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This article presents one way of changing the participatory culture of training teachers – the Critical Integrative Teacher Education (CITE) programme now being implemented at Jyväskylä University. For the last ten years the Finnish school system has been the centre of considerable international attention because of its success in PISA. The Finnish school, however, has two faces. In the shadow of those good learning outcomes there lurks a democratic deficit in school and a lack of school wellbeing amongst children. This article examines the nature of the Finnish school and teacher education from the perspective of democracy. If participatory culture in Finnish schools is restricted, then the same also applies to teacher education. The long tradition of education as well as the radical school democracy experiment in the early 1970s resulted in the neutralization of teacher education and the removal of politics and politicality. This led to a teacher education with the emphasis on didactics and psychology but with a social viewpoint conspicuous by its absence. Even though the system offers opportunities to implement even radically different training methods, there is little that is done differently.

The present article examines and provides a translation of a thirteenth century recipe for papermaking. The recipe in question originated in Yemen and constitutes the second hitherto discovered description of paper manufacture in the Arabic language. Just as the first recipe contained in the work of Ibn Bâdîs (d. 454/1062), this recipe represents a chapter from a manuscript of al-Mukhtara'fî funûn min al-ṣuna'attributed to al-Malik al-Muẓaffar (d. 694/1294). It describes the making of paper from the bark of fig trees, as opposed to hemp or flax (or their products) mentioned in Ibn Bâdîs's 'Umdat al-kuttâb and other Arabic medieval sources.

Controversial personality of the Native American history of the second half of the 19th century, Sarah Winnemucca can be construed as the archetype of the committed Native American intellectual. In a short life etched by tensions between ideals and disappointments, indigenous traditions and compliance to Euro-American knowledge, she used all possible means of expression to denounce colonial violence and promote education (a core value in Native American societies) as a way of peaceful coexistence.

The walls of Dickens’s city are covered in posters, bills, signs and inscriptions, resulting in the disappearance of those very walls behind the accumulation of messages. Simultaneously, these words go beyond the space allotted to them, erecting walls of words in the public space, constantly modifying the cityscape. This new urban landscape became possible with the lifting of paper taxes and the technological evolutions of the nineteenth century. This change initiates a new urban experience: walls now directly address the city dweller who is perpetually asked to decipher disparate messages. The reader follows David Copperfield, Pip and Oliver Twist as they read the writing on the wall, sometimes their only guide in the city. This writing transforms London into a gigantic map on which the characters move. This textual world is reproduced in the pages of the novels and influences the reader’s act of reading, in that he is now asked to adopt a non-linear, non-sequential—and urban—mode of reading. Over this Dickensian paperscape looms the threat of illegibility. This overabundance of words and paper has developed into its own demise: if walls are covered in words, words can in turn acquire the solidity and opacity of walls. Paper appears less the medium for words than the shroud of meaning.Following the lead of Asa Briggs and his book Victorian Things which analyses the commodity culture of Victorian England, this article aims at showing the ambivalence of the Dickensian text towards the material presence of the written sign: while paper in its multiple forms is invested with a negative—even evil—power, it also proves to be the very organising principle of the narrative and the cityscape. Our corpus will consist of a selection of novels—Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Bleak House, Little Dorrit and Our Mutual Friend—and five essays with “Bill-Sticking,” “Our Watering Place,” “Out of Town,” “Travelling Abroad” and “Some Recollections of Mortality,” in an effort to show the author’s concern for the materiality of the written sign from the very beginning of his career until the very end.

This research paper sheds the light on the meaning of the term 'Hybridity' according to Young as shown in the OED and during the nineteenth century which is dominated by colonialism. The spread of the British imperial powers across the different countries lead to the mixing of the various races together. So, Young discusses the prominent ideas that lead to the emergence of racial hybridity such as immigration, diaspora, displacement and others. He also focuses on the debates of the nineteenth century that highlight the theme of racial hybridity in order to determine the specific race of the English nation as it consists of hybrid races. A close reading to Young's analysis to these arguments reveals themes grounded in racism and class distinction. Young in this study resists against the racist theories that are set against the colonized countries during the nineteenth century.This research paper sheds the light on the meaning of the term 'Hybridity' according to Young as shown in the OED and during the nineteenth century which is dominated by colonialism. The spread of the British imperial powers across the different countries lead to the mixing of the various races together.

Albania, like other countries in the region, has been aspiring to join the EU for two decades. In different periods of the last 20 years, it has taken steps back and forth along the process towards membership. Therefore, in this context, the present paper will analyse the Albanian perspective, having in focus the promotion of human rights standards in lights of it s integration into the European Union. The aim of this paper is to comprehend the evolution of Albania in relation to human rights in light of the EU integration perspective and demonstrate that Albania has yet a very long road ahead to become part of the European Union.

The paper analyses the military invasions and demographic engineering perpetrated by the Republic of Turkey in the Syrian Arab Republic from 2016 to 2024. In particular, it focuses on the lasting effects of the 2018 and 2019 invasions to address the following question: Which identification process is more relevant to understan- ding the Turkish operations and the related demographic change? To support this analysis, the study utilises documentary and ethnographic qualitative resources. After outlining the sources and their limitations, the paper sets forth the methodological, theoretical and terminological tools used, later clarifying the historical context of the ongoing conflict between the Syrian national army, supported by Turkey, and the Syrian demo- cratic forces that Turkey aims to neutralise. Grounded in processual-relational thinking (p-rt), this study seeks to provide a new and original categorisation of the relevant identification bundles. It proposes moving beyond the categories of “culture” and “ethnicity”, which are often vague and reductionist, and instead distinguishes between “ancestral” and “hermeneutic” identification bundles. The former is defined by normative horizons tied to inherited commonalities that relate to language, customs and religious denominations, while the latter encompasses unique interpretations of these legacies through political programs and legal commitments. Based on the gathered evidence, the research assesses which of these bundles is more relevant to defining the conflict between the SNA and the SDF and the ensuing demographic engineering process. While both bundles prove relevant, the hermeneutic bundle emerges as preponderant. Keywords: Demographic Engineering, Identification bundles, Ethnicity, Rojava, Turkey

This research paper aims to prove the spirit of protest that pervades many aspects of Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God. Departing from most early African-American novels which focus on race relations and condemn the attitudes and prejudices towards black people, Hurston’s novel tackles the black life and the struggles that take place within the black context. The novel’s celebration of the black life and elimination of the white effective presence are a clear assertion of protest and disapproval. It further suggests another cry of protest through critiquing male-female relationships and the unbalanced male-dominant black relation. This research paper offers a close examination of Hurston’s celebration of the black setting, language and lifestyle which uncovers the real spirit of protest and rebellion in the novel; the novel’s quest of affirming the black identity in opposition to the white dominance and authority.

Taboo and tabooed expressions are a broad field that can be studied from different perspectives. In this paper, taboos are treated from a linguistic and translation studies perspective. In doing so, the paper aims to answer the following questions: What does the term "taboo" mean? What are the most common types of taboos? Where do taboos appear most often? How can taboo expressions be dealt with in translation? What types of taboo play a role in translating into or from Arabic? Which translation strategies are (more) suitable for this? The aim is to find suitable means of linguizing and translating tabooed expressions that are feasible in translation practice and, above all, help translators to produce target-oriented translations that are both linguistically and culturally correct. In doing so, the author draws on his many years of teaching and translating and uses current studies as a starting point so that the results can link theo-ry with practice and be helpful to researchers, translators, and students.

This research paper aims to investigate the linguistic features used in the Republican or Right-Wing representation of Muslims in some selected Hollywood movies and the effect of these linguistic features on shaping the image of Muslims in the audience’s minds. By using Norman Fairclough’s CDA model, the research will also investigate the relationship between text and social practice. It will examine how the discourse used in these movies is shaped by the social order and the attitude of the American society toward Muslims by placing this discourse within its cultural and sociopolitical context and then interpreting the findings in the light of Abdel-Wahhab El- Misiri's and Edward Said’s ideas. The data selected for the analysis is taken from a number of Hollywood movies that were produced in the period around the attacks of 9/11.This research paper aims to investigate the linguistic features used in the Republican or Right-Wing representation of Muslims in some selected Hollywood movies and the effect of these linguistic features on shaping the image of Muslims in the audience’s minds. By using Norman Fairclough’s CDA model, the research will also investigate the relationship between text and social practice. It will examine how the discourse used in these movies is shaped by the social order

This paper seeks to examine the impact of academician Eugen Simion on the literary landscape in Serbia, focusing on his contributions to fostering cultural exchange between the two neighbouring countries. Additionally, it explores his efforts to promote Romanian creativity and his perspectives on Serbian artistic expression. Furthermore, this paper will analyse the reception of Simion’s works in Serbia it will delve into the collaborations and partnerships he established with Serbian literary institutions, highlighting the lasting legacy of his efforts to strengthen cultural ties between Romania and Serbia.

This paper highlights a series of forms of community participation in the case of a Romanian rural community that has a well-defined cultural identity and carries out numerous activities aimed at creating cultural vitality. The main purpose of the paper is to highlight a series of data and reflections derived from the field research carried out over the past years using the ethnographic method, as well as to interpretresearch data on the basis of a theoretical model developed by Mataritta-Cascante and Brennan (2012).

The aim of this paper is to display how Dryden’s metaphorical representations of natural elements in the Fire section of his historic poem Annus Mirabilis have foregrounded the ecocritical readings of human-environmental relationships, particularly with respect to the impact of the intriguing web of the sociopolitical facts on the London community. The paper uncovers Dryden’s timid call for an understanding of the environment as a sociopolitical category that dominates and manipulates humans’ lives, which is a typical practice of the ecocritical theory. The methodology adopted in this research is both qualitative and interpretive, as it focuses on the prevalent metaphoric representations of the ecological dilemma as uniquely used by the poet in two discrete stages: first, the ecological insights of Dryden’s animation of the natural through water/fire tropes, and second, the metamorphosis of the city as an ecological outcome of the metaphoric animation. Both stages reveal that Dryden’s delineation of the Great Fire of London in Annus Mirabilis has figuratively and intellectually foregrounded the key tenets of ecocriticism.

While European borders have increasingly hardened since the so-called 2015 refugee crisis, practices of migrant assistance and solidarity by civil society actors have become a feature of contemporary border politics. On the one hand, across the European Union, local and international initiatives have often responded to needs of newcomers, by playing a pivotal role in doing humanitarian work; on the other hand, both organisations and individuals engaged in migrant solidarity and assistance have become the target of policies and practices of criminalisation. My analysis takes the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla as a case-study, drawing on data collected during a 2019-2020 fieldwork. The paper argues that in the Spanish enclaves’ local humanitarians belonging to a range of civil society actors face different forms of intimidation and indirect pressure, both by governmental and non-governmental actors. I show how the lack of acceptance of the work of local humanitarians among some sectors of the local population lies with feelings of ‘fear’ and rejection towards some specific groups of migrants, such as unaccompanied minors from Morocco and young male migrants from Sub-Saharan countries. In addition, I describe how, along this EU external border, cases of harsher forms of criminalisation have been recorded as well. The paper concludes that tensions and hurdles that local humanitarians face in these EU border localities partially reflect a broader European trend and are a ‘sub-product’ of larger process of criminalisation of migrants and refugees travelling through irregular routes. Humanitarian border – Migrant solidarity - Civil society organisations – Ceuta – Melilla – Criminalisation

The article discusses recent developments that are impacting the understandings of citizenship in late modern societies. During the past decades, citizenship has been discussed in terms of its contributions to tackling effects of political, social and economic crises. Most prominent are those challenges deriving from processes of Europeanization and globalization, but also, digital technologies are said to impinge new requirements on individuals, thus calling for European, global or digital citizenship. Well beyond simply changing the traditional orientation towards a nation-state, new conceptualizations of citizenship gravitate heavily towards individual dispositions and subjective competencies, while legal-juridical features remain untouched and largely unrelated. This explains the strong emphasis on the role of education in cultivating – global, European, digital – citizenship among individuals. The contribution asks whether and if so, how changed understandings of citizenship may lead to ‘performative citizenship’, where individuals are burdened with the requirement of constantly enacting ‘good’ and ‘worthy’ citizenship. The paper is organized along three sections: First, we revisit the mainstream literature on citizenship and discuss the main elements in historical-systematic manner. Second, based on a thorough literature review we discuss recent developments that call for updated meanings and representations of citizenship, before, third, the paper deliberates on the performative nature on newer conceptions of citizenship by examining recent examples of so-called global universities. The article closes with a discussion of research avenues for the topic, including crucial questions as to the status, role and function of citizenship in times of crises.

The problem of demarcation between science and pseudoscience, although old, it was made central to debates about the nature of science in 1962 by Karl Popper. In this current climate of the pandemic, anti-vaccine theories and fake news, it is imperative that one distinguishes between science, bad science and pseudoscience. In this paper I analyse and discuss a number of arguments related to this debate mainly from Sven Ove Hansson’s paper, `Science and Pseudo-Science` (2021). The Swedish thinker argues for the importance of identifying subtle differences between bad science, non-science, un-science and pseudoscience. I claim that in this debate the starting point is a careful analysis of well-known examples. I conclude that understanding the demarcation between those domains and the unmasking of pseudoscientific theories is vital for negotiating both the social and the scientific landscape.

This paper analyzes the implementation of civilian and democratic control over the military in three Central European countries: Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic during the 1990s. Based on fieldwork, the paper demonstrates that the role of NATO as the main socializing institution is difficult to prove empirically. Indeed, Central and Eastern European (CEE) States were candidate countries in several organizations, making it difficult to discern which organization and which policy transfers of norms and practices were the most effective. Through a comparative analysis, the paper shows that the implementation of democratic and civil control over the military is dependent on endogenous institutional dynamics, the interplay between political actors, and the Communist heritage of civilian control.

Abstract What is the concept of liberalism? Despite being a conceptually contested term, political parties still label themselves liberal and seek legitimacy by joining Liberal International (LI). In this paper, I adopt a mixed-methods strategy to assess what this ideology means in Latin America. First, I rely on economic and political theory to propose four potential components of liberalism: private property, liberal democracy, non-conformism, and social justice. Then, I search for these components in the declaration of principles of all the region’s LI members. Next, I assess liberals’ relative support for these components by comparing the attitudes of their elites and voters to those of conservatives and socialists in Paraguay, Honduras, and Nicaragua. This paper finds that liberal democracy is the only core component of liberalism in Latin America. Even though non-conformism and social justice are widely mentioned in political documents, their support among elites and voters is context-dependent. These results emphasize the contestability of liberalism while shedding light on what unites liberals in Latin America.

Purpose: In 2017, the Government of Québec made a high school financial education course compulsory. Anchored in the social studies, it tackles themes like consumer rights, savings, and employment. This paper strives to understand the types of citizenship education they promote. Design/methodology/approach: Our research is based on a content analysis of Québec’s financial education curriculum and its textbooks. Findings: This paper reveals that Ministry approved educational materials focus on issues of personal finance and information retrieval tasks at the expense of a critical approach and tasks of a higher intellectual value. Québec’s financial education materials therefore seems to foster personally responsible citizens. Research limitations/implications: To understand the use teachers and students make of financial education materials, we must now conduct individual and group interviews with teachers and students, but mostly authentic classroom observations.

Exploring the post-2015 phase in Turkey’s autocratization process through a conceptual perspective based on Ernst Fraenkel’s The Dual State, this paper argues that Turkey’s political regime has evolved into a dual system of rule, characterized by the concurrent existence of a “normative state” that somehow observes its own laws and a “prerogative state” acting arbitrarily beyond the law. The paper begins with a selective survey of the recent work on contemporary forms of authoritarianism. The following section introduces Fraenkel’s original conception of the dual state and offers an interpretive outline regarding its analytical value for contemporary studies of autocratization. Portraying the post-election period in 2015 as a critical juncture in the formation of the dual state in Turkey, I then explore how a sweeping wave of securitization along with the extensive abuse of emergency powers created an extralegal sphere and fostered a comprehensive institutional transformation towards dual state. The article’s final section discusses what is new about this transformation in the broader context of Turkish constitutional history.

Research on multilingualism and intercultural communication has been gaining large recognition. However, a number of subject areas are still largely underexplored. For example, verbal communication is prioritised while little emphasis is given to the multimodality of multilingual and multicultural interactions. Also, while some studies focus on the role of gestures in intercultural communication, elements such as gaze, physical contact, and time are far less researched. However, the lack of attention to some non-verbal elements can create misunderstandings, particularly when people share a spoken code only partially, as is the case with non-native speakers. Thus, non-verbal language should be given a wider scope in multilingual and intercultural research. This paper is a preliminary investigation of how intercultural differences in the use and interpretation of non-verbal codes of communication can affect interactions between migrants and social workers in Italy. The focus is on gaze, physical contact, and time perception and organization. The paper provides a qualitative analysis of focus groups and online questionnaires submitted to social workers working in northern Italy and supporting migrants in their daily integration in the society. The results show that the use and interpretation of gaze, physical contact and time vary considerably depending on the individual migrant as well as their culture of origin. Considerations are drawn on the extent to which cultural differences in the interpretation of non-verbal codes can create misunderstandings and undermine migrants’ integration. Keywords: Intercultural communication; non-verbal communication; migration; gaze; physical contact; time

This paper aims at investigating the role that place plays in Jhumpa Lahiri's The Lowland from two perspectives: objective and subjective. The paper follows a spatio-temporal analysis as a method of research. Within the framework of a geocritical approach, the paper investigates such elements as geographical boundaries, space, place, movement, transgressivity and national identity. The paper argues that a spatial perspective offers important insights into an Indian/American society struggling with the tensions of immigration, diaspora, nostalgia, cultural clash, search for identity, and acculturation. Such elements are brought together through the psychological journey motif, a widespread spatial schema, which dominates the course of this novel. The paper argues that though the place of origin undergoes many physical changes, it still bears the same nostalgic and traumatic effect on the main characters since it encapsulates their history and their national identity. Not only does place perform a significant function for each character, but it also connects their past with their present through retelling the story of the British colonization of the Indian nation. The paper illustrates the characters’ disillusion in escaping India for America since all their cultural, national, spatial, religious and social identity are repressed in their subconscious waiting to be released upon seeing their Lowland again.

Studies on women’s political inclusion in conservative parties often examine the role of ideology. This article seeks to demonstrate that the role of ideology is best understood by considering its uses by and against female politicians. It does so by looking at multiple layers of conservative ideology: considering first conservatism as a discourse, the paper shows that women adhere to the AKP’s conservative gender ideology in order to ensure their political survival. Looking then at conservative ideology as a practice, the paper concludes that locally-sensitive analysis is necessary in order to identify how the constraining intra-party processes play out in women’s political exclusion. Depending on the constituency, exclusionary party mechanisms can be reinforced or undermined. Finally, the paper identifies the uses of conservative ideology by female politicians. While this aspect is often disregarded, women manage to make use of the party ideology and to navigate the narrow social and political space through a series of adaptation practices. The paper uses qualitative data (ethnographic and interview material) collected within Turkey’s conservative-Islamic Justice and Development Party (AKP) between 2014 and 2019.

Recently, due to the lockdown of the whole world after the spread of Covid 19, the significance of spatiality and the dynamic relations among space, place, and culture has now become an important approach to the humanities. In the discourse of postmodernism, place appears as a key concept in literary studies to determine the cultural dimensions of the human experience. This paper is an attempt to bring to focus the importance of place in culture-oriented literary texts. The most suitable ones for the purpose of this study are those that deal with the “international theme” of the cultural conflict between the Old and the New Worlds; one of the major themes which are found in the works of the great 19th century American novelist Henry James. He deals in his novels with a variety of cultural, social, and moral issues through stories of intercultural encounters between American and European characters. Thus, this paper studies one of his least appreciated novels, The Europeans (1878), to show that the greatness of the text lies in the aesthetic and semiotic power of its landscape which acts as an interactive medium for expressing emotions and functions as a process of signification conditioned by the American culture.

Narrative Structure in Mo Yan’s novel(Troubles of Life) This paper primarily gives a short biography of the novelist Mo Yan, followed by an analysis of the literary context of the novel as well as Mo Yan’s novelistic creativity. The paper also aims to identify how the writer built his narrative texts by analyzing the structural elements that make up the novel Troubles of Life, and the techniques that the writer relied on in constructing these elements, in terms of the novelistic structure and point of view. The study also aims at providing an answer to several questions that include the main problems that the paper addresses, namely: What is the importance of studying Mo Yan's narrative structure? How far has he succeeded in constructing his narrative text? Has he given more attention to one structural element at the expense of others? What is the technical basis for this due attention? Has he used modern artistic techniques in his text, or was he satisfied with traditional ones? What is the literary school that governs his novel-writing experience? To which literary writers’ generation does he belong? Are there any unique characteristics that distinguished his novels? What are the artistic features of his narrative structure? Thus, the paper concludes with a complete analysis of the writer's narrative structure. Keywords: Mo Yan, narrative structure, narrative point of view, narrative elements

The Wari state expanded during the seventh century to colonize a vast area of the Andes and incorporate many ethnic groups. The relations established between Wari-sponsored colonists and the people indigenous to these new territories differed for a number of reasons. In this paper I consider the degree of political centralization as a key factor that determined the long-term impacts Wari expansion had on subject groups. While all Wari subjects may have been compelled to participate in the empire’s political economy, some aspects of their daily life may have remained relatively unchanged. Using the multi-ethnic colony in Moquegua as an example this paper examines which attributes associated with Wari practices were adopted and which aspects of their identities were maintained.

This paper analyzes Marcos Espinel’s life between 1835 and 1846. By studying his life, it is possible to understand the multiple forms of political participation of the Ecuadorian political leaders, their intellectual formation, and the changes in their political positions in the context of the nascent 19th-century republicanism. The paper has been divided into two parts. The first one considers printed activity within the political circle of José Félix Valdivieso in which Espinel was involved. This was used to support his project to re-annex Ecuador to New Granada and to promote the vote in 1839. In the second part, the paper studies Espinel’s contributions to the second administration of Juan José Flores, and Espinel’s political support of the provisional government of Vicente Ramón Roca.

This paper aims to trace the founding elements of the carceral institution in the United States by highlighting the effects of settler culture and slavery on its rise and development. The first section will show how the evolution of the prison system in the US has been highly informed by racializing rationalities and practices connected to the global history of colonial incarceration. The second section, in contrast, will be dedicated to a close reading of a selected collection of narrative fragments written by African American political prisoners between the 1960s and 1980s, focusing on the concept of neoslavery. The ultimate objective of this paper is to demonstrate that prison has been a site of critical production of knowledge and that incarcerated activists’ contributions played a pivotal role in critiquing the interrelation of colonial incarceration, racism, and political repression.

ABSTRACT Why would a country provide International Development Cooperation (IDC)? The aid literature identifies moral and humanitarian purposes, political-diplomatic objectives, and economic interests as the main reasons a country would have an IDC policy. This paper contributes to this debate through a case study of Brazil’s motivation to provide technical cooperation between 2003 and 2016, employing an innovative analytical framework for this case. Especially during Luis Inácio Lula da Silva’s government, Brazil’s official discourse emphasized its national cooperation’s solidarity characteristics. One may link this non-indifference tone to the moral and humanitarian principles of providing IDC. Notwithstanding, the South-South Cooperation (SSC) mutual benefits narrative indicates political and economic interests in its execution. This paper analyzes the Brazilian Technical Cooperation (TC) allocation patterns between 2003 and 2016. It explores whether (and which) political and economic considerations were significant determinants of Brazilian cooperation. On the one hand, trade exports, subsided loans, and political support in international institutions help explain the Brazilian Technical Cooperation allocation pattern during this period. On the other, Brazil prioritized less-developed countries with better democratic institutions in its TC policy.

This article presents an analysis of the use of beta-blockers to manage stage fright (or so-called performance anxiety) in the music community. Data presented in this paper are based on a four-month ethnographic fieldwork conducted in a Quebec classical music faculty in 2016. Mobilizing the theoretical framework proposed by the concept of “pharmaceuticalization” (Collin, 2016), the paper describes the way in which beta-blockers are perceived in the community as both taboo and rejected by musicians and as an attractive and potentially effective remedy for performers. It is argued that beta-blockers, whether they are consumed or not, contribute to the development of performance standards, reinforce the injunction to excellence and challenge the identity and the sense of legitimacy among musicians.

This paper takes a look at the spatial and social impact of the city of Curitiba (Brazil) beyond its borders. The periphery issue is addressed through a brief overview of the city's development plans and on the expansion of its socioeconomic and modernity influence on the neighbouring municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba. This paper aims to shed light on how new urban-urban migration flows are taking place and how projects for economic internationalization through the creation of new industrial zones and investments in agribusiness, combined with incentives from the Federal Government to build horizontal and vertical condominiums for the middle and lower classes, are being directed towards the municipalities of the metropolitan region. As a result of this new socio-spatial growth, a new periphery is now being drawn as it spreads out to areas of interest for agriculture and environmental protection, even further away from the towns/municipalities surrounding Curitiba.

The years between the 1870s and 1920s have been considered a transformative period for psychology, during which it prepared to leave the house of metaphysics, religious thought, and the moral sciences to join the team of the sciences. In depicting the transition from the “science of the mind” to modern psychology, the mainstream historiography has produced a narrative of linear and overnight transition from a whole body of philosophical and theological knowledge built around the concept of the soul, beginning with the foundation of modern academic institutions. In the late Ottoman Empire, however, the soul continued to attract Ottoman academics and intellectuals under the roof of the Darülfünun (today’s Istanbul University), contrary to the foundational myths of the field of psychology.With a focus on the debates and texts promoted by the Darülfünun faculty as a state-funded institute of higher education, this paper explains the rising academic and intellectual interest in psychological thought following the 1908 Revolution in relation to late Ottoman cultural, ideological, and political dynamics. It draws our attention to the uses and implications of an alliance between spiritualism and psychology during the foundational years of academic psychology in the late Ottoman Empire. The Darülfünun faculty sponsored intellectuals and academics whose understanding of psychology emphasised the human soul (ruh) and emotions such as honour (mükerremiyet) and passion (ihtiras) as opposed to scientific questions about human nature brought by the theory of evolution and the philosophical doctrine of materialism. This interpretation enabled scholars, such as Filibeli Ahmed Hilmi and Mustafa Şekip Tunç, who were critical of scientific determinism, to contribute to scientific discussions. This paper argues that in an environment where burning questions about science and religion – such as if the soul existed separately from the body – were silenced, the Darülfünun faculty’s academic and intellectual interest in psychological thought stemmed from the popularity of the notion of the soul, which signified human authenticity and honour. Ultimately, this paper uncovers the ways in which the human body and the soul surfaced as sites of contestation and knowledge in the late Ottoman Empire.

The spirit of capitalism. A still useful concept? Suggestions from Werner Sombart’s analysis. The paper aims to investigate, from a theoretical point of view, the usefulness of the concept of “spirit of capitalism” and its connections with the social imaginary in the sociological debate, using, as starting point basis for critical reflection, the conceptualization elaborated by the German sociologist Werner Sombart. Is it still possible to find a spiritual dimension in today’s capitalism? And what about the capitalistic spirit of the first capitalism? The paper aims to understand if and how the classical sociological reflection may provide valid answers to these questions.

The university reform known as the BMD (Bachelor-Master-Doctorate) system has turned science into capital with cumulative and transferable credits. This paper is informed by the theoretical perspective of Bakhtin’s dialogism and views this as a pre-built, an earlier word taken up in discourses as self-evident, even though its source is unknown. Where is this pre-built from? This article argues that the capitalist pre-built originates in certain instances of global power. To reveal its path and understand its motivations, the article analyses a group of texts including a pedagogical regulation and the Declarations of Libreville and Bologna.

Our paper presents analyses on the ways of critical and creative learning for students, starting from the premise that, in the learning achieved at this level, there are major changes, determined by the more diverse and demanding social contexts, which requires selection and personalized decision-making skills. Besides the actual learning modalities, there are presented interferences with other demarches specific for academic activities, the risks of criticism, as well as the possible difficulties. Therefore, the value of the study and, at the same time, the hypothesis aimed is to reveal certain concrete aspects of how much and how, some of our students use such paths, based on their usefulness.

The paper aims to analyse how Romanian has been perceived, known and presented by some of the great foreign linguists of the past one hundred years. They are dialectologists, Romance languages’ specialists, grammarians, mostly from the European space, who have known differently Romanian language and approached it in their work.

The main objective of this paper is to present the historical evolution of the adjectival subsystem in the written Romanian language, as it is reflected in the most representative Romanian religious texts from the time period between the 17th century and the 20th century. The conclusions refer to the permanent interweaving of the Romanian literary language with the special language of the church, to the development of both functional variants. They have influenced each other, imposing forms that have acquired viability and standardised use, not without possibilities of stylistic and pragmatic nuancing, in various other registers, levels, styles. In other words, the essence of our research has been to recompose the moving, i.e., diachronic, picture of the Romanian adjectival subsystem within the general Romanian language system.

The focus of this paper is on father absence in the South African context, a growing concern with significant implications for family well-being, relationships, morality, and children's development. Father absence poses a considerable social challenge for many communities across South Africa, necessitating efforts to address and restore family cohesion. Research indicates that men often struggle to confront their identity crisis, which in turn hinders effective fatherhood and exacerbates the issue of father absence. Addressing this challenge is crucial for promoting healthier family dynamics and societal well-being

This paper is intended as a review of the study in which Cosmin Căprioară analyses the process of metaphorization undergone by many of the terms designating human body parts in the Romanian folk language. The research is based on the cognitive theory of metaphor. In this case, the author has encoded an interdisciplinary analysis grid, using various methodologies and tools from dialectology, language history, lexicology and semantics, psycholinguistics etc. These were necessary in the operation of inventorying and delimiting the types of metaphors, resulting from semantic transfer, namely: [concrete] for [concrete] metaphors and [abstract] for [abstract] metaphors.

In Afro-American literature freedom has been a watchword that derives its essence from a deep awareness of history and a comprehensive sense of wholeness that both evolves within a full realization of a strong sense of responsibility. This paper aims at tracing the journey from self- realization to communal identification in Morrison’s selected novels through shedding light upon the significance of history and freedom in a postmodern society characterized by fragmentation, detachment, loneliness and displacement. The paper argues that freedom is only acquired when linked with a co-existent trend for integration, either vertical or horizontal. In Morrison‟s Song of Solomon and Beloved, the communal element dominates the background of the action. The paper concludes that history evolves as a ruling principle that all the time has its own positive aspects that keep people safe providing them with a cultural identity that induces them with a personal one. Though freedom is a personal dream in the first place, it converts to nothing if isolated from the more comprehensive collective communal vision. It needs the community to feed its hunger for support the same as it needs the individual to frame up its strife for distinction.

Abstract Legal texts are a subfield of forensic linguistics involving the study of language and the law. This language is an arcane and often impenetrable category. The purpose of this present study is to identify the field of Legal Texts and distinguish their different aspects, moreover to discuss the distinctive field in homicide investigations in the Egyptian Supreme Court thoroughly. Therefore, this paper is supported by three cases from the Egyptian Supreme court. The paper analyzes the textuality with a focus on both the characteristics and criteria of forensic linguistics, linking text to context and types of ambiguity either lexical or structural features. Textuality integrated with ambiguity can constitute a totality of properties giving cohesion and coherence in any meaningful text. Textual analysis of these legal texts also involves understanding forensic language to gain information and providing cues to ways through which communication of social structures is understood. Textual analysis in legal studies operates at seven criteria of text. In addition to paying particular attention to specific lexical and structural ambiguity in forensic texts of cases under investigation. This paper aims to examine the textuality features and thematic structures embedded in the Egyptian Supreme legal texts, and to determine the most dominant causal factors of ambiguities in the Egyptian Supreme legal texts. All of these properties have consequences for research techniques to extrapolate the nature of legal texts and the relations involved between textuality and ambiguity.

Abstract: The paper tackles the role played by images in Willa Cather's novel My Antonia. It demonstrates that the images used in the novel serve a literary function that is crucial to understand the novel. Depending mainly on the definition of a paratext as an element that complements the texts, the paper proposes that images in the novel constitute one such element. The use of images in My Antonia represents a technical innovation that Willa Cather (1876-1947) employed in the novel. The paper analyzes the text from two vantage points that are presented simultaneously to prove that they complement each other. Within this context, many factors are taken into consideration: time, characterization and viewers. The image and the word are analyzed together to reach a dialectical vision of an image text. The paper proves that Cather employs visual art in her novel to deny a centralized vision or a totalized experience.

News-commenting in social media is a platform that offers an opportunity for online deliberation through argumentative discussion. Yet aggressive exchanges between commenters with clashing ideologies have become a prominent feature of online news-commenting. One example of the aggressive exchanges is the use of direct personal attacks among news-commenters, namely abusive ad hominem. In this paper, I aim to reveal the patterns of responses given to abusive ad hominem attacks by studying the comments to news items in Facebook. The reason is to shed light on how the discussion evolves after the ad hominem attack. The patterns that this paper illustrates are a summary of studying the responses to 20 ad hominem attacks that figure in the comments to news items topicalizing various social problems in Turkey. The examples were drawn from those that topicalise ‘violence against women in Turkey’. Three patterns were identified: (1) abusive ad hominem as a response to an abusive ad hominem attack; (2) refusing to carry on the discussion; and (3) critically evaluating the abusive ad hominem attack. These patterns show that the pragma-dialectical definition of the ad hominem fallacy proves to be functional in understanding its role in blocking the way to the resolution.

RESUMO Todo ser humano está vulnerável a presenciar e/ou viver um desastre, sendo ele ocasionado pelo homem ou pela força da natureza. Em consequência, os desastres requerem provisões emergenciais para auxiliar as pessoas, levando em consideração as diversas perdas ocorridas. Assim, torna-se importante compreender a logística humanitária de forma holística, assim como a gestão ambiental a ela associada. Este trabalho apresenta um panorama sobre as tendências relacionadas à logística humanitária sob a ótica sustentável, considerando assim aspectos econômicos, ambientais e ecológicos. Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo do presente artigo é analisar as contribuições da logística humanitária e práticas green na proteção internacional ao meio ambiente, a fim de concretizá-lo como um direito humano. Nesse viés, para atingir os objetivos propostos e desenvolver a presente pesquisa, foi utilizado o método indutivo, utilizando-se da pesquisa bibliográfica em livros e artigos científicos, e legislativa, com base nos instrumentos normativos internacionais relacionados ao meio ambiente, resiliência, combate à vulnerabilidades e desenvolvimento sustentável. Por conseguinte, confirmou-se a hipótese segundo a qual o desenvolvimento da logística humanitária na perspectiva sustentável e ambiental se mostra um meio eficiente de garantir a resiliência do meio ambiente saudável como um direito humano, de modo a contribuir para a concretização dos princípios e compromissos assumidos pelos países em diversos tratados e convenções internacionais. Palavras-chave: Logística Humanitária. Práticas Sustentáveis. Direito Ambiental Internacional. ABSTRACT Every human being is vulnerable to witness and/or experience a disaster, whether caused by man or nature. As a result, disasters require emergency provisions to assist people, taking into account the various losses that have occurred. Thus, it is important to understand humanitarian logistics holistically as well as its associated environmental management. This paper presents an overview of trends related to humanitarian logistics in a green perspective. This paper aims to analyze the contributions of humanitarian logistics and sustainable practices in guaranteeing and protecting the environment in order to realize it as a human right. In order to achieve the proposed objectives and develop this research, the inductive method was used, using bibliographic research in books, articles from scholarly journals, and also legislative sources, based on international treatiesand protocols related to the environment, resilience, combating vulnerabilities and sustainable development. Therefore, it was confirmed the hypothesis that the development of humanitarian logistics from a sustainable and environmental perspective is an efficient mean of ensuring the resilience of the healthy environment as a human right and also to realize the principles and commitments made by countries in international treaties and protocols on the preservation of the environment and natural resources. Keywords: Humanitarian logistics. Sustainable Practices. International Environmental Law.

• The European dimension in education was formed as a multilateral project of the Council of Europe and the European Union to improve European integration processes. • From the scholarly perspective, the development of the European dimension in education in Croatia is analysed from 1996 until 2020 • Political praxiology of education is introduced as a possible theoretical framework for future development. Purpose: This paper aims to present the twenty-five-year evolving pathway of the European dimension in education in Croatia. Furthermore, the paper critically problematises the lack of a theoretical framework that has marked this concept's research and partly contributed to its conceptual dispersion and scholarly ambiguity. Design: The paper design is based on chronological and content analysis of the European dimension in education development, primarily focusing on the Croatian context. The period analysed is from 1996, when the first paper on the European dimension in education in Croatia was published until 2020. Findings: The development frame of the European dimension in education is proposed, with an overview of appurtenant phases, followed by chronological and detailed elaborated thematic groups. As an answer to detected theoretical deficiencies, the political praxiology of education is introduced as a direction of its future theoretical development and a partly new shift in the conceptual definition of the European dimension in education is proposed.

• At an elite school in Sweden, social science education contradicts the ideals of democratic education. • Micro-power actions change when students outperform their teacher’s subject knowledge. • Micro-interactional power is expressed by recognition and misrecognition in the classroom. • As an observer in the elite school, one simultaneously becomes loud and invisible. • Further ethnographic “studies up from below” are needed in social science education. Purpose: This paper offers insights into the dynamic of misrecognition in an elite school. It presents new findings on micro-interactional power relations in the classroom and argues for additional ethnographies of social science education in elite schools. Methodology: This paper uses an ethnographic method. Its research employs the observational position of a “belonging stranger” is put forward in contrast to the idea of “going native”. The focus is on the power of micro-interaction. Findings: A key empirical finding is the change in power relations that occurs when students outrank their social science teacher in subject knowledge.

Maintaining the high quality of the Journal of Social Science Education is greatly dependent on the dedicated work of the academics who give their valuable time to review the papers that have been submitted to the journal. In the JSSE we are aware of the pressure for time that researchers have to face, and we are extremely grateful for their support to our editorial work. Thus the Editors of the Journal of Social Science Education would like to express our warm and heartfelt thank you to the following people who have reviewed papers for the journal in 2020 and 2021!