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(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2024 8(3), 1143-1154 | European Forum Insight of 16 January 2024 | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. The advent of Putinism in Europe: illiberalism in Hungary and Poland. - III. Diverging approaches to the invasion of Ukraine. - IV. Challenges and opportunities: discovering the EU’s militant democracy potential?. - V. Conclusion. | (Abstract) In the past decade, Hungary and Poland have experienced a process of rule of law backsliding that threatens the state of democracy at home, and affects the decision making and legitimacy of the European Union as a whole. In the face of Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine, the response of Hungary and Poland has been diametrically opposed, but equally damaging to the EU rule of law. The present Insight will analyse the response of these two member states to the Russian invasion, and it will argue that the war has highlighted major pitfalls in the EU’s policy toward backsliding governments, which continue to benefit from funds and veto powers, undermining the EU’s effectiveness in the process. However, a renewed fight for democracy in Europe could offer the perfect opportunity to be tough on autocrats inside and outside the Union.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2023 8(1), 9-16 | European Forum Insight of 11 April 2023 | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. Electoral Reform. - II.1. Comment. - II.2. Proposed amendments. - III. Ordinary Revision Procedure. - III.1. Comment. - III.2. Proposed amendments. - IV. The General Passerelle Clause. - IV.1. Comment. - IV.2. Proposed amendments. - V. Affiliate Membership. - V.1. Comment. - V.2. Proposed new clause. - VI. Shifting Competences. - VI.1. Comment. - VI.2. Proposed amendment. | (Abstract) If there is not to be a Convention to revise the Treaty of Lisbon, here is a proposal to amend some key articles in order to strengthen the democratic legitimacy of the EU, to make its decision making more agile, and to enhance its capacity to act.

The author of the paper proposes to take a closer look at the collection Frankofonia Literaria in which French-language literature is published in Polish translation. In the case of the collection, several phenomena specific to the mechanism of the editorial choice, and then the way of presentation of the source target in translation in the paratexts (especially peritexts) are articulated. The author analyzes the profile of the publisher, the profile of the translator and then the nature of the editorial peritext. She also reflects on the specificity of the decision-making process as well as on the role(s) of the translator both in the choice and in the dissemination of the translated works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Health research is typically disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and academic forums. However, evidence suggests limited exploration of alternative communication methods for effective knowledge dissemination. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the extent to which policymakers in Malawi consult health researchers while translating their knowledge. This study aimed to determine the post-research endeavours of Malawian health researchers to incorporate research findings into policy and decision making. Method: Conducted at Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS), this cross-sectional study employed a 5-point Likert scale survey to collect data from researchers, offering a snapshot view without indicating temporal changes or causality. Results: Researchers rarely created suggestions, take-home messages, or actionable instructions for use by health officials. They seldom give users access to a searchable database of papers, studies, and syntheses that summarise recommendations for policymakers in the field of health. They seldom send reprints of papers from scientific publications to decision-makers. Few researchers have created summaries of articles or systematic reviews for health officials’ use. Conclusion: Traditional channels, such as journals and conferences, dominate the dissemination of health research. However, limited evidence suggests the need for broader communication strategies. The current landscape lacks effective products and methods, urging researchers to produce accessible formats with clear, key messages to address policy questions. Contribution: Researchers should develop research products in compelling formats by using clear key messages. The summarised evidence should answer important policy questions. Researchers should involve the media to communicate their research outputs.

Machine learning algorithms have quickly risen to the top of several fields' decision-making processes in recent years. However, it is simple for these algorithms to confirm already present prejudices in data, leading to biassed and unfair choices. In this work, we examine bias in machine learning in great detail and offer strategies for promoting fair and moral algorithm design. The paper then emphasises the value of fairnessaware machine learning algorithms, which aim to lessen bias by including fairness constraints into the training and evaluation procedures. Reweighting, adversarial training, and resampling are a few strategies that could be used to overcome prejudice. Machine learning systems that better serve society and respect ethical ideals can be developed by promoting justice, transparency, and inclusivity. This paper lays the groundwork for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to forward the cause of ethical and fair machine learning through concerted effort.

Copyright of Synergies Roumanie is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Insāniyāt / Revue Algérienne d'Anthropologie et de Sciences Sociales is the property of Centre de Recherche en Anthropologie Sociale et Culturelle (CRASC) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Educação Matemática Pesquisa is the property of Pontificia Universidade Catolica de Sao Paulo, Programa de Estudos Pos-Grad. em Educacao Matematica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Generale de Droit is the property of Universite d'Ottawa, Section de Droit Civil and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mélanges francophones is the property of Galati University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Refusal of treatment questions the treatment's adequacy as well as the quality of the care relationship. A rigorous analysis of these situations is necessary in order to respect the patient's fundamental right to decide for him/herself while preventing a potential loss of chance. This paper proposes practical guidelines for assessment and management of the refusal of treatment by adult cancer patients., Methods: The French Association for Supportive Care in Cancer and the French Society for Psycho-Oncology formed a task force that applied a consensus methodology to draft guidelines., Results: We propose five guidelines: (1) be informed of the conditions most often associated with refusal of treatment so as to reinforce adequate support measures; (2) understand the complexity of the process of refusal and accurately identify what is precisely refused; (3) apply an approach of systematic analysis to refusal, to try and increase the possibilities of finding an agreement while reinforcing the respect of the patient's position; (4) establish a legal procedure to address refusal of treatment that safeguards the stakeholders when no accord can be found; and (5) know the indications for ethical collective decision-making., Conclusion: A systematic assessment procedure of treatment refusal is necessary in order to ensure that all the physical, psychological and contextual aspects of it are taken into account, and to provide patients with the best treatment possible. The setting of good care relationship, the improvement of communication skills training and of comprehensive multidisciplinary care are all crucial elements in the prevention of these situations., (Copyright © 2018 Société Française du Cancer. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Copyright of Revue d'Économie Régionale & urbaine is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Française de Gestion is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Long-term treatment of hypercholesterolemia with statins diminishes the risk of cardiovascular events. Statins are recommended in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. In the absence of preexisting cardiovascular disease, the decision to start a statin or not is most often made by the general practitioner and his patient. An interactive decision aid, developed by the Mayo Clinic, has just been translated in French and adapted to the Swiss epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors, with the aim of promoting shared decision-making. This paper reviews the conditions and potential benefits of shared decision-making about statin therapy in primary prevention.

Copyright of VertigO is the property of La Revue Electronique en Sciences de l'Environnement VertigO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annals of Telecommunications is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper assesses the decision making patterns in medical ethics: the formalized pattern of decision science, the meditative pattern of an art of judgement and lastly the still-to-be-elaborated pattern of kairology or sense of the right time. The ethical decision is to be thought out in the conditions of medical action while resorting to the philosophical concepts that shed light on the issue. And it is precisely where medicine and philosophy of human action meet that the Greek notion of kairos, or "propitious moment", evokes the critical point where decision has to do with what is vital. Reflection shows that this kairos can be thought out outside the sacrificial pattern (deciding comes down to killing a possibility) by understanding the opportune moment as a sign of ethical action, as the condition for the formation of the subject (making a decision) and finally as a new relationship to time, including in the context of medical urgency. Thus with an approach to clinical ethics centred on the relation to the individual, the focus is less on the probabilistic knowledge of the decidable than on the meaning of the decision, and the undecidable comes to be accepted as an infinite dimension going beyond the limits of our acts, which makes the contingency and the grandeur of human responsibility.

Interest for representations about cancer treatments and their side effects is increasing because their central role has been proved in how patients cope with illness and symptoms and how they react emotionally. Through a synthesis of the literature, this paper has two objectives: firstly, to clarify the current state of knowledge in this field, and secondly to point out the manner that bringing out these individual representations during oncological consultations contributes to preventing difficulties and treatment discontinuation and facilitates medical decision processing.

Empathy is a core aspect of our humanity, playing a fundamental role in motivating concern for others. This ability comes with cognitive, emotional, and energetic costs. Empathy is also limited and fragile and, therefore not always a reliable source of information in moral decision-making. This paper integrates evolutionary theory, social neuroscience, psychology, and behavioral economics to demonstrate why and how various social cues and situational factors unconsciously and rapidly modulate empathy. This theoretical framework explains why decision-making guided by empathy alone can erode our ethical values. Clarifying the role of empathy in moral decision-making processes has implications for law, health, and public policy.

Copyright of Ingénierie des Systèmes d'Information is the property of International Information & Engineering Technology Association (IIETA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue d'Orthopédie Dento-Faciale is the property of Parresia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The European integration and globalisation are two important challenges faced by the universities, together with the ageing process that affects the size and the distribution of the target group of any higher education institution – the students. In this context, the universities’ management system of human resources becomes very important. The performance and risks of any university are influenced by the quality of their employees and moreover, by the quality of the top-management team. This paper is trying to build on the model of recruitment developed by the Council of Europe, because HEIs need talented professionals, capable to work in multi-cultural environment. Thus, our paper tries to adapt the “Competency Framework and Core Values” of the Council of Europe to the specific of Danubius University of Galati, in order to improve the policy of recruitment, development and assessment of the management team. We hope that this paper will represent a starting point of redesigning the human-resources management system at our university, and also, it may represent an example of other universities in their process of renewing their strategies and policies of development. The value of this paper consists mainly in the innovative approach and to the fact that the results are original and unique and may be used for an education reform regarding HEIs’ management system.

Exercise is a situation that involves cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic responses simultaneously. Thus, interpretating the results of the cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) requires an integrated understanding of the pathophysiology of exercise intolerance which may result from lung, heart, pulmonary or peripheral circulation, muscles disturbances, or a combination of these functional disorders. In this paper, we offer a systematic method to assist clinicians in developing a pathophysiological reasoning from the functional competency of each component measured during incremental exercise. We propose to go through four steps: descriptive analysis, prioritization of the functional disorders, mechanistic proposals and diagnostic and/or therapeutic suggestions. The descriptive analysis step should answer seven key physiological questions, the prioritization step is based on the magnitude of the functional disorders and their relevance to the primary symptoms causing exercise intolerance, the mechanistic proposals step aims at suggesting different mechanisms and etiologies compatible with the scale of observed functional abnormalities, which will finally be tested by exploring specific diagnostic or therapeutic suggestions., (Copyright © 2013 SPLF. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The physician who cares for adolescents should routinely assess the medical decision-making capacity of the minor. The physician must always ask whether the young person has the capacity of discernment, after having given the patient the necessary information, and before obtaining his consent. This analysis is helpful for the physician to determine who can make the decision, and to consider the limits of confidentiality. This paper reviews the Swiss law situation in terms of age limits, and provides information to guide the physician in the evaluation process with the use of practical questions and help of other professionals when in doubt.

Copyright of Management international / International Management / Gestiòn Internacional is the property of Management International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Physicians are using clinical scores on a regular basis. These scores are generally helpful in making medical decisions. However, the process of validation of clinical scores is often unknown to the physicians. This paper reviews the theory of validation of clinical scores and proposes practical exercises.

When two options or more can be chosen in medical care, the final decision implies two steps: facts analysis, and patient evaluation of preferences. Shared Medical Decision-Making is a rational conceptual frame that can be used in such cases. In this paper, we describe the concept, its practical modalities, and the questions raised by its use. In gynaecology, many medical situations involve "sensitive preferences choice": for example, contraceptive choice, menorrhagia treatment, and approach of menopause. Some tools from the "Shared Medical Decision Making" concept are useful to structure medical consultations, to convey information, and to reveal patients preferences. Decision aid are used in clinical research settings, but some of them may also be easily used in usual practice, and help physicians to improve both quality and traceability of the decisional process., (Copyright 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Over the last decade, the development of new therapeutic options has made more patients benefit from antitumoral strategies including several lines of chemotherapy, the aim of which is a long-term control of the disease progression. In such a context of "chronic" management, the choice of tumor response as a single parameter appears restrictive to assess those new therapeutic options. For that reason, we have recently proposed a composite index of relative efficacy including response rate as well as parameters related to tumour stabilization and duration of the response. The objective of this index, published as the In-RATE is to allow the comparison of two treatments a and b as follows: In-RATE a/b = (response rate a/response rate b) x (time to progression a/time to progression b) x (progression rate b/progression rate a). Values significantly higher or less than 1 suggest the superiority, in terms of efficacy, of treatments a or b, respectively. When retrospectively applied to randomised studies, the In-RATE showed that some results and conclusions based on the response rate as a unique endpoint might be reconsidered, and that a significant difference between protocols could be detected in published reports having concluded to statistical equivalence. This paper reviews the rationale and principle of this work, and discusses the potential clinical applications of the In-RATE.

Background: This paper deals with the physician-patient encounter. In France, the current legal framework allows patients to be informed (patients' rights to health information) and to participate to decisions regarding their own health. In such a context, this paper aims to give the reader the broad key components of the so-called 'patient treatment preferences elicitation process' in breast cancer, our research area., Methods and Results: We first present the general context, with a definition of the different physician-patient models. We then present decision aids, tools that aim to provide high-quality information to patients in the decision-making process. Finally, based on our previous studies and on examples drawn from the international literature, we present the empirical process of patients' preferences elicitation, which not only increases patients' knowledge of and satisfaction with the decision made, but also allows patients to be part of their disease management., Conclusion: Far from being a phenomenon in the air supported by a legal system, this method developed in the 90s allows patients and more generally healthcare users to be autonomous without constraining them to a choice.

Preservation of natural teeth is the ultimate goal of dentistry today. Regular screening for periodontal disease, followed by infection control whenever necessary, positively affects tooth preservation, the more when the patients complies with therapy and regular maintenance. The dentist is, however, often confronted with treatment dilemmas and has to decide whether to extract or preserve teeth, to extirpate or extract, to keep or to implant, to make removable or fixed prostheses. Decision making is depending on the prognosis of teeth and becomes more difficult when teeth are supporting prosthetic restorations because the question arises: "How long will the teeth and the restoration survive?". Systematic reviews have revealed that teeth and implants have a similar prognosis. They are prone to biological and technical complications, the latter determining long term prognosis. Implant survival rates are around 93% after 10 years but the survival of the construction ranges between 80% and 90% depending on the type and extension. Complications are reported in the order of 35%. Prosthetic restoration on natural teeth have a 10-year survival of 80-90% with 34% of complications. The present paper gives a brief overview of the prognosis of dental treatments and discusses arguments that may be of help to make treatment decision choices.

This paper examines the way in which paediatricians manage in the case of neo-natal resuscitation to make the decision to continue or stop the procedures, and this within a context characterised by the lack of reliability on scientific norms. The authors aimed to highlight that which orients the medical decisions in a local context of uncertainty. The data have been extracted from a significantly sized field project (based on observations and interviews) carried out in two neo-natal intensive care service units.

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Copyright of Perspectives Psychiatriques is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Psychosocial environment at work is now considered a health determinant. The National Population Health Survey (NPHS) of 1994-95 is the first study in which psychological demands and decision latitude at work were measured in a random sample of the Canadian population. However, psychometric properties of the scales used in NPHS to measure these factors are not known. The objective of the present paper was to evaluate some validity parameters of the scales used in the NPHS by comparison to the original scales recommended by Karasek to measure these factors. Results of the current study support the validity of the decision latitude scale. However, validity of the psychological demand scale is more limited.

Copyright of PECVNIA is the property of PECVNIA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Française de Gestion is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Management international / International Management / Gestiòn Internacional is the property of Management International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Decision Systems is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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