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Résumé Objectif Cette analyse des représentations de la genèse et de l’actualité contemporaine des robots a pour objectif un repérage psychopathologique du fantasme de mutinerie pour en accueillir cliniquement la forte récurrence dans le discours du sujet et des groupes. Méthode L’incarnation technologique du robot est d’abord explorée pour en comprendre sa caractéristique de double dans la réalité psychique de ses concepteurs et usagers. Secondairement, des productions artistiques emblématiques sont analysées. Résultats Les robots sont des outils sécrétés par les humains dont l’usage les modifie en retour. Dans cette boucle interactive, les robots sont à la fois les ambassadeurs idéaux de la toute puissance scientiste des humains et l’incarnation technique redoutablement rivale de leur propre impuissance. Discussion La projection des concepteurs des robots d’une rébellion de leur progéniture technologique s’impose comme une véritable signature. La créature non humaine menace son créateur humain de se libérer de son emprise et, secondairement, de l’asservir en acquérant justement les qualités qui lui font défaut. Conclusion Cette étude aboutit à la proposition d’une boussole psychopathologique permettant de situer le discours projectif d’un sujet ou d’un collectif à l’égard des robots entre les pôles d’un « double transitionnel » dynamique, créatif et la circularité morbide d’un syndrome de Münchhausen par procuration où un concepteur induit et dénonce faussement une pathologie chez l’être conçu. Aims This analysis of the representations of the genesis and present actuality of robots is focused on the psychopathological characterisation of the fantasy of mutiny, so as to map its marked recurrence in the discourse of subjects and groups in clinical setting. Method First, the technological incarnation of the robot is explored to understand its in what way it appears as a double in the psychic reality of its designers and users. Secondarily, different iconic artistic productions are analyzed. Results Robots are tools secreted by humans, and their utilisation by humans in return alters their creators. In this interactive loop, robots are both the ideal ambassadors of the omnipotence of human science and a technical incarnation rivalling their own impotence. Discussion Among the designers of robots, the projection of a rebellion by their technological offspring imposes itself as a real signature. The nonhuman creature threatens to free itself from its human creator's hold and to enslave him by acquiring precisely the qualities that he lacks. Conclusion This study leads to the proposal for a psychopathological piloting system positioning the projective discourse of a subject or a collective towards robots between the poles of a dynamic, creative “transitional double” and the morbid circularity of a Münchhausen syndrome by proxy where a designer falsely induces and denounces a pathology in the being he has conceived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Après avoir suscité fascination et inquiétudes, la robotique humanoïde et l’Intelligence artificielle ont pénétré les activités humaines et s’inscrivent dans les organisations sociales contemporaines. La proximité croissante des robots avec l’homme et ses émotions ainsi que la capacité à apprendre des robots interroge aussi sur la régulation des relations entre humains et robots. Ces évolutions mobilisées par les contingences de l’interaction débouchent sur de nouvelles valeurs en devenir. After having caused fascination and concerns, humanoid robotics and the artificial intelligence penetrated the human activities and fit in the contemporary social organizations. The increasing proximity of the robots with man and his emotions has as well as the capacity to be learned from the robots also questions on the regulation of the relations between human and robots. These evolutions mobilized by the contingencies of the interaction lead to new values in becoming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectifs Cet article relate l’expérimentation d’interactions sociales de type intuitif avec des robots anthropomorphiques japonais. Méthodes L’article est construit autour la description d’observations d’interactions entre des humains et des robots en laboratoire : principalement à partir de l’expectative des chercheurs et des situations d’attente des robots. Résultats Ces études ont permis la classification de certains mouvements pacificateurs ou de comportements issus du stress, qui reposent sur la constitution en acte d’invariants sensorimoteurs, corporels ou gestuels, tels des tics ou des perturbations du comportement, ressemblant à l’association de signes et de symptômes physiques et psychologiques inconscients chez les robots. Discussion Si le face à face entre les humains est un type d’interaction largement étudiée, qu’en est-il des conditions de l’émergence de certaines formes d’interactions sociales avec des robots anthropomorphiques ? Conclusions Il est constaté que sans une potentielle intentionnalité ou une capacité de simulation d’un certain type d’état de conscience, les robots sociaux pourront difficilement exister dans une relation intersubjective. Objective This article describes experimentation on intuitive social interactions with Japanese anthropomorphic robots. Method The article starts from descriptions of observations of interactions between humans and robots in the laboratory, mainly based on the expectations of researchers and those of robots. Results This study describes the importance of certain pacificatory movements or behaviors linked to stress, based on the translation into acts of sensorimotor, corporeal or gestural invariants, such as tics or disturbed behaviors, resembling an association of unconscious physical and psychological signs and symptoms in the robots. Discussion While the face-to-face between humans is a type of interaction that has been widely studied, how should we view the conditions of emergence of certain forms of social interactions with anthropomorphic robots? Conclusion It is noted that without potential intentionality or the ability to simulate a certain form of free will or awareness, it is unlikely that social robots will be able to enter into an intersubjective relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Le nombre d’études sur l’utilisation des technologies de l’information, de la communication et de la robotique au service des enfants autistes a progressé rapidement au cours des 15 dernières années. Nous détaillons les espoirs, mais aussi les écueils et les verrous technologiques des deux domaines les plus dynamiques, à savoir : (1) la réalisation de jeux sérieux destinés à entraîner des habiletés spécifiques (reconnaissance des émotions, interactions sociales) ; (2) les interactions avec des robots. Nous prendrons plus particulièrement deux exemples à partir de projets auxquels nous collaborons ou avons directement collaboré, JeMiMe pour les jeux sérieux, et Michelangelo pour la robotique. Nous concluons que si nous sommes convaincus de l’impact potentiel de ces méthodes dans la prise en charge des enfants autistes, les limites sont encore importantes et la validité clinique très limitée. The number of studies focusing on the use of information technology and robotics for individuals with autism has been rising steeply over the last 15 years. Here, we briefly summarize the hope, but also the issues, of 2 domains we consider the most exciting: (1) the computation of serious game aiming at training specific skills (emotion recognition, social interaction); (2) interaction with robotic platforms. We will detail two projects in which we worked as partners, JeMIME for serious games, and Michelangelo for human-robot interaction. We conclude that the potential benefit of the use of information technology and robotics for individuals with autism is enormous given what was achieved in less than 15 years. However, limitations are numerous and clinical validation still lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychologie Française is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of IRBM is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary: This article traces some of the developments in the innovation of microsurgery since the first free flaps in the 1970s. French reconstructive surgeons contribution to microsurgery and composite tissue allotransplantation was particularly important. Robotic assisted microsurgery and microgravity represent some of the latest innovations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of IRBM is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of IRBM is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: The developments of contemporary robotics result in widening the fields of intervention of the robots from now on implied in diversified sectors of social activity and even private clinic. They also return to the representations of alive, of the thinking like to theoretical constructions and deconstructions which accompany them. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In his current practice resorting to logic and computers the clinician also finds questions which occur in interdisciplinarity. We usually suppose an attitude of neutrality in order to respect the nature of the phenomenon studied. But further to the approximation this attitude includes, the clinical, logico-mathematical, and computerised positionings introduce operative filters which format the reception of the facts quite differently. These different perspectives are evoked by the authors who express schematically the role of their personal attitude, that of the theories to which they refer, that of the nature of the objects studied, and that of the language used. A modelling of the whole underlines these differences and allows envisaging an integrated and polyvalent positioning. It incites the clinician to enlarge his/her field of investigation, his/her approach, and to adopt for his/her observation, different and complementary attitudes according to the nature of the objects under study. The situation is the same for the other observers with whom he/she can obtain better comprehension. This modelling should result in an enrichment of knowledge. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The authors analyse the progress of the construction of knowledge and its effect on social and scientific representations, but also on representations of human relations in the environment and in the world. This evolution marked by the importance of human relations in the infinitesimally small and in the immensely big, modifies the relation between living creatures and the inanimate and between man and matter; this emerging knowledge interferes with processes of exploration, of production and of transformation of living creatures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Since the introduction of mini-invasive surgery approximately thirty years ago, laparoscopic surgery has significantly evolved both in terms of its extended field of application and of the tools used which were diversified and improved. More recently, the development of robotic-assisted laparoscopy has brought, among other improvements, three-dimensional vision, dexterity, and a comfortable working position, which have reduced the surgeon''s fatigability, the difficulties related to the operations and the learning curves of standard laparoscopy. Urology, which makes slightly less use of standard laparoscopy than general or gynaecological surgery, largely benefits from robotics concerning the precision of movements, and has much increased the operating indications of laparoscopy, including the treatment of pyelo-ureteral junction, kidney tumourectomy, living donor nephrectomy and radical prostactectomy. This chapter describes the operative technique used for the treatment of the ureteropyelic junction stenosis by robotic-assisted laparoscopy, as carried out in Nancy University Hospital with the da Vinci robot (Intuitive Surgical). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The purposes of the french Technological Innovation Centres (TIC) are to foster medical research by technology transfer, to offer companies a high level technological hospital environment, and to facilitate the creation of start-up companies in technologically innovative fields. After having described why the environment of Grenoble is particularly well suited to the emergence of a TIC in the domain of biomedical engineering and especially of Modelling, Robotics and Domotics, this article reports the tripartite collaboration that is focused on information and that is necessary for the realization of these aims. The contributions of such a structure to the valorisation in the technological innovation field applied to the Health domain are shown by a synthesis of the first results of the Grenoble TIC. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Study aim. – The goal of this study was to report the early results of unilateral transperitoneal adrenalectomy using robotic Da Vinci® system, and to compare them to the results of the laparoscopic standard adrenalectomy.Methods. – Prospective study included all patients operated on for unilateral laparoscopic or robotic adrenalectomy from November 2000 to November 2002.Results. – Twenty-eight patients underwent unilateral adrenalectomy using either standard laparoscopy (14 patients) or robotic Da Vinci® system (14 patients). Mean duration of robotic adrenalectomy seemed to be longer than standard laparoscopy (111 vs. 83 min; P = 0.057). This tendency decreased while surgeons’ experience was increasing. Mean duration of operating room activity was similar for both types of surgery. Peroperative events without conversion, conversion rate (7%), drainage, morbidity (21%), duration of hospitalisation were similar for both types of surgery. Duration of standard laparoscopic adrenalectomy was positively correlated to patients body mass index. This correlation was absent in patients operated on by robotic Da Vinci® system.Conclusion. – This preliminary study found no objective data demonstrating that robotic Da Vinci® system was superior to standard laparoscopic approach for unilateral adrenalectomy. However, we think that it is necessary to continue further evaluation of this system to demonstrate its possible superiority. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The concept of health smart house aims at giving an autonomous life, in their own home, to people who would normally be placed in institutions: patients suffering from chronic diseases, handicapped people, but also fragile elderly. This article proposes an overview of the research on the concept. It then presents the main trends in each the technological fields of concern — information systems, home automations, ubiquitous sensors, robotic assistance — it indicates the standardisation efforts lead by some large consortiums, and the ethical point of view. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of IRBM is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Tubal surgery requires a fine gesture. Its complexity, the difficulty of learning, the low recognition at the time of T2A and the success of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) could have announced the obituary of this surgery. However, in well-trained hands, tubal surgery avoids unnecessary ARTs and even allows pregnancies when medical technology fails. In this context, it is legitimate to ask whether the contribution of new technologies in the operating theatre, such as robotic surgery, can lead to an easy realization of microsurgery on a particularly complex portion of Fallopian tubes: the proximal segment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]