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This paper describes the basic aim of Ş -proximit space for non-empty sets. The relationship between approach space and Ş-proximit space has been clarified. This paper demonstrates that all metric spaces are Ş-proximit spaces. But the opposite is not always true. We define SA-contraction and present various features and the results. In addition, we define new Ş-proximit normed space. We demonstrate that any proximit normed space is normed. But the opposite is not always true. We define the concepts of the Ş -proximit semigroup, Ş-proximit group, and Ş-proximit vector space via instances of problem-solving techniques. We also discussed the definitions of Cauchy sequence, cluster point, Ş -convergent sequence, and Ş -complete.

This paper introduces a novel method of managing railway tracks by utilizing a control system based on microprocessors. The creation and deployment of an advanced system intended to improve the effectiveness, security, and dependability of railway operations is the main objective. The suggested system makes use of cutting-edge microprocessor technology to keep an eye on, manage, and repair a number of railway infrastructure components, such as train movements, signal operations, and track integrity. The system offers an automated approach to identify and resolve any problems such track defects, signal failures, and unwanted access through real-time data collecting and processing. Additionally, the integration of predictive maintenance algorithms helps in preemptive identification of wear and tear on tracks, thereby reducing the likelihood of accidents and improving overall service quality. The paper details the architectural design of the system, its operational mechanisms, and the results of a series of simulations and real-world tests conducted to validate its effectiveness. The findings demonstrate significant improvements in operational efficiency, reduced maintenance costs, and enhanced passenger safety, illustrating the potential of microprocessor-based systems in revolutionizing railway infrastructure management.

The exploration of the cutting edge of wastewater treatment, concentrating on the ever-changing field of heavy metal remediation uses of nanotechnology is a major requisite for sustainability. The investigation covers a wide range of nanotechnology topics, such as photocatalysis, adsorption, catalysis, and novel nanomembranes, providing a thorough grasp of its crucial function in water treatment. Examining specific nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanofibers, the study evaluates their applications, highlighting their unique contributions to heavy metal removal. However, the paper meticulously dissects the challenges hindering the widespread use of nanoparticles in wastewater treatment, with a keen focus on graphene oxide nano-sheets, magnetic nanoparticles, polymeric hydrogels, and activated carbon. Novel techniques incorporating nanotechnology for heavy metal removal are also explored. The conclusion provides a synthesis of findings and offers recommendations for overcoming existing challenges, paving the way for an enhanced integration of nanotechnology in wastewater treatment practices. This paper serves as a vital resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers engaged in advancing sustainable and effective solutions for heavy metal remediation in wastewater treatment systems.

The sustainable development of container rail-water intermodal transport in China faces a series of deep-seated constraints. In this paper, we quantitatively summarize the development status of container rail-water intermodal transportation in China’s ports. Next, the typical problems faced by the sustainable development of rail-water intermodal transport are analyzed from the bottom constraints and direct constraints. Finally, this paper proposes strategic ideas to promote sustainable development of rail-water intermodal transport, taking into account network layout, technical equipment, data exchange rules, and policy environment.

In order to improve the operational life of highway asphalt pavements, reduce urban traffic safety accidents, and improve pavement travelling comfort, this paper analyze the frequency of different highway asphalt pavement distresses and calculates the percentage of each other based on highway asphalt pavement data sets in Shandong. The results showed that the five types of highway asphalt pavement distresses including alligator cracks, longitudinal cracks, transverse cracks, sealed cracks and patches occur with high frequency and account for 96.2% of the total proportion. For revealing the coupling principle between different highway asphalt pavement distress, this paper analyze the correlation between the five types of highway asphalt pavement distresses by Spearman correlation coefficient. The results showed that alligator cracks have a higher positive correlation with transverse cracks and longitudinal cracks and sealed cracks have a negative correlation with transverse cracks. The research findings are helpful to understand the characteristics of pavement distress conditions more clearly and to optimize he level of service of asphalt pavements on urban roads.

A scientific and reasonable assessment of port competitiveness will facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the current development of Chinese container ports along the Maritime Silk Road. Considering the network attributes of ports and the repetitive information among indicators, this paper proposes a novel port competitiveness evaluation and grading model based on entropy-improved catastrophe progression method. On the basis of a directed and weighted shipping network, the “dominance” indicator is innovatively introduced. The evaluation system including land-oriented competitiveness, sea-oriented competitiveness, hinterland support capacity and production and operation capacity provides a comprehensive assessment of port competitiveness. It is found that: land-oriented and sea-oriented competitiveness have the greatest influence on port competitiveness. A pattern of “One core, two wings, and four ports’ coordination” has been developed among coastal ports in China. The competition among ports in the Bohai Rim region is fierce, and production and operation ability of ports in the southeast coast needs to be strengthened. Fuzhou port and Rizhao port have high hinterland support and high development potential. The results of this paper can provide decision support for the development and upgrading of China’s coastal ports under the Maritime Silk Road initiative.

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a transformative advancement for the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry, providing comprehensive insights throughout the building lifecycle. With its inherent 3D technical capabilities, BIM has great potential for real estate valuation in the AEC space. While there are a number of studies exploring BIM in this regard, there is limited understanding of the best mechanisms to capitalize on its valuation potential. The purpose of this paper is to delve into the literature on the use of BIM in real estate valuation, emphasizing the role of Meta-analysis. Through a systematic review of 52 publications (including journal papers, conference papers, proceedings, book chapters, and dissertations), the study identifies challenges, limitations, and gaps in current practice. The study covers research findings up to October 2023 utilizing databases such as Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar. The paper provides an overview of current BIM applications and suggests future research directions, making a significant contribution to the integration of 3D modeling in real estate appraisal. Notably, it highlights the critical role of meta-analysis in facilitating the understanding and utilization of BIM for real estate appraisal.

The science of ecology is incorporated into farm development and operation through agroecological techniques. A paradigm shift in agriculture is essential to combat hunger, adapt to climate trade, and mitigate environmental degradation. By doing this, researchers may further acknowledge the interdependence of farmed and nonfarmed landscapes and the variety of products and services that robust ecosystems offer, including resilience, nutrient cycling, and pest control, all of which can help sustain yields. Agro-ecology relies heavily on the knowledge and experience of farmers since it fosters independence and decreases reliance on costly outside resources. The concepts of sustainable intensification and agroecology are examined in this paper as additional strategies to address the global issue of increasing food production while lowering environmental impacts. Also, this study evaluates how effectively these approaches boost crop yields, lower environmental costs, and build resilience to climate unpredictability by closely examining existing programs, integrated management strategies, and field experiments. Supporting the findings is a comparative table that shows several techniques of sustainable intensification and how they have an effect on yields and environmental costs. In order to expand resilient, sustainable, and equitable food systems, a discussion of the necessity of a paradigm shift towards agroecological strategies is addressed in the paper's conclusion.

Biosensors are essential for transforming biological signals into electrical ones and have a wide range of uses in the biomedical, agricultural, and environmental fields. A biosensor is a device that combines biological and physicochemical elements to detect changes in physiological or biochemical states. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the development and application of enzymatic and immunological biosensors, emphasizing their significant role in environmental, agricultural, and biomedical sectors. By leveraging the unique properties of natural polysaccharides, particularly cellulose, for their construction, these biosensors offer enhanced biocompatibility, robust mechanical strength, and costeffectiveness. This study discusses the principles underlying biosensors, including their biological recognition elements, transduction mechanisms, and output systems. Enzymatic biosensors, characterized by their use of enzymes as bio receptors, and immunological biosensors, utilizing antibodies or antigens for the detection of immunocomplex formation, are evaluated in detail. Through comparative analysis, the paper highlights the diverse functionalities, sensitivities, and applications of these biosensors, ranging from glucose and hydrogen peroxide detection to monitoring of protein markers and E. coli bacteria. The study underscores the biosensors’ ability for facilitating rapid, incredibly sensitive, and specific detection capabilities, critical for advancing scientific diagnostics, environmental surveillance, and food protection.

As an essential initial step towards clean and sustainable energy, this research focuses on innovative materials and structural designs for maximizing solar energy conversion and harvesting. Modern solar thermal and photovoltaic system technologies and supplies are examined to show how alternative electricity has become less expensive and more sustainable. The primary focus is on complex ideas like multiple junctions and tandem solar cells, which increase the efficiency of single-junction systems. The review paper investigates innovative solar power storage solutions, involving battery technology and energy storage materials, to meet the increasing need for secure and easily available sources of clean energy. The research paper explores the technology and uses of flat plate collectors, tube collectors, and solar power plants and how those are used in residential and commercial solar thermal systems. Solar energy conversion efficiency and sustainability will improve with innovations in materials and architecture. Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) is one of the easiest solar system architectures that can be integrated into any residential or commercial building. Quantum dot solar cells, photovoltaic (PV) solar energy frameworks, such as CIGS thin-film solar cells, and organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Organic photovoltaics are portable and lightweight but have a low energy conversion rate, whereas quantum dot solar cells have a high energy conversion rate but face fabrication challenges.