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The paper aims to study the evolution of the representation of nature in travel literature between the 18th and 19th centuries. It seems that the representation of nature constitutes a novelty in the 18th century. The first group of texts, that of the naturalists, can inform us about a new interpretation of the notion of nature as well as about the possible ways of writing nature in the 18th century. For this reason, we will first study some excerpts from Voyages dans les Alpes by Horace Bénédict de Saussure. He is exalted in front of intact nature, a true scientific object. The second part of the presentation will be devoted to the presentation of the various aspects of nature in the accounts of the trips made in Hungary during the years 1830-1840. In general, for travellers, unspoiled (or messy) nature depreciates while the cultural landscape (tamed nature) is enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to introduce the orthographies used by Bayash Gypsies in Hungary to render and write down their language varieties. The paper offers a brief historical overview of the places of emergence and use of the orthographic systems, followed by a detailed linguistic analysis, including the choice of graphemes and the representation of elision, liaison and sandhi. Also, a handful of examples are given of the solutions that cause practical problems to the users of the given orthographic system. The paper then looks at several unsolved grammatical and spelling issues that not only affect the future of these orthographies, but may also promote or, on the contrary, hinder the development of the Bayash language varieties. Finally, it evaluates the prevalence of practical writing systems from multiple perspectives, with special regard to the potential ways of their future development, as suggested by current trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sheds light on the architectural representation of capitality issues in the Habsburg Monarchy. It focuses on one particular case study: the enlargement and embellishment project for the city of Pressburg (Bratislava) realized between 1774 and 1779. The city hosted the coronations of the Habsburgs as kings of Hungary, was the seat of the central administration of the kingdom since 1536, and from 1760 housed the main residence of the royal lieutenants, the Duke of Saxony-Teschen and the Archduchess Maria-Christina. The aim of this contribution is to show how these three functionally differentiated capitality aspects were actively displayed in the newly created urban space. Focusing on issues of patronage, this study stresses the role of each statesman in the decision-making process and explores in detail the networks drawn between statesmen serving the Lieutenancy Council of Hungary, the Royal Chamber, the royallieutenant Duke of Saxony-Teschen, and Maria-Theresa herself. The main initiators of the embellishment works were the Hungarian statesmen working in the central administration, notably the counsellor Count György Csáky, supported by the Duke of Saxony- Teschen. Csáky directed the embellishment project on behalf of the Lieutenancy Council, while at the same time building a theatre at his own expense in the same area. Besides embellishing and extending the city, works carried out in 1774-1779 were meant to have visible consequences for future coronation celebrations: they modified the procession route; and they emphasised the moment of the king's oath to defend the kingdom by building a permanent platform made of stone, the Königsberg. In this way, the embellishment project marked the characteristics of Hungarian coronations, while at the same time transforming the symbolic reference to the former coronation sites in Székesfehérvár. On the other hand, the newly created cathedral square, as well as the architecture of the theatre built by Count Csáky, reflected the presence of the archducal court - in other words, the quality of "residence city" that had been previously emphasized only by the reconstruction of the castle on behalf of the Imperial Chamber. We are thus reminded that the Pressburg embellishment project, with its emphasis on the attributes of capitality in urban space, was constantly the subject of renegotiations and hierarchical rankings meant to reflect local, regional, central and dynastical interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before 1919, the involvement of the military personnel in the Romanian cultural-scientific associations in Hungary, and in particular in the astra (the flagship cultural association), was limited to a small number of members, generally retired officers or officers' spouses, and to a rather narrow range of activities. The First World War brought no changes, but beginning with 1919 their number increased steeply, reaching several hundred a year later, not only officers and their spouses, but also nCos--a professional category completely uninvolved with cultural associations before the First World War. The range of their cultural and social activities also widened significantly. Our paper follows the relations between the astra and the officer corps before, during, and immediately after the war, aiming to explain the abovementioned change of attitude, whose origins seem to be linked, at first sight, with the enthusiasm generated by the Romanian political and military success of the years 1918-1919, but which we assume had deeper social roots. The findings highlight the fact that the key element in understanding the sudden interest shown by the officers in cultural associative life had to do with the development of a strong institutionalized relation between the astra and the army, which started as early as December 1918 and was mediated both by the senior officers of the units garrisoned throughout Transylvania, and by enthusiastic junior officers who persuaded their comrades to join the association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annual Review of the Faculty of Philosophy / Godisnjak Filozofskog Fakulteta is the property of Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

At the dawn of the third decade of inter-communal, inter-ethnic and inter-tribal wars opposing different armed groups to the exhaustion of the public form, the Democratic Republic of Congo has cried out on the roof of the world to denounce the pullers of the strings, without finding the slightest echo of its cries of distress. On the other hand, under the ashes of thousands of deaths and the rape of women and children, the appetites of politicians ready to do anything to satisfy their fantasies flourish. Perhaps it is time to come to our senses and understand that there is no lack of solutions. It is the choices and priorities that come first. We are convinced that peace as an option in the Great Lakes region can be reconciled with the interests of the various decision-makers. The study of the Hungarian minority system serves as a model for designing the conditions or possibilities for a lasting peace in the Congo. If Hungarian solutions have enabled Hungary to solve its internal problems, they could in one way or another be the basis for peace in the DRC. We rely on Hungary's recognition of the national and ethnic minorities existing within its nation and state, on the one hand, and on the other, on the responsibility clauses that commit the Hungarian government to the protection of its various nations outside the borders of the motherland. We must be aware of the national minorities living in the DRC and the need for agreements between their home state and the DRC on the limit of responsibility of the latter. Hoping to obtain results similar to our intentions, we dare to believe that it is possible to reproduce the Hungarian solutions in the Congo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cross-border cooperation in the BIHOR-HAJDU-BIHAR euro region, around the Hungary and Romania's frontier needs to be reinforced for the new 2007-2013 EU Program. This target can be achieved with the support from the specialists in the cross border cooperation development projects. Unfortunately, those specialists are not available yet. How to solve this problem? So this paper focuses to underline the importance to cover this gap by using the educational institutions already based in that euro region, for example, the Institute for Euro Regional Studies and by getting expertise from the other Euro region in the Western side of Europe as the MOT , Mission Opérationnelle Transfrontalière, in France. In this way, it will be possible to involve more people in the euro region initiatives in the coming years and to cover several fields of the cross -border cooperation issues: environment, infrastructure, SME, SMI, Tourism, etc…issues [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Microlithic industries of lower Palaeolithic central Europe have been speculated to be a result of raw material availability and therefore natural constraints. However, on some sites such as Bilzingsleben and Vertesszőllős, raw material constraints do not apply. Clearly here has been a positive selection for small-scale tools that must have different explanations. The seemingly stable pattern of forms unrelated to raw material properties, leads to the inference that early hominin societies possessed and transmitted over generations, a defined set of behavioural norms. The paper argues that patterns of choice can be isolated within lower Palaeolithic stone tool assemblages that are distinct from patterns of ecological restraint. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis: Folia Litteraria Romanica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hungarian Studies (02366568) is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)