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The aim of this paper is to comment on the importance of World War One in the advent of the medicalization of certain emotions such as anguish and, more generally speaking, anxiety. They had already been identified by physicians coming from the fields of different medical specialties. The paper tries to show that these emotions had been well established in the medical and pharmaceutical landscapes well before the advent of antidepressants. The paper tries, in particular, to shift the viewpoint from the soldiers to the civilians.

This article presents an analysis of the use of beta-blockers to manage stage fright (or so-called performance anxiety) in the music community. Data presented in this paper are based on a four-month ethnographic fieldwork conducted in a Quebec classical music faculty in 2016. Mobilizing the theoretical framework proposed by the concept of “pharmaceuticalization” (Collin, 2016), the paper describes the way in which beta-blockers are perceived in the community as both taboo and rejected by musicians and as an attractive and potentially effective remedy for performers. It is argued that beta-blockers, whether they are consumed or not, contribute to the development of performance standards, reinforce the injunction to excellence and challenge the identity and the sense of legitimacy among musicians.

O presente artigo centra-se na figura do arrumador de automóveis. Situa a sua emergência em relação com as manifestações e os atores que têm vindo, ao nível da rua, a protagonizar o fenómeno droga, e em torno dos quais os dispositivos de controlo social foram elaborando alguns dos principais elementos definidores do “problema da droga”. A partir dos dados duma etnografia conduzida no centro de Guimarães, caracteriza então as rotinas da sua atividade, salientando o seu poder estruturador no quotidiano dos indivíduos, a dimensão relacional do estar na rua, destacando a interação com o automobilista, a organização territorial nos “parques” onde arrumam e a relação com as instâncias de controlo. O arrumador de automóveis é, a partir do que revelam os dados de terreno, conceptualizado como uma figura do trabalho informal e como um novo utilizados da cidade (city user), que vem da periferia social para participar, espacial e relacionalmente, no centro - e, nessa medida, ser também seu construtor.This paper focuses on informal parking attendants. It locates the rise of such business in relation with street-drugs actors and their behaviours. It also considers the ways in which social control agencies have elaborated crucial dimensions of “the drugs problem” around informal parking attendants. Based on ethnographic work carried out in downtown Guimarães, the paper describes the routines of informal parking attendants, stressing the structuring effects of such business in the lives of the individuals who perform it. The relational realm of life in the streets, interactions with drivers, the territorial organization of parking places, and the attendants’ relationship with control agencies are also emphasized. According to the empirical data, informal parking attendants are seen as underground economy workers and as a new type of city user: one that comes from the margins of society to take part, both in spatial and relational terms, in its centre. Thus, they can also be seen as builders of that centre.

Pills for good, pills for bad. Drugs, bodies, desires This paper focuses on the non-neutrality of Science – Chemistry in particular – starting by the specific standing point: the relationship between (sexuated) bodies and drugs. The feminist analysis on social role of medicine has been deepened since the end of Sixties and has permitted to underlying the strong ambivalence of medical knowledge between self-determination and subjection. Feminism and critical medicine have opened a deconstructive breach in the passive acceptance of the medical science by the identification and the complaint of social origin of a lot of (pathologized) diseases. Today we are facing a paradox: even the international institutions have acknowledged connections between health conditions and social-economic context, but the use of drugs is increasingly widespread and not directly related with pathologies. To unravel these aspects, the research will focus on three kinds of drugs: psychotropic drug, food supplements and synthetic hormones. The contemporary capitalism extracts value from interpersonal, cognitive, emotional performances requiring a perpetual presence – both physical and mental – which finds in the use of food supplements and psychotropic drugs a formidable technical support. This ambivalence implies, on one hand, the use of drugs to support the performance and the self-perception of being efficient and measured up, while on the other hand, it shows the dark side of the self-exploitation. At the same time, the theoretical work of trans-feminist movements on synthetical hormones adds the reflections about the desires to those on needs, filling the picture of the ambivalences related with the use of drugs. To imagine a science and a tech useful to design a healthy society, it is necessary to question how today the use of drugs is not only connected with pathologic conditions, but rather how it has violently crawled into our lives as device of capitalistic subjection of the (sexuated) bodies.

As it may be the case with other social categories, that of the drug trafficker shows us what we want to see. What does it conceal in the Mexico - U.S. borderlands? What practices connected to the drug trade does this category help paper over? In regions where this illegal trade possesses social, economic and political ramifications of prime importance, to which practical ends is this social category being used? Researching these questions is a means of refining the analysis of forms of social organization revolving around the illicit at the Mexico - U.S. border and beyond.

The aim of this paper is to suggest a few leads for a formal, cultural, and political study of the emo rap scene, and to start investigating some of these leads in more depth. We present a broad overview of the emo rap scene, which emerged on Soundcloud during the second half of the 2010s. We then move on to analyze the correlation between drug consumption and psychological pain that lays at the core of the scene’s aesthetic, by situating it in the context of the broader history of American rap and commenting upon the aesthetic strategies that represent the emotional effects of addiction and other mental health disorders in a few chosen examples.

Since the creation of the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) in 2008, its members evidence an endogenous contradiction in relation to the illegal drug issue. While on one hand they are demanding a new approach to the world drug issue, focused on human rights and promoting initiatives oriented to harm reduction; on the other hand, many of them are implementing internal punitive measures, based on a supply-centric strategy and criminalization of drug users. This article analyzes some important factors that increase and constrain the coordination of a joint position among South American states on the illegal drug topic through the definition of two approaches —uniaxial and multiaxial—. Those approaches are characterized by the different consideration of three elements: the current legislation that affects the states’ behavior in relation to this issue; the dimensions of the problem; and the actors who try to exercise an influence on —and at the same time are influenced by— both the legislation and the dimensions. This paper also argues that a multiaxial cooperation dynamic could represent a useful long-term strategy to counterbalance the negative spillover effects of a uniaxial war on drugs policy.

Abstract Illicit markets especially those dealing with narcotics constitute grievous issues to the world’s economies, putting to test global safety, economic progress as well as security and many other aspects. Seemingly, illicit narcotics trade in the last decade – that is 2000 to 2011 underwent a significant boom, resulting from a wide spectrum of illegal drugs such as cocaine as well as heroin among many other hard drugs. In today’s global society, several concerns are emerging on the rise of illicit narcotics trade accompanied with organized crime, chiefly as major hindrances to consistent global economic progress. Apparently, some of the effects of illicit narcotics trade are that; this trade gradually turns upside down business rules, opening way for new unruly market players besides reconfiguring influence in global economics as well as politics. Surprisingly, the revenue from illegal drugs in 2011 alone was roughly 10% of the global GDP. Hence, exaggerating local economies’ incomes and triggering ceaseless conflicts among market players, while at the same time reducing legal business activities likewise disintegrating socioeconomic conditions. An empirical research method was adopted for this study, analyzing illicit trade in narcotics on the global arena as from 2000 to 2011 and its resultant effects. The research findings indicate that, illegal drugs trade particularly on the world economy besides growing at a high rate, it endangers the overall welfare of humans likewise the business environment. This is ostensibly because this trade has high chances of engrossing regional economies into illegal drugs business activities, causing them to neglect sustainable ethical businesses. Now, to effectively address negative economic issues related to illegal drugs trade, there is apparent need for integrated efforts from local as well as international authorities. Such efforts are chiefly to control not only the harmful effects resulting from the use of illicit narcotics, but also from the trade itself and to build sustainable economies. The findings of this study are crucial for regulatory authorities in the global economy, for them to adequately comprehend the effects of illicit trade in narcotics hence inform their decisions to take necessary measures. This paper is on the effect of illicit trade in narcotics on global economy, touching on issues like peace along with social cohesion as well as security and economic progress.

As a Member State of the UN and the EU, Spain's drug policy is heavily conditioned by these external superior ‘legal personalities’. Although, the Spanish legislature has enacted amendments to legislation on illicit substances over the last ten years to attenuate excessively punitive law, their interpretation and internal application of conventions on drug legislation has by in large overlooked the ultima ratio principle i.e. minimum intervention (Arana 2012). Spain’s criminal legislation is presented as well as the consequences of the prohibition of illicit substances in this jurisdiction. Finally, alternatives that have emerged in the Basque Autonomous Community to counter the effects of its criminalisation are briefly discussed and promoted as a means of abating external legal constraints that have serious social and legal ramifications. Como miembro de ONU y UE, la política de drogas española está fuertemente condicionada por la legislación emanada de estas entidades jurídicas. A pesar de eso, los legisladores españoles han introducido reformas en la legislación sobre sustancias ilícitas en los últimos diez años para atenuar una legislación excesivamente punitiva, su interpretación y aplicación interna de convenios sobre legislación en materia de drogas en gran parte no toma en cuenta el principio del ultimo ratio (Arana 2012). Se presenta la legislación penal española en materia de sustancias ilícitas y también los efectos que ésta tiene sobre la jurisdicción. Finalmente, las alternativas surgidas en la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca para contrarrestar los efectos de la criminalización, son brevemente discutidas y promovidas como una manera para amainar las limitaciones jurídicas que tienen importantes y serias ramificaciones sociales y legales. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2200886

The gender is a condition to be considered in the area of drugs used in leisure time. The attitude and behavior, culturally and educationally assigned to one or the other sex, has influence on our behavior in all areas of our lives. At the same time the gender also determinates the way of drug use and behavior of each person.The association Ai Laket!! believes, it is essential to consider gender as a variable factor to design, to carry out and evaluate policies for prevention of risks associated with drug use in leisure time.Based on this objective, the Association Ai Laket!! is presenting the article about the process of incorporation of different point of views of sexes on use of drugs and the activities that the organization has been developing since 2002. After the brief explication of the history and philosophy of the organization Ai Laket!! and its activities, we discuss the key differences in gender within our projects. At the same time we would like to share the most outstanding results we have achieved through our 10 years work experience.Due to our investigation we know, there are very poor sources of information about this problematic. We believe that our gained experience, which is described in this article, might be useful in the area of risk prevention and pleasures in leisure time in nowadays society. En el ámbito del consumo de drogas en espacios de ocio el género condiciona. Las actitudes y los comportamientos cultural y educacionalmente asignados a uno u otro sexo condicionan nuestra conducta en todos los ámbitos de nuestra vida, y en consecuencia también influyen en nuestro modo de usar las drogas y en los comportamientos asociados a este consumo.Por ello, en la asociación Ai Laket!! consideramos imprescindible tener en cuenta el género como variable al diseñar, ejecutar y evaluar las políticas de prevención de riesgos asociados al consumo de drogas en espacios de ocio.Con este objetivo presentamos en este artículo el proceso de incorporación de la perspectiva de género en la Asociación Ai Laket!! tanto en la propia organización como en las actividades que viene desarrollando desde el 2002. Así, tras explicar brevemente la historia y la filosofía de la organización, así como su ámbito de actuación y sus actividades, abordamos las diferencias observadas en clave de género en los proyectos ejecutados y citamos los logros más destacados que hemos conseguido mediante este proceso.Esperamos que la experiencia relatada en este trabajo pueda ser útil en el ámbito de la gestión de riesgos y placeres en espacios de ocio en el que las experiencias de este tipo son todavía escasas.DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2115436

Both the gender issue and drugs public politics are a relatively recent reality in Europe. The essay provides a context for the two following articles, summarizing the EU process, the gender system and the social problem of drugs from a public politics point of view. The ambivalent juridical perspective (legal-illegal) to which certain behaviours linked to these kind of substances are subdued, has conditioned the scientific boundary of public politics related to drugs in the EU. Tanto la cuestión género como las políticas públicas en materia de drogas son una realidad relativamente reciente en Europa. El texto es una contextualización de los dos siguientes artículos de la publicación, donde se pretende sintetizar, además del proceso de UE, el sistema de género y el fenómeno social de las drogas, desde una perspectiva de políticas públicas. La ambivalente perspectiva jurídica (legal-ilegal) a la que se someten determinados comportamientos relacionados con este tipo de sustancias, ha llegado a condicionar el ámbito científico de las políticas públicas en materia de drogas en la UE. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2111914

This article aims to highlight the discrimination suffered by women prisoners in our country, in particular, of those incarcerated for its direct or indirect relationship with drugs. First we draw a radiography describing women in Spanish prisons, presenting general data, reasons for the high rates of female incarceration, sentences and types of crimes committed by women prisoners, either foreign or nationals, to clearly demonstrate that the drug issue cuts across all these aspects. Secondly, we will discuss the evolution of the Spanish penal law relating to offenses against public health, especially in recent months, in which there has been a significant change in terms of the sentences that are being applied to women. And finally, it will bring up some data on the prevalence of drug use in prisons and treatments developed in them. Este artículo pretende poner de manifiesto las discriminaciones padecidas por las mujeres encarceladas en nuestro país y, en especial, las de aquéllas privadas de libertad a resultas de su relación directa o indirecta con las drogas. En primer lugar se procederá a realizar una radiografía general del encarcelamiento femenino describiendo datos generales, razones de las altas tasas femeninas de encarcelamiento, condenas y tipos de delitos realizados por mujeres presas nacionales y extranjeras en España, para demostrar claramente que el tema de las drogas es transversal en todos estos aspectos. En segundo término se señalará la evolución de la normativa penal española en relación con los delitos contra la salud pública, especialmente en los últimos meses, en los que se ha producido un importante cambio en cuanto a las condenas que se están aplicando a las mujeres. Y ya, para finalizar, se traerán a colación algunos datos sobre la prevalencia del consumo de drogas en el ámbito penitenciario y los tratamientos que se desarrollan en este medio al respecto. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2115434

O debate atual sobre drogas tem sido organizado em torno de discursos científicos que tendem a configurar a questão ora como problema de segurança pública (relacionado ao tráfico e à repressão), ora como problema de saúde pública (relacionado à repressão da demanda por um lado e à redução de danos por outro). O presente texto traz uma reflexão que busca configurar como a política de enfrentamento às drogas no Brasil enseja em suas proposições uma luta entre as lógicas de segurança pública e de saúde pública expressas no embate entre as duas políticas instituídas pelo governo brasileiro no enfrentamento à questão - a política nacional antidrogas regulamentada em 2003 pela Secretaria Nacional Antidrogas (estrutura criada no governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso - FHC - por meio da medida provisória nº 1669, de 1998, e modificada no governo Lula para "Política Pública Sobre Drogas") e a Política de Atenção Integral ao Usuário de Álcool e Drogas do Ministério da Saúde (também formulada no governo FHC).The current debate in relation to drugs has been formed around scientific speeches which tend to configure the issue about drugs either as a public security matter (related to the drug trafficking and the offer repression) or as a public health matter (related to demand repression on one hand and harm reduction on the other). The present paper brings a reflection which seeks to configure how the confrontation policies to drugs in Brazil attempt, in their propositions, to a struggle in the logic of public security expressed in the opposition between the confrontation policies in relation to the drug issue - the national anti-drug policy instituted in 2003 by the National Anti-drug Department (a structure created in the government of Fernando Henrique Cardoso by the provisory measure nº. 1669 of 1998 and changed in Lula's government to Public Policy about drugs) and the whole attention policy to drug and alcohol users of the Ministry of Health (instituted in Fernando Henrique Cardoso's government).

Este artículo, reflexiona sobre los dilemas planteados en el ámbito de las identidades individuales en contextos modernos de relaciones sociales. Para dar curso a esta reflexión, tomo como espacio de análisis las comunidades terapéuticas para la "rehabilitación" de usuarios de drogas - denominados comúnmente como "drogadictos"-, quienes debido a su singularidad identitaria, considerada como interdictada a partir de ciertos valores sociales y éticos de la sociedad mayor, se articulan en estos espacios de "cura" individual, buscando transformar su estigma social. Dos orientaciones ideológicas median la relación comunidad terapéutica/"adicto en recuperación". Una de carácter religiosa cristiana y la otra, que denomino laica. Desde estas dos orientaciones, las comunidades terapéuticas elaboran proyectos de sujetos sociales procurando responder a los dilemas de la sociedad moderna.This paper focuses on the dilemmas that occur in the field of individual identities in modern contexts of social relations. In order to carry out this reflection, the focus of analysis is the therapeutic communities for the "rehabilitation" of drug dependents, frequently nominated as "drug addicts". Drug dependents, due to their particular identity, configured by certain social and ethic values as prohibited, orient themselves within these spaces of individual cure, aiming to transform their social stigma. Ideological orientations mediate the relationship between the therapeutic community and the "addict in recuperation". One of these is of a Christian religious nature and the other is referred to in this article as secular. From these orientations the therapeutic communities elaborate projects of social subjects, seeking to answer the dilemmas of modern society.

Sugar esters : ways of synthesis and potential applications [a review]. Sugar esters are nonionic surfactants and exhibit relevant properties as structural diversity and environmental and health safety. Their potential applications extend from human food to drugs formulation and biochemical studies. Some sugar esters also exhibit interesting biological activities. A lot of papers have been submitted during the last ten years. Those articles describe the various ways of synthesis of those compounds at the laboratory scale. During the last ten years, the most studied method was the biotechnological way using enzyme as a catalyser.

This article is based on a corpus of data collected in Antananarivo, the capital of Madagascar, between April and August 2015. The aim of this paper is to analyze the social conditions of production of self-medication for young children and the management of frequent and benign infant ailments. In this article, we question the use of private and informal actors in the sale of pharmaceutical drugs, the methods of acquisition and use, in light of popular knowledge about drugs. Our results show that pharmaceuticals are central in the therapeutic practices of Tananarivians. In the daily management of illnesses, choices are based on a pragmatic desire to heal at lower costs. The management of early childhood illnesses differs from adult care practices which are predominantly characterized by self-consumption of medicines. This article sheds light on the specificities of child care practices, which crystallize at the same time representations about child health and distrust towards certain pharmaceutical products.