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Price policies of the multiproduct plant The economie literature does not give the multiproduction problem all the importance it requires. Although most firms are in fact multiproductive, the academie analysis still proceeds in this case with one of those two ways : either it settles the problem by inbedding it in the mysteries of the " black box "', either it simplifies it abusively ai the expense of a lot of unrealistic assumptions. This paper deals with the price polie y of a multiproduct plant. It shows the specificity of the multiproduct situation, and more specifically that the optimal pricing policy of a two-products plant differs from that of two independant firms, each producing one of these products. Moreover, the usual managerial practices of the multiproduct plant are clearly formalized., Profit rates and structural variables in French manufacturing industries This paper applies the limit price mode, and the standard theory of industriel organization to the French industrial sector. Multiple regression analysis is used to assess the influence of concentration, economics of scale, absolute capital cost requirements, product differentiation on profit rates of industries and firms. The results suggest that further concentrating industries, a policy favored by both business leaders and the administration, may lead to misallocation of resources and that a strong antitrust legislation is required in France., du Montcel Henri Tézenas, Soulié Daniel. La politique des prix de l'établissement multiproducteur. In: Revue économique, volume 25, n°6, 1974. pp. 905-923.

When the clinician gets the figures of body measurements or laboratory and functional tests, he has to see if the results fall into the range of normal variability or outside. This may only be defined by reference to an alleged homogeneous population whose description implies statistical tools in order to specify the distribution of clinical features. In clinical-therapeutical research like clinical trials, a more elaborate knowledge of the kind of distributions of the characters under study is needed. Very often, for the validity of the statistical calculations, the raw data will not be used as such and appropriate transformations of the data will be used. After recalling the importance of distribution functions in clinical research, the author gives the 1—99 or 2,5—97,5 percentile method of assessing the cases normally belonging to the population. The scale of coefficient of variation of clinical measurements goes from 0,5 % for the basal temperature to 65 % for the minimal effective dosis of digitalics. To ensure the legality of statistical reduction of data and analysis, such as analysis of variance, it is often necessary to perform transformations of raw data. Some of these lead to useful graphical representations on special papers. For continuous variables such as height, the author considers the probit transfpr-mation of percentages. The r ankit is used in the case of ordinal data. The logarithmic transformation of data such as body weight, survival time in leukaemia and other cancers, gives straight lines after probit transformation of the cumulated percentages. For discontinuous variables or bi nomial variab 1 e s such as counts of improved patients by several treatments, the angular transformation gives a clear graphical representation of the results of clinical trials (binomial probability paper). In biological assay, probits and logits are widely used. For Poisson variables like Thoma’s chamber and radioactive counts, the root square transformation is appropriate. A Poisson-sum probability paper allows a quick graphic test of the Poisson distribution. Finally, for recurrent events such as the RR interval in ECG of complete arrhythmia by auricular fibrillation, the concept of imminence (MACREZ) of occurrence of a further systole involves a simple transformation of the frequency function of the RR interval and allows an easier dissection of this frequency function in several components. In conclusion the author shows the necessity for the research clinician to have a good training in mathematics, statistics, sampling theory and practice and emphasizes the interest of collaboration amongst clinicians both at national and international levels. Bei den Ergebnissen von Korpermessungen, Laboratoriumsuntersuchungen oder Funktionstests mus der Kliniker untersuchen, ob die Resultate noch im Rahmen der normalen Variabilitat oder auserhalb davon liegen. Dies kann geschehen durch Bezug der Werte auf eine als homogen angenommene Grundgesamtheit, die durch statistische Kennziffern beschrieben werden kann. In der klinisch-therapeutischen Forschung ist eine eingehendere Kenntnis der Verteilungsform des zu untersuchenden Merkmals erforderlich. Haufig sind die erhaltenen Urwerte fur eine statistische Beurteilung nicht brauchbar; in solchen Fallen empfiehlt sich eine geeignete Transformation der Daten. Die Bedeutung verschiedener Verteilungsfunktionen - wird kurz gestreift. Zur Abschatzung der Zugehorigkeit von Mesdaten zur Normalverteilung eignen sich die Perzentilen 1—99 bzw. 2,5—97,5. Die Variationskoeffizienten klinischer Messungen reichen Von 0,5 % (bei der Basaltemperatur) bis 65 % (fur die minimale Effektivdosis bei Digitalispraparaten). Gewisse graphische Spezialpapiere sind bei der fur notig erachteten Transformation der Daten recht nutzlich. Fur die Trans formation von kontinuierlichen Variablen empfiehlt der Vortragende die Probit - Transformation der Prozentwerte. Im Fall von Rangdaten wird das Rankit angewandt. Die logarithmische Transformation von Daten wie z.B. Korpergewicht, Uberlebenszeiten bei Leukamie oder Krebs ergibt nach Probit-Transformation der Summenprozente gerade Linien. Fur diskontinuierliche und binomische Variablen (wie z.B. die Anzahl gebesserter Falle bei verschiedenen Therapieformen) ergibt die Winkel-Transformation von FISHER eine klare graphische Darstellung der Ergebnisse (binomisches Wahrscheinlichkeitspapier). Bei biologischen Untersuchungen sind Probits und Logits sehr gebrauchlich. Fur Poisson-verteilte Variablen, wie z. B. Zahlkammerwerte oder radioaktive Impulsmessungen, ist die Quadratwurzel - Transformation geeignet. Ein Poisson-Summen - Wahrsche inlich -keitspapier erlaubt eine schnelle graphische Kontrolle, ob eine Poisson-Verteilung vorliegt. Bei wiederkehrenden Ereignissen, wie z. B. dem RR-Intervall beim EKG einer kompletten Arrhythmie, schliest der Begriff der Imminenz einer weiteren Systole eine einfache Transformation der Frequenzfunktion des RR-Intervalls ein und erlaubt eine leichtere Zerlegung dieser Frequenzfunktion in ihre verschiedenen Komponenten. Zusammenfassend zeigt Vortragender die Unumganglichkeit einer ausreichenden Schulung auf mathematischem und statistischem Gebiet einschlieslich Stichprobenverfahren fur den klinischen Forscher und betont die Bedeutung entsprechender Zusammenarbeit auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene. TRANSFORMATION DES VARIABLES DANS LA RECHERCHE CLINIQUE-THERAPEUTIQUE Lorsque le clinicien enregistre des mensurations somatiques ou recoit les resultats d’epreuves de laboratoire ou de tests fonctionnels, il doit se demander si les resultats tombent dans la zone de variabilite normale ou au dehors. Ce critere ne peut etre defini que par reference a une .population supposee homogene, dont la description implique un attirail statistique pour specifier la distribution des caracteres cliniques. Dans les recherches cliniques-therapeutiques, telles que les essais cliniques, une connaissance plus elaboree du type de distribution des caracteres etudies est necessaire. Tres souvent, pour la validite des calculs statistiques, les donnees brutes ne seront pas utilisees telles quelles et des transformations appropriees seront recherchees. Apres avoir rappele l’importance des fonctions des distributions dans les recherches cliniques, l’auteur donne la methode des percentiles 1—99 ou 2,5—97,5, pour delimiter les cas qui appartiennent normalement a la population. L’echelle du coefficient de variation des mesures cliniques s’etage de 0,5 % pour la temperature basale a 65 % pour la dose minima effective de digitaliques. Pour assurer la legalite de la reduction statistique des donnees et de leur analyse — l’analyse de la variance par exemple —., il est souvent necessaire d’effectuer des transformations sur les donnees brutes. Parmi celles-ci, un certain nombre de transformations conduisent a des representations utiles sur des graphiques speciaux. Pour des variables continues telles que la taille, l’auteur rappelle la transformation pro bit des pourcentages cumules. La methode des rankits est utilisee dans le cas de donnees seriees par ordre de grandeur. La transformation logarithmique des grandeurs telles que le poids corporel, le temps de survie pour des leucemies et autres types de cancers, conduit a des lignes droites apres transformation probit des pourcentages cumules. Dans le cas de variables discontinues ou variables binomiales, telles que enu-merations des patients ameliores par differents traitements, la transformation angulaire fournit une representation graphique claire des resultats d’essais cliniques (graphique de probabilite binomiale). Dans les essais biologiques, l’analyse est souvent conduite au moyen de probits ou de logits. Pour les variables de Poisson telles que numerations en chambre de Thoma ou de desintegrations radio-actives, la transformation racine carree est appropriee. Un graphique somme de probabilites de Poisson permet un test graphique rapide de la distribution de Poisson. Enfin, pour les evenements recurrents, tels que l’intervalle RR dans 1’ E. C. G. des cas d’arythmie complete par fibrillation auriculaire, le concept d’imminence (MACREZ) de l’occurrence d’une systole suivante implique une transformation simple de la fonction de frequences de l’intervalle RR et permet une dissection plus fine de cette fonction de frequences en differentes composantes. En conclusion, l’auteur montre la necessite pour le clinicien qui s’occupe de recherches d’avoir une bonne formation en mathematique, statistique, theorie et pratique de l’echantillonnage. De plus, il souligne l’interet de la collaboration entre cliniciens tant a l’echelle nationale qu’ internationale.

This paper deals with the new structuration of rural space outside of the «tchernoziom» zone. The aim is a specialization of agricultural activity. Therefore it is necessary to concentrate farming, to create new and more suitable villages. Of course, new problems are appearing : who will decide ? and, working people being in those regions often too old, who will work ?, Kerblay B. La restructuration de l'espace rural dans les provinces de la R.S.F.S.R. situées hors de la zone des Terres Noires . In: Bulletin de l'Association de géographes français, N°420-421, 51e année, Novembre-décembre 1974. pp. 325-329.

SUMMARY This paper has been discussed at the Hindsgavl International Associa tion for Research in Income and Wealth conference September 1955. The postwar national income rates of growth in Poland Czechoslovaquia ungaria Rumania and Bulgaria are generally much higher than those of Western countries The upward bias of the indices employed explains only part of this fact The main real factors of growth are the increase of man power and working time the increase of labour productivity due essentially to very high rate of investment the shift of man-power from agriculture to industry After an attempt to measure the relative contribution of these factors to economic growth the author comes to the conclusion that no one of them can be developed on steady geometrical rate The economic growth of the countries concerned was fostered at the beginning by the existence of idle resources But it will depend more and more on the normal deve lopment of all the component factors The resulting rate of growth will gradually decrease to the level observed in more advanced countries The planning system can at best help to maintain an approximately linear but not an exponential pattern of development, Marczewski Jean. Etude statistique et théorique de la croissance économique des pays d'Europe orientale (1945-1955). In: Revue économique, volume 7, n°2, 1956. pp. 169-221.

CANADIAN ANAESTI-mTISTS will always record 1942 as a year to remember in the annals, of Canadian anaesthesia. During that year Grltfl~ths and Johnson reported their observations on the first use of curare in general anaesthesia. The introduction of curare has been cited by many, as the greatest advance in anaesthesia in the past twenty-five years. How many of us realize that in that same year there occurred, in the Province of Ontario, another significant event which was to have a momentous bearing on the practice of anaesthesia in Canada? The case of Hughston v. lost(1) in that year was the first time in any court in Canada that an anaesthetist had been sued alone for alleged malpraclace. From a legal point of view, anaesthesia came of age. Prior to 1942, the surgeon was considered to have full charge of the operating room, including the anaesthesia and the anaesthetTst. The surgeon was held responsible for any ill result from the anaesthetac, although the "~" physlcmn administering the anaesthetic could be held co-responsible. IrL the Hughston and Jost case referred to above, the anaesthetist alone was sued for alleged ill result following intravenous Pentothal anaesthesia. The surgeon appeared as a witness, but was not involved in the action. Anaesthesia had become a speciahty, and the anaesthetist a specialist. In Great Britain, the United States, and Canada, anaesthetists in recent years have been subjected to many threats, writs, court actions, judgments and settlements. The purpose of tbAs paper is to draw attentaon to obser~r that might be helpful in the prevention of such threats, writs and court actions. Let us remember that, as anaesthetists, we are physicians, and any physician may be sued. No one can prevent a patient from bringing action against us, justified or not. What precautions must we take? I shall stress only a few.

A brief description of some of the main physiological actions of serotonin has been given. Their clinical implications, especially where they pertain to the field of anaesthesia, are presented in some detail. The malignant carcinoid syndrome is discussed and some of the problems which may confront the anaesthesiologist in dealing with patients suffering from this condition are mentioned. I gratefully acknowledge the advice and assistance given by Dr. Donald E. Hale, Head of the Department of Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, in the preparation of this paper.