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(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2020 5(3), 1565-1568 | European Forum Highlight of 28 December 2020 | (Abstract) The judgment of 10 November 2020, Commission v. Italy (case C-644/18) once again allows the Court of Justice to rule on the failure of a Member State to comply with Directive 2008/50/EC on air pollution by fine particles "PM10". This judgment comes after the condemnation of Bulgaria in 2017, Poland in 2018 and France in 2019 on the same grounds. It demonstrates the Court's willingness to punish States that continue not to apply the rules that allow air pollution to be contained on their territory, even though they are aware of the dangers it causes to the environment and human health.

The general consensus is that dense cities are more sustainable. However, high urban density or compact urban form may affect the health of city dwellers, more particularly when compactness is not associated with the provision of mass transit systems. This paper analyses the correlation between urban density indicators and air pollution in Oran (Algeria), a city that suffers a lack of public transport. It assesses the density of green space needed to reduce airborne pollutants in cities. The paper also examines the impacts of exposure to air pollution on respiratory mortality using a quantitative health impact assessment methodology. Findings show that population density and building density strongly correlates with air pollution, due to motorized transport and other human activities (e.g. industries, residential heating or lacking green space). Results indicate that for population density greater than 12100 inhabitants/ha with associated values exceeding 100 for building density and green space density, air pollution levels become higher than 40µg/m3 , exceeding the recommended limit at international level by WHO. In addition, 588 annual premature deaths (95% CI: 529-643), i.e. 0,2% of the total population of the eighteen districts and 3,7% of the total number of deaths, were directly or indirectly related to NOx concentration. This paper concludes that despite the conventional wisdom that more dense cities are more sustainable and healthier, higher density urban areas tend to be associated with poor air quality when there are no mass transit systems.

This review paper explores the impact of air pollution on human health, focusing on indoor and outdoor air quality. It highlights the importance of pollutants like particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and volatile organic compounds, which contribute to diseases like lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory issues. The paper also examines sources and types of air pollutants, including industrial activities, transportation, and natural events. It presents a comparative analysis of air quality issues across different regions, highlighting the complexities and severity of pollution. The paper examines pollution control technologies for industry and transport, innovative approaches like hydrogen fuel utilization and intelligent transportation systems. It also discusses the influence of regulatory standards on indoor environmental quality and the challenges posed by regional differences. The paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on air quality management and encourages the development of more robust pollution control measures.

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In this paper a comprehensive study is conducted on the heat transfer between building and the atmosphere within a cross ventilation situation, this situation is characterized by a transverse flow between the two parallel windows of an isolated building. The study is divided into two parts, in the first part, the effect of the walls, solar heating during the day (windward between sunrise and noon, the roof at the moon and leeward between noon and sunset) on the air temperature distribution and air velocity inside and outside an isolated building is studied when a numerical simulation is conducted in an atmospheric micro scale. For the second part, the study is focused on the effect of temperature change of the building floor, by an external heating source such as a recessed serpentine, on cooling or heating the air but in this case only inside the building by numerical simulation. The numerical results are validated using experimental measurements (velocity profiles and turbulent kinetic energy) of Y. Tominaga realized at Niigata Institute of Technology in Japan, these measurements provide a very useful database for validation of numerical models of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Compared to those wind tunnel experimental measurements, the numerical results of the cross-ventilation show a good agreement. The detailed results analysis shows that the differential heating of all building surfaces can greatly influence the capacity of the flow to transport and exchange heat.

The attempt to advance sustainable practices to improve air quality is of greater significance now than ever in our ever-evolving surroundings. This research explores the vibrant field of green technological innovation and the significance it is to revive the environment. This paper explores novel approaches, inventive adjustments, and cutting-edge developments that are causing an improvement in the way that we connect with the surroundings and the air we breathe. There is an urgent need for measures that balance sustainable development with progress for humanity as fears over air pollution and its negative effects on public health and the environment increase. This abstract illustrates the potential of green technologies to transform societies and industries by exploring the environment of these innovations and their actual uses. With a review of this unique approach toward improved sustainability and quality of air to understand the innovative advances currently occurring in green technological innovation.

Air quality is a major issue for urban policies, which implement regulatory monitoring devices and fine-scale modelling tools to monitor air pollution. Recently, mobile and connected devices have been used as a valuable tool in this regard, allowing more observations and real-time indicative data on individual exposure in all environments. In this article, individual exposure to the pollutants PM2.5, NO2 and Black Carbon (BC) is analysed based on geolocated and embedded micro-sensor observations from eighty-eight voluntary participants of two cohorts in Île-de-France. This data was complemented by interviews with eight of the cohorts’ participants and ten institutional stakeholders. Our findings reveal wide variations in exposure depending on the pollutant, on the microenvironment ("home", "work", "transport", "other places"), on the transport modes and on particular daily activities. In addition to commuting, this paper highlights additional exposure, particularly to PM2.5 during weekends, within and when travelling to the microenvironment "other places" that include indoor and outdoor leisure time spaces. Peaks of pollutant concentration during some individual travel by tram and bicycle are interpreted in their specific contexts. An analytical synthesis of all our results shows that mobility behavior and exposure intensity in some specific microenvironments require particular attention from an air quality perspective.

The Primequal research program, aimed at studying air quality at the local scale, was initiated in 1995 by the Ministry in charge of the Environment and by ADEME (French Environment and Energy Management Agency). Designed as a multidisciplinary program, it centered chiefly on the physico-chemical and sanitary aspects of air pollution. Human and social sciences, though regularly invited to participate in the program, have remained little involved. To overcome this problem, a special call for research wholly dedicated to the field was set up in 2004. Eight projects, whose results are briefly summarized and discussed in this paper, were funded. For the authors, one of the main findings of this research is the remaining gap, due to poor governance, between the institutional approach to air quality based on monitoring and administrative overseeing and the population's lack of grasp and involvement regarding an issue to which they are, however, highly sensitive and whose sanitary implications they are strongly aware of. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

bstract: The air quality-monitoring network in Morocco does not cover all regions and occasionally gives data on atmospheric metallic particulate pollution. This work makes it possible to find a simple, inexpensive and available method for monitoring this type of pollutants. In this paper, we report an effective, simple, sensitive and low-cost electrochemical method for heavy metals monitoring in rainwater and airborne particulate matters. The glassy carbon electrode modified ex-situ with a thin mercury film (GCE/TMF) was used as a sensor to detect Cd2+ and Pb2+ by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The developed sensor showed a linear response in the concentration range of 0.1-2.0 µmol·L-1 in HCl 0.1 mol·L-1 for both Cd2+ and Pb2+ heavy metal ions. The calculated limits of detection were 12 and 16 nmol·L-1 for Cd2+ and Pb2+ respectively. Moreover, the proposed electrochemical sensor was successfully applied to monitor Cd2+ and Pb2+ in total atmospheric fallout (TAF) and particulate matter (PM10) samples collected in Mohammedia city. The obtained results showed some exceedances of the limit standards preconized for cadmium and lead elements.

Locally, controversies concerning air quality measurements are frequent and a major explanation is the large discrepancies between perceptions and quantitative measurements. These controversies show the importance of social and health issues linked to this question and the fact that air pollution often implies a "perceptual ambiguity". In this paper, we discuss the place of knowledge in the mechanisms of perception of air quality. In this perspective, the French Approved Air Quality Surveillance Associations (AASQA), face a major challenge: translating complex scientific knowledge into comprehensive and appropriable information that sometimes contradicts sensory perceptions. Atmo Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (AASQA) has developed a mobile application, Air To Go, that provides data describing air quality with high geographical accuracy (10 meters) and we are investigating in how access to very precise information might modify the individual perception of air pollution. The results show that there is a need to characterise the influence of the perceptual filter on the in the way individuals view air quality, both to improve the perception of risks and to change individual behavior in terms of exposure and emission of pollutants.