation. In Krugman’s models, pecuniary external economies arise from introducing either inter-industry linkages or, alternatively, labour migration (or, more generally, international or interregional factor mobility) into a simplified general equilibrium model of monopolistic competition with firm-internal increasing returns.

A set of recent international studies reveal the scarcity of coherent entity-level estimation systems able to lead to an adequate identification and valuation of social and environmental performance, despite the large number of entities claiming their concern for the environmental impact of their business activities.The status quo is mainly caused by the lack of domain-specific accounting regulation, along with a general "information gap" in the field of the potential benefits eco-costs and externalities absorption may generate. Eco-costs and externalities absorption technologies for the costing model are still going through their experimental stages, aiming to reflect both the historicalpolitical context and the philosophical motivations of an organization's management and stakeholders. We held as appropriate (and the paper at hand will speak for) the intent to promote this class of technologies for the Romanianbusiness environment, mainly by reviewing the relevant literature in the field and developing an eco-costing model able to provide cost levels consistent with the sustainable development goals.