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The European Research Council (ERC) funding scheme classifies law within the social sciences and humanities sector, identifying legal science as a social science. The paper presents the case-study of such a classification as a deterministic model of evaluation and assessment of legal research. This may impact on career opportunities of individuals as well as on scientific independence, tacitly predefining the selection of research topics and legal methodology. The paper argues that ERC encourages a successful trend of conducting legal research to obtain funding, through the application of indicators. Their aim is to show which process has been followed to achieve and measure results. Legal science then risks being reduced to the analysis of legal performance. In this context, re-reading some writings of Polanyi on social sciences as well as on the critique of economic determinism sheds light on forms of academic determinism that affect the way of carrying-out research. El sistema de financiación del Consejo Europeo de Investigación (CEI) clasifica el Derecho dentro del sector de las ciencias sociales y las humanidades, e identifica la ciencia jurídica como una ciencia social. Este artículo presenta el caso práctico de dicha clasificación como modelo determinista de evaluación y valoración de la investigación jurídica, lo cual puede repercutir en las oportunidades profesionales de las personas, así como en la independencia científica, al predefinir tácitamente la selección de los temas de investigación y la metodología jurídica. El artículo sostiene que el CEI fomenta una tendencia de éxito en la realización de investigaciones jurídicas para obtener financiación, mediante la aplicación de indicadores. Su objetivo es mostrar qué proceso se ha seguido para alcanzar y medir los resultados. La ciencia jurídica corre entonces el riesgo de reducirse al análisis del rendimiento jurídico. En este contexto, la relectura de algunos escritos de Polanyi sobre las ciencias sociales, así como sobre la crítica del determinismo económico, arroja luz sobre las formas de determinismo académico que afectan a la forma de llevar a cabo la investigación.

Albania, like other countries in the region, has been aspiring to join the EU for two decades. In different periods of the last 20 years, it has taken steps back and forth along the process towards membership. Therefore, in this context, the present paper will analyse the Albanian perspective, having in focus the promotion of human rights standards in lights of it s integration into the European Union. The aim of this paper is to comprehend the evolution of Albania in relation to human rights in light of the EU integration perspective and demonstrate that Albania has yet a very long road ahead to become part of the European Union.

This paper aims to provide an overview of social engineering attacks, and their impacts on cybersecurity, including national and international security, and figures out detection techniques, and major methods for countermeasure. How do social engineering attacks affect national and international security? And why is it so hard to cope with them? Seeking for answers to these questions, this paper applies qualitative research methods particularly literature review and case analysis. While qualitative research methods are predominantly employed, quantitative methods will also be utilized when deemed essential. Social engineering attacks, also referred to as online fraud, are a type of attack that typically necessitates minimal or no technical knowledge. Social engineering attacks, instead benefit from the weaknesses and mistakes of individuals, since the user is accepted as the weakest link in cybersecurity. Many studies have shown that the vast majority of successful cyber-attacks in the digital world are social engineering (SE) because countering them is more difficult than countering technical cyber-attacks. Based on the analysis of some major cyber-attacks such as the intervention in the 2016 US Presidential elections, the hacking of CIA director, John Brennan in 2015, and Stuxnet in 2010, the paper figures out that social engineering attacks have a tremendous impact on cybersecurity on the individual, institutional, societal, national, and international levels. Penetration tests and training for raising awareness are the prolific ways to mitigate social engineering attacks.

Stylometry focuses on detecting some linguistic features such as the length and complexity of sentences, spelling errors, punctuation and phraseology analysis, the frequency of words and lexical items. Stylometric analysis identifies and classifies literary texts according to authorship. It also detects, as a serious scholarly discipline and methodology, the lexical items which characterize the style of a text. The present paper proposes a stylometric analysis of Hussien's خِطبة الشيخ khiTbat al-shaykh (1914) and its English translation rendered by M. Enani in (2020) as The Shaykh's Marriage Proposal. The linguistic features examined within the theoretical framework proposed by Halliday and Matthiessen (2014) are parataxis, hypotaxis and lexical choice. The study tests the validity of the translated text in detecting the style of the source text and hence creating either one profile shared by Hussein and Enani, or two different profiles. The main research questions are: (1) in what way does the deployment of parataxis and hypotaxis trace the writing style changes- if there are any- in Hussein's text and its translation? (2) what role does the translated text assume in the domain of stylometric analysis? (3) how does the lexical choice in both the source text and the target text contribute to the creation of personal profiles for the author and the translator? The study suggests that translation is a valid assessment tool in authorship identification as it creates a separate profile for the translator which discerns him/her from the author of the ST. Though stylometric analysis identifies the anonymous author of a given text by specifying its stylistic features and comparing them to other texts written by the same author, the paper offers instead profiling as a changing, style measuring tool for each literary text written by a given author. By defining the stylomeric features and the authorial discriminators of Hussein's and Enani's texts, it is assumed that the Arabic/ English literary pieces cannot be dealt with as a single text written by two authors in collaborations as each text has its own stylistic features that assign an individual profile for its author.يهدف التحليل الاسلوبي الاحصائي للنصوص الأدبية إلى تحديد بعض السمات اللغوية كطول الجمل ، مدى تعقيدها، الأخطاء الإملائية ، علامات الترقيم ، تحليل و صياغة العبارات، الكلمات المتكررة و الاستخدامات المعجمية، و ذلك لتحديد و تصنيف النصوص الأدبية وفقاً لهوية المؤلف. و يعتمد التحليل الاسلوبي الاحصائي على تحديد العناصر المعجمية و التي تميز النص ، و من ثمّ يُعتبر هذا النوع من التحليل من الأساليب العلمية الهامة (فيكرز 2002، هولمز 1992). تطرح هذه الدراسة تحليلاً اسلوبياً لرواية خطبة الشيخ لطه حسين التي صدرت عام 1914 ، و ترجمتها إلى الإنجليزية التي قدمها محمد عناني عام 2020 . في ضوء الاطار النظري الذي وضعه كلا من هاليداى وماثيسين 2014 تبحث الدراسة بعض السمات اللغوية مثل الإرداف و التبعية واختيار المفردات ، وتختبر الدراسة مدى صلاحية النص المترجم في الكشف عن أسلوب النص المصدر و من ثم رسم إما ملف شخصي واحد يتقاسمه الكاتب و المترجم أو ملف شخصي للكاتب و آخر للمترجم. و تجيب الدراسة على الأسئلة الآتية: (1) كيف تعكس الخواص الاسلوبية للإرداف و التبعية التغيرات الأسلوبية - إن وجدت- في نص طه حسين و ترجمته؟ (2) ما هي عناصر التشابه و الاختلاف في لغة كل نص؟ 3)) كيف يمكن استخدام النص المترجم كإحدى أدوات التحليل الأسلوبي الاحصائي؟ (4) كيف ساهمت المفردات المستخدمة في النص المصدر و النص الهدف في رسم طابع خاص لأسلوب الكاتب و المترجم؟ تقترح هذه الدراسة فاعلية النصوص المترجمة في إجراء التحليل الاسلوبي الاحصائي و ذلك باعتبار الترجمة أداة ذات فاعلية يمكن استخدامها لإضفاء طابع شخصي للمترجم من شأنه أن يميزه عن كاتب النص المصدر. و بالرغم من فاعلية التحليل الأسلوبي الاحصائي في الكشف عن هوية المؤلف الأصلي لعمل ما، و ذلك بالكشف عن السمات الأسلوبية لأحدى نصوصه و مقارنتها بالنصوص الأخرى المنسوبة إليه، إلا أن هذه الدراسة تقترح أن لكل عمل أدبي سمات اسلوبية خاصة تكسب كاتبه هوية مختلفة ومتغيرة. فبتحديد السمات الاسلوبية الاحصائية و الشواهد التأليفية لنصي حسين و عناني ، يمكن القول يأن هذين النصين لا يمكن اعتبارهما كنص واحد اشترك في صياغته كلا من الكاتب والمؤلف حيث أن السمات الاسلوبية للنص الأصلي والمترجم تمنح كل منهما طابع خاص به.

تهدف هذه الورقة البحثية إلى دراسة ارتباط فكرة توحيد المعبودات خلال فترة الآتونية بالمكانة السياسية والدينية للملك ، والتى كانت الغرض الأساسى من هذه الدعوة ، مع إلقاء الضوء على جذورها ، منذ أيام الملك أمنحوتب الثالث ، إضافة إلى ذلك ستلقى هذه الورقة البحثية الضوء على موقف الناس من الدين الجديد وانقسامهم على أنفسهم ، سواء أكانوا من المؤيدين المستفيدين من دعوة التوحيد أو من الرافضين المتمسكين بالعبادات الأخرى سواء فى السر أو فى العلن ، علاوة على أهم رجال عهد "إخناتون" المتميزين ، الذين كان لهم الدور الأكبر فى تنفيذ كل أوامر "إخناتون" ، مع التعرض لموقفهم من المعبود "آمون" والديانات الأخرى ودورهم التخريبى والمدمر الذى عانت منه معابد تلك الديانات وعبادهم ، مع التعرف على دلالات استمرار العبادات الأخرى فى السر والعلن ، وما تركه بعض الأفراد من دلائل على ذلك فى مقابر العمارنة الجنوبية منها ، والشمالية ، وأخيرا نهاية "إخناتون" وما تبعها من تدمير وتخريب لمركز عبادته فى العمارنة ، ومعابد آتون ، ومحاولة مَحوْ ذكراه من الوجود باعتباره مهرطقا.Abstract This research paper aims to study the connection of the idea of uniting deities during the Atonian period with the political and religious status of the king, which was the main purpose of this call, shedding light on their roots, since the time of King Amenhotep III. In addition, this paper sheds light on the people's attitude towards the new religion and their division against themselves, whether they were among the supporters who benefited from the call for monotheism or the rejecters who adhered to other cults in private or in public. It also highlights the most important distinguished men of the era of "Akhenaten", who had the greatest role in executing all the orders of "Akhenaten", tackling their attitude towards the deity "Amun" and other religions and their subversive and destructive role that the temples of those religions and their worshipers suffered from. Besides, this paper identifies the indications of the continuation of other cults in private and in public, and what some individuals left of evidence of that in the southern and northern Amarna tombs, and finally the end of "Akhenaten" and the subsequent destruction and sabotage of his cult center in Amarna and the temples of Aten, as well as the attempt to erase his memory from existence as a heretic.

This paper explores the impacts of Presbyterianism on Indo-Trinidadian communities in Trinidad. Through interviews with notable figures in the Church’s history, surveys within Presbyterian congregations, and in-depth research into Presbyterianism’s history in Trinidad, an analysis was conducted on how this history has shaped the Church from the twentieth to twenty-first century. General observations were also made in Presbyterian Church settings. The findings suggest that many contemporary Presbyterian practices mirror those of colonial times, albeit in a neocolonial context. Historical evidence supports the hypothesis that ideologies of Eurocentrism and elitism existed within the Presbyterian Church in eighteenth and nineteenth-century Trinidad, and aspects of these ideologies persist today. Additionally, both youth and adults within the Church express a need to address prevalent societal issues such as homosexuality, traditionally a taboo topic. Consequently, this research paper examines the concepts of “mission” and “submission”, aiming to understand the Church’s past reality, present state, and future implications within the Trinidadian Presbyterian context.

This paper examines how Achille Mbembe draws upon, then iterates from, the work of Aimé Césaire to provide a rich analysis of personhood in contemporary Africa. Typically, African treatments of Mbembe’s theorization place considerable emphasis on the intellectual influence of Frantz Fanon, rightly so. And while Fanon does have a central role in Mbembe’s writing, arguably it is Césaire who prompts Mbembe to conceptually insist upon the historical malleability of racial classification, racial civic ascription, and racial subjective comprehension as these social forms are reshaped by historical development. In tracing the development of these aspects of Mbembe’s social and political thought, this paper discusses the bisections and points of departures with Césaire’s poetry and philosophy as it pertains to the notion of Blackness. Effectively the dialectical encounter with Césaire and the Caribbean situation helps give rise to Mbembe’s main conclusion that there is a severe limitation to Black Reasoning, especially when its discursive referents give preference to a sublime singularity over the mutable.

As Canada works towards developing a national school food program, it is timely to examine the lessons learned from the programs of other countries. Analyzing these insights can help Canada avoid key pitfalls and replicate promising practices in program design and implementation. The Government of Canada has the advantage of learning from one of the longest standing national school food programs and our southern neighbour: the United States (U.S.). This paper distills vital lessons from the U.S. school food programs, with a focus on addressing four critical aspects: access, emphasis on health and education, funding, and program implementation. First, the U.S. experience demonstrates the significance of universal free school meals. The historical inadequacies of means-tested programs result in inefficiencies, stigma, and exclusion of students in need. Second, the paper argues for an emphasis on health and education benefits. Third, it underscores the necessity of adequate funding. Inadequate reimbursements in the U.S. have compromised meal quality and led to the food industry’s capitalization on school meals, with negative implications for children’s health. Lastly, harnessing the power of procurement and employment can stimulate local economies, create good jobs, and foster a healthier food environment. As Canada tailors its national school food program to its diverse regions and communities, it has an extraordinary opportunity to avoid the policy and program implementation errors revealed by the U.S. experience.

Opportunity of access to higher education is related to personal development, as well as to the future status of the individual in the social hierarchy. Therefore, to ensure the opportunity equality of access to higher education is very important and has been a research focus. However, the existing research on the deep causes affecting the opportunity equality of access to higher education is still limited. As a supplement, this paper takes Japan as the research object, analyzes the current situation of higher education enrollment in Japan from three dimensions of material value, cultural value and thinking value, and finds out that there is also the problem of inequality of access to higher education in Japan. Through the analysis of survey data and qualitative analysis, the paper finds out that educational resources, comprehensive quality, cultural atmosphere of growth environment and students’ thinking patterns are all important factors leading to such inequality, and these factors are all related to family income. Therefore, it can be inferred that family income affects the opportunity equality of access to higher education from multiple dimensions in Japan. In order to promote the equality of access to higher education, this paper puts forward some countermeasures to reduce the influence of family income. In the material dimension, it should improve the existing scholarship structure and increase its popularization rate, reduce the part-time job restriction, and alleviate the imbalance of educational resources caused by income difference. In the cultural dimension, it is necessary to balance the differences in the cultivation of comprehensive quality in different schools and families, and create a proper cultural atmosphere of growth environment for students through various methods. In the thinking dimension, families and schools should make more efforts to cultivate the educational thinking of students.

This paper explores the aesthetic function of integrating educational drama practice into English teaching. It aims to shed light on the potential benefits and implications of using drama techniques to enhance students’ language acquisition and overall learning experience. Through a comprehensive literature review and analysis, this study examines the relationship between aesthetics and education, highlighting drama’s unique capacity to engage students emotionally, intellectually, and creatively. By immersing learners in meaningful and contextually relevant theatrical experiences, drama practice encourages active participation, builds linguistic proficiency, fosters cultural understanding, and develops key soft skills. Furthermore, this research investigates various drama techniques, such as role-playing, improvisation, and performance, and illustrates how they can be effectively incorporated into English language curricula. Additionally, this paper highlights the importance of the teacher’s role as a facilitator in creating a supportive and inclusive learning environment for students to explore their individual voices through drama. Ultimately, this study advocates for the wider implementation of educational drama in English teaching as a means to enhance students’ language proficiency, cognitive abilities, and socio-cultural competencies, ultimately promoting a more engaging and effective learning experience.