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Le thuya de Berbérie « Tetraclinis articulata Vahl », espèce résineuse endémique d’Afrique du Nord se trouve généralement sous forme de taillis. La valorisation de la biomasse de thuya, et en particulier de son bois peut être envisagée par la filière papetière par le biais d’une cuisson soude en présence d’anthraquinone (AQ). Le bois jeune de thuya (20 ans) se délignifie bien à l’aide d’une cuisson soude-anthraquinone dans les conditions habituellement appliquées aux résineux avec un temps total de cuisson de 145 min et une température de palier de 165 ◦C. Le rendement brut obtenu est égal à 43,3 % avec un indice Kappa de 33,6. Dans les mêmes conditions de cuisson, le bois âgé (60 ans) peut être lessivé mais se délignifie moins facilement., The coniferous trees of the thuya de Berbérie (Tetraclinis articulata Vahl), from the North Africa (Algeria) is commonly grown as a coppice stand. The biomass of thuya, and especially its wood, can be transformed in pulp by the paper and pulp industry throughout the soda cooking process with the help of the anthraquinone (AQ). The young wood (20 years-old) is well delignified in the soda–anthraquinone process, in the usual conditions applied to the resinous species, in the cooking time schedule of 145 min with the level of 165 ◦C of temperature. The pulp yield of raw material obtained is 43.3% (oven dried wood), with a kappa number of: 33.6. In the same cooking conditions, the mature wood (60 years-old) can be also treated, but with some lower delignification level.

Cet article a pour objectifs : • de présenter un ensemble de bonnes pratiques qui peuvent être inspirées de l'application de la norme internationale ISO 10006 (2003) : « Systêmes de management de la qualité - Lignes directrices pour le management de la qualité dans les projets », dans l'organisation et la réalisation d'une recherche universitaire, débouchant sur une matrice de 54 éléments, • d'illustrer au travers de huit bonnes pratiques la maniêre de mettre en application sur le terrain une telle approche, • de positionner ces concepts dans la stratégie qualité globale de l'institution universitaire concernée, • de suggérer l'élaboration de 3 nouvelles normes internationales en relation avec les démarches qualité en recherche., The objectives of this article are: - to present a set of good practices which can be inspired by the application of the international standard ISO 10006 (2003): "Quality management systems - Guidelines for quality management in projects", in the organization and carrying out university research, leading to a matrix of 54 elements, - to illustrate through eight good practices the way to apply such an approach in the field, - to position these concepts in the overall quality strategy of the university institution concerned, to suggest the development of 3 new international standards in relation to quality approaches in research.

Summary — Consequences of the inclusion of sugar beet pulp in diets for early weaned and growing pigs. The effect of extrusion of wheat and of the inclusion of 6% of sugar beet pulp in a pelleted starter on the performance of the weaned piglet has been studied in two experiments. In the first experiment, 80 crossbred castrated male and female piglets weaned at 21 days of age raised individually y were used in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement to compare their performance between weaning and 25 kg g live weight. Average feed intake was similar between treatments, but extrusion of wheat had no significant effect on growth performance and feed conversion ratio. The association of normal wheat with sugar beet pulp improved significantly growth rate (P < 0.02) and feed conversion ratio (P < 0.06), in particular during the period following immediatly weaning, ie, 193 vs 156 g/day and 193 vs 2.32, respectively. In the second experiment, 32 crossbred castrated piglets were used to evaluate faecal, then ileal digestibilities of dietary components. Extrusion did not improve digestibility. Ileal digestibility but not faecal digestibility of dry matter and energy was reduced (P < 0.001 ) by the inclusion of sugar beet pulp in the diet. Post-ileal digestibility of all dietary components was higher in animals fed fibrous diet. During the growing-finishing period between 25 and 100 kg live weight, the inclusion of a similar level of 6% of sugar beet pulp in a normal wheat based diet was tested. Piglets of the first experiment were randomly affected to one of the two diets taking into account their previous diet, sex and weight. The average daily gain for the whole period was slighly but not significantly reduced and feed conversion ratio was unchanged in animals receiving sugar beet pulp. However, feed conversion ratio expressed as digeatible energy per kg of body weight gain was reduced in animals receiving beet pulp in their diet. At slaughter, the percentage of lean meat was improved from 52.8 to 54.0% (P < 0.05) as a consequence of a linear decrease in the backfat thickness (P < 0.05) of carcasses of animals receiving sugar beet pulp. No difference in the weight of lean cuts was observed but the use of sugar beet pulp decreased significantly the weight of fat cuts (P < 0.01 It was suggested that for a similar nitrogen retention a reduction in the digestible energy intake reduces the deposition of fatty tissues but the total amount of lean meat in the carcass was not affected by the inclusion of sugar beet in the diet.

The influence of adding a fibre rich concentrate feed (wheat bran or beet pulp) to a hay-based diet (orchard grass-lucerne mixture; 50/50) upon the rate of passage of digesta of these two fractions (hay and concentrate) was measured in three groups of 8 adult doe rabbits (White New Zealand x California). The three diets composed of either 90% hay, or hay + bran or hay + pulp were offered at two levels of feeding, i.e. ad libitum and 2/3 ad libitum. The retention time of the two main fractions was measured by means of two tracers, i.e. ytterbium-169 bound to hay and cerium-141 to bran or pulp. Animals fed on the 90% hay diet excreted more than 90% of the tracer during the first 24 h. The mean retention time (MRT) of this diet was the shortest (on an average 14.8 h). The addition of pulp or bran increased the MRT of the diet by 2 and 4 h, respectively. Feed restriction led to a 5 to 7 h earlier period of caecotrophy with a subsequent lengthening of the MRT by 2 to 4 h according to groups. The two hay + "concentrate" diets gave almost the same 169Yb and 141Ce excretion curves. Thus, the mean retention time seems to be the same for digesta from hay and "concentrate" (non significant deviations).

The effect of adding a fibre-rich concentrate (wheat bran or beet pulp) to a hay-based diet (cook's foot-lucerne: 50/50) on the apparent digestibility of diets was measured in three groups of 8 adult doe rabbits (New-Zealand White X Californian). Diet composition was as follows: 90% hay only (diet F), hay + bran (diet FS) or hay + pulp (diet FP). Two levels of feeding were tested: ad libitum and 2/3 of ad libitum intake. Addition of wheat bran and especially of beet pulp led to a significant increase in the apparent digestibility of the whole diet. Our results confirm the high digestibility of cell-wall constituents of beet pulp: the apparent digestibility coefficient of hemicellulose in diet FP reached 60% (versus 23% for diet F) and that of cellulose 45% (21% for diet F). Wheat bran supplied digestible hemicellulose (ADC = 48% for diet FS) while the apparent digestibility of bran cellulose was not higher than that of hay (ADC = 22%). This digestive interaction between raw material was accompanied by an interaction with the digestive transit. The less digestible diet (diet F) exhibited the shortest mean residence time (MRT). However, diet FS exhibited the longest residence time whereas it was less digestible than diet FP. These results suggest that, in the rabbit, wheat bran is a transit-regulator as already observed in other species. Measuring apparent digestibility between the 10th and the 16th day of the feed restriction was too early for our doe rabbits. Values measured were not significantly different from those obtained during ad libitum feeding, although the MRT of diets was longer during restricted feeding.

Cet article réfléchit aux pratiques soigneuses d’effilage et raccommodage comme parties intimement constitutives de processus de raisonnement incorporé. Mon point de départ est une ethnographie de dialogues entre la broderie calado et la conception technique. D’où, tout en décrivant l’effilage partiel des tissus destinés au calado et leur raccommodage postérieur par le tissage, j’interroge la double action de ces pratiques : d’abord sur l’ethnographie qui les aborde ; ensuite au sujet des effets de l’ethnographie – elle-même influencée par les pratiques du calado – sur les imaginaires et les attentes des ingénieurs à propos de la conception et du contexte de cet art manuel. Tout au long de cet article, je mets l’accent sur le fait que ce genre de processus d’effilage et raccommodage est constitué par le soin (care) en relation aux corps et aux matérialités. Je prête donc une attention particulière à la manière dont ces processus, traversés par la question du genre selon des manières bien spécifiques, entrelacent histoires d’apprentissage incarné et domestique et formes d’invisibilité ambiguë. This paper reflects on practices of careful unraveling and mending as being intimately constitutive of particular embodied thinking processes. My starting point is an ethnography of the dialogues between calado embroidery and engineering design. Hence, through describing the partial unraveling of fabrics intended to become calado and their subsequent mending through weaving, I question the double agency of these practices : over the ethnography that approaches them, and about the effects of ethnography, affected by calado practices, on engineers’ imaginaries and expectations about design and about the craft’s context. Throughout the paper I emphasize how such processes of unraveling and mending are constituted by care in relation to bodies and materialities. Thus I pay special attention to how these processes intertwine stories about embodied and domestic learning and ambiguous invisibility crosscut by gender in particular ways. Este artículo reflexiona sobre las prácticas cuidadosas de destejido y remiendo como íntimamente constitutivas de procesos particulares de pensamiento incorporado. Mi punto de partida es una etnografía de los diálogos entre el bordado calado y el diseño de ingeniería. Inicio describiendo las prácticas de destejido y destrucción parcial de telas destinadas a ser caladas y su subsiguiente remiendo a través del tejido. Uso esto para cuestionar la doble agencia de estas prácticas : en primer lugar, sobre la etnografía que las estudia y en segundo lugar sobre la forma en que esta etnografía afectada por las prácticas del calado, afecta los imaginarios y expectativas de las y los ingenieros sobre el diseño y sobre el contexto de la artesanía. A lo largo del artículo enfatizo en cómo estos procesos de destejido y remiendo están constituidos por el cuidado en relación con los cuerpos y las materialidades. Para ello, presto especial atención a cómo estos procesos están entrelazados por historias de aprendizaje doméstico e incorporado y por formas de invisibilidad ambigua atravesada por el género de formas particulares.

Cet article présente un panorama général et pratique des brevets français. Un résumé est fait des procédures d’enregistrement en usage de 1791, date de la première loi française, à 1968, avec la législation actuelle. Différentes procédures furent utilisées par l’administration officielle chargée de l’enregistrement de la propriété industrielle. C’est pourquoi les archives diffèrent. Sont présentées les modalités spécifiques d’accès à ces archives. La seconde partie de l’article expose quelques caractéristiques des dessins techniques qu’on trouve dans les brevets. Jusqu’en 1901, quand les dossiers étaient manuscrits, plusieurs types peuvent être observés, dépendant en partie de la connaissance technique des inventeurs. Plus tard, quand les brevets furent imprimés par l’administration pour être publiés, les dessins furent standardisés. Ainsi, les informations fournies par la représentation des inventions est un aspect intéressant des inventions brevetées. This paper presents general and practical information about French patents. A summary of procedures which were in use for patent registration from 1791, with the first French law, up to 1968, with the present legislation, is described. Different procedures were used by official administrations in charge of industrial property registration. Consequently, the archives vary. Specific accesses to these archives are shown. The second part of the paper expounds some aspects of technical drawings which are found on patents. Up to 1901, when files were manuscripts, various designs can be observed, partly depending on technical knowledge of inventors. Later, when all patents were printed by the administration for publication, drawings were standardized. Therefore, information provided by representation of the invention is an interesting face of patented inventions.

Le terme interface a-t-il la même signification pour un étudiant en design que pour un étudiant en ingénierie ? Au-delà de la différence de définition, quels savoir-faire doivent déployer ces étudiants pour travailler ensemble dans un contexte étudiant, comme professionnel ? C’est à ce type de question que nous tentons de répondre à travers la conception et la mise en place d’un atelier interdisciplinaire d’enseignement du design interactif. L’atelier regroupe depuis trois ans des designers et des développeurs de différentes écoles, constitués en équipes dans le but de réaliser des prototypes d’interfaces sur une thématique donnée. À défaut d’apporter une recette simple à mettre en place pour résoudre la question de l’interdisciplinarité dans l’enseignement du design, ce texte revient sur les trois années d’expérience accumulée et propose une analyse des erreurs et réussites d’un atelier en constante évolution., Does the word “interface” have the same meaning for a designer and a computer science student? Beyond the different meaning between each of these domains, which mindset a student need to know to work now and in the future with others ? It is keeping those questions in mind that we designed an interdisciplinary workshop on interactive design. In this paper we relate the design and the deployment of this workshop. This workshop gathered during 3 years, designers and developers from different schools to create innovative projects on a specific thematic. In this paper we provide an analysis of this workshop and discuss the issues behind its successes and failures., Interfaces numériques, 3(2), 2014

National audience; Real-time adaptive production control in the flexible manufacturing cell (FMC) is a complex issue that needs to be addressed to realize good performance and high productivity. In this paper, we have considered a support vector machine (SVM)-based simulation approach to resolve a production control problem in an FMC that operates in a dynamic environment. A SVM-based simulation approach chooses the most relevant scheduling rule out of several predefined ones on the basis of the current states of the system. This paper examines and compares the performance of the SVM-based simulation approach with the competent scheduling rules under two different operational environments which are characterized by the uncertainty of demand. We have also developed a Visual Basic-based simulation approach for scheduling of component parts in the context of FMC under different situations. The SVM methodology to control the production offers better performance than the single-rule-based production control system.

International audience; Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output (MIMO) techniques have recently become an important research field for enhancing the performance of in-home Power Line Communication (PLC) systems by exploiting the additional Protective Earth wire. The development of such systems requires an accurate description of the channel noise. In this paper we have presented a model for PLC background noise based on an extensive set of measurements. We have adopted the framework of multivariate time series to model the PLC background noise.This paper employs the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) modeling technique to extract noise model parameters from the measured noise. We have verified the accuracy of the noise model by comparing time and frequency domain correlation of measured and modeled noises.

International audience; In this paper, the authors describe a modeling and design method for a permanent magnet drive used in a power train for Hybrid Electric Heavy Vehicle, based on a Series-Parallel architecture. The hybrid powertrain structure enables high requirements for boost mode of acceleration and full electric mode. A 'Ravigneaux' train was integrated in this hybrid powertrain structure in order to split energy among the vehicle wheels, the thermal engine, the electrical motor and the alternator. To compare the classical simple epicyclic train used in series-parallel Toyota hybrid structure, this 'Ravigneaux' train developed by Nexter group presents a better adaptation to high mechanical constraints (high power and torque) because of its double stages compound structure. Several operation modes of vehicle were analyzed by assuming that the two electrical machines were identical and reversible (they can both operate as a motor or an alternator). In this paper, a simple drive is considered: it deals with a Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (SMPMSM) and a two level Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). An analytical modeling based on three working points: boost working point, nominal working point and maximal rotation speed working point has been elaborated. The analytical modeling makes it possible to model the physical behavior of different components. It enables to analyze quickly the relationship between the different parameters. A numerical modeling using 2D finite elements is also presented in this paper. The aim of 2D finite elements analysis (2DFEA) is to validate the machine performances obtained by analytical modeling. It enables to model some physical phenomena with a better accuracy, such as magnetic saturation. Generally, the results given by 2DFEA will be closer to experimental results. The control law of the electrical machine was investigated by the way of a single-phased electromechanical modeling. With this model, the flux weakening analysis has been taken into account in order to adapt the motor winding according to the rotation speeds defined in the specifications. The flux weakening was realized by considering mechanical and electrical characteristics linked with power, torque, rotation speed, DC-link voltage, feeding voltage of electrical machine, Id and Iq currents, cyclic inductance, winding resistance, back-electromotive force, phase difference between back electromotive force and phase current... The electrical machine losses have been calculated by neglecting the mechanical losses and PM losses. The machine losses calculation includes the copper losses and the iron losses (eddy currents losses and hysteresis losses). The flux density in the stator yoke and the teeth was evaluated by taking into account the magnetic flux created by permanent magnet and the one created by armature reaction (stator current). The inverter losses were calculated too, by considering the commutation and conduction losses of both diodes and IGBT transistors. Thus, the total losses and the global efficiencies of motor and inverter were evaluated and the best working points can be deduced from those calculations. The previous models enable to evaluate global energy performances of electrical machines and inverters by respecting the constraints defined in the specifications. This methodology is general and can be a first step of a complete power train optimal design, including the electrical drive, the gear, the energy storage units and possibly the internal combustion engine.

An "open shop" approach characterized by shared resources comprising mobile agents (algorithms) was implemented, in a previous paper, to minimize the total makespan on the whole of the distributed equipment diagnostic processors in order to meet the maximum availability constraints of distributed system. An evaluation of the incidence of the inspection periods of these diagnosis tasks on the maintenance parameters in the case of a reparable wind system of energy production by Monte Carlo simulation is made now. The results show that a period of weaker inspection and a "window" of broader preventive replacement increase the availability of the system and the costs of preventive maintenance, but, on the other hand, the costs of corrective maintenance decrease, thus the need for a trade, Une approche du type « open shop » caractérisée par des ressources partagées constituées d'agents mobiles (les algorithmes) avait été précédemment mise en oeuvre de notre part pour minimiser le makespan total sur l'ensemble des processeurs de diagnostic d'équipements répartis en vue de répondre aux contraintes de disponibilité maximale du système distribué. Une évaluation est maintenant faite de l'incidence des périodes d'inspections de ces tâches de diagnostic sur les paramètres de maintenance dans le cas d'un système éolien réparable de production d'énergie par simulation Monte Carlo. Les résultats montrent qu'une période d'inspection plus faible et une « fenêtre » de remplacement préventif plus large augmentent la disponibilité du système et les coûts de maintenance préventive, mais, d'un autre côté, diminuent les coûts de maintenance corrective, d'où la nécessité d'un compromis. ABSTRACT. An "open shop" approach characterized by shared resources comprising mobile agents (algorithms) was implemented, in a previous paper, to minimize the total makespan on the whole of the distributed equipment diagnostic processors in order to meet the maximum availability constraints of distributed system. An evaluation of the incidence of the inspection periods of these diagnosis tasks on the maintenance parameters in the case of a reparable wind system of energy production by Monte Carlo simulation is made now. The results show that a period of weaker inspection and a "window" of broader preventive replacement increase the availability of the system and the costs of preventive maintenance, but, on the other hand, the costs of corrective maintenance decrease, thus the need for a trade.

International audience; In this paper, we discuss the control and suppression of spurious resonances commonly encountered with distributed bandpass filters. The basic idea consists of introducinglow-pass structures within bandpass topologies. By adjusting low-pass filter cutoff frequencies, harmonic resonances are attenuated, while maintaining in-band performances. In addition, transmission losses may be reduced as the insertion technique leads to optimum designs in terms of overall size. The approach described here is based upon the combination of classical synthesis techniques and optimization proceduresprovided by conventional computer-aided-design tools. Experimental results are obtained in the case of /spl lambda//sub g//4 shunt-stub filters implemented in classical semilumped low-pass architectures. Then, we investigate alternative integration technologies and techniques to improve the out-of-band rejection over very wide operating bandwidth. To overcome some design limitations, i.e., workable characteristicimpedance value, we propose and validate a multilayer solution. Finally, new low-pass topologies are suggested to improve low-pass filter band rejection.; In this paper, we discuss the control and suppression of spurious resonances commonly encountered with distributed bandpass filters. The basic idea consists of introducinglow-pass structures within bandpass topologies. By adjusting low-pass filter cutoff frequencies, harmonic resonances are attenuated, while maintaining in-band performances. In addition, transmission losses may be reduced as the insertion technique leads to optimum designs in terms of overall size. The approach described here is based upon the combination of classical synthesis techniques and optimization proceduresprovided by conventional computer-aided-design tools. Experimental results are obtained in the case of /spl lambda//sub g//4 shunt-stub filters implemented in classical semilumped low-pass architectures. Then, we investigate alternative integration technologies and techniques to improve the out-of-band rejection over very wide operating bandwidth. To overcome some design limitations, i.e., workable characteristicimpedance value, we propose and validate a multilayer solution. Finally, new low-pass topologies are suggested to improve low-pass filter band rejection.

Les formations à l’éthique en écoles d’ingénieurs existent en France depuis une vingtaine d’années, mais elles restent plus rares que dans d’autres pays et que dans les formations médicales françaises. Cet article propose d’identifier les leviers d’action qui ont permis d’institutionnaliser l’éthique de l’ingénierie dans d’autres pays. Une comparaison avec le champ de la médecine permettra également d’identifier quelques obstacles propres au domaine de l’ingénierie dans le contexte français. Courses in engineering ethics have existed in France for twenty years, but they are less common than in other countries and in medical education. In this paper, the author brings to light some reasons why engineering ethics did not developp in France as a field for research and education the way it did in other countries and it did to a certain point in the medecine in France.

International audience; Noncooperative underwater acoustic (UWA) communication systems are prone to interfere with each other since the limited resource offered by the channel is not regulated by any standard. Mutual inteferences can significantly degrade the performances of such systems and it is necessary to find policies allowing UWA devices to access the same physical resource. In this paper, we consider noncooperative UWA OFDM systems competing to access the same portion of the spectrum. We show that an efficient decentralized power allocation strategy can be achieved when all the communication links apply a waterfilling policy only based on little knowledge about their environment. Numerical simulations performed with real UWA channels sounded at-sea demonstrate the relevance of our approach.

International audience; In this paper we seek to further investigate whether having different backgrounds influences Engineering teachers' views of Calculus and shapes their opinion of how the subject should be taught, and whether these views affect their actual teaching practices. Our research is based on an institutional perspective and employs Chevallard's Anthropological Theory of the Didactic (ATD), in particular the notion of personal relationship, and we analyse the possible impacts of institutional choices on an individual's practices. Our data seem to indicate that even when they occupy the same position in the same institution, teachers with different academic backgrounds hold quite different personal relationships with the contents of their Calculus course, and that this has a significant impact on their practices.

Constructed wetland systems for wastewater treatment have been proven to be effective, low cost and sustainable alternative for wastewater treatment technologies. This paper is about the Austrian experience in constructed wetland systems.

The aim of this paper is to study the origins of the Archaistic image of Aphrodite on some bronze coins struck in Cyprus under Ptolemy III, and to compare it to some other Archaistic images of the goddess attested in Greece and Cyprus. To this dossier, already examined by B. Lichocka in 1986, can be added a marble torso found near Soloi in 1927, which could be related to the sanctuary of Soloi-Cholades, an important cult place for understanding the religious ideology of the Ptolemaic rulers and, probably, of the first Roman emperors., Hermary Antoine. Images archaïsantes de l’Aphrodite chypriote. In: Cahiers du Centre d'Etudes Chypriotes. Volume 45, 2015. Hommage à Jacqueline Karageorghis. pp. 317-328.

Aircraft performances at landing or takeoff depend strongly on runway surface conditions. There is a need to provide aircraft pilots with reliable information in view of determining landing performance. Currently, these information are based on a description of the type and the depth of contaminants on the runway surface. This paper presents a new method to improve the correlation between friction coefficients and braking coefficients measured respectively by ground vehicles and aircrafts. A three steps approach is proposed, using a friction model developed by ESDU, to weight the measured coefficients by factors taking into account the characteristics of the devices and of the contaminants. The friction ESDU model is used on contaminated surfaces. The methodology is applied to data collected from extensive friction tests conducted between 1996 and 2003 (Joint Winter Runaway Friction Measurement Program). Characteristics of ground friction measuring devices and aircrafts are provided as inputs for ESDU model. It was found that the correlation between weighted ground friction and braking coefficients is improved significantly compared with the correlation between unweighted coefficients. Advantages of the newly proposed method are discussed in terms of using ground friction coefficients as a promising alternative to determine Runway condition code for aircraft pilots.

Cet article est le compte rendu d’un atelier débat qui s’est penché sur les relations que l’on pouvait établir entre ingénierie, pratiques et didactique. Les échanges ont conduit à un tableau plus compréhensif de l’interrelation de ces domaines qui, seule, peut assurer une authentique qualité des formations en langues. This paper is the account of a workshop in which the participants debated the links that could be established between engineering, practices and didactics. The result was a clearer understanding of how these three domains can complement each other in order to ensure the quality of language courses.

International audience; For some companies, visual inspection has become an essential step when seeking to improve the quality of their products. The aim of this control is to be sure of the perceived quality of the product, which often goes well beyond the quality expected by the customer. For this type of control, the controller should be able to detect any anomaly on a product, characterize this anomaly, and then evaluate it in order to decide if the product should be accepted or rejected. This paper describes how this characterization can be carried out and, more specifically, how to measure the impact of the local environment of an anomaly on the perceived quality of the product.

This paper aims to provide updated information on prehistoric gold from Italy, originating from pre-Iron Age contexts. The evidence dating from the beginning of the metal Age is scanty indeed: to date, only 4 objects appear to be from an earlier period than the middle Bronze Age. more gold finds were discovered from the MBA onwards, in part from funerary contexts, representing property or funerary gifts pertaining to individuals of both sexes who attained a high status within the community. Le but de ce travail est de fournir des informations mises à jour sur les objets d’or préhistoriques découverts en Italie et datant des périodes précédent l’Âge du Fer. Les objets datant du début de l’Âge des métaux sont très peu nombreux : jusqu’à présent seulement quatre objets semblent dater d’avant l’Âge du Bronze moyen. A partir de cette période, les objets d’or, parfois trouvés en contexte funéraire sous forme de parure ou d’offrande, deviennent plus nombreux. Ces parures ou offrandes accompagnent seulement quelques individus, hommes ou femmes, dont le niveau social était élevé.

This paper is an attempt to describe a building design as a hypertext genre. It represents a single– or multi-volume document that has to be submitted when applying for a planning permission issued by an appropriate administrative authority, usu. by Building Surveyors. Its broad thematic scope provides the best proof of its multidisciplinary character – indeed, it bears witness to the complexity of investment process which has to result eventually in the completion of a new building. Building designs consist of texts featuring various genres that belong to different discourse types – apart from administrative ones, they involve texts dealing with architecture, urban architecture, structural engineering, interior fit-outs, electrical and heating facilities, sanitary fittings. Law regulations precise the exact content of a building design, which heavily depends on the putative function of a building, its degree of complexity and environmental setting. A building design thus turns out to be a multilayered genre whose composition is related to extra linguistic factors (design location and its function). It exhibits features typical of hypertext genres: non-sequentiality (non-linearity), component independence of hyperstructure, polyphony (many authors), primacy of global coherence and interactivity. All the characteristics make it difficult to apply traditional models of describing linear texts to building designs, thus proving that the dividing line between text and hypertext genres is independent of the media boundary.

National audience; Multi-touch interaction requires a trade-off between users' desires and capabilities, and gesture recognition constraints. Current approaches to that problem lack flexibility. The number of fingers used for a gesture usually plays a key part in the recognition process, for example. In this paper, we propose the use of pseudo-rigid movements to increase the flexibility of this process. We show how these movements can be determined in real time from the contact information usually available. We explain how they allow to free the recognition process from the number of fingers used and to move towards multi movement gestures, independent or coordinated. Finally, we present an interaction technique that takes advantage of this increased flexibility.

This paper deals with an issue that has rarely been addressed for the Neolithic period : the degree of functional specialization of ceramic productions. The question was applied to the earliest pottery from Bulgaria (6100-5500 BC). Results obtained on the pottery function from Kovačevo suggested in fact that some vessels were manufactured for a specific use. From the ceramic assemblage of this site, a new analytical method was developed to assess the degree of functional specialization. This method involves comparing the variability of pottery from a same functional range with those of the whole ceramic assemblage. The attributes that distinguish them could thus be identified. Next, their impact on the properties required by the different use of vessels (resistance to thermal and mechanical shock, waterproofing or heating efficiency) was measured using experimental and ethnographic data. However, some characteristics significantly change the performance of vessels. It was thus deduced that a part of the ceramic production from the site was already devoted to a particular purpose during the manufacturing process. At Kovačevo, two categories of ceramic vessels were undoubtedly produced for a specific function : storage vessels and cooking pots. Indeed, these two categories show a whole range of specific features which were particularly suited for their actual use. Thus, storage vessels often present a very thick slip on their inner surfaces which has not been identified in other functional classes of pottery. However, this type of slip gave them the high waterproofing required for storing substances. Cooking pots always have a narrow opening and a flat base. Their walls are relatively thick and their outer surfaces are often slip trailed. The combination of these different attributes provided them with the excellent thermal shock resistance required for cooking. Other functional classes of ceramic vessels were not necessarily made for the use to which they were put. This is the case of pottery used for grinding products. Indeed, they do not seem very suitable for this specific function. The study carried out on the ceramic assemblage from Kovačevo has allowed different degrees of functional specialization to be identified within the same pottery range : loww and high. These different degrees of specialization may be explained by more or less important use constraints depending on the function of the ceramic vessels. The preliminary work carried out the functional specialization of ceramic productions has finally provided a new picture about the first Neolithic potters from Bulgaria. The choices made during the manufacturing process of storage and cooking vessels confirm that their know-how was high. Indeed, these potters knew the technical solutions required to meet the different use constraints of ceramic vessels. Moreover, the choices made to optimize the pottery efficiency show that not only environmental, technical and cultural factors determined the potters’ behaviour. The function of ceramic vessels could also influence it., Vieugué Julien. Spécialisation fonctionnelle des premières productions céramiques dans les Balkans (6100-5500 av. J.-C.) . In: Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, tome 109, n°2, 2012. pp. 251-265.

A characterization of the different patterns of technological development of France and Britain in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century which has been frequently put forward considers French engineers and scientists involved in the formulation and discovery of theoretical and general principles, whereas their British counterparts were mainly working using “rules of thumbs” and other similar forms of empirical know-how. At least, prima facie, the case of steam engineering seems to fit this broad characterization rather well. In this paper we provide a reconsideration of the different nature of French and British practices in steam engineering. Our study shows, that the different economic circumstances prevailing in Britain and France (in particular the price of coal) led the two countries to embark to different paths of accumulation of “useful knowledge” in the field of steam engineering. La caractérisation des modèles de développement technologique en Grande-Bretagne et en France à la fin du XVIIIe siècle et au début du XIXe siècle repose largement sur l’idée que les ingénieurs et savants français se sont impliqués dans la découverte et la formulation de principes théoriques et généraux, alors que ceux anglais utilisaient des astuces et autres formes de savoir-faire empirique. Du moins, à première vue, le cas de la vapeur semble épouser assez bien cette distinction. Dans cet article, nous proposons de reconsidérer la nature des pratiques françaises et anglaises dans les techniques de la vapeur. Notre étude montre que les circonstances économiques différentes existant en Grande-Bretagne et en France (en particulier le prix du charbon) ont conduit les deux pays à choisir des voies différentes d’« accumulation du savoir » dans le domaine des techniques de la vapeur.

Because of the industrial progress in Britain during the eighteenth century, many visitors came to see what was being achieved. Thus began a long tradition of industrial espionage and technology transfer. Some came simply out of interest and curiosity, but the main aim was to rival Britain in industry and production. This paper provides examples of these activities. à cause du progrès industriel en Grande Bretagne pendant le dix-huitième siècle, il y arrivait beaucoup de visiteurs pour observer les réussites britanniques. C’est ainsi qu’a commencé une longue tradition d’espionnage industriel et transfert de techniques. Pour quelques-uns, la raison était tout simplement l’intérêt et la curiosité mais, pour la plupart, leur but était de rivaliser la Grande Bretagne en industrie et production. Dans cette communication, on trouvera des exemples de ces activités.

A multi scale methodology is proposed for the study of the cellular material behavior under dynamic loading. The behavior of polymeric foams studied depends on the constitutive material and the morphology of the porous structure. The cellular material of this study is constituted of millimetric porous beads, these beads are themselves constituted of microscopic closed cells. The methodology proposed to model the multi scale morphology of the structure (the scales of beads and cells) of the cellular material; it consists in implementing simple mechanical models at the different scales to reproduce the complex physical phenomenon observed and to model the macroscopic response of the foam. The observation and the analysis of physical phenomenon is the first step of the multi scale modeling. This paper describes the experimental and numerical methods used to observe and describe the structure of the cellular material, and quantify deformations and damages of these structures at the scales of beads and cells. Two ways of modeling were investigated: a finite-element model to represent the bead structure and another approach, more original, by the use of a modified discrete element model to model the microscopic structure of the cells.

The conversion efficiency of three way catalytic converters is mainly defined by the temperature range wherein they are operating. Traditionally, ignition retard has been used to reduce the light-off time of the catalyst. This is however associated with a fuel penalty. With increasing vehicle electrification, electrically heating facilities present an alternative, especially for hybrid vehicles. Nevertheless, system complexity of hybrid vehicles prevents engineers to evaluate possible heating technologies and their corresponding fuel penalty with respect to traditional solutions. This paper evaluates the application of an electrically heated catalyst on a hybrid vehicle equipped with a Natural Gas (NG) engine. The effect of heating power on light-off time and fuel penalty is determined, using analysis techniques emerging from integrated powertrain control. By means of a case study, the importance of an integral approach is explained by comparing the fuel penalty and conversion efficiency improvement of electric heating with that of ignition retard. In this process, a mix of simulation and test data were combined, forming the foundations for future control developments of a suitable light-off strategy. © 2010 Institut français du pétrole.

National audience; The development of micro and nanotechnologies requires the design of microrobots and Microsystems able to handle submillimetric objects. Many micromanipulation systems have been built. However, improvement of the performances requires the use of advanced control methods. In this paper, we present the main characteristics of the microworld from a control point of view and some control strategies adapted to the microsystems.

International audience; Due to operational constraints for underwater data acquisition, simulating realistic sonar data, like images, swath bathymetry profiles or interferometric signals, is crucial for tuning detection and classification algorithms according to sensors settings, sea-bottom nature and topography. Moreover, the robustness of any performance estimation or prediction can be greatly enhanced, as soon as such a simulation tool provides a modular and flexible underwater world representation (multiple sensors, environments and acquisition conditions). For signal and array processing, it is essential not only to generate the signal energy backscattered by a resolution cell, but also to produce a phase information that conveys its theoretical statistical properties. To this end, this paper proposes a Brownian motion-based approach to generate complex Gaussian signals from the contribution of a set of extended single scatterers inside a resolution cell. The resulting process preserves the conservation of energy when integrating on surfaces, as well as the decorrelation between different areas of the sea bottom, and the right interference between two sensors for interferometric applications.

This paper describes the design and the placement of piezoelectric actuators on switched reluctance motors by means of a genetic algorithm (nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II) for the purpose of reducing stator vibrations. Two distinct approaches are presented: one energy-related and the other based on a minimization of the resultant displacement. These methods lead to design and placement strategy for the piezoelectric actuators. A number of optimal actuators obtained using these kinds of approaches is also compared with mechanical finite-element simulations. At last, a solution is achieved in order to validate optimal placement using positive position feedback active filtering.

This paper presents an original design option dedicated to output-filtered pulsewidth modulation inverters used in uninterruptible power systems, embedded networks, or motor drives operating on long cables. It is based on the coupling of interleaved inverter cells by means of intercell transformers (ICTs) and is characterized by very good dynamic behavior on load transients, which is an important issue in such applications. ICT solutions are compared with the classical interleaved solutions using separate inductors. A specific design method is developed to achieve this comparison based on toroidal core shapes. The results obtained with a 600 V, 7.5 kW inverter show the usefulness of ICT-based designs, especially when nanocrystalline magnetic material is used; high specific power and very good dynamic performances are obtained.

The excavation of an unexplored secondary agglomeration in Chevroches (France), from 2001 to 2002 has led to the discovery of a bronze dome of a type unknown in the Ancient world. It is inscribed with three lines in Greek transcribing Egyptian and Roman months, and the twelve signs of the Zodiac. This paper presents the first observations and some other finds from similar objects in Burgundy.

International audience; The main goal of Fault Tolerant Control Systems (FTCS) is to preserve the ability of the system to achieve the objectives that has been assigned when faults or failures occurred. The main goal of this work is to develop a fault tolerant control strategy that incorporates both reliability and dynamic performance of the system for control reconfiguration. Once a fault has been detected and isolated, the reconfiguration strategy proposed in this paper tries to find possible structures of the faulty system that preserve prespecified performance, calculate the system reliability, compute new controller gains and finally search the optimal structure that has the "best" control performance with the highest reliability. The proposed approach is illustrated through a hydraulic and thermal system of three tanks.

In this paper we propose a control scheme based on Coloured Petri net (CPN) for a flow-rack automated storage and retrieval system. The AS/RS is modelled using Coloured Petri net. The developed model is used to capture and provide the rack state. We introduce in the control system an optimization module as decision process which performs a real-time optimization working on discrete events time scale. The objective is to find bin locations for the retrieval requests by minimizing the total number of retrieval cycles for a batch of requests and thereby increase the system throughput. By solving the optimization model, the proposed method gives according to customers request and the rack state, the best bin locations for retrieval, i.e. allowing at the same time to satisfy the customers request and carrying out the minimum of retrieval cycles.

The United Kingdom has opted for a very original solution to implement the EU packaging waste directives. In comparison with continental schemes, the British system is very decentralised. In particular, individual packaging users fulfil their recycling obligations by buying packaging recovery notes (PRN) on a market.This paper describes the UK scheme and seeks to assess its economic efficiency. The assessment is carried out in a comparative way, taking the French system as a reference. Our results are contrasted. On the negative side, the UK PRN system suffers from high administrative costs due to its complexity. In addition, PRN prices appear to be very volatile, thereby hindering the devising of long-term waste prevention strategies by packaging users and producers. The fact that municipalities are also constrained by recycling objectives introduces distortions that increase aggregate packaging recycling costs. On the positive side, the British system assigns the main responsibility onto retailers — as compared to pack fillers in France. Economic analysis suggests that this choice is relevant given that this level of the packaging chain enjoys market power vis-à-vis upstream producers.

In this paper, we analyze the impact of the cavitation model on the numerical assessment of lubricated journal bearings. We compare results using the classical Reynolds model and the so-called p-θ model proposed by Elrod and Adams [1974, “A Computer Program for Cavitation and Saturation Problems,” Proceedings of the First LEEDS-LYON Symposium on Cavitation and Related Phenomena in Lubrication, Leeds, UK] to fix the lack of mass conservation of Reynolds’ model. Both models are known to give quite similar predictions of load-carrying capacity and friction torque in nonstarved conditions, making Reynolds’ model the preferred model for its better numerical behavior. Here, we report on numerical comparisons of both models in the presence of microtextured bearing surfaces. We show that in the microtextured situation, Reynolds’ model largely underestimates the cavitated area, leading to inaccuracies in the estimation of several variables, such as the friction torque. This dictates that only mass-conserving models should be used when dealing with microtextured bearings.

The objective of this paper is to describe the modified Dahl and Masing models used for predicting hysteretic behavior, and tested on a belt tensioner for automotive engines. An experimental study with deflection imposed on the tensioner is first carried out to identify hysteresis loop parameters for the two models. The models are implemented in the general motion equations which govern the behavior of a belt–tensioner–mass system. Particular attention is paid to the use of numerical schemes. The numerical and experimental investigations show the reliability of the modified Dahl model.

The air-handling units (AHUs) provide complete control of temperature and humidity in air-conditioned spaces. The models of the AHU elements are nonlinear and the controlled variables, temperature and relative humidity, coupled. This paper demonstrates that in the case of sensible heat exchange without moisture removal if the outputs of the electric coils, fluid-filled coils and steam humidifiers of an AHU are considered to be the differences between the air temperature and the humidity ratio of the outlet and the inlet, then the models may be written as the product of a static and a dynamic gain. The parameters of the discrete form of these models are experimentally identified. The dynamics of the elements and of their sensors are very similar. Therefore, the parameter identification of the elements takes into account the model of the sensor, previously identified. This grey-box approach combines theoretical modelling, parameter identification of discrete models and parameter identification of partially known models by using optimization techniques.

Pierre Piganiol: an interview Creating the General Delegation for Technical and Scientific Research was an essential innovation in France. For the first time, this country was endowed with a coordinating organization at a national level. Its first delegate, Pierre Piganiol held his authority directly from the Prime Minister. In this paper, Piganiol outlines the projects he immediately setup upon taking his charge. He also describes the top priority that was to give the CNRS researchers statuses guaranteeing both their career evolution and the security they need to complete their projects. Director Jean Coulomb made this transformation easier, even though he was suspicious regarding the suggestions coming from the Delegation.