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Copyright of Acta Linguistica Hafniensia: International Journal of Linguistics is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper must be viewed in conjunction with 3 other works by the author: in Revue de l'lnstitut de Sociologie (Bruxelles), in l'Annéde Sociologique (Paris) and in Revue Internationale de Sociologie (Rome, 1969). These papers constitute an entity from which the communication at the XXIInd Congress will be a preliminary conclusion which hinges on the following ideas: (a) absence of sociological research on the « building » of « established » nations (in Europe) in the past and the dearth of theoretical planning material which could be generally applied; (b) the need to search for a viable procedure to be followed by « nations in the process of being built » (3rd World) wherefrom; and (c) 2 hypotheses or abstract outlines emanating From general forms arise and by which the national phenomenon might be more or less arbitrarily marked; or else, a concrete-abstract formal plan might be defined on the basis of a certain number of approaches that are founded on observation of a « national structure »; the problem at issue: to which extent, and in what manner can this approach be generalized for nations in the « process of being built » and also for those already « established ». [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given a structured system with variable size and transitions at the end of each period, the paper's objective is to determine the optimum proportions of admission to obtain a given relative distribution in each grade or level of the system. The model used is markovian determinist and proportions of transition are time-homogeneous. Polygonal approximations are introduced to solve the non-linear program. A complete numerical illustration is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we apply some multivariate statistical methods to the problem of personnel planning in a hospital. We first determine the average day of activities of a nurse team for a given health care unit and then we compare the activities of two different health care units. Personnel planning is simpler when some care units can be considered equivalent from the point of view of activities. The techniques presented in this paper can prove effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of INFOR is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of INFOR is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of INFOR is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of INFOR is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of INFOR is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of INFOR is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of INFOR is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of INFOR is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

When the Muscovite, Safavide, and Ottoman empires dominated Eurasia in the 16th century, caravans transporting goods from Astrakhan on the Caspian Sea to Iran crossed the Northern Caucasus region, in spite of its ruggedness and the presence of hostile tribesmen. The Muscovites exchanged leather, fur, knives, wax, and English paper for fine carpets and fabrics, spices, gems, and Chinese porcelain. The Shirvan supplied raw silk and naphtha. During the series of wars opposing the Ottomans and the Safavide dynasty ruling Iran, the Turks crossed the Northern Caucasus by following the Kuban river valley to Derbent with the help of the native Circassians. Tatar horsemen used a route from Azaq to Derbent along the Manych River. A third route linked Azaq to Bukhara, but because hostile Nogay tribesmen controlled the steppe between Bukhara and Astrakhan, it was not often used.

Copyright of Studies in Conservation is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Software engineering involves the production and maintenance of high-quality software systems, delivered on time and within budget. To achieve this fundamental goal, software tools constitute essential ingredients because they support methods and languages by automating and systematizing various tasks of the software development process. In this paper, we provide specific requirements and criteria for acquisition or construction of software tools suitable in the design phase. We discuss basic concepts and identify problems related to each of two approaches suggested for the development of such tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies in Conservation is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of INFOR is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of INFOR is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of INFOR is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Linguistica Hafniensia: International Journal of Linguistics is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Conservation is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Linguistica Hafniensia: International Journal of Linguistics is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Conservation is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Linguistica Hafniensia: International Journal of Linguistics is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of INFOR is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The subject matter selected in order to analyze the dynamic relationships between faith and education is drawn from elements relating to the first communion and the solemn communion in Quebec Catholicism from the 19th century to first half of the 20th century. This paper seeks to present and to analyse the complexity of the issues related to the preparation of catechisms by religious leaders. In modern times, the catechism of the first communion, essentially related to sacramental initiation, has nonetheless become practically inseparable from the areas of literacy and general education. The decree of 1910, “Quam singulari”, ended the association previously established between the need for formal education and the awakening of the conscience at the age of accountability. Even so, the requirement of formal education in religious precepts was not abandoned. Its expression is found in the establishment of the solemn public communion. Consequently, the first communion becomes an important, though private, occasion in which the child is led to share in partaking of the food that is sustenance for the soul, helping him/her to grow in the life of the Church and of the Spirit. During this same period, the solemn communion takes on new significance as that privileged moment when the child who has finished his/her work in primary school can publicly be affirmed with regard to both intellectual achievement and Catholic identity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of INFOR is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of INFOR is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Focuses on the global political partioning. Significance of a political distinction; Influence of politics on the monetarized economy; Information on the locating politics between the positive and negative.