104 results
Search Results
2. Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper
- Subjects
Adult ,Cholera ,Child, Preschool ,Developed Countries ,Humans ,Cholera Vaccines ,Public Health ,Child ,World Health Organization ,Developing Countries ,Mass Vaccination ,Disease Outbreaks - Published
- 2010
3. [Attitudes toward the environment: a North / South analysis].
- Author
-
Worcester RM and Corrado M
- Subjects
- Americas, Attitude, Behavior, Brazil, Canada, Central America, Communication, Economics, Europe, Guatemala, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Latin America, Mexico, North America, Peru, Psychology, Research, Sampling Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, South America, United Kingdom, Conservation of Natural Resources, Data Collection, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, Environment, Environmental Pollution, Leadership, Perception, Public Opinion, Social Class
- Published
- 1992
4. [Migration].
- Author
-
Maccotta W, Perotti A, Thebaut F, Cristofanelli L, Pittau F, Sergi N, Pittau L, Morelli A, Morsella M, and Grinover AP
- Subjects
- Americas, Canada, Demography, Economics, Europe, North America, Population, Population Dynamics, Developed Countries, Emigration and Immigration, Social Problems, Socioeconomic Factors
- Published
- 1990
5. Construire une centralité au sein de l'ASEAN? Pour une intégration Sud- Sud face aux défis du changement climatique.
- Author
-
Thi Anh-Dao Tran
- Subjects
ECONOMIES of scale ,RETURNS to scale ,GLOBAL value chains ,DEVELOPED countries ,CLIMATE change - Abstract
Copyright of Interventions Économiques is the property of Association d'Economie Politique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
6. [The desire to have children and parenthood: the demographic point of view].
- Author
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Roussel L
- Subjects
- Behavior, Family Relations, Population, Population Dynamics, Psychology, Research, Attitude, Contraception, Demography, Developed Countries, Family Characteristics, Family Planning Services, Fertility, Parents
- Published
- 1985
7. [Trends in the sex ratio at birth in selected Western countries].
- Author
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Schtickzelle M
- Subjects
- Australia, Biology, Canada, Culture, Europe, Family Characteristics, Family Relations, Latin America, Population, Sex Distribution, Sex Factors, Social Sciences, United States, Age Factors, Birth Order, Demography, Developed Countries, Ethnicity, Politics, Population Characteristics, Sex Ratio
- Published
- 1981
8. Demain, le choc?
- Author
-
De Biasi, Pierre-Marc
- Subjects
PAPER industry ,FOREST management ,CONSUMPTION (Economics) ,DEVELOPING countries ,DEVELOPED countries ,ENVIRONMENTAL protection - Abstract
The article focuses on global consumption of paper and speculates about the future consumption of paper by China. The author presents statistics related to worldwide paper consumption. The article discusses how residents of wealthier countries tend to consume more paper than those in developing countries. The economic, cultural and environmental consequences of increased paper consumption are discussed.
- Published
- 2006
9. TIC ET GAP DE CROISSANCE ENTRE NATIONS: CAS DE LA RÉGION MENA.
- Author
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AISSAOUI, Najeh and Ben HASSEN, Lobna
- Subjects
INCOME gap ,INCOME inequality ,DEVELOPED countries ,ECONOMIC expansion ,INFORMATION & communication technologies - Abstract
This paper examines, in the context of MENA region, the impact of information and communication technology on the growth and dynamics of international income inequality. It checks whether the technology could be a means reducing the income gap between these countries from developed countries or contrary it allows increasing it, and examine the inter-relationship between ICT and economic growth. The results highlight the non-existence of a causal relationship between ICT investment and economic growth and emphasize a key role of ICT in increasing the international gap between the countries of MENA and OECD countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
10. [The impact of the economic crisis on health systems of OECD countries].
- Author
-
Paris V
- Subjects
- Delivery of Health Care organization & administration, Health Expenditures trends, Humans, Politics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits trends, Delivery of Health Care economics, Developed Countries economics, Economic Recession, Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development economics
- Abstract
This paper describes measures adopted by OECD countries in the health sector in response to the economic crisis which began in 2008: increase and diversification of revenues collected for health, increases in user charges, reductions in staff, salaries and prices of health goods and services; and policies aiming to increase health systems efficiency. It then reviews the impact of these policies on health spending trends., (© 2014 médecine/sciences – Inserm.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. [Male and female fertility too late? Effect of parental age at conception on the health and mortality of children].
- Author
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Wunsch G and Gourbin C
- Subjects
- Adult, Belgium epidemiology, Congenital Abnormalities epidemiology, Female, Fetal Mortality trends, Humans, Infant Mortality trends, Infant, Newborn, Logistic Models, Male, Maternal Age, Paternal Age, Pregnancy, Birth Order, Developed Countries statistics & numerical data, Fertility, Parents
- Abstract
After recalling that maternal and paternal fertility, and in particular the first birth, are occurring later and later in life in all developed countries, the paper examines the relation between parental ages at childbearing on the one hand and morbidity and mortality of the child on the other hand. Age of mother at childbearing has an impact on child mortality and morbidity. Similarly, a late paternal age at childbearing, controlling for mother's age, has a statistically significant impact on neonatal mortality and on late foetal mortality, as well as on the risk for the child of suffering from various congenital anomalies.
- Published
- 2009
12. Persistance de l'État social et centralité de la politique économique.
- Author
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Ramaux, Christophe
- Subjects
WELFARE state ,ECONOMIC policy ,SOCIAL security ,INDUSTRIAL relations ,MUNICIPAL services ,DEVELOPED countries - Abstract
Copyright of European Journal of Economic & Social Systems is the property of Lavoisier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Industries culturelles, économie créative et société de l'information.
- Author
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Tremblay, Gaëtan
- Subjects
DEVELOPED countries ,WORLD War II ,CRITICAL analysis ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,STATISTICS ,CULTURAL industries ,FEDERAL government - Abstract
Copyright of Global Media Journal: Canadian Edition is the property of Global Media Journal: Canadian Edition and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2008
14. Production et perte des sens du Sud.
- Author
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Hours, Bernard and Selim, Monique
- Subjects
GLOBAL North-South divide ,DEVELOPED countries ,DEVELOPING countries ,GLOBALIZATION ,POVERTY ,IDEOLOGY ,SOCIAL sciences ,EDUCATION ,SOCIAL security - Abstract
Copyright of Autrepart is the property of Presses de Sciences Po and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Les mesures antidumping Un phénomène commercial largement répandu.
- Author
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Nyahoho, Emmanuel, Lefebvre, Cédrick, and Malbouires, Claire
- Subjects
- *
DUMPING (International trade) , *CONFLICT management ,DEVELOPING countries ,DEVELOPED countries - Abstract
This paper begins with a definition of dumping, and then offers an overview of anti-dumping measures and their economic impacts. First, it describes the concept of dumping and explains that anti-dumping measures are quite ineffective. Next, it documents the raise of anti-dumping measures over time. It demonstrates that, nowadays, developing countries are using this protectionist tool as much as traditional industrial countries. Finally, the paper comments the WTO regulation in order to examine the effectiveness of dispute settlement cases involving anti-dumping measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Analysis of the effectiveness of healthcare M&A transactions in developed countries
- Author
-
Nazarova Varvara
- Subjects
merger and acquisition transactions ,strategy effectiveness ,average excess returns ,healthcare companies ,developed countries ,Economic theory. Demography ,HB1-3840 - Abstract
The healthcare industry is a large and fast-growing segment of the corporate world, especially in developed countries. In the face of growing competition, healthcare companies inevitably resort to mergers and acquisitions (M&As) in order to accelerate their development. The objective of this study is to identify the creation of additional value for M&A deal participants in the healthcare industry in the United States and the European Union in 2008-2017. In this paper, we propose the following thesis statement: can healthcare companies expect excess returns from M&A deals? On average, M&A deals in the healthcare industry in developed countries create positive abnormal returns for acquiring companies and are efficient; a positive, significant impact on abnormal returns was found in the deal value of M&A deals, a negative significant impact was observed for deals conducted with the shares payment method and for acquiring companies with a larger number of employees.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. [And then, the dinosaurs disappeared].
- Author
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Dumas J
- Subjects
- Americas, Canada, Demography, Developing Countries, North America, Population, Research, Statistics as Topic, Developed Countries, Fertility, Forecasting, Population Dynamics, Social Change
- Abstract
"This paper starts by putting the present fertility decline experienced by many industrialized countries, in a global prospect of social evolution, and shows to what extent this decline is a new phenomenon. Using a so-called 'infernal' scenario, wherein Canadian fertility continues to fall, the author then emphasizes that society would have at its disposal a remarkably long delay for bending the path leading to extinction, although some forces may also lead to an acceleration of the demographic decline." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA), (excerpt)
- Published
- 1986
18. [Depopulation: science and politics].
- Author
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Teitelbaum MS
- Subjects
- Population, Population Characteristics, Social Sciences, Culture, Demography, Developed Countries, Fertility, Politics, Population Dynamics, Public Policy
- Abstract
"This paper is structured around four propositions about population decline: (1) discussions about population decline have been plagued with confusion about the very meaning of the topic, as well as about causes, consequences and policy measures; (2) the issue is closely tied to political ideologies and cultural values; (3) demographic data and methods, and some prominent demographers, have played central roles in the debate; (4) the future of fertility is even murkier than usual, and therefore the legitimacy of concerns about population decline is not obvious." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA), (excerpt)
- Published
- 1986
19. [Possibilities and limits of pronatalist policies in the Western world: possible fields of intervention and determinants of fertility].
- Author
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Gerard H
- Subjects
- Demography, Population, Social Sciences, Developed Countries, Family Planning Policy, Fertility, Population Dynamics, Public Policy
- Abstract
"Two questions are discussed in this paper: (1) what are, according to theory, the possible fields of intervention if one wants to act on the determinants of fertility? (2) according to those theories which seem to be validated by empirical analysis, what are the main determinants of the present fertility trend, on which it would be necessary to act in order to stop the decline and obtain an upward movement? The author concludes that, according to the present state of knowledge, a pronatalist policy is out of reach, except as a mere experimental exercise." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA), (excerpt)
- Published
- 1988
20. LES EFFETS DE LA CRISE DANS LES PAYS DU SUD DE LA MÉDITERRANÉE : LE CAS DE LA TUNISIE.
- Author
-
Berthomieu, Claude and Essid, Zied
- Subjects
FINANCIAL crises ,RECESSIONS ,DEVELOPED countries ,GROSS domestic product ,EXPORTS ,TOURISM - Abstract
Copyright of Maghreb - Machrek is the property of Editions ESKA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. LES REPRÉSENTATIONS DU LOISIR COLONIAL DANS LA LITTÉRATURE DES ANNÉES 1930: CONSTRUIRE LA DIFFÉRENCE, JUSTIFIER LA DOMINATION.
- Author
-
Jallat, Dennis
- Subjects
LEISURE in literature ,RECREATION in literature ,COLONIES ,EXPLOITATION of humans ,DEVELOPED countries ,WESTERN countries - Abstract
Copyright of Society & Leisure / Loisir & Société is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Hétérogénéité des générations et âge extrême de la vie.
- Author
-
BARBI, Elisabetta, CASELLI, Graziella, and VALLIN, Jacques
- Subjects
LIFE expectancy ,HEALTH of older people ,FRAIL elderly ,HEALTH of older women ,DEVELOPED countries - Abstract
Copyright of Population (00324663) is the property of Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Could Nuclear Energy Production and Economic Growth Relationship for Developed Countries Be An Incentive for Developing Ones?: A Panel ARDL Evidence Including Cointegration Analysis
- Author
-
Ömür Saltık and Süleyman Değirmen
- Subjects
nuclear energy ,panel ardl ,developed countries ,developing countries ,energy dependency ,nükleer enerji ,ekonomik büyüme ,gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler ,eşbütünleşme analizi ,Sociology (General) ,HM401-1281 ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
The purpose of this study is to develop policy recommendations for indebted developing countries which have big balance of payment deficits due to high energy costs. For this reasons, the study initialy explores developed countries’ nuclear energy policies and hence, to guide developing countries (especially for Turkey and similar countries) who can adopt alternative energy resources to reach a sustainable and higher GDP per capita and to protect themselves against energy price volatilities. Therefore, in available theoretical studies, developing countries, also named as middle income countires whose GDP per capita is lower than developed countries, have been searching for different strategies to catch up the wealth level of developed countires from the aspect of catch-up effect in the Growth Theory. In the context of cross sectional and time series data, the paper anlaysis all available retroperspective panel data method which uses time interval between 1977-2014 for 14 developed and developing countires. The study employs Panel ARDL approach to serve the aim of the study. According to the emprical results, as expected, vector error correction coefficient was founded negaitvely and accepted numerical interval. Therefore, test results indicate that there has been significant and positive relationship between the increment of nuclear share in electricity production and GDP per capita. Countries, especially dependent on raw materials, can reduce reliance on energy import with nuclear energy sources, then they will have a stabilizer for a reasonable level of current deficits which may be necessary for economic growth. In conclusion, the results also indicates that nucluear energy production in developing countries can stimulate economic growth by lowering energy import related production costs in favor of country-wide producers.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. DISRUPTING SHOCKS IN POSTWAR GLOBAL ECONOMIC EXPANSION
- Author
-
Dumitru FILIPEANU and Florin-Alexandru LUCA
- Subjects
Economic crisis ,Inflation ,Unemployment ,Developed countries ,Developing countries ,Business ,HF5001-6182 - Abstract
The coherence of the global economic system, created by its upswing in the first postwar decades, started to crumble in the ’70s. The destabilizing shocks affected the entire world, but in an uneven manner, in different geographical areas and at different times, being felt most acutely, with devastating economic and social effects, in Third World countries. Although the developed countries were affected as well, they always had means to combat or to diminish the adverse effects of the crises, leading to "gentler" consequences. This paper focuses on four main aspects in postwar global economic expansion, namely: the ’70s – the international monetary crisis and the oil shocks; the foreign debt crisis; the Latin American debt crisis, the Asian financial crises and the current global crisis.
- Published
- 2016
25. Money neutrality: Rethinking the myth
- Author
-
Issaoui Fakhri, Boufateh Talel, and Guesmi Mourad
- Subjects
money neutrality ,developed countries ,developing countries ,SVEC model ,Economic theory. Demography ,HB1-3840 - Abstract
Considered as an axiomatic basis of classical, neoclassical, and monetarist theories, the long-run money neutrality assumption does not always seem to be verified. Indeed, in our view, the money, in the sense of M2, can constitute a long-run channel of growth transmission. Thus, this paper examines the long-term relationship among money supply (M2), income (GDP), and prices (CPI). The subprime crisis in 2007 has shown that the demand for money does not only meet motives of transaction, precaution, and speculation but also of fictional or quasi-fictional future demands due to the fact that they are created without real counterparts. The capacity of production systems in developed countries to respond to increases in money supply by creating more wealth, involves the assumption of money neutrality in the long-run. However, in developing countries, the excess of money supply may lead to inflation trends. The present study has confirmed the long-term non-neutrality of money supply in the USA, and its neutrality in Gabon and Morocco.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. [Home and leisure accidents in young persons under 25 years of age in the European Union: challenges for tomorrow]
- Author
-
W, Rogmans
- Subjects
Adult ,Adolescent ,Health Priorities ,Developed Countries ,Health Policy ,International Cooperation ,Health Behavior ,Community Participation ,Infant ,Environment ,Accident Prevention ,Leisure Activities ,Accidents, Home ,Risk Factors ,Accidents ,Cause of Death ,Child, Preschool ,Population Surveillance ,Feasibility Studies ,Humans ,European Union ,Registries ,Safety ,Child ,Forecasting - Abstract
In all industrialised countries, the health status of children and adolescents has improved considerably. Today mortality in youngsters of one year and above is low, with the exception of mortality due to accidents: in childhood and adolescence, accidents (in particular those that occur at home or in leisure activities) represent the major cause of death. The objective of this paper is to assess the epidemiological evolution in the European Union in this respect and to review community actions aimed at reducing home and leisure accidents among youngsters living in the EU-region. Research underlines the multiple factors that bring about injuries caused by accidents and the role of environmental and behavioural factors in particular. The complexity and diversity of these factors suggest that priorities in prevention should be based on the severity of injuries and on the feasibility to prevent them. However, within the European Union, a consistent monitoring of mortality and morbidity related to home and leisure injuries is severely hampered by flaws in reporting current mortality and by the absence of a harmonized reporting system for morbidity. Launched in 1981, the European Home and Leisure Accident Surveillance System (EHLASS) is supposed to repair some of those deficiencies, but has not yet been in operation in all member states. Information from both systems is presented in this paper. Prevention policy itself requires coordination at various levels: between behavioural and environmental interventions and between various actors and intermediary groups involved. In the European Union a number of regulatory measures have been taken in order to improve of the safety of youngsters. However, only through clear-targeted programmes and well-coordinated structures and investments one can expect to achieve any change in injury among youngsters.
- Published
- 2001
27. [The evolution of the migratory flows in South Catalonia, 1950-1975]
- Author
-
N, Miret
- Subjects
Europe ,Geography ,Economics ,Spain ,Developed Countries ,Population ,Population Dynamics ,Emigration and Immigration ,Demography - Abstract
"This paper retraces the history and the geography of the substitution in the migratory flows to Catalonia...during the last 30 years. After the huge movement of internal migration during the first half of the twentieth century, the first flow of foreign migrants appeared in the [1970s]. This substitution of migratory origin is related to a reconfiguration of the immigrants' geographic polarity of settlements and in their economic role. Based on various statistical indicators and bibliographic references, this paper provides some essential elements for the understanding of the migratory complexity of this space." (EXCERPT)
- Published
- 1997
28. [East-West migration in Europe (1918-1993)]
- Author
-
H, Fassmann and R, Munz
- Subjects
Europe ,Transients and Migrants ,Motivation ,Refugees ,Developed Countries ,Population ,Population Dynamics ,Public Policy ,Emigration and Immigration ,Demography - Abstract
"This paper analyses available demographic data on international migration within and to Europe during the period 1918-1939 and 1945-1993. The main focus is on the east-west dimension of this migration. In the inter-war period some 9.2 million people either left their countries as labour migrants or were displaced.... In the post-war period (1945-1950) some 15.4 million people fled or were displaced within Europe.... Between 1950 and 1992 another 14 million people migrated from a country in East-central and Eastern Europe to the West.... In recent times the wars in Croatia and Bosnia as well as ethnic cleansing have led to the largest wave of refugees and displaced persons since 1945.... Our paper concludes that push and pull factors causing massive migration cannot only be contained by erecting new legislative barriers and deploying more armed border guards against newcomers." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
- Published
- 1995
29. Spousal homicide
- Author
-
M, Wilson and M, Daly
- Subjects
Behavior ,Canada ,Domestic Violence ,Family Characteristics ,Social Problems ,Data Collection ,Developed Countries ,Research ,Population ,Age Factors ,Sampling Studies ,Risk-Taking ,North America ,Population Characteristics ,Crime ,Family Relations ,Americas ,Homicide ,Spouses ,Demography - Abstract
This paper examines patterns in spousal homicide in Canada between 1974 and 1992. Among the findings highlighted in this paper are: spousal homicide rates have remained stable with an average of 17 victims per million couples per annum over the period 1974-92; there is a substantial variation in provincial spousal homicide rates, with the lowest rates in the Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island and the highest rates in the western provinces and territories; about 3.2 women have been killed by their husbands for each man killed by his wife; a married woman was 9 times as likely to be killed by her spouse as by a stranger over the period 1974-92; the rate of husbands killing wives is elevated in the aftermath of separation; risk of spousal homicide is greater in common-law marriages than in registered marriages for both women and men. Killings of spouses constitute a significant aspect of Canadian homicide: the 1886 women and men killed by spouses between 1974 and 1992 represent 15% of all Canadian homicide victims, 38% of adult female victims and 6% of adult male victims. This analysis highlights a number of factors associated with variations in the statistical incidence of homicide, including age and age disparity, registered vs. common-law marital status, separation vs. co-residency, and region. The relevance of a woman's youth may reflect short marital duration, childlessness, economic circumstances and, or other correlates of youth rather being an effect of youth per se.
- Published
- 1994
30. [The demo-political debate in Quebec: inclusion or exclusion?]
- Author
-
V, Piche
- Subjects
Canada ,Philosophy ,Developed Countries ,North America ,Politics ,Population ,Population Dynamics ,Americas ,Emigration and Immigration ,Models, Theoretical ,Social Change ,Acculturation ,Demography - Abstract
"The purpose of this paper is to present some aspects of a current research project on the evolution of demographic thought on immigration and integration [in Quebec, Canada], especially since the beginning of the 1960s. The paper is divided into two parts: the first is a brief consideration of the concept of integration in demography; the second presents four propositions which we believe characterize demo-political discourse at the present time. In brief, these four propositions are: 1) immigration today is unique in the history of Quebec; 2) immigration is not a solution to apprehended demographic decline; 3) immigration is linked to Quebec's capacity to receive new immigrants; and 4) the state is the leader in policy matters. In conclusion, regarding the 'inclusion/exclusion' duality, we suggest that demo-political discourse leans more heavily toward exclusion than toward inclusion." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
- Published
- 1992
31. COMMERCE INTRA-BRANCHE ET CROISSANCE ECONOMIQUE DES PAYS EN DEVELOPPEMENT.
- Author
-
ZINA, Nacer Ben and AFEF, Souguir
- Subjects
DEVELOPED countries ,PANEL analysis ,ECONOMIC expansion ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
This article provides an empirical analysis of intra-industry trade in the developing regions (Middle East, Europe C / O, NPI, Latin America and Africa) with the rest of the world and with developed countries in the period 1993-2001 similarities and differences of trade relations in these regions are analyzed using the index Grubel-Lloyd (GL). We note that different estimation methods yield different results, and the relationship between trade openness and growth is far from simple and needs to be treated with great caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
32. Statistical review of coal in Canada, 1997
- Published
- 1999
33. [Social demography in Quebec: a preliminary account]
- Author
-
V, Piche
- Subjects
Canada ,Developed Countries ,Research ,North America ,Population ,Population Dynamics ,Social Sciences ,Americas ,Models, Theoretical ,Social Change ,Developing Countries ,Demography - Abstract
"The goal of this paper is to review those explanatory models that dominate social demography in Quebec. The classical organization of demography, which calls upon the three components of demographic reproduction--fertility, migration and mortality--is followed. The concluding part of the paper deals with the concept of 'demographic regime', which aims to bring the three components together into an overall theory of demographic reproduction. The paper shows that if the functionalist and empirical tradition (mostly American) has dominated the field of demography for a very long time, feminist and materialistic approaches have recently appeared for the interpretation of demographic realities." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
- Published
- 1987
34. [The impact of the economic crisis on health systems of OECD countries]
- Author
-
Valérie, Paris
- Subjects
Economic Recession ,Salaries and Fringe Benefits ,Developed Countries ,Politics ,Humans ,Health Expenditures ,Delivery of Health Care ,Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development - Abstract
This paper describes measures adopted by OECD countries in the health sector in response to the economic crisis which began in 2008: increase and diversification of revenues collected for health, increases in user charges, reductions in staff, salaries and prices of health goods and services; and policies aiming to increase health systems efficiency. It then reviews the impact of these policies on health spending trends.
- Published
- 2014
35. Non-technical obstacles to the use of solar energy
- Author
-
Steemers, T [eds.]
- Published
- 1980
36. [Demographic aging and participation of the elderly in the financing of health and social expenses]
- Author
-
M, Rochon
- Subjects
Adult ,Canada ,Financing, Government ,Public Sector ,Financial Management ,Economics ,Developed Countries ,Population ,Population Dynamics ,Age Factors ,Taxes ,Health ,North America ,Population Characteristics ,Americas ,Health Expenditures ,Delivery of Health Care ,Social Welfare ,Aged ,Demography - Abstract
The classical indicators typically used to understand the consequences of population aging upon the ability to finance social services fail to consider the active participation of older individuals. But such participation and contribution is not negligible in countries where the financing of social programs is mainly assured through governments¿ general funds. This paper considers the actual and future importance of the participation of the elderly in funding public expenditures in Quebec, Canada. Specifically, the author attempts to determine the contribution of the elderly to the public financing of health and social expenditures taking into account overall government revenues, how that contribution will change over time and which related factors could be influenced, and up to what point can this contribution offset the projected growth in the financial burden of countries caused by an aging population. Governments¿ revenue sources and indexes related to people¿s contributions are discussed with regard to taxation on consumption and income. The contribution of the elderly to the financing of public expenditures is then considered, followed by sections on the contribution of the elderly to government revenues and the financing of social expenses, and future trends in the contribution. Demographic and health factors such as the population¿s health status and the aging of the active population also affect expenditure trends and the ability of a population to finance them.
- Published
- 2002
37. [France and its African migrants]
- Author
-
G, Courade
- Subjects
Transients and Migrants ,Developed Countries ,Politics ,Population ,Population Dynamics ,Public Policy ,Emigration and Immigration ,Africa, Southern ,Europe ,South Africa ,Africa ,France ,Social Change ,Developing Countries ,Acculturation ,Africa South of the Sahara ,Demography - Abstract
This is a selection of six articles by different authors on aspects of immigration from Africa to France. The emphasis is on the process of assimilation, and on the impact that French policies and regulations designed to slow down immigration have had. There is one paper on migration to South Africa from elsewhere in Africa, and on the impact of recent political changes on this migration.
- Published
- 2002
38. [Current status of the female condom in Africa]
- Author
-
F, Deniaud
- Subjects
Male ,United Nations ,Sexually Transmitted Diseases ,HIV Infections ,Spermatocidal Agents ,World Health Organization ,Health Services Accessibility ,Disease Outbreaks ,Condoms ,Pregnancy ,Contraceptive Agents, Female ,Hypersensitivity ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ,Condoms, Female ,Developing Countries ,Marketing of Health Services ,Developed Countries ,Sex Work ,Sexual Partners ,Attitude ,Patient Satisfaction ,Social Conditions ,Africa ,Costs and Cost Analysis ,Women's Health ,Women's Rights ,Female - Abstract
The female condom was developed in the 1980s. It is a contraceptive device used by women that protects against both pregnancy and sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs) including HIV infection. Two studies have investigated the contraceptive effectiveness of the female condom, and it was found to be as effective as other barrier methods. It has been shown to be effective against STD and HIV transmission in vitro but there is only limited evidence of its efficacy in vivo. No serious local side effects or allergies have been reported and the female condom can be used with any type of lubricant, spermicidal cream or foam. The female condom is the only device other than the male condom that has been shown to prevent HIV transmission. The female condom has been marketed in 13 countries since the summer of 1996. Most of these countries are industrialized and the selling price in these countries is too high for developing countries. Sub-Saharan Africa has very high prevalence rates for HIV infection, at least 30% of the general population in Eastern and Central regions. The epidemic is also spreading fast in some parts of the Western region. In Ivory Coast for example, 12 to 15% of pregnant women are infected. African women are subordinate to men in many aspects of their lives, politically, educationally, socially and sexually. This sexual inequality makes them highly vulnerable to STDs, including HIV, and unwanted pregnancies. This paper reviews 10 of the 15 studies carried out in sub-Saharan African countries between 1990 and 1996 and compiled by the World Health Organization. Recruitment methods, education of subjects, methodology and assessment of acceptability differed between studies. Despite these limitations, most studies concluded that the women who participated in the trials generally found the female condom acceptable. Acceptability was established quicker among prostitutes than among other women and men found the female condom less acceptable than did women. However, the sample size is too small to draw any firm conclusions. Commercial sex workers in the studies reviewed were very interested in this new method because it gave them an additional method of safer protection during sex. However, they were occasionally faced with difficult negotiations with some clients, refusal to use the female condom and sexual violence. Reuse of the device was reported in four studies, but the term reuse is seldom defined. In cases where it was defined, the frequency of reuse, with washing of the device, accounted for no more than 1% of the total number of uses. The acceptability of the female condom among women other than prostitutes faces two obstacles, the reaction of the woman's regular partner and attitudes to the device itself (appearance, difficulties or uneasiness concerning its use). However, some women liked it because it provided dual protection against pregnancy and STDs and sexual pleasure. The moderate level of acceptability to male partners may be overestimated because women whose partners disliked the device would be more likely to discontinue its use. The studies of acceptability reviewed here show that use of the female condom in Africa is realistic and that it provides women with more independent protection. Initial negative perceptions of the device are often replaced with a more positive reaction after several uses. The experience gained with use reduces the technical problems. We need to overcome the stereotypes, simplifications and strong opinions that threaten to damage the acceptance of this new method and efforts to encourage women to adopt it. However, we still require further clinical data on the effectiveness of the female condom at preventing pregnancy and HIV transmission. Availability of the female condom is improving in Africa. Pilot marketing studies were launched in 1996 in Guinea, Zambia, South Africa, followed by Uganda and Tanzania. There are local initiatives in Ivory Coast and Zimbabwe. (ABSTRACT TRUNCThis work discusses the female condom and the context of women's lives in sub-Saharan Africa, analyzes results of studies on acceptability conducted in Africa, and assesses the prospects for future use of the method in Africa. Studies have been conducted throughout the world on the efficacy, tolerance, and acceptability of the female condom. The two studies of contraceptive effectiveness, carried out in England, the US, and Latin America, showed it to be about as effective as other barrier methods. Both studies had high dropout rates. The female condom has been demonstrated to be effective in vitro against transmission of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases, but evidence of efficacy in vivo remains limited. The high prevalence of HIV infection in eastern and central Africa and its rapid spread in parts of western Africa, and the growing desire of African women to space or limit births, indicate a need for protection that could be met by the female condom. The subordinate position of African women at all levels limits their ability to negotiate on sexual topics, including contraception. 10 of the 15 studies of acceptability of the female condom, carried out in 9 sub-Saharan African countries between 1990 and 1996 and compiled by the World Health Organization, were reviewed. The studies were limited by small sample size, selective recruiting, lack of consistency in methods and analysis, and a tendency to ignore dropout rates and motives. Despite the limitations, the studies found female condoms to be acceptable to certain groups of women, especially prostitutes. Acceptability was established more rapidly among prostitutes, although large proportions reported the method to be unacceptable to some of their clients. Results of acceptability studies were more variable among non-prostitutes. Acceptability among men has been insufficiently documented. Stereotypes and oversimplifications must not be allowed to hamper promotion of the female condom. It is recommended that further study of the contraceptive and disease prevention efficacy of the female condom be conducted and that availability and accessibility of the method be increased for African women.
- Published
- 1998
39. [Primary chemoprevention of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in non-industrialized countries]
- Author
-
X, Anglaret, F, Dabis, J, Batungwanayo, C, Perronne, H, Taelman, D, Bonard, F, Sylla-Koko, V, Leroy, P, Van de Perre, J L, Vildé, and R, Salamon
- Subjects
Clinical Trials as Topic ,AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections ,Tuberculin Test ,Cost-Benefit Analysis ,Developed Countries ,Incidence ,Antitubercular Agents ,Zambia ,Drug Resistance, Microbial ,Mycobacterium tuberculosis ,World Health Organization ,Chemoprevention ,Haiti ,United States ,Placebos ,Recurrence ,Practice Guidelines as Topic ,Isoniazid ,Humans ,Patient Compliance ,Uganda ,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S ,Developing Countries ,Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ,Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic - Abstract
In randomized placebo-controlled trials in Haïti, Zambia and Uganda, prophylactic use of isoniazid (INH) for 6 to 12 months reduced the annual incidence of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients by more than 50 per cent. For several years, WHO, IUTATLD and CDC have recommended that HIV-positive patients testing positive in a PPD test should be treated with INH as a form of anti-tuberculosis chemoprophylaxis (ATC). Whilst these recommendations are easy to follow in industrialized countries, widespread use of ATC in developing countries remains problematic because: (i) It is unknown what proportion of patients are likely to be re-infected at the end of ATC in countries where TB is endemic; (ii) It is possible that resistant bacilli may be selected due to the incomplete exclusion from the ATC program of patients with active TB at enrollment; (iii) It is difficult to identify asymptomatic carriers of M. tuberculosis at enrollment; (iv) It is doubtful that all patients will comply with a treatment regime which lasts several months; (v) The cost of a widespread ATC program, whose full benefit remains to be evaluated, may be difficult to justify. This paper attempts to review these issues and demonstrates the need for more population-based clinical trials in the field.
- Published
- 1997
40. [Documented foreign immigrants in Italy: ethnic ties and insertion into the labor force]
- Author
-
M, Ambrosini
- Subjects
Employment ,Transients and Migrants ,Economics ,Developed Countries ,Culture ,Population ,Population Dynamics ,Emigration and Immigration ,Europe ,Italy ,Ethnicity ,Population Characteristics ,Health Workforce ,Occupations ,Social Change ,Acculturation ,Demography - Abstract
"The text presents an analysis of immigrants' insertion within the Italian labour market.... Two main sectors of activities have provided them with...opportunities of insertion: domestic work, mainly concentrated in the metropolis, and work industries, mostly widespread in Lombardia and the Italian North-Eastern regions. The second part of the paper presents the results of some empirical surveys which focus [on] three aspects: integration in the industrial sector; ¿subordinated' integration, concerning domestic work; [and] entrepreneurial integration...." (EXCERPT)
- Published
- 1997
41. [Crisis and demographic transition in Africa]
- Author
-
J, Coussy and J, Vallin
- Subjects
Europe ,Economics ,Developed Countries ,Africa ,Population ,Population Dynamics ,Public Policy ,France ,Developing Countries ,Africa South of the Sahara ,Demography - Abstract
The main task of CEPED, the French Center on Population and Development, is to deal with the relations between population and development. The center in this paper questions the nature of the demographic consequences of adjustment policy and reforms in developing countries. There is no doubt that such policies had important social consequences. The dearth of available statistical data, however, makes it difficult and even pointless to try and dissociate the effects of adjustment policies from the economic crises which put them in place. CEPED asked a group of experts to offer their views on to what extent the global economic crisis and the structural adjustment policies effected during the early 1980s affected demographic trends over the long term in sub-Saharan Africa. Whatever effects the economic crisis and the structural adjustment policies had upon the continent will remain to be felt for years to come. Further research is therefore warranted.
- Published
- 1996
42. [Jewish identity and immigration to Israel: an ongoing survey among the current wave of Russian immigrants]
- Author
-
N, Damian and Y, Rosenbaum-tamari
- Subjects
Transients and Migrants ,Behavior ,Asia ,Developed Countries ,Culture ,Population ,Population Dynamics ,Emigration and Immigration ,Self Concept ,Jews ,Asia, Western ,Ethnicity ,Population Characteristics ,Psychology ,Perception ,Israel ,Social Behavior ,Demography ,USSR - Abstract
"This paper aims to supply information on the factors that motivated large masses of Jews to leave the former Soviet Union and settle in Israel during the last few years. Also investigated is the relationship between Jewish identity and the decision to immigrate to Israel. Finally, the study examines the connection between immigrants' Jewish and Israeli identity and their predisposition to stay in Israel or to re-emigrate elsewhere. The findings indicate that the current Jewish emigration from the former USSR has, to a significant extent, the character of free choice, and that the decision to come to Israel is highly correlated with the respondents' commitment to their Jewishness and to the Jewish people." (EXCERPT)
- Published
- 1996
43. [Attitudes and orientation of Soviet immigrants: the emergence of a new ethnic group in Israel]
- Author
-
M, Al-haj
- Subjects
Transients and Migrants ,Behavior ,Asia ,Developed Countries ,Culture ,Population ,Population Dynamics ,Emigration and Immigration ,Self Concept ,Attitude ,Jews ,Asia, Western ,Ethnicity ,Population Characteristics ,Psychology ,Perception ,Israel ,Social Change ,Acculturation ,Demography ,USSR - Abstract
"This paper deals with the attitudes of Jewish immigrants to Israel from the former Soviet Union. It delineates the adjustment strategy Soviet immigrants have adopted and attempts to explore their ethnic orientation.... While it is too early to draw conclusions regarding the ethnic identity of Soviet immigrants in Israel, our findings indicate a strong tendency for these immigrants to manifest and sustain a unique ¿Russian identity'. Taking into consideration the cultural and socio-demographic characteristics of Soviet immigrants, we may hypothesize that we [will] witness the emergence of a new ethnic group in Israel." (EXCERPT)
- Published
- 1996
44. [Clinical experimentation with HIV vaccines: scientific and ethical dilemmas]
- Author
-
M, Lallemant and S, Le Coeur
- Subjects
AIDS Vaccines ,Adult ,Male ,Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ,Clinical Trials as Topic ,Physician-Patient Relations ,Developed Countries ,Research ,World Health Organization ,Socioeconomic Factors ,HIV-2 ,HIV-1 ,Humans ,Ethics, Medical ,Female ,Child ,Developing Countries - Abstract
Developing a vaccine against HIV is one of the greatest challenges the scientific community faces today. Several vaccine candidates have undergone preliminary safety and immunogenicity studies in humans. Research teams are ready to test these vaccines in the field, yet the scientific community is divided as to whether efficacy trial should begin. This paper addresses the complex scientific and ethical issues raised by clinical trials. Considering the pressure to act rapidly to solve the crisis, scientists need to hold to the fundamental principles that guide decisions in biomedical research: respect for persons, beneficence and justice. Because these studies need to enroll a large number of subjects, prospective vaccines will need to be tested in developing, as well as industrial countries. The international community needs to work to ensure that the populations that accept the risk of the research receive the full benefit of that research and, that the vaccine proven successful, be made accessible and affordable to people in less economically developed situation.
- Published
- 1995
45. [Latin America, land of emigration: the process approach to net migration]
- Author
-
M, Boleda
- Subjects
Latin America ,Developed Countries ,Research ,Population ,Population Dynamics ,Statistics as Topic ,Americas ,Emigration and Immigration ,Developing Countries ,Demography - Abstract
"In this paper, the author deals with migration in America since 1950, focusing on the emigration process from Latin America. For this purpose, the analysis is based upon net migration rates that can be obtained by indirect methods. At the beginning, data are provided by continents, then the analysis focuses on 25 Latin American countries." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
- Published
- 1995
46. [Italian emigration: historiography, anthropology, and comparative research]
- Author
-
P, Corti
- Subjects
Europe ,Italy ,Anthropology ,Developed Countries ,Research ,Culture ,Population ,Population Dynamics ,Population Characteristics ,Social Sciences ,Emigration and Immigration ,Demography - Abstract
"This brief paper identifies the most important moments and the most significant studies of Italian historiography on emigration. These range from the first formulation of economic and national models of the Italian exodus to their subsequent fragmentation into a mosaic of regional and local historical and anthropological studies. Ultimately, this will allow a much needed conceptual synthesis, aiming at new comparative research objectives, and a less specialized and sectorial analysis of emigration. Such an approach would also help us to tackle the migrational phenomena in contemporary society with a greater historical awareness and with more adequate cultural comprehension." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND ITA AND SPA)
- Published
- 1995
47. [Living arrangements and economic well-being of American children]
- Author
-
D T, Lichter
- Subjects
Family Characteristics ,Geography ,Economics ,Developed Countries ,Culture ,Population ,Public Policy ,United States ,White People ,Black or African American ,Social Class ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Residence Characteristics ,North America ,Ethnicity ,Quality of Life ,Population Characteristics ,Americas ,Poverty ,Social Welfare ,Demography - Abstract
"The objective of this paper is to evaluate the extent to which racial variation in children's economic well-being resides in divergent parental work patterns and/or family living arrangements. This is accomplished using recently-released data from the 1 percent sample of the Public Use Microdata Sample of the 1990 [U.S.] decennial census. The results indicate that racial differences in family structure undermine efforts to eliminate racial inequality among American children. Among blacks, for example, the high proportions of children living in female-headed families account for 60 percent of the difference from white children in poverty rates. Similarly, racial differences in parental work patterns contribute to (but cannot explain completely) racial variation in child poverty. Among black children in married-couple families, poverty rates are roughly twice those of their white counterparts, even though black children are more likely to have both parents working." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
- Published
- 1994
48. [Children in single-mother families: economic insecurity and policy dilemmas]
- Author
-
I, Garfinkel and S S, Mclanahan
- Subjects
Family Characteristics ,Financing, Government ,Single-Parent Family ,Financial Management ,Economics ,Developed Countries ,Research ,Public Policy ,Public Assistance ,United States ,Health Planning ,Social Class ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Organization and Administration ,North America ,Income ,Social Planning ,Americas ,Policy Making ,Poverty - Abstract
"In the absence of government assistance, most mother-only families would be poor and economically insecure.... Government can reduce economic insecurity, but doing so will increase dependence on government....This creates a major dilemma for policy makers: whether to give priority to reducing economic insecurity or whether to give priority to reducing dependence and prevalence. In this paper we address key questions relevant to the dilemma: the extent of insecurity, dependence, and prevalence; the role of government in producing and maintaining all three; and the experience of single mothers and their children in the United States as compared to those in other advanced industrial nations.... Evidence from both international comparisons and American experience during the past 20 years indicates that a further reduction in welfare benefits will increase poverty and insecurity. Furthermore, the beneficial effects on dependence and prevalence are not likely to be great." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
- Published
- 1994
49. [Rural depopulation: 1954-1990]
- Author
-
L, Chauvel
- Subjects
Employment ,Europe ,Rural Population ,Economics ,Developed Countries ,Population ,Population Dynamics ,Population Characteristics ,France ,Emigration and Immigration ,Population Growth ,Demography - Abstract
"The purpose of this paper is to present evidence for a long term link between employment and population [in rural France]. A model is built in order to describe the interaction between employment, migration and natural population increase over 1962-1990. This shows how declining departments are bound within a vicious mechanism: while the decline of local employment leads to population outflow, the population decline contributes to a further employment fall." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
- Published
- 1994
50. [The changing family contexts of children in the United States]
- Author
-
L, Bumpass
- Subjects
Family Characteristics ,Adolescent ,Geography ,Illegitimacy ,Marital Status ,Social Problems ,Developed Countries ,Population ,Population Dynamics ,Age Factors ,Single Person ,United States ,Fertility ,Divorce ,Residence Characteristics ,Terminology as Topic ,North America ,Population Characteristics ,Family Relations ,Americas ,Marriage ,Child ,Demography - Abstract
"This paper reviews the roles of divorce, nonmarital childbearing, and cohabitation in the changing family contexts of children, and then provides new estimates of current family composition which incorporate cohabitation. The underlying process is viewed in terms of the declining significance of marriage linked to long-term trends in individuation. Half of all children in the U.S. will spend some time in a single-parent family, and nonmarital childbearing is an important factor creating these families. At the same time, increased cohabitation requires that family definitions which are based on marital status in the U.S. be replaced with those that include cohabitation. A sixth of traditionally defined ¿mother-only' families are cohabiting two-parent families, and the one-fourth of current stepfamilies that are cohabiting are missed by marriage-based definitions." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
- Published
- 1994
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