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This paper deals with youth organizations in Alsace, a region standing at the crossroads between France and Germany. It focuses on how the issue of nationhood was constructed within these youth groups during the first half of the twentieth century. Our hypothesis is that these socio-educational organizations, training grounds for autonomy and responsibility, are based on a principle of civic engagement from their young members. To this effect, in post-First World War Alsace, these organizations served as vehicles for the reintegration of this region into France, a process that cannot, however, be considered without respect for local social and cultural specificities. In other words, with regard to the activist direction of these movements, a local socio-political configuration seems to far outweigh the ideology of each group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sewer networks represent an important asset that requires good management according to a long-term integrated policy, which should take into account the state of sewer pipes, their environment, and budgeting constraints. In this scope, a good knowledge of the asset stock ensured by an inventory and data gathering is necessary. The asset considered in this article is the sewer pipes, with a diameter of less than 1200 mm. The state of the sewers is assessed according to closed circuit television (CCTV) inspections obtained by special cameras. The inspections allow us to describe the state of pipes according to observed defects, but do not give a tool for decision aiding for rehabilitation or renewal. In order to exploit available data for help in decision-making, we propose to use the methodology defined in the French project for rehabilitation of sewer networks RERAU (2000-2004) that suggests defining a set of dysfunction indicators according to observed defects following CCTV inspections. We use the defined dysfunctions as decision criteria with the help of the multicriteria approach Electre-tri for implementing the sorting procedure of sewers into specific categories according to their state of deterioration . Our study was achieved on a sample of sewer pipes in Alsace, France. The current paper details the approach for sorting the sewers and defining guidelines for the categorization of sewers according to their level of deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]