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Zusammenfassung Alexander von Humboldt führte einen bisher völlig unbekannten Briefwechsel mit Ludwig August von Buch, einem Neffen des berühmten Geologen Leopold von Buch. Die drei in französischer Sprache verfassten und in Rom aufbewahrten Briefe werden zum ersten Mal publiziert. Sie berichten insbesondere über interessante Details von Humboldts Russland-Reise und enthalten ein Empfehlungsschreiben für den Offizier und Historiker Leopold von Orlich. Abstract Alexander von Humboldt’s correspondence with Ludwig August von Buch, a nephew of the famous geologist Leopold von Buch, has been completely unknown until now. The three letters, written in French and preserved in Rome, are published here for the first time. In particular, they describe interesting details of Humboldt’s journey through Russia and provide a letter of recommendation for the officer and historian Leopold von Orlich. Re´sumé La correspondance d’Alexander von Humboldt avec Ludwig August von Buch, un neveu du fameux géologue Leopold von Buch, était complètement inconnue jusqu’à maintenant. Les trois lettres écrites en français et conservées à Rome sont publiées pour la première fois. Elles décrivent en particulier des détails intéressants du voyage de Humboldt par la Russie et présentent une lettre de recommandation pour l’officier et historien Leopold von Orlich.

Redaktionelle Bearbeitung: Ulrich Päßler und Ingo Schwarz

Microalgae are prominent aquatic organisms, responsible for about half of the photosynthetic activity on Earth. Over the past two decades, breakthroughs in genomics and ecosystem biology, as well as the development of genetic resources in model species, have redrawn the boundaries of our knowledge on the relevance of these microbes in global ecosystems. However, considering their vast biodiversity and complex evolutionary history, our comprehension of algal biology remains limited. As algae rely on light, both as their main source of energy and for information about their environment, we focus here on photosynthesis, photoperception, and chloroplast biogenesis in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and marine diatoms. We describe how the studies of light-driven processes are key to assessing functional biodiversity in evolutionary distant microalgae. We also emphasize that integration of laboratory and environmental studies, and dialogues between different scientific communities are both timely and essential to understand the life of phototrophs in complex ecosystems and to properly assess the consequences of environmental changes on aquatic environments globally.

Abstract Alexander von Humboldt repeatedly evaluated Leibniz’ scientifi c achievements and projects. He was especially interested in his contributions to the investigation of earth magnetism and in his writings on earth history and in his invention of the differential calculus. Hence the paper deals with these three subjects. It explains their historical background before it explains Humboldt’s comments and evaluations. To that end some historical documents or letters are published for the first time, in particular Theodor Wittstein’s letter to Humboldt dating from 1851. Zusammenfassung Alexander von Humboldt bewertete wiederholt Leibnizens wissenschaftliche Errungenschaften und Projekte. Insbesondere war er an dessen Beiträgen zur Erforschung des Erdmagnetismus, an dessen Schriften über die Erdgeschichte und an dessen Erfi ndung der Differentialrechnung interessiert. Der Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit diesen drei Themen. Er erklärt deren historischen Hintergrund, bevor er Humboldts Kommentare und Bewertungen darlegt. Zu diesem Zweck werden einige historische Dokumente oder Briefe zum ersten Mal veröffentlicht, vor allem Theodor Wittsteins Brief an Humboldt aus dem Jahre 1851. Résumé Alexander von Humboldt a évalué à maintes reprises les accomplissements scientifi ques et projets de Leibniz. En particulier, il s’intéressait à ses contributions à la recherche du magnétisme terrestre, à ses écrits sur l’histoire de la terre et à son invention du calcul différentiel. L’article s’occupe de ces trois sujets. Il explique leur contexte historique avant qu’il décrive les commentaires et les évaluations de Humboldt. À cette fi n, quelques documents historiques ou lettres sont publiés pour la première fois, avant tout la lettre de Theodor Wittstein à Humboldt de l’année 1851.

Zusammenfassung Die beiden Forschungsreisenden Alexander von Humboldt und Ulrich Jasper Seetzen haben sich während der gemeinsamen Studienzeit in Göttingen kennengelernt und sich dort über ihre Arbeiten zur Naturkunde ausgetauscht. Später brach Seetzen, wie Humboldt, zu einer großen Expedition auf, die ihn als ersten Europäer durch das zentrale Afrika führen sollte. Seine Forschungen im Nahen Osten gelten bis heute als Pionierleistungen der Orientalistik. Das Unternehmen fand auf der arabischen Halbinsel ein vorzeitiges, tragisches Ende. Über die Beziehung der beiden Kommilitonen während ihrer Göttinger Zeit war bislang wenig bekannt. Ein kürzlich entdecktes Brieffragment ermöglicht neue Einblicke. Es erweist sich als eine Abschrift Seetzens aus einem bislang unbekannten Brief des einundzwanzigjährigen Humboldt über dessen Helgolandreise 1790. Im Zusammenhang mit weiteren Quellen kann diese Jugendfreundschaft nun besser bewertet werden. Summary Alexander von Humboldt and the Frisian naturalist Ulrich Jasper Seetzen met in 1789 during their studies at the University of Göttingen. They shared common scientific interests in natural history. Later Seetzen, like Humboldt, conducted a multidisciplinary expedition which was meant to encompass the Middle East, Arabia and, as a final destination, central Africa which he intended to traverse as the first European traveller. The expedition came to an abrupt end in Yemen. This short description of Seetzen’s life and work focuses on his early relation to Humboldt. The paper centers around an investigation of a manuscript written by Seetzen which turns out to be an excerpt of a so far unknown letter by the 21-year-old Humboldt featuring a short observation abstract of his journey to the North Sea island Helgoland in 1790. Résumé Les deux voyageurs scientifiques Alexandre de Humboldt et Ulrich Jasper Seetzen se sont connus au cours de leurs études universitaires à Goettingen. Ce fut là qu’ils se sont échangés sur la connaissance de la nature. Comme Humboldt, Seetzen partit pour une grande expédition qui devait le conduire, en tant que premier Européen, à l’Afrique centrale. Ses recherches au Proche-Orient sont considérées, aujourd’hui même, comme des travaux pionniers de l’orientalisme. A la péninsule arabe, son entreprise échoua d’une façon tragique. Peu de chose est connu, jusqu’à présent, de leurs relations pendant leurs études à Goettingen. Le fragment d‘’une lettre récemment découverte nous permet d’en savoir plus. Il s’agit de la copie de la main de Seetzen d’une lettre, inconnue jusqu’à maintenant, du jeune Humboldt âgé de 21 anssur son voyagew à lîle de Helgoland en 1790. A l’aide d’autres sources en plus, l’amitié entre les deux jeunes peut être évalué d’une façon plus précise.

Industry, as a major emitter of CO2 in the process heat sector in Europe, needs to switch from fossil fuels to renewable energy for heat supply. High temperature heat pumps (HTHP) can electrify process heat and integrate renewable electricity into industrial processes. The Institute of Low-Carbon Industrial Processes of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) is developing HTHPs based on the reversed Brayton and Rankine cycles for delivery temperatures above 150°C and is investigating the industrial process integration of this novel technology. The current study considers different integration strategies of a reversed Brayton HTHP in a food production process with a heat sink at 250 °C. A thermodynamic analysis evaluates the results. This study allows conclusions to be drawn about the process integration of Brayton HTHPs in industrial food processes or other industrial processes with heat sinks around 250 °C.

Zusammenfassung Ein Brief Alexander von Humboldts an den Philologen Friedrich August Wolf vom 3. Januar 1817 enthält Neues zur Entstehung der pflanzengeographischen Schrift De distributione geographica plantarum secundum coeli temperiem et altitudinem montium prolegomena (1817). Der Gräzist Karl Benedikt Hase unterstützte Humboldt beim Verfassen des lateinischen Textes. In der Miszelle veröffentlichen wir den Brief Humboldts an Wolf zum ersten Mal und schließen mit dem Plädoyer für eine zuverlässige und vollständige Übersetzung der Prolegomena ins Deutsche. Abstract A letter from Alexander von Humboldt to the philologist Friedrich August Wolf dated January 3, 1817, contains new details on the origin of the plant-geographical treatise De distributione geographica plantarum secundum coeli temperiem et altitudinem montium prolegomena (1817). The Hellenist Karl Benedikt Hase assisted Humboldt in composing the Latin text. In this short paper, we publish Humboldt’s letter to Wolf for the first time and conclude with a plea for a precise and complete translation of the Prolegomena into German. Résumé Une lettre d’Alexander von Humboldt au philologue Friedrich August Wolf, datée du 3 janvier 1817, contient de nouveaux détails sur l’origine du traité phytogéographique De distributione geographica plantarum secundum coeli temperiem et altitudinem montium prolegomena (1817). L’helléniste Karl Benedikt Hase a aidé Humboldt à composer le texte latin. Dans ce court article, nous publions pour la première fois la lettre de Humboldt à Wolf et concluons par un plaidoyer pour une traduction précise et complète des Prolegomena en allemand.

Deformation and fracture mechanisms, and therefore mechanical behavior, in metals and metallic alloys with hexagonal close packed structures, such as α-Ti, strongly depend on the crystal c-axis orientation of the grains. Taking advantage of the intrinsic optical anisotropy that these structures present, a computer-aided method based on conventional reflected polarized light microscopy has been developed for c-axis orientation mapping. The application of the method on texture-free and textured commercially pure Ti is proposed for the examination of relevant crystallographic features.

A 71-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of a vertigo. At clinical examination a duplicated right thumb was noticed. The Patient revealed that she was suffering from Klippel-Feil Syndrom (KFS). KFS is a rare skeletal disease where a mutation of the GDF6 and GDF3 genes can be found. It is characterized by congenital fusion of any of the 7 cervical vertebrae. There can be associations with other malformations such as congenital elevation of the scapula (Sprengel's deformity), spina bifida, scoliosis, cleft palate, malformations of the heart, head, face, arms, legs and fingers. Because of these heterogeneous medical associated conditions treatment for KFS is symptomatic and can include surgery.

A 36-year-old woman presented herself to our out-patient clinic because she noticed that her tongue turned turned partially hairy. She has been smoking 25 cigarettes a day for the last 17 years. Otherwise the patient was healthy. Clinical exam showed a soft yellowish tongue with a hairy center. The rest of the clinical exam was normal. A hairy tongue is a commen benign clinical condition caused by proliferation of the papillae facilitating the collection of bacteria and debris and finially in discoloartion. The discoloration can vary from black, brown to yellow. Contributing factors are smoking, excessive consumation of coffee, alcohol, poor oral hygienes, hyposalivation, eating a soft diet and the use of certain antibiotics such as tetracyclines. The treatment consists of the correction of the contributing factors. In our case the cessation of smoking and the improvement of oral hygiene was recommended.

A 66-year-old woman presented with a group of painless round-shaped solid lesions underneath her right eye measuring 3 x 1 cm (A). The lesions increased in size over the past 2 months. Apart form a curatively treated larynx carcinoma the patient was healthy. Histology form the excised (B) lesion revealed epidermal cysts. Epidermal cysts are benign subcutaneous tumors. They can appear in every part of the body. In the facial region, they are quite common. Never the less differential diagnosis may include cutaneous metastasis, merkel cell carcinoma and cutaneous B-cell lymphoma should be considered among others. Therefore, complete excision and diagnosis based on histology is recommended.

Pierre-Simon Marquis de Laplace joua un rôle éminent dans la vie scientifique d’Alexandre de Humboldt. Humboldt avait fait la connaissance du savant français qui avait vingt ans de plus que lui-même à Paris en 1798. L’article de Eberhard Knobloch examine la relation entre ces deux géants de la science en s’appuyant entre autre pour la première fois sur des documents inédits: les quatre lettres de Laplace à Humboldt, le journal d’Humboldt et sur le matériel d’archives conservé aux Archives de l’Académie des Sciences de Berlin-Brandebourg.

A massive bleeding from the right ear, the nose and from the mouth occurred in a 46-year-old female after ambulatory myringotomy was performed in order to treat symptoms mimicking a persisting middle ear effusion with conductive hearing loss. The patient was directly admitted to our intensive care unit. The bleeding continued until the blood pressure was lowered to normal and the patient was positioned in an upright position. Otoscopy showed a pulsatile bleeding through a perforation of the tympanic membrane. Endoscopy of the epipharynx showed fresh blood coming from the eustachian tube. MRI (Panel A) and angiography (Panel B) showed an aberrant internal carotid artery on the right side in the petrousal part with a thorn-like protrusion at the side of injury followed by a decreased vessel-diameter directly below the injury (Panel A, B). No coincidental aneurysm or vascularised tumor are found. Aberrant internal carotid artery in the middle ear is rare. Without prior diagnosis routine myringotomy can cause life-threatening situations. If a bluish-red formation behind the tympanic membrane is seen combined with the symptoms of pulsatile tinnitus and conductive hearing loss, a vascular malformation in the middle ear should be suspected and imaging of the temporal bone should precede any intervention. To prevent puncture of aberrant vessels in the middle ear, a paracentesis should in suspicious cases rather be performed with a sickle knife especially and not with a lancet.

Zusammenfassung Der kurze Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über den erhaltenen Briefwechsel zwischen A. v. Humboldt und Charles Lyell. Er veröffentlicht darüber hinaus einen undatierten, bisher unbekannten Brief Humboldts an Lyell. Der Brief kann mit Hilfe eines Briefes an Pertz datiert werden. Deshalb wird auch dieser Brief zum ersten Mal vollständig veröffentlicht. Résumé Le court article donne une vue d’ensemble de la correspondance conservée entre A. v. Humboldt et Charles Lyell. En plus, il publie une lettre sans date et inconnue jusqu’aujourd’hui de Humboldt à Lyell qui peut être datée au moyen d’une lettre à Pertz. Pour cette raison, cette lettre est aussi publiée complètement pour la première fois. Summary The short paper gives a survey of the preserved correspondence between A. v. Humboldt and Charles Lyell. Moreover it publishes an undated, hitherto unknown letter of Humboldt to Lyell that can be dated by means of a letter to Pertz. For that reason this letter is also completely published for the first time.

A 59-year-old Patient presented with cerivical lymphnode and a submandibular swelling on the right side of unknown cause that was not responsive to antibiotic treatment. 16 years ago a submandibulectomy was performed on the right side, nevertheless submandibular swellings had occurred repeatedly. Clinical examination showed a right-sided cervical swelling in the submandibular region. The floor of the mouth was indurated and pus could be squeezed out of the wharton's duct. A computed tomography of the neck revealed a calcified structure of 3.8 x 1.3 cm located anterior of the former submandibular region (A). Therapeutically the residual Wharton duct containing the sialolith was removed (B). Giant sialoliths after submandibulectomy are extremely rare. If parts of the Wharton duct remain, sialolithiasis may occur spontaneously or become evident after growth due to further calcification. The treatment of choice consists of the excision of the residual duct with the sialolith and any remaining gland tissue.

The service life of rolling element bearings can usually be predicted with good accuracy. However, the damage phenomenon „white etching cracks” (WEC) can lead to premature and unforeseeable failures. The formation of zones with strongly decreased grain sizes at the crack faces is a characteristic of this type of failure. An earlier study showed that it is possible to reproduce this type of failure by multiaxial fatigue experiments with superposed cyclic compression and torsion. The present study shows the analysis of the stress state of those multiaxial fatigue tests with stress-based critical plane criteria. Using the critical plane results as a basis for a fracture mechanical analysis, a correlation is found between the crack length, the associated plastic zone size, and the extent of the transformed microstructure. This correlation is very similar to our results of the study of fine granular areas (FGA), a very high cycle fatigue phenomenon in bearing steels. It is argued that a plasticity-driven mechanism similar to the one proposed for FGA formation is responsible for WEC formation, too. Additional factors that are often cited as promoting WEC formation could explain the shift from very high cycle fatigue in the case of FGA to the early failures due to WEC.

Kein Abstract vorhanden.

Zusammenfassung Daniel Kehlmanns Roman „Die Vermessung der Welt“ wird hoch gepriesen und streng kritisiert. Kehlmanns Kritiker lesen seine Satire als eine verfälschte Biographie von Gauss und Humboldt, obwohl der Autor wiederholt selbstironische Bemerkungen eingestreut hat, die sein wahres Ziel offenbaren. Der Aufsatz bemüht sich, Kehlmanns fiktiven Roman angemessen zu beurteilen und einige der wirklichen Aktivitäten und Errungenschaften von Gauss und Humboldt zu charakterisieren, indem Kehlmanns erzählte mit den historischen Tatsachen verglichen werden. Beide Wissenschaftler waren stark am Erdmagnetismus interessiert, was zeitweise zu einigen Spannungen zwischen ihnen führte. Humboldts Messmethoden und seine Überzeugung, dass alles Wechselwirkung ist, waren zwei Seiten derselben Medaille. Nur numerische Elemente konnten helfen, die Gesetze zu finden, die die Natur regieren. Humboldts wissenschaftliche Techniken und Ziele (Methode der Mittelwerte) waren gut begründet. Humboldts Reisen und Forschen bildeten eine untrennbare Einheit. Humboldts Naturbegriff schloss beide Möglichkeiten ein, das heißt die natura naturans und die natura naturata, die schaffende und herrschende Natur und die Natur, die von bestimmten Gesetzen beherrscht war. Sein überragendes Interesse an Naturgesetzen gründete auf der Überzeugung, dass sie ewig waren und dass sie die Ordnung und Ewigkeit der Welt garantierten. Résumé Le roman de Daniel Kehlmann „Le mesurage du monde“ est célébré et critiqué fortement en même temps. Les critiques de Kehlmann lisent sa satire comme une biographie détériorée de Gauss et de Humboldt quoique l’auteur ait inséré à maintes reprises des remarques autoironiques qui révèlent sa vraie fin. L’article s’efforce de juger justement le roman fictif de Kehlmann et de caractériser quelques-unes des activités et conquêtes réelles de Gauss et de Humboldt en comparant les faits racontés par Kehlmann avec les faits historiques. Les deux savants s’intéressaient beaucoup au magnétisme terrestre ce qui entraînait quelques désaccords pendant quelques années. Les méthodes humboldtiennes de mesurage et sa conviction que tout est interaction étaient deux côtés de la même médaille. Seulement des éléments numériques pouvaient aider de découvrir les lois de la nature. Les techniques scientifiques et les fins de Humboldt (la méthode des valeurs moyennes) étaient bien fondées. Ses voyages et ses recherches formaient une unité inséparable. La notion humboldtienne de nature incluait les deux possibilités, à savoir la natura naturans et la natura naturata, la nature créative et gouvernante et la nature gouvernée par certaines lois. Son intérêt extraordinaire aux lois de la nature était basé sur sa conviction qu’elles sont éternelles and qu’elles garantissent l’ordre et l’éternité du monde. Abstract Daniel Kehlmann‘s novel „The measuring of the world“ is highly praised and strongly criticized as well, Kehlmann‘s critics read his satire as a deteriorated biography of Gauss and Humboldt though the author repeatedly inserted self-ironical remarks that reveal his true aim. The paper tries to do justice to Kehlmann‘s fictional novel and to characterize some of Gauss‘s and Humboldt‘s real activities and achievements by comparing Kehlmann‘s narrative with historical facts. Both scientists were strongly interested in earth magnetism that temporarily led to some tensions between them. Humboldt‘s measuring methods and his conviction that everything is interaction were two sides of the same medal. Only numerical elements could help to find the laws ruling the world. Humboldt‘s scientific techniques and aims (method of mean values) were well founded. Humboldt‘s travelling and researching formed an unseparable unity. Humboldt‘s notion of nature implied both possibilities, that is natura naturans and natura naturata, the creative and governing nature and the nature governed by certain laws. His outstanding interest in natural laws.

Während eines Forschungsaufenthaltes in St. Petersburg 2010 entdeckte Frau Dr. Elena Roussanova einen Brief von Alexander von Humboldt, der der Humboldt-Forschung bisher unbekannt geblieben war und damit auch nicht in die 2009 erschienenen Ausgabe der „Briefe aus Russland“[1] aufgenommen werden konnte. Diese Lücke wird hier geschlossen. Wir danken Frau Roussanova für den Hinweis auf dieses Schreiben. Der Brief kann durch einen Vermerk von fremder Hand auf die Zeit kurz vor dem 2./14.12.1829 datiert werden. Sein Empfänger war, wie aus dem Inhalt hervorgeht, der russische Physiker Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz[2]. Hier nun die Transkription der Handschrift, die wir mit freundlicher Genehmigung der Filiale St. Petersburg des Archivs der Russischen Akademie der Wissenschaften[3] wiedergeben. Dabei gilt unser besonderer Dank der Archivleiterin Frau Dr. I. V. Tunkina für ihre freundliche Unterstützung.

Article in German.AbstractAlexander von Humboldt’s world view, philosophy of science, and scientific practice were dominated by the notions of measure and harmony. This matter of fact does not leave any doubt about Humboldt’s Pythagoreanism. Already the choice of the title of his Kosmos was led by Pythagorean thought. In 1846 he explicitly wrote to Jacobi that the whole first book is based on the idea that the first Hellenic seeds to all further progresses of mathematical natural knowledge are owed to the Pythagoreans and their emphasis on measure, number, and weight. The paper consists of four parts. The first part deals with Humboldt’s acquaintance with the fragments of the Pythagorean Philolaus. The second part compares the Aristotelean tradition with Philolaus’s informations on Pythagoreanism. The third part relying on the two foregoing parts explains Humboldt’s philosophy of science as a tranformation of Pythagoreanism. The last part discusses three examples taken from Humboldt’s scientific practice in order to illustrate the results deduced up to then.a

Article in German. Abstracts in German and English. The paper is divided into five sections. It begins by showing the similarity between Humboldt's world view and that of the Pythagoreans. It inquires into Humboldt's notion of nature that comprehends natura naturans and natura naturata as well. Numbers are powers of the univers. They especially occur in the 'only decisive method' that is in the method of mean values. This method makes it possible to recognize the law guiding the changes of variable quantities. The botanical arithmetic and earth magnetism provide examples. Finally the paper explains how Humboldt combined the three possible approaches to the world that is thinking, acting, and regarding by means of the notion of knowledge.

In sediments of the Aguja Formation (Late Cretaceous: Campanian) at La Salada in northern part of the state of Coahuila, Mexico, numerous fossils of vertebrates have been discovered including Hadrosauridae. One hadrosaur vertebra provides evidence of predation probably by a giant alligator Deinosuchus riograndensis.

Article in German, Abstracts in English and GermanHumboldt distinguished between three disciplines dealing with the inquiring of the earth: geognosia, historia telluris, physiografia. In 1793, he used the notion of “Geognosie” for the first time. He explained the notion in a footnote that was reprinted in 1815, 1817, and again in 1845. The paper analyses the meaning attributed by Humboldt to the notion of “Geognosie” and gives a new German translation of the Latin texts of the footnote.

Article in German, Abstracts in English and German.In a similar way as Adalbert Stifter's narrator in the novel “Late summer” A. v. Humboldt combined exploration with research, fondness for travelling with striving for findings during his travel through South America. Humboldt clearly indicated his double aim: to report on the visited countries, to collect facts in order to improve physical geography. The treatise consists of five sections: object, route, methods, results, evaluation.

Article in German, Abstracts in English and German. Humboldt’s „Kosmos“ or „physical world description“ aimed at the same time at the outer and at the inner world. Corresponding to Horace’s famous dictum it was meant to be useful and to delight. Such a description was characterized by two notions, that is by force and by liberty. The paper deals with Humboldt’s conception of his work, with his notion of nature, taken from the elder Pliny. Again and again Humboldt named his famous model namely Laplace whose methodological principles coincided with his own convictions. The paper demonstrates that and how Humboldt was influenced by Herder without mentioning Goethe’s friend and explains Kant’s role in this context. The final aims of Humboldt’s conception of natural science were the laws of nature which connected natural phenomena with each other. Finally Humboldt’s high respect for mathematics is analysed.

O presente artigo contribui para uma reflexão sobre a influência da técnica sobre as artes na Era da Informatização. Desde o início da Era Industrial, nota-se a inversão gradativa de papéis entre máquina e homem: a “a ascensão das máquinas” teria transformado o homem em “servo”. Nem mesmo o campo das artes esteve livre dos efeitos de tal “ascensão”, sobretudo no contato com os meios de comunicação de massa, como o rádio, o cinema e a televisão. Na verdade, tudo não passou de um prelúdio para o que ainda estava por vir: a informática atingiu as artes e nossa cultura fundada na tradição escrita, resultando em transformações muito mais amplas no âmbito da comunicação individual e social.

Article in German, Abstracts in French and German.

Der Terminus Globalisierung bildet einen schillernden Begriff im Spannungsverhältnis von Hoffnungen und Ängsten. Die Hoffnungen beziehen sich auf die Verbesserungen wirtschaftlicher, politischer und sozialer Zustände, die Ängste auf deren Verschlechterung. Die mit dem Begriff Globalisierung umschriebenen Strukturveränderungen und Modernisierungsprozesse stellen zwar kein grundsätzlich neues Phänomen dar. Doch haben die technischen Innovationen im Bereich der Informationstechnologien sowie politische Deregulierungsentscheidungen der Internationalisierung weltweit vernetzter wirtschaftlicher und finanztechnischer Aktivitäten eine neue Qualität verliehen.Zur Ausbildung (wirtschafts-)politischer Urteilsfähigkeit bei den Schülerinnen und Schülern ist vor diesem Hintergrund eine differenzierte unterrichtliche Auseinandersetzung mit den unterschiedlichen Facetten der Globalisierung vonnöten. Neben den dezidiert wirtschaftlichen Implikationen des Lerngegenstandes Globalisierung muss dabei auch dessen politische Dimension adäquat Berücksichtigung finden. Das Konzept der "global governance" zur Rückgewinnung politischer Steuerungsfähigkeit unter den Bedingungen der Globalisierung kann hier für globales Lernen richtungsweisend werden.

In this paper, after sketching basic methodical differences between the description of subordinate clauses in the Luzo-Brasilian and German grammatical traditions, we present a description of completive clauses and equivalent constructions in the three languages considered, based on a model of grammar which includes sentence meaning in the description of Grammar. We consider proposition a semantic entity (sentence meaning), constituted by the semantic properties of the predicate by means of its semantic valency. Syntatic valency, then, decides on the morpho-syntatic constructions utilizable, with a certain predicate, to express the respective underlying dependent proposition. A good deal of the article is expended on the description of these means of expression, among which we count conjuntional sentences and infinitive constructions in the functions of subject, object and adverbial complement or in the function of noun complement, as well substantivized constructions, nominalizations and pronominalizations. We also discuss constructions with subject raising, in which we include conjunctional constructions, infinitive constructions, gerund constructions and gerundial infinitive constructions as well as adjective phrases, noun phrases and prepositional phrases, being all of them ways of redusing propositions with nominal predicates or predicates of location. Finally, we refer to one-sentence-constructions with raising of various arguments. The comparison with German showes the greater richnessof means of expression for dependent propositions in two Ibero-Romance languages: the comparison between the latter gives evidence of subtle differences beteween Portuguese and Spanish.

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