159 results on '"Germ Cells"'
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2. Impact du virus Zika sur la fertilité masculine et sur la prise en charge en assistance médicale à la procréation.
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Pasquier, Christophe and Bujan, Louis
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- *
ZIKA virus , *GERM cells , *REPRODUCTIVE technology , *AEDES , *EXCRETION - Abstract
Since the 2015-16 epidemic, the Zika virus has been considered as a virus with a high emergence potential and a major impact on public health due to the severe neurological sequelae, particularly congenital. This arbovirus is mainly transmitted by mosquitoes (Aedes) and is also transmitted by blood, transplacental and sexual routes. Infection of support cells and the germ line, as well as seminal excretion of the virus, are frequent at the start of infection, with infectivity possible up to 3 months after contamination. During a period of active circulation (permanent exposure), management in AMP remains complicated and requires recourse to serological (elimination of an infection that is more than one month old) or molecular (elimination of seminal excretion) controls. In men, the impact on sperm parameters appears to be moderate and transient. The 2022 French recommendations set out the various possible situations, but they are likely to evolve in line with epidemiological developments and the availability of preventive and curative measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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3. [MISCELLANEOUS VACCINE AND HOMEOPATHIC, EUTHANASIA AND GERM CELLS].
- Author
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Nau JY
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- Adult, Child, China, France, Homeopathy psychology, Humans, Netherlands, Parents psychology, Tissue and Organ Procurement trends, Treatment Refusal psychology, Vaccination psychology, Embryonic Stem Cells metabolism, Embryonic Stem Cells transplantation, Euthanasia, Germ Cells transplantation, Homeopathy trends, Infertility therapy, Vaccination trends, Vaccines administration & dosage, Vaccines adverse effects
- Published
- 2016
4. [EUGIC (Extension of the Use of Gametes in Intra-Conjugal): New uses of gametes within the couple].
- Author
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Mesnil M, Ranisavljevic N, Brouillet S, Ducrocq B, Reignier A, Yazbeck C, Metzler-Guillemain C, Ohl J, Brunet L, Letur H, and Ravel C
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- Humans, Female, Oocytes, Oocyte Donation, Germ Cells, Reproductive Techniques, Assisted
- Abstract
Objective: New possibilities for using gametes within a couple were created by the French law of August 2, 2021 related to bioethics by opening Assisted Reproductive Technics (ART) to all women. It concerns previously self-preserved gametes, thus avoiding the need for gamete donation. The objective of our study is to evaluate the perception of these new uses by ART practitioners., Method: A questionnaire of twelve short questions was sent to professionals concerned with gamete donation., Results: One hundred and ten professionals answered the questionnaire. The majority of them approve of the Reception of Oocytes from the Partner (ROPA), notably if there is a medical indication. Requests are rarer for the care of trans* people, and raise more questions. Although less favorable to the use of eggs from trans* men, more of them support the practice when it is an alternative to oocyte donation., Conclusion: The acronym EUGIC (Extension of the Use of Gametes in Intra-Conjugal) makes it possible to group together these new situations generated by the change in the French law., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)
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- 2023
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5. La spermatogenèse in vitro : état de l'art.
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Dumont, Ludovic, Moutard, Laura, Rondanino, Christine, and Rives, Nathalie
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- *
MICROPHYSIOLOGICAL systems , *GERM cells , *SPERMATOGENESIS , *CELL culture , *PRODUCTION methods - Abstract
A complete reconstruction of in vitro spermatogenesis, with a consensus on the optimal culture conditions, has yet to be defined and achieved. However, numerous techniques have been proposed over the last decade to progress towards this goal. This review focuses on methods using all or part of a testicular tissue, such as the organotypic culture method enabling the production of functional haploid cells in the animal model, different types of three-dimensional culture, semi-tridimensional culture, or conventional cell culture in which germ cell development does not go beyond the pachytene spermatocyte I stage (with a few exceptions). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Évolution et développement des cellules germinales / Evolution and development of germ cells
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Huynh, Responsable : Jean-René
- Abstract
Recherche Page web : https://www.college-de-france.fr/evolution-and-development-of-germ-cells. Publications Rubin T., Macaisne N. et Huynh J.-R., « Mixing and matching chromosomes during female meiosis », Cells, vol. 9, no 3, 2020, art. 696, https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9030696. Vallés A.M. et Huynh J.-R., « Isolation of stage-specific germ cells using FACS in Drosophila germarium », Methods in Cell Biology, vol. 158, 2020, p. 11-24, https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.02.003. Hatkevich T., B...
- Published
- 2023
7. Molecular mechanisms involved in the response to bisphenols exposure in fetal germ cells
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Abdallah, Sonia, Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Université de Paris, Virginie Rouiller-Fabre, Marie-Justine Guerquin, and STAR, ABES
- Subjects
Meiosis ,[SDV.MHEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology ,Cell differentiation ,Germ cells ,8-oxoguanine ,Aneuploidy ,[SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology - Abstract
In recent decades, the incidence of reproductive function abnormalities has increased. These defects are believed to be due to the exposure of organisms to a wide range of environmental contaminants such as bisphenol A (BPA). Experimental studies have shown that fetal development is a highly sensitive window to the exposure to these substances. Indeed, it is during this period that the germ line is set up and differentiated. Thus, complex and highly regulated molecular mechanisms come into play in order to transform a non-functional precursor cell into a germ cell that differentiates into a highly specialized haploid gamete. In females, one of the first illustrations of this germline differentiation is the initiation of the first division of meiosis (meiosis I) during fetal life leading to the production of a haploid and fertilizable oocyte in adulthood. Prophase I of meiosis (initiation and progression) is a period of extreme sensitivity to environmental contaminants such as bisphenol A (BPA) leading to irreversible defects in adulthood. Regarding the reprotoxicity of BPA, it has recently been banned from food containers. However, we remain exposed to other structural analogues whose germ cell is unknown. Thus, the purpose of this work is to explore the effects of fetal exposure to two bisphenols, BADGE and BPAF, on mammalian germ cells, particularly on oocytes and their precursors, but also to understand the mechanisms involved in the response to exposure. To do this, we exposed pregnant mice to bisphenols in drinking water during the second half of gestation. Ovarian analysis shows that exposure to bisphenols induces oocyte depletion, formation of multiovocyte follicles and increases aneuploid oocyte and chiasmas levels. Like BPA, BADGE and BPAF cause meiotic defects such as delayed initiation and progression to meiosis. This is also observed in the human fetal ovary studied using the human fetal gonad xenograft model developed by our laboratory, which allows long-term exposure to bisphenols. Male germ cells also have a differentiation time delay characterized by a delay in entering the quiescence phase.These delays appear to be correlated with the alteration of expression and/or mRNA splicing of meiotic genes at the beginning of the meiotic program. These defects seem to be the consequence of oxidative DNA damage induced by bisphenols in precursor germ cells. Similarly, we have observed that in the absence of OGG1, a DNA glycosylase involved in the repair of 8-oxoguanine, the differentiation phase is delayed regardless of gender.All in all, these results provide further proof that fetal exposure to bisphenols impairs reproductive functions at adulthood, probably as a consequence of oxidative stress generation in germ cells., Au cours de ces dernières décennies, les anomalies liées à la fonction de reproduction ont vu leur incidence augmenter. Ces défauts seraient dus à l’exposition des organismes à une large panoplie de contaminants environnementaux tels que le bisphénol A (BPA). Les études expérimentales ont montré que le développement fœtal constitue une fenêtre d’exposition extrêmement sensible à ces substances. En effet, c’est au cours de cette période que s’effectue la mise en place de la lignée germinale ainsi que sa différenciation. Ainsi, des mécanismes moléculaires complexes et hautement régulés entrent en jeu afin de faire d’une cellule précurseur non fonctionnelle une cellule germinale qui se différencie pour former un gamète haploïde hautement spécialisé. Chez la femelle, une des premières illustrations de cette différenciation germinale est l’initiation de la première division de méiose (méiose I) pendant la vie fœtale conduisant à l’obtention d’un ovocyte haploïde et fécondable à l’âge adulte. La prophase I de méiose (initiation et progression) est une période d’extrême sensibilité aux contaminants environnementaux tels que le bisphénol A (BPA) induisant des défauts irréversibles à l’âge adulte. Au regard de sa reprotoxicité, l’utilisation du BPA a été récemment interdite dans les contenants alimentaires. Toutefois, nous restons exposés à d’autres analogues structuraux dont on ignore tout de leur toxicité sur les cellules germinales. Ainsi, le but de ce travail est d’explorer les effets d’une exposition fœtale à deux bisphénols, le BADGE et le BPAF sur les cellules germinales de mammifères, en particulier sur les ovocytes et leurs précurseurs, mais également de comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu.Pour cela, nous avons exposé des souris gestantes aux bisphénols dans l’eau de boisson pendant la seconde moitié de la gestation. L’analyse des ovaires montre que l'exposition aux bisphénols induit une déplétion ovocytaire, une formation de follicules multiovocytaires et augmente les taux d'ovocytes aneuploïdes et de chiasmas. Comme le BPA, le BADGE et le BPAF provoquent des défauts méiotiques tels qu'un retard de l'initiation et la progression en méiose. Ceci est également observé dans l'ovaire fœtal humain, étudié grâce au modèle de xénogreffe de gonades fœtales humaines développé par notre laboratoire et qui permet une exposition à long terme aux bisphénols. Les cellules germinales mâles présentent de même un délai de différenciation caractérisé par un retard d’entrée en phase de quiescence.Ces retards semblent être corrélés à l'altération de l'expression et/ou de l'épissage d’ARNm de gènes méiotiques au début du programme méiotique. Ces défauts semblent être dus à des dommages oxydatifs de l'ADN induits par les bisphénols dans les cellules précurseurs. De même, nous avons observé qu'en l'absence d'OGG1, une ADN glycosylase impliquée dans la réparation de la 8-oxoguanine, la phase de différenciation est retardée quel que soit le sexe.Dans l'ensemble, ces résultats montrent que l'exposition fœtale aux bisphénols altère les fonctions reproductrices à l'âge adulte, probablement en raison de la génération de stress oxydant dans les cellules germinales.
- Published
- 2019
8. Transformation du nucléosome en nucléoprotamine : une étape essentielle mais une boîte noire de la biologie de la procréation.
- Author
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Rousseaux, Sophie and Khochbin, Saadi
- Subjects
- *
POST-translational modification , *GERM cells , *MOLECULAR models , *HISTONES , *SPERMATOZOA - Abstract
During the differentiation of haploid male germ cells, or spermiogenesis, the organisation of the genome undergoes a profound and unique transformation resulting in extreme genome compaction. This maturation involves a structural transition of the genome from a nucleosome-based structure to a nucleoprotamine-based structure, which is only present in spermatids and spermatozoa. Despite the paramount importance of this fundamental transformation of the genome organisation during the generation of spermatozoa, its molecular basis has long remained completely obscure. Today, thanks to systematic approaches involving the discovery of new histones, their post-translational modifications and the associated factors, as well as large-scale structural and functional studies, we are able to propose the first molecular models explaining the genome-wide transformation of the nucleosome and the establishment of a compact, transportable and functional male genome. This review summarises the major advances made in recent years and our current understanding of the mechanisms driving this unique process in biology [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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9. [Gamete donation and parenthood].
- Author
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François L and Bouychou M
- Subjects
- Female, France, Humans, Germ Cells, Tissue and Organ Procurement
- Abstract
Today many heterosexual couples, as well as single women and lesbian couples, use gamete donation in France or abroad in order to fulfil their desire for a child. The construction of parenthood in these conditions raises many questions and requires specific psychological work in order to reflect on issues surrounding genetic transmission, the establishment of the bond and the appropriation of parenthood. Furthermore, what is the future of the children conceived by donation?, (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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10. Miscellanées sexuelles et destructrices, environnementales et sentimentales.
- Author
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Nau JY
- Subjects
- Directed Tissue Donation, Female, France, Humans, Male, Germ Cells
- Published
- 2019
11. [Anonymity in gametes donation: the elements of debate].
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Nouri-Genolhac N and Masle C
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- Confidentiality, Humans, Tissue Donors, Germ Cells, Oocyte Donation
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Les auteurs déclarent n’avoir aucun lien d’intérêts.
- Published
- 2018
12. [Latest news on the inherited chromosomally integrated form of human herpesvirus-6 (iciHHV-6)].
- Author
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Gautheret-Dejean A
- Subjects
- Chromosome Aberrations, Cytogenetic Analysis, Germ-Line Mutation, Humans, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Chromosomes, Human genetics, Chromosomes, Human virology, Germ Cells metabolism, Germ Cells virology, Herpesvirus 6, Human genetics, Inheritance Patterns genetics, Virus Integration physiology
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- 2017
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13. [CRISPR-Cas9, germinal cells and human embryo].
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Jouannet P
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- Animals, Animals, Genetically Modified, CRISPR-Cas Systems genetics, Embryo Research ethics, Germ Cells cytology, Humans, CRISPR-Cas Systems physiology, Embryo, Mammalian cytology, Embryo, Mammalian metabolism, Gene Editing ethics, Gene Editing methods, Gene Editing trends, Germ Cells metabolism
- Abstract
The performance of the molecular tool using CRISPR-Cas9, which makes it possible to induce targeted modifications of the DNA, has found numerous applications in research and open promising prospects in human clinic. CRISPR-Cas9 has been widely used to generate transgenic animals after targeted modification of the genome at the zygotic stage. It was also tested on human embryos on an experimental basis. Although there are potential medical indications that may justify a targeted modification of the embryo or germ cell genome, the uncertainties regarding the efficacy and safety of the method do not allow us to consider implementing such germline gene therapy in the short-term. However, it is necessary to weigh the scientific and ethical issues involved in this approach., (© Société de Biologie, 2018.)
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- 2017
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14. [The return of germline gene therapy].
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Jordan B
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- Ethics, Research, Genetic Therapy ethics, Genetic Therapy methods, Humans, Stem Cell Research ethics, Genetic Therapy trends, Germ Cells cytology, Germ Cells physiology, Germ-Line Mutation genetics
- Abstract
The recent development of a powerful and flexible genome editing technique (the CRISP-cas9 method) accelerates tremendously the production of animal models and will significantly enhance the perspectives of (somatic) gene therapy. However, it also raises a real possibility of germline modifications in humans, with therapeutic aims or for "improvement": this raises thorny ethical questions that are no longer theoretical (as in the 1990s) but will have to be faced in the very near future., (© 2015 médecine/sciences – Inserm.)
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- 2015
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15. [Access to origins for persons conceived by donation in France].
- Author
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Kermalvezen Gauvin-Fournis A
- Subjects
- Humans, France, Tissue Donors, Germ Cells, Reproductive Techniques, Assisted, Bioethics
- Abstract
It was a strong and long-standing demand of people born of gamete donation: to know who is the person who allowed them to come into the world. The French legislator seemed to take this need into account during the last revision of the bioethics law. But if the rules have already changed for donors, for whom anonymity becomes fixed-term, for individuals born from a donation, access to their origins is far from being guaranteed to this day., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)
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- 2023
- Full Text
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16. [Fertility preservation in transgender people].
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Puy V, Magnan F, Lousqui J, Boumerdassi Y, Bennani Smires B, Mendes N, and Eustache F
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- Male, Female, Humans, Fertility, Germ Cells, France, Transgender Persons, Fertility Preservation
- Abstract
Most of transgender people plan to have a family but their fertility may be affected by gender affirmation. Hormone therapy can permanently affect gamete production, especially in trans women. Sex reassignment surgery leads to permanent sterility. In France, networks of health professionals have been organized and recommend access to fertility preservation for trans people. However, gamete collection is often difficult due to hormonal incongruence for trans women or to the invasive nature of the procedure for trans men. Future studies are required to assess the use of self-preserved gametes by trans people., (© 2022 médecine/sciences – Inserm.)
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- 2022
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17. [COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE SECRET OF THE DONOR'S IDENTITY OF DONATED GAMETES].
- Author
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Tisseyre S
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- England, France, Humans, Pedigree, Confidentiality legislation & jurisprudence, Germ Cells, Tissue Donors legislation & jurisprudence
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French law lies down a principle of anonymity of donated gametes. This principle is ignored by English law. Moreover, English law has established, few years ago, the contrary principle: the one of transparency of the donor's identity. This study of English law reports this evolution and its consequences.
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- 2015
18. [THE WISHED ACCESS TO THE ORIGINS: WHICH ACCESS?].
- Author
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Marliac C
- Subjects
- Humans, Confidentiality legislation & jurisprudence, Germ Cells, Tissue Donors legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
The anonymity of the donor of gametes is a principle required by the bioethics laws and confirmed by the judges, within the framework of medical help to procreation. It is disputed by the children born after a donation. The rule of the secrecy knows however already particular installations, it is consequently relevant to see to which extent a parallel could be considered for the newborns from such a donation. This principle of anonymity is not absolute and can be opposite to the person in identity search, several legal bases can be exploited for this purpose.
- Published
- 2015
19. Chapitre 4. PMA : la nouvelle donne. La révision de la loi de bioéthique en 2021.
- Author
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Mehl D
- Subjects
- Humans, Female, Reproductive Techniques, Assisted, Germ Cells, Homosexuality, Female, Bioethics
- Abstract
The new version of the bioethics law adopted in 2021 is distinguished first and foremost by its openness. It legitimises access to medically assisted procreation for lesbian couples and single women. It allows young adults born through gamete donation to know their origins. It allows any woman to freeze her oocytes with a view to a subsequent pregnancy, without any medical condition. At the same time, the new law is characterised by its moderation. These new freedoms do not challenge the primacy of conjugal parenthood. Multiple parenthood is not on the agenda. The law establishes a differentiated filiation between heterosexual parentage and homoparentage. It confirms the absolute ban on surrogate motherhood. Between authorisations and prohibitions, the fourth bioethics law promotes a tempered liberalism.
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- 2023
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20. [Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on fertility, gametes' quality and Assisted Reproduction Technology].
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Nobre Meirinhos J, Vattaire M, Barry F, Denjean L, Bouricha M, Gala A, Ferrières-Hoa A, Loup V, Gaspari L, Brouillet S, and Hamamah S
- Subjects
- Female, Fertility, Germ Cells, Humans, Male, Pregnancy, Spermatogenesis, Technology, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2
- Abstract
The current pandemic context raises questions about COVID-19 consequences on Assisted Reproduction Technology (ART). Indeed, according to the first Biomedicine Agency recommendations, ART centers suspended their activities in March 2020 during the first wave of Covid-19. However, SARS-CoV-2 direct and indirect effects on gametes, fertility, pregnancy and neonatal health are still debated. The aim of this review is to assess the available data on this subject, to inform patients in care and adapt daily practice. Most recent studies are based on the effects of the infectious syndrome, on hormonal factors as well as on the expression of viral entry proteins (ACE2 and TMPRSS2) in cells involved in gametogenesis, to assess the impact of COVID-19. So far, no effect on female gametes was highlighted. More studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis. Mother to children transmission couldn't be proven, yet neonatal infection remains possible. However, men are more susceptible to be infected by SARS-CoV-2, to be symptomatic, and spermatogenesis is likely to be affected. Presence of the virus in semen is infrequently reported, but all of these parameters should be taken into account in ART., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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21. [Interspecies systemic chimeras].
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Savatier P and Aksoy I
- Subjects
- Germ Cells, Immunotherapy, Mythology, Chimera, Pluripotent Stem Cells
- Abstract
Inter-species chimeras are both fantastic and monstrous creatures from Greek or Egyptian mythology, and a long-established research tool. Recent advances in the field of pluripotent stem cells have made it possible to extend the repertoire of inter-species chimeras to "systemic" chimeras, in which the mixing of cells from both species involves all organs including the germline. These chimeric embryos and fetuses open up new research avenues and potential medical applications. We will review the latest advances in the field. We will discuss the concepts of developmental complementation and developmental equivalence. We will discuss the methodological hurdles to be unlocked, as well as the biological and ethical limits of these new technologies., (© 2021 médecine/sciences – Inserm.)
- Published
- 2021
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22. [Disclosure to donor conceived offsprings after gamete donation or embryo donation: A major challenge for the future].
- Author
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Metzler-Guillemain C, Saias-Magnan J, Carez S, Perrin J, Capelle M, Gnisci A, Bottin P, and Daoud-Deveze C
- Subjects
- Germ Cells, Humans, Oocyte Donation, Tissue Donors, Disclosure, Embryo Disposition
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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23. La spermatogenèse ex vivo.
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Perrard, Marie-Hélène and Durand, Philippe
- Subjects
SPERMATOGENESIS ,SERTOLI cells ,GERM cells ,SEMINIFEROUS tubules ,HUMAN fertility - Abstract
Copyright of MT: Médecine de la Reproduction, Gynécologie et Endocrinologie is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
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24. [Anonymity of gamete donation and genetic testing].
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Neyroud AS, Roche M, Domin M, Jaillard S, and Ravel C
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- Adult, Child, France, Genetic Testing, Germ Cells, Humans, Oocyte Donation, Tissue Donors
- Abstract
Development of genetic testing direct-to-consumer (DTC) for recreational purposes, although prohibited in France, is a real challenge to the current practice of gamete donation. Indeed, anonymity is a fundamental principle contributing to the ethics of donation. This principle is weakened due to the availability to the general public of these tests on the Internet. Several thousands of people are conceived by gamete donation worldwide, some of whom do not know how they were conceived. Gamete donors should be informed that their anonymity is no longer guaranteed, as they can be found by homologies of their DNA, or that of a parent or a child, potentially available in databases. Thus, adults conceived by gamete donation but not informed by their parents can discover their way of conception. Recipients of gamete donation should also be informed that their child's DNA will establish the biological discrepancy and they should be encouraged to disclose the conception to their child. Several countries now allow children conceived by donation to obtain donor's identity. In France, the Bioethics Law is currently being finalized and will now allow access to donor's identity for people conceived by gamete donation., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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25. Étude de la réactivation d'un rétrovirus endogène dans les ovaires de Drosophila melanogaster : expression, invasion et réponse génomique
- Author
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Yoth, Marianne, Génétique, Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Université Clermont Auvergne, Emilie Brasset, and Silke Jensen
- Subjects
Voie des piARNs ,[SDV.GEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics ,PiRNA pathway ,Épigénétique ,[SDV.BDLR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Reproductive Biology ,Éléments transposables ,Cellules germinales ,Rétrovirus endogènes ,Genetics ,Germ cells ,Epigenetics ,Endogenous retroviruses ,Transposable elements ,Génétique ,[SDV.BDD]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Development Biology - Abstract
For species survival, the germline must faithfully transmit genetic information to the progeny. Transposable elements (TEs) constitute a significant threat to genome stability due to their capacity to move. In higher eukaryotes, TEs make up a large fraction of the genome, accounting for 20% of the Drosophila genome and more than 45% of the Human genome. In the metazoan gonads, their expression and so their mobilization is limited by a class of small RNAs called PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) produced by dedicated genomic loci called piRNA clusters that are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. piRNA clusters are composed of a multitude of TEs either full length or truncated that represent the repertoire of TEs that the cell must repress to maintain the stability of its genome. However, a reactivation of endogenous retroviruses, a particular class of TEs, in somatic tissue adjacent to germ cells, promotes its infection and invasion of the germ line as a virus would do. Although the piRNA pathway is an efficient genomic immunity system, it remains unclear how the germline gains protection against a new transposon invasion. The objective of my thesis was to follow the impact of a TE neo-invasion from an adjacent somatic tissue towards the germ line. For this study, I used the ZAM endogenous retrovirus from Drosophila melanogaster as a model. I investigated i) the strategies developed by ZAM to invade the germ cells ii) the consequences of an endogenous retrovirus reactivation and iii) the defense mechanisms developed by germ cells to counteract ZAM invasion and to protect the germline genome from a massive transposition that could endanger the survival of the species. My results revealed for the first time that piRNAs produced locally, in germ cells, act at the tissue scale and thus protect the germ line from an external attack.; Pour la survie des espèces, la lignée germinale doit transmettre fidèlement l'information génétique à la descendance. Les éléments transposables (ETs) sont des séquences d’ADN mobiles qui constituent une menace importante pour la stabilité des génomes. Les ETs constituent une fraction importante du génome des eucaryotes supérieurs, ils représentent 20% du génome de la drosophile et plus de 45% du génome humain. Dans les gonades des métazoaires, la mobilisation des ETs est contrôlée par une classe spécifique de petits ARNs, appelés piARNs, qui interagissant avec les protéines de la famille PIWI. Les piARNs sont produits à partir de loci génomiques dédiés, appelés clusters de piARNs, exprimés de manière tissu-spécifique. Les clusters de piARNs sont composés d'une multitude d’ETs, pleine longueur ou bien tronqués, qui représentent le répertoire des ETs que la cellule peut réprimer afin de maintenir la stabilité de son génome. Cependant, il existe au sein des génomes une classe particulière d’ETs, les rétrovirus endogènes, qui lorsqu’ils sont réactivés dans les tissus somatiques adjacents aux cellules germinales, peuvent envahir les cellules germinales, comme le ferait un virus. Bien que la voie des piARNs soit un système immunitaire génomique efficace pour contrôler la transposition des ETs exprimés dans les cellules germinales, les mécanismes développés par la lignée germinale pour se protéger face à une nouvelle invasion d’ET restent mal connus. Pour lever ce verrou scientifique, durant ma thèse j’ai étudié l’invasion des cellules germinales par un rétrovirus endogène présent dans le génome de Drosophila melanogaster : ZAM. L’objectif du projet visait à étudier i) les stratégies mises en place par ZAM pour envahir les cellules germinales ii) les conséquences d’une réactivation d’un rétrovirus endogène et iii) les mécanismes de défense mis en place par les cellules germinales pour contrer cette invasion et ainsi protéger le génome germinal d’une transposition massive qui pourrait mettre en danger la survie même des espèces. Mes résultats ont permis de révéler pour la première fois que les piRNAs produits localement, dans les cellules germinales, peuvent agir à l'échelle tissulaire.
- Published
- 2022
26. 2018 CSCP GRADUATE ESSAY PRIZE WINNER PRIX DE L'ESSAI ÉTUDIANT/E SCPC 2018: ESTIME DE SOI ET RECONNAISSANCE CHEZ PAUL RICOEUR. LA «PETITE ÉTHIQUE» COMME ÉTHIQUE DE LA RECONNAISSANCE.
- Author
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Houle, Jean-François
- Subjects
CELLULAR recognition ,GERM cells ,ETHICS ,RECOGNITION (Philosophy) ,REFLECTIONS ,SELF-esteem - Abstract
Copyright of Symposium: Canadian Journal of Continental Philosophy / Revue Canadienne de Philosophie Continentale is the property of Canadian Society for Continental Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
27. [POLO study].
- Author
-
Hammel P
- Subjects
- BRCA1 Protein, Germ Cells, Humans, Mutation, Piperazines, Neoplasms, Phthalazines
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. [Fertility preservation in transgender people]
- Author
-
Vincent, Puy, Fanny, Magnan, Johanna, Lousqui, Yasmine, Boumerdassi, Badria, Bennani Smires, Nicolas, Mendes, and Florence, Eustache
- Subjects
Male ,Fertility ,Germ Cells ,Humans ,Fertility Preservation ,Female ,France ,Transgender Persons - Abstract
Most of transgender people plan to have a family but their fertility may be affected by gender affirmation. Hormone therapy can permanently affect gamete production, especially in trans women. Sex reassignment surgery leads to permanent sterility. In France, networks of health professionals have been organized and recommend access to fertility preservation for trans people. However, gamete collection is often difficult due to hormonal incongruence for trans women or to the invasive nature of the procedure for trans men. Future studies are required to assess the use of self-preserved gametes by trans people.Préservation de la fertilité chez les personnes transgenres.La majorité des personnes transgenres envisage de fonder une famille, mais leur fertilité peut être altérée par l’affirmation du genre. L’hormonothérapie peut affecter durablement la production de gamètes, notamment chez les femmes trans. La chirurgie de réassignation sexuelle entraîne une stérilité définitive. En France, des réseaux de professionnels de santé se sont organisés. Ils recommandent l’accès à la préservation de la fertilité dans le cadre de la transidentité. Cependant, le recueil de gamètes reste souvent difficile en raison de l’incongruence hormonale pour les femmes trans, ou du caractère invasif de la procédure pour les hommes trans. De futures études permettront de statuer sur l’utilisation des gamètes autoconservés.
- Published
- 2022
29. [Cryoconservation of gametes: how to perform?]
- Author
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Perrin J, Fauque P, Paci M, Pons H, and Brugnon F
- Subjects
- Female, Germ Cells, Humans, Male, Oocytes, Spermatozoa, Cryopreservation, Fertility Preservation
- Abstract
Cryoconservation of gametes : how to perform ? The patients can preserve their gametes when they are exposed to potential gonadotoxic pathology or treatment. In this context, the French bioethical law clearly states the obligation to inform the patients about the risks for their fertility and the possibilities to cryopreserve their gametes. Regional platforms of fertility preservation allow notably for the coordination of the oncology teams and the CECOS. For the men, sperm freezing is achieved by a slow and controlled temperature protocol. For the women, the oocytes are usually vitrified after hormonal stimulation and ovarian punction. For both, the gametes are cryopreserved in straws and stored in liquid nitrogen until use in assisted reproductive treatment (ART). Each year, the CECOS keeping the gametes interrogates patients on their wish to continue, or not, the cryoconservation. The gametes can only be used in ART by the patients only during their lifetime and with their consent, without alterations related to the duration of storage., Competing Interests: P. Fauque déclare des liens ponctuels (interventions et invitations lors de congrès) avec Merck Serono, MSD et Ferring. F. Brugnon, M. Paci, J. Perrin et H. Pons-Rejraji déclarent n’avoir aucun lien d’intérêts.
- Published
- 2018
30. [Current conditions of gamete donation in France].
- Author
-
Ducrocq B, Jonard S, and Fry J
- Subjects
- France, Germ Cells, Humans, Male, Reproductive Techniques, Assisted, Oocyte Donation, Tissue Donors
- Abstract
The current conditions of gamete donation in france. Law of bioethics and assisted reproductive technology legislation control gamete donation in France. Candidates for the gamete donation are still too few to date, not allowing to meet the needs of couples receiving gametes on French territory. This shortage leads to significant waiting times for these couples. The information provided to the candidates of gamete donation (oocytes and spermatozoa) is channeled through general practitioners as foreseen by the law. A good knowledge of recruitment rules for candidates and of the attribution conditions of the gamete donations allows the practitioners to disseminate the information and to support the recruitment of new candidates., Competing Interests: Les auteurs déclarent n’avoir aucun lien d’intérêts.
- Published
- 2018
31. [Interspecies systemic chimeras]
- Author
-
Pierre, Savatier and Irène, Aksoy
- Subjects
Pluripotent Stem Cells ,Germ Cells ,Chimera ,Immunotherapy ,Mythology - Abstract
Inter-species chimeras are both fantastic and monstrous creatures from Greek or Egyptian mythology, and a long-established research tool. Recent advances in the field of pluripotent stem cells have made it possible to extend the repertoire of inter-species chimeras to "systemic" chimeras, in which the mixing of cells from both species involves all organs including the germline. These chimeric embryos and fetuses open up new research avenues and potential medical applications. We will review the latest advances in the field. We will discuss the concepts of developmental complementation and developmental equivalence. We will discuss the methodological hurdles to be unlocked, as well as the biological and ethical limits of these new technologies.Les chimères « systémiques » homme/animal.Les chimères inter-espèces sont à la fois les créatures fantastiques et monstrueuses des mythologies grecque ou égyptienne, et un outil de recherche établi de longue date. Des avancées récentes dans le domaine des cellules souches pluripotentes ont permis d’élargir le répertoire des chimères inter-espèces aux chimères « systémiques » dans lesquelles le mélange des cellules des deux espèces concerne tous les organes, y compris la lignée germinale. Ces embryons et fœtus chimériques ouvrent de nouvelles voies de recherches et des applications médicales potentielles. Dans cette revue, nous ferons le point sur les dernières avancées dans ce domaine. Nous discuterons les concepts de complémentation et d’équivalence développementale. Nous évoquerons également les verrous méthodologiques à débloquer, ainsi que les limites biologiques et éthiques de ces nouvelles techniques.
- Published
- 2021
32. Voie de signalisation WNT/ β-catenin et différenciation des cellules germinales chez les mammifères
- Author
-
Le Rolle, Morgane, Institut de Biologie Valrose (IBV), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019), and Anne-Amandine Chassot
- Subjects
Pluripotency ,Fertility ,Fertilité ,Ovary ,Germ cells ,POU5F1 ,Ovaire ,[SDV.BDLR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Reproductive Biology ,WNT/β-catenin ,Cellules germinales - Abstract
Since the last decennials, fertility is decreasing in industrial countries, and nowadays, infertility reaches a prevalence of 9 to 18% of the general population, with a significant proportion of cases being due to defective gametogenesis. Accordingly, fertility preservation raises a growing concern. Nowadays, a growing number of couples undergo Assisted Reproductive Technology with little success due to the lack of knowledge on mechanisms orchestrating germ cell differentiation. Little is known about how primordial germ cells become gametogenesis-competent cells (gonocytes), because of the lack of suitable physiological models. Primordial germ cells give rise to the next generation by differentiating from pluripotent progenitors into highly specialized cells, the gametes, which in turn generate a totipotent zygote after fertilization. After specification in the early embryo, primordial germ cells colonize the gonad, lose pluripotency and gain their capacity for irreversible sexual differentiation. Gonocytes then become either female (oogonia) or male (spermatogonia), and eventually progress into meiotic divisions. So far, the mechanisms of germ cell changes in potency remain largely elusive.My host laboratory has demonstrated that activation of the canonical WNT/β-catenin signalling is required for ovarian development. Thus, absence of WNT/β-catenin activation eventually triggers defects in germ cell proliferation and sexual differentiation. However, genetic models of cell-specific ablation of Ctnnb1 (encoding β-catenin) were still missing to assess the contribution of WNT/β-catenin in the germ cells. We decided to analyse the role of this signalling pathway by generating specific mouse models for β-catenin loss or gain of function and by investigating the consequences of WNT/β-catenin deregulation in either the somatic or the germ cells of the developing gonad. We first demonstrated that WNT/β-catenin regulates spermatogonial stem cell proliferation and differentiation in the post-natal testis, demonstrating that this signalling activity must be finely tuned over time to ensure spermatogenesis.Secondly, we showed that genetic elimination of Ctnnb1 in mouse primordial germ cells in vivo leads to a precocious loss of pluripotency and to premature germ cell differentiation into gonocytes. We demonstrated, for the first time in vivo, that while ovarian development is getting forward, β-catenin forms proteic complexes containing POU5F1 and CDH1 that transit from the nucleus of the germ cells to their membrane, thus allowing primordial germ cells to exit pluripotency and eventually differentiate. Our results also reveal that the ZNRF3 E3-ubiquitine ligase negatively regulates germ cell exit from pluripotency through a negative feedback loop.Collectively, our results show that the WNT/β-catenin signalling is necessary for determining the proper window of differentiation in both somatic and germ cells. Moreover, WNT/β-catenin controls the germ cell exit from pluripotency through β-catenin non-transcriptional activity, eventually coordinating the development of the different cell types of the fetal ovary. In the future, our results might help to recapitulate gametogenesis in vitro.; La préservation de la fertilité suscite une inquiétude croissante. Depuis les dernières décennies, la fertilité a diminué dans les pays industrialisés. En conséquence, un nombre croissant de couples a recours à la procréation médicalement assistée, sans grand succès par manque de connaissances sur les cellules reproductrices (cellules germinales). L’étude de ces cellules constitue un socle essentiel pour des applications médicales, mais jusqu’à présent, les mécanismes moléculaires qui régissent leur développement restent peu compris en raison de l’absence de modèles d'étude physiologiques.Les cellules germinales sont produites au cours du développement embryonnaire, se multiplient pour constituer un stock suffisant, se différencient dans la gonade en fonction du sexe de l'embryon, puis entrent en méiose pour devenir des gamètes fertiles, les ovocytes (femelles) et les spermatozoïdes (mâles). Mon laboratoire d’accueil a démontré que la voie de signalisation canonique WNT/β-catenin est nécessaire au développement de l'ovaire in vivo et qu'en absence d'activation de cette voie dans l'ovaire embryonnaire de souris, la prolifération et la différenciation des cellules germinales primordiales sont perturbées.Tirant partie de notre expertise dans l'analyse de modèles de différenciation gonadique, nous nous sommes intéressés au mécanisme d'action de la voie WNT/β-catenin dans la différenciation des cellules germinales, en analysant au moyen de modèles murins de perte et gain de fonction de β-catenin les conséquences de la modification de son expression dans les cellules de la gonade.Dans un premier temps, nous avons démontré que le maintien, après la naissance, de l'activité de la voie WNT/β-catenin dans les cellules souches spermatogoniales du testicule de souris stimule leur prolifération de manière massive, provoquant un défaut de différenciation en spermatozoïdes. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons montré que l'ablation génétique du gène Ctnnb1 (codant pour β-catenin) dans les cellules germinales primordiales in vivo entraîne une perte précoce de leur pluripotence et une différenciation prématurée en ovogonies. Nous avons démontré, pour la première fois in vivo, que tandis que le développement ovarien progresse, β-catenin forme des complexes protéiques avec POU5F1 et CDH1 qui transitent du noyau des cellules germinales à leur membrane, permettant ainsi leur sortie de pluripotence et leur différenciation. Nos résultats indiquent que l'E3-ubiquitine ligase ZNRF3 régule la pluripotence des cellules germinales par une boucle de rétroaction négative.Ces données indiquent que dans l'ovaire comme dans le testicule, une régulation fine de l'activité de la voie de signalisation WNT/β-catenin est requise pour déterminer la fenêtre de différenciation des cellules germinales primordiales in vivo. De plus, la voie WNT/β-catenin contrôle la sortie de pluripotence des cellules germinales primordiales via une activité non-transcriptionnelle de β-catenin, permettant à terme de coordonner le développement des cellules somatiques et germinales de la gonade. Dans les années à venir, nos travaux pourraient aider à la génération des gamètes in vitro.
- Published
- 2019
33. WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway and germ cell differentiation in mammals
- Author
-
Le Rolle, Morgane, Institut de Biologie Valrose (IBV), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019), Anne-Amandine Chassot, and STAR, ABES
- Subjects
Pluripotency ,Fertility ,Fertilité ,Ovary ,Germ cells ,POU5F1 ,Ovaire ,[SDV.BDLR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Reproductive Biology ,WNT/β-catenin ,[SDV.BDLR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Reproductive Biology ,Cellules germinales - Abstract
Since the last decennials, fertility is decreasing in industrial countries, and nowadays, infertility reaches a prevalence of 9 to 18% of the general population, with a significant proportion of cases being due to defective gametogenesis. Accordingly, fertility preservation raises a growing concern. Nowadays, a growing number of couples undergo Assisted Reproductive Technology with little success due to the lack of knowledge on mechanisms orchestrating germ cell differentiation. Little is known about how primordial germ cells become gametogenesis-competent cells (gonocytes), because of the lack of suitable physiological models. Primordial germ cells give rise to the next generation by differentiating from pluripotent progenitors into highly specialized cells, the gametes, which in turn generate a totipotent zygote after fertilization. After specification in the early embryo, primordial germ cells colonize the gonad, lose pluripotency and gain their capacity for irreversible sexual differentiation. Gonocytes then become either female (oogonia) or male (spermatogonia), and eventually progress into meiotic divisions. So far, the mechanisms of germ cell changes in potency remain largely elusive.My host laboratory has demonstrated that activation of the canonical WNT/β-catenin signalling is required for ovarian development. Thus, absence of WNT/β-catenin activation eventually triggers defects in germ cell proliferation and sexual differentiation. However, genetic models of cell-specific ablation of Ctnnb1 (encoding β-catenin) were still missing to assess the contribution of WNT/β-catenin in the germ cells. We decided to analyse the role of this signalling pathway by generating specific mouse models for β-catenin loss or gain of function and by investigating the consequences of WNT/β-catenin deregulation in either the somatic or the germ cells of the developing gonad. We first demonstrated that WNT/β-catenin regulates spermatogonial stem cell proliferation and differentiation in the post-natal testis, demonstrating that this signalling activity must be finely tuned over time to ensure spermatogenesis.Secondly, we showed that genetic elimination of Ctnnb1 in mouse primordial germ cells in vivo leads to a precocious loss of pluripotency and to premature germ cell differentiation into gonocytes. We demonstrated, for the first time in vivo, that while ovarian development is getting forward, β-catenin forms proteic complexes containing POU5F1 and CDH1 that transit from the nucleus of the germ cells to their membrane, thus allowing primordial germ cells to exit pluripotency and eventually differentiate. Our results also reveal that the ZNRF3 E3-ubiquitine ligase negatively regulates germ cell exit from pluripotency through a negative feedback loop.Collectively, our results show that the WNT/β-catenin signalling is necessary for determining the proper window of differentiation in both somatic and germ cells. Moreover, WNT/β-catenin controls the germ cell exit from pluripotency through β-catenin non-transcriptional activity, eventually coordinating the development of the different cell types of the fetal ovary. In the future, our results might help to recapitulate gametogenesis in vitro., La préservation de la fertilité suscite une inquiétude croissante. Depuis les dernières décennies, la fertilité a diminué dans les pays industrialisés. En conséquence, un nombre croissant de couples a recours à la procréation médicalement assistée, sans grand succès par manque de connaissances sur les cellules reproductrices (cellules germinales). L’étude de ces cellules constitue un socle essentiel pour des applications médicales, mais jusqu’à présent, les mécanismes moléculaires qui régissent leur développement restent peu compris en raison de l’absence de modèles d'étude physiologiques.Les cellules germinales sont produites au cours du développement embryonnaire, se multiplient pour constituer un stock suffisant, se différencient dans la gonade en fonction du sexe de l'embryon, puis entrent en méiose pour devenir des gamètes fertiles, les ovocytes (femelles) et les spermatozoïdes (mâles). Mon laboratoire d’accueil a démontré que la voie de signalisation canonique WNT/β-catenin est nécessaire au développement de l'ovaire in vivo et qu'en absence d'activation de cette voie dans l'ovaire embryonnaire de souris, la prolifération et la différenciation des cellules germinales primordiales sont perturbées.Tirant partie de notre expertise dans l'analyse de modèles de différenciation gonadique, nous nous sommes intéressés au mécanisme d'action de la voie WNT/β-catenin dans la différenciation des cellules germinales, en analysant au moyen de modèles murins de perte et gain de fonction de β-catenin les conséquences de la modification de son expression dans les cellules de la gonade.Dans un premier temps, nous avons démontré que le maintien, après la naissance, de l'activité de la voie WNT/β-catenin dans les cellules souches spermatogoniales du testicule de souris stimule leur prolifération de manière massive, provoquant un défaut de différenciation en spermatozoïdes. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons montré que l'ablation génétique du gène Ctnnb1 (codant pour β-catenin) dans les cellules germinales primordiales in vivo entraîne une perte précoce de leur pluripotence et une différenciation prématurée en ovogonies. Nous avons démontré, pour la première fois in vivo, que tandis que le développement ovarien progresse, β-catenin forme des complexes protéiques avec POU5F1 et CDH1 qui transitent du noyau des cellules germinales à leur membrane, permettant ainsi leur sortie de pluripotence et leur différenciation. Nos résultats indiquent que l'E3-ubiquitine ligase ZNRF3 régule la pluripotence des cellules germinales par une boucle de rétroaction négative.Ces données indiquent que dans l'ovaire comme dans le testicule, une régulation fine de l'activité de la voie de signalisation WNT/β-catenin est requise pour déterminer la fenêtre de différenciation des cellules germinales primordiales in vivo. De plus, la voie WNT/β-catenin contrôle la sortie de pluripotence des cellules germinales primordiales via une activité non-transcriptionnelle de β-catenin, permettant à terme de coordonner le développement des cellules somatiques et germinales de la gonade. Dans les années à venir, nos travaux pourraient aider à la génération des gamètes in vitro.
- Published
- 2019
34. Can human germline alterations be ethically justified?
- Author
-
Andorno, Roberto
- Subjects
- *
GENOME editing , *GERM cells , *GENETIC mutation - Abstract
An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics including genome editing, human germline modifications, genetic mutations.
- Published
- 2017
35. [The Washington summit: orange light for genome editing?].
- Author
-
Jordan B
- Subjects
- Bioethics, Biomedical Enhancement ethics, CRISPR-Cas Systems physiology, District of Columbia, Genetic Therapy ethics, Genetic Therapy legislation & jurisprudence, Genetic Therapy psychology, Germ Cells metabolism, Humans, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Congresses as Topic, Gene Editing ethics, Gene Editing legislation & jurisprudence, Gene Editing standards, Gene Editing trends
- Abstract
The summit organised in early December 2015 considered in depth the various issues (technical, scientific, societal and ethical) raised by the prospect of genome editing using the extremely effective CRISPR system. Germline editing (for therapeutic or "enhancement" purposes) was stated to be irresponsible under current conditions, but the possibility that this could be considered in the future was not excluded; a mechanism for monitoring progress and possibly revising recommendations was proposed., (© 2016 médecine/sciences – Inserm.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. La suppression de Topaz1 perturbe la méiose et l'expression des ARN non-codant longs testiculaires au cours de la spermatogenèse murine
- Author
-
Chadourne, Manon, Biologie de la Reproduction, Environnement, Epigénétique & Développement (BREED), Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, Eric Pailhoux, and Béatrice Mandon
- Subjects
Souris ,Mouse ,Microtubule spindle ,Cellules germinales ,[SDV.BDLR.RS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Reproductive Biology/Sexual reproduction ,Meiosis ,Topaz1 ,Fuseau de microtubule ,[SDV.BBM.GTP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Genomics [q-bio.GN] ,Germ cells ,Spermatogenesis ,Méiose ,Spermatogenèse ,[SDV.BDD.GAM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Development Biology/Gametogenesis - Abstract
Topaz1 (Testis and Ovary specific PAZ domain gene 1), a germ cell specific factor, is a highly conserved gene in vertebrates. The study of the Topaz1-inactivation mouse model demonstrated its essential role for male fertility. The absence of Topaz1 in mutant mice caused spermatogenesis arrest during the first meiotic division. Topaz1-/- spermatocytes, blocked at the end of meiotic prophase I, showed chromosome misalignment along the metaphase I plate. Histological experiments specified that the differences observed between Topaz1-/- and Topaz1+/+ mouse testes appeared between 15 (P15) and 20 (P20) days post-partum. Previously, transcriptomic analyses using a whole-genome expression array indicated that 10% of P20-deregulated genes (DEGs) were long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). During this thesis, high throughput transcriptomic analyses (RNAseq) were performed at P16 and P18 in order to better characterise the testicular phenotype of mice lacking the Topaz1 gene. From P16, the testicular transcriptome was disturbed and the DEGs number was multiplied by 10 at P18. Genes associated with centrosome, centriole, microtubule dynamics and spermatogenesis belonged to the most disturbed molecular pathways. Moreover, a quarter of DEGs were lncRNAs. Three of them, deregulated at P16 and P18, were studied by in situ hybridization and molecular biology techniques. They were germ cell specific. Thus, a new mouse model deleted for one of these lncRNAs was generated using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. These mutant mice developed normally and were fertile in both sexes. However, mutant male mice presented a more than 50% decrease in the epididymal sperm concentration as well as a change in motility parameters compared to wild-type mice. New RNAseq analyses were realised to study testicular transcriptome of these mice. These showed that this lncRNA regulates a large number of protein-coding genes (approximately 80% of the DEGs at P18). There again, some of them regulated microtubule dynamics, spermatogenesis and haploid gamete generation.In conclusion, this work shows that the murine Topaz1 gene is therefore essential for the establishment of the bipolar spindle during the transition from late prophase I to metaphase I and its absence prevents the first meiotic division. The deregulation of a significant number of protein-coding genes of the centrosome, microtubule movements and spermatogenesis, as well as the strong repression of lncRNAs expression within mouse testis, suggests that RNAs-proteins complexes are formed during meiosis.In this study, deletion of one of these lncRNA did not affect fertility in mice even though sperm concentration was halved. In men, such a decrease could lead to male infertility. A mutation of the Topaz1 gene in men could also induce non-obstructive azoospermia. The study of RNAs-proteins complexes could represent a new field of investigation in the understanding of infertility, particularly in meiotic regulation.; Topaz1 (pour Testis and Ovary specific PAZ domain gene 1) est un gène très conservé chez les vertébrés qui présente une expression spécifique dans les cellules germinales. La caractérisation du modèle murin dépourvu du gène Topaz1 a mis en évidence son rôle indispensable pour la fertilité mâle. Les souris mutantes présentent un arrêt de la spermatogenèse lors de la première division méiotique. Les spermatocytes Topaz1-/- bloqués en fin de prophase I de méiose présentent un défaut d’alignement des chromosomes le long de la plaque métaphasique. D'un point de vue histologique, les différences observées entre les testicules de souris Topaz1-/- et Topaz1+/+ apparaissent entre 15 (P15) et 20 (P20) jours après la naissance. Une première analyse transcriptomique par puce à ADN a montré que 10% des gènes dérégulés (DEGs) à P20 sont des ARN non codants longs (lncRNAs). Au cours de cette thèse, des analyses transcriptomiques à haut débit (RNAseq) ont été réalisées à P16 et P18 afin de mieux caractériser le phénotype testiculaire des souris dépourvues du gène Topaz1. Dès P16, le transcriptome testiculaire est perturbé et le nombre de DEGs est multiplié par 10 à P18. Des gènes associés au centrosome, centriole, à la dynamique des microtubules et à la spermatogenèse appartiennent aux voies moléculaires les plus perturbées. De plus, un quart des DEGs sont des lncRNAs. Trois d'entre eux, dérégulés à P16 et à P18, ont été étudiés par hybridation in situ et biologie moléculaire et sont spécifiques des cellules germinales. Puis une lignée de souris exempt d'un de ces lncRNA a été générée grâce à la technologie CripsR/Cas9. Ces animaux mutants se développent normalement et sont fertiles pour les deux sexes.Néanmoins, les souris mâles mutantes présentent une diminution de plus de 50% de la concentration de spermatozoïdes épipidymaires ainsi qu’une modification de paramètres de motilité par rapport à des souris sauvages. Des nouvelles analyses RNAseq ont été réalisées afin d'étudier le transcriptome testiculaire de ces souris. Elles mettent en évidence que ce lncRNA régule un nombre important de gènes codants pour les protéines (environ 80% des DEGs à P18). Là encore, certains d'entre eux régulent la dynamique des microtubules, la spermatogenèse et la génération des gamètes haploïdes.En conclusion, le gène Topaz1 murin est donc essentiel pour la mise en place d’un fuseau bipolaire en fin de prophase I de méiose et son absence empêche la première division méiotique. La dérégulation d’un nombre important de gènes codants pour des protéines du centrosome, des microtubules et de la spermatogenèse ainsi que la forte répression de l'expression de lncRNAs au sein du testicule murin laisse à penser que des complexes ARNs-protéines se forment au cours de la méiose.Dans cette étude, la suppression d'un de ces lncRNA ne perturbe pas la fertilité des souris bien que la concentration spermatique soit réduire de moitié. Chez l'homme, une telle baisse pourrait conduire à des infertilités masculines. Une mutation du gène Topaz1 chez l'homme pourrait aussi induire une azoospermie non obstructive. L'étude des complexes ARN-protéines pourrait représenter un nouveau champ d’investigation dans l’étude des infertilités et notamment de la régulation de la méiose.
- Published
- 2021
37. [Cryoconservation of gametes: how to perform?]
- Author
-
Perrin, Jeanne, Fauque, Patricia, Paci, Marine, Pons, Hanae, Brugnon, Florence, CHU Marseille, CHU Dijon, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Centre d'Assistance Médicale à la Procréation [CHU Clermont-Ferrand] (AMP CECOS), CHU Estaing [Clermont-Ferrand], CHU Clermont-Ferrand-CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques (IMoST), and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)
- Subjects
fertility ,Cryopreservation ,Male ,MESH: Humans ,MESH: Spermatozoa ,Fertility Preservation ,[SDV.BDLR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Reproductive Biology ,Spermatozoa ,cryoconservation of gametes ,MESH: Male ,MESH: Oocytes ,MESH: Germ Cells ,Germ Cells ,MESH: Fertility Preservation ,MESH: Cryopreservation ,Oocytes ,Humans ,Female ,MESH: Female - Abstract
Cryoconservation of gametes : how to perform ? The patients can preserve their gametes when they are exposed to potential gonadotoxic pathology or treatment. In this context, the French bioethical law clearly states the obligation to inform the patients about the risks for their fertility and the possibilities to cryopreserve their gametes. Regional platforms of fertility preservation allow notably for the coordination of the oncology teams and the CECOS. For the men, sperm freezing is achieved by a slow and controlled temperature protocol. For the women, the oocytes are usually vitrified after hormonal stimulation and ovarian punction. For both, the gametes are cryopreserved in straws and stored in liquid nitrogen until use in assisted reproductive treatment (ART). Each year, the CECOS keeping the gametes interrogates patients on their wish to continue, or not, the cryoconservation. The gametes can only be used in ART by the patients only during their lifetime and with their consent, without alterations related to the duration of storage.Conservation des gamètes : quelles modalités ? Les patient(e)s peuvent conserver leurs gamètes lorsqu’ils( ou elles) sont exposé(e)s à une pathologie ou un traitement potentiellement gonadotoxique. Dans ce contexte, la loi de bioéthique énonce très clairement l’obligation d’informer les patients des risques pour leur fertilité et des possibilités de conservation de leurs gamètes. Les plateformes régionales de préservation de la fertilité assurent la coordination entre les équipes d’oncologie et les centres d’étude et de conservation des oeufs et du sperme humains (CECOS) pour la mise en oeuvre de cette préservation. Pour les hommes, la congélation des spermatozoïdes est réalisée par une descente en température lente et contrôlée. Pour les femmes, la cryoconservation des ovocytes se fait par vitrification après stimulation hormonale et ponction ovarienne. Dans les deux cas, les gamètes sont conservés dans des paillettes qui sont stockées dans une cuve d’azote liquide jusqu’à utilisation en assistance médicale à la procréation (AMP). Le CECOS conservant les gamètes interroge chaque année par courrier les patients concernés sur leur souhait de poursuivre, ou non, la cryoconservation. Les gamètes pourront être utilisés en AMP par les patients de leur vivant et après leur consentement, sans altération liée à la durée de stockage.
- Published
- 2019
38. L’anonymat du don de gamètes à l’heure des tests génétiques
- Author
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Neyroud, Anne-Sophie, Roche, Mélanie, Domin, Mathilde, Jaillard, Sylvie, Ravel, Célia, Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], and Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Rennes (UR)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique )
- Subjects
Adult ,anonymity ,Oocyte Donation ,don de gametes ,[SDV.MHEP.GEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Gynecology and obstetrics ,Tissue Donors ,genetic testing ,[SDV.ETH]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ethics ,Germ Cells ,gamete donation ,Humans ,France ,Child ,anonymat ,test génétique - Abstract
National audience; Development of genetic testing direct-to-consumer (DTC) for recreational purposes, although prohibited in France, is a real challenge to the current practice of gamete donation. Indeed, anonymity is a fundamental principle contributing to the ethics of donation. This principle is weakened due to the availability to the general public of these tests on the Internet. Several thousands of people are conceived by gamete donation worldwide, some of whom do not know how they were conceived. Gamete donors should be informed that their anonymity is no longer guaranteed, as they can be found by homologies of their DNA, or that of a parent or a child, potentially available in databases. Thus, adults conceived by gamete donation but not informed by their parents can discover their way of conception. Recipients of gamete donation should also be informed that their child's DNA will establish the biological discrepancy and they should be encouraged to disclose the conception to their child. Several countries now allow children conceived by donation to obtain donor's identity. In France, the Bioethics Law is currently being finalized and will now allow access to donor's identity for people conceived by gamete donation.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. [Disclosure to donor conceived offsprings after gamete donation or embryo donation: A major challenge for the future]
- Author
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C, Metzler-Guillemain, J, Saias-Magnan, S, Carez, J, Perrin, M, Capelle, A, Gnisci, P, Bottin, and C, Daoud-Deveze
- Subjects
Germ Cells ,Oocyte Donation ,Humans ,Disclosure ,Embryo Disposition ,Tissue Donors - Published
- 2020
40. [Epidemiological characteristics of malaria in the village of Corail, Grand'Anse, Haiti].
- Author
-
Raccurt CP, Brasseur P, Lemoine F, Cicéron M, Existe A, and Boncy J
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Antimalarials therapeutic use, Asymptomatic Diseases, Child, Child, Preschool, Chloroquine therapeutic use, Female, Germ Cells, Haiti epidemiology, Humans, Infant, Malaria, Falciparum blood, Malaria, Falciparum drug therapy, Male, Middle Aged, Parasitemia drug therapy, Plasmodium falciparum cytology, Plasmodium falciparum growth & development, Plasmodium falciparum isolation & purification, Primaquine therapeutic use, Wetlands, Young Adult, Malaria, Falciparum epidemiology, Parasitemia epidemiology
- Abstract
Malaria is considered to be a major problem of public health in Haiti. However the impact of Plasmodium falciparum on health is poorly known in this country. The objective of this study is to verify the incidence of malaria as the cause of hospital consultation and to evaluate the rate of P. falciparum gametocytes carriage among the population living in a municipality within the Department of Grand'Anse where the prevalence of malaria is considered one of the strongest in Haiti. Analysis of hospital statistics of Corail (Grand'Anse) showed that only 17.4% of consultations of patients presenting with fever are due to microscopically confirmed malaria. The fraction of the population most affected is that of adults aged 15-39 years (55% of cases). Children under five represent only 11% of the cases. A community survey showed the rarity of the carriage of gametocytes in asymptomatic persons (0.9%). In Haiti, the epidemiological characteristics of malaria must have specified and documented field studies in order to adapt a strategy for fighting against this parasitic disease with greater efficiency.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. [Gamete donation and parenthood]
- Author
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Laurence, François and Mathilde, Bouychou
- Subjects
Germ Cells ,Tissue and Organ Procurement ,Humans ,Female ,France - Abstract
Today many heterosexual couples, as well as single women and lesbian couples, use gamete donation in France or abroad in order to fulfil their desire for a child. The construction of parenthood in these conditions raises many questions and requires specific psychological work in order to reflect on issues surrounding genetic transmission, the establishment of the bond and the appropriation of parenthood. Furthermore, what is the future of the children conceived by donation?
- Published
- 2019
42. [Anonymity in gametes donation: the elements of debate]
- Author
-
Nadjet, Nouri-Genolhac and Christophe, Masle
- Subjects
Germ Cells ,Oocyte Donation ,Humans ,Confidentiality ,Tissue Donors - Published
- 2019
43. [Current conditions of gamete donation in France]
- Author
-
Bérengère, Ducrocq, Sophie, Jonard, and Julie, Fry
- Subjects
Male ,Germ Cells ,Oocyte Donation ,Reproductive Techniques, Assisted ,Humans ,France ,Tissue Donors - Abstract
The current conditions of gamete donation in france. Law of bioethics and assisted reproductive technology legislation control gamete donation in France. Candidates for the gamete donation are still too few to date, not allowing to meet the needs of couples receiving gametes on French territory. This shortage leads to significant waiting times for these couples. The information provided to the candidates of gamete donation (oocytes and spermatozoa) is channeled through general practitioners as foreseen by the law. A good knowledge of recruitment rules for candidates and of the attribution conditions of the gamete donations allows the practitioners to disseminate the information and to support the recruitment of new candidates.Conditions actuelles du don de gamètes en France. Le don de gamètes en France est réglementé par la loi de bioéthique ainsi que par le guide de bonne pratique en assistance médicale à la procréation. Les candidats au don de gamètes sont à ce jour encore trop peu nombreux, ne permettant pas de répondre aux besoins des couples receveurs de don de gamètes sur le territoire français. Cette pénurie entraîne des délais d’attente importants pour ces couples. L’information des candidats au don de gamètes (ovocytes et spermatozoïdes) passe par les médecins traitants comme le prévoit la loi. Une bonne connaissance des règles de sélection des candidats ainsi que des conditions d’attribution des dons de gamètes permet aux praticiens de diffuser l’information et d’aider au recrutement de nouveaux candidats.
- Published
- 2019
44. DNA copy number variations study in a cohort of infertile men and generation of an in vitro model for the study of meiosis from infertile patient's iPS cells
- Author
-
Mouka, Aurélie, Service d'histologie, embryologie et cytogénétique [Béclère], AP-HP - Hôpital Antoine Béclère [Clamart], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), and Gérard Tachdjian
- Subjects
Male infertility ,Disorders of sex development ,Chromosomal anomaly ,Infertilité masculine ,Anomalies du développement sexuel ,DNA copy number variation ,[SDV.BDLR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Reproductive Biology ,Induced pluripotent stem cells ,[SDV.GEN.GH]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Human genetics ,Cellules souches pluripotentes induites ,Primordial germ cells ,Cellules germinales primordiales ,Variation du nombre de copies d'ADN ,Anomalie chromosomique - Abstract
Infertility represents a major public health problem and concerns 10 to 15% of couples in the general population. A male factor is responsible for the infertility of the couple in about half of all cases. In approximately 30% of them, the etiology remains unexplained.The first working axis concerned the molecular study of a cohort of infertile patients (nonobstructiveazoospermia/ cryptozoospermia and disorder of the sex development or DSD) for whom analyses of standard karyotype and/or microdeletions of AZF regions were not able to explain the phenotype. The impact of copy number variations of DNA (CNVs) detected by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH-array) is poorly documented. A custom design 400K micoarray, genome-wide and enriched on a wide panel of 445 genes linked with infertility and DSD has been achieved. This array allowed the identification of 171 CNVs of interest.These results underline the potential of this design for diagnosis of male infertility. The second objective of this work was the in vitro modelisation of male infertility in a context of genetic abnormality. For that purpose, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were generated from erythroblasts by means of not integrative Sendaï virus, in two patients carrying genetic abnormalities (complex chromosomal rearrangement and 46,XX-SRY negative karyotype associated with AMH gene mutation). Secondly, functionality of hiPSCs generated was tested by germ cells in vitro differentiation. Primordial germ cell (PGC) stage was successfully obtained. Cells expressed key PGC markers such as SOX17. The perspectives of this work will be to continuethe germinal differentiation towards more mature stages and so to be able studying the meiotic process in a context of genetic abnormality.; L’infertilité représente un problème majeur de santé publique en concernant 10 à 15% des couples en âge de procréer. Un facteur masculin est responsable de l’infertilité du couple dans près de la moitié des cas. Pour environ 30% d'entre eux, l'étiologie reste inexpliquée. Le premier axe du travail a concerné l’étude moléculaire d’une cohorte de patients infertiles (azoospermie non-obstructive/cryptozoospermie ou désordre du développement sexuel ou DSD) pour lesquels les analyses du caryotype standard et/ou des microdélétions des régions AZF par PCR n’ont pas permis d’expliquer le phénotype. L'impact des variations de nombre de copies de l'ADN (CNV) détectées par l'hybridation génomique comparative sur puce à ADN est peu documenté. Un design personnalisé de puce à ADN de format 400K, pangénomique et enrichi sur un large panel de 445 gènes liés à l'infertilité et à un DSD a été développé. Cette puce a permis l’identification de 171 CNV d’intérêt. Ces résultats soulignent l’intérêt de ce design comme outil diagnostic dans le cadre du bilan de l’infertilité masculine. Le second axe du travail a été de modéliser l’infertilité masculine in vitro dans un contexte d’anomalie génétique. Des cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines (hiPS) ont été générées à partir d’érythroblastes de deux patients infertiles porteurs d’un remaniement chromosomique complexe ou d’un caryotype 46,XX-SRY négatif avec mutation du gène de l’AMH. Dans un deuxième temps, la fonctionnalité des lignées de cellules hiPS générées a été testée par différenciation in vitro en cellules germinales primordiales (CGP). Elles expriment les marqueurs clés du stade CGP dont SOX17, le déterminant germinal le plus précoce des CGP. Les perspectives de ce travail seront de poursuivre la différenciation germinale vers des stades plus matures et ainsi de pouvoir étudier le processus méiotique dans un contexte d’anomalie génétique.
- Published
- 2017
45. Des souris et des femmes : une ovogenèse fœtale similaire ?
- Author
-
Gobé, Clara and Mandon-Pépin, Béatrice
- Abstract
Reproduction in adult females is highly dependent on functional ovaries that allow efficient gamete production and hormonal secretion and so, fertility in adulthood. Female gamete production starts during fetal life in mammals, after the ovarian differentiation. Unlike male gamete production, the female one is a discontinuous process. In female fetus, in the absence of the Y chromosome, the ovary determining-pathway takes place resulting in ovarian differentiation and primordial germ cells migration from the somatic lineage to urogenital ridge. Here, these cells undergo a period of intensive proliferation (mitosis). In contrast with males where germ cells meiosis starts at puberty with a continuous mechanism, female germ cell meiosis initiates during fetal life. Then, oocytes I arrest at diplotene stage of prophase I of meiosis throughout fetal life (meiosis will resume at puberty in ovulated oocytes). Then arrested germ cells follow the process of primordial follicle formation and early folliculogenesis. Follicle thus formed represent the functional unit of the ovary and constitute the reserve of gametes for all reproductive life of the female. Although the establishment of the resting pool of primordial follicles are quite similar during oogenesis of mammals, there are however chronological differences between species and particularly concerning mouse and women. That is what we would like to prove in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. [CRISPR-Cas9, germinal cells and human embryo]
- Author
-
Pierre, Jouannet
- Subjects
Animals, Genetically Modified ,Gene Editing ,Embryo Research ,Germ Cells ,Animals ,Humans ,CRISPR-Cas Systems ,Embryo, Mammalian - Abstract
The performance of the molecular tool using CRISPR-Cas9, which makes it possible to induce targeted modifications of the DNA, has found numerous applications in research and open promising prospects in human clinic. CRISPR-Cas9 has been widely used to generate transgenic animals after targeted modification of the genome at the zygotic stage. It was also tested on human embryos on an experimental basis. Although there are potential medical indications that may justify a targeted modification of the embryo or germ cell genome, the uncertainties regarding the efficacy and safety of the method do not allow us to consider implementing such germline gene therapy in the short-term. However, it is necessary to weigh the scientific and ethical issues involved in this approach.
- Published
- 2017
47. [COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE SECRET OF THE DONOR'S IDENTITY OF DONATED GAMETES]
- Author
-
Sandrine, Tisseyre
- Subjects
Germ Cells ,England ,Humans ,France ,Confidentiality ,Tissue Donors ,Pedigree - Abstract
French law lies down a principle of anonymity of donated gametes. This principle is ignored by English law. Moreover, English law has established, few years ago, the contrary principle: the one of transparency of the donor's identity. This study of English law reports this evolution and its consequences.
- Published
- 2016
48. [THE WISHED ACCESS TO THE ORIGINS: WHICH ACCESS?]
- Author
-
Claire, Marliac
- Subjects
Germ Cells ,Humans ,Confidentiality ,Tissue Donors - Abstract
The anonymity of the donor of gametes is a principle required by the bioethics laws and confirmed by the judges, within the framework of medical help to procreation. It is disputed by the children born after a donation. The rule of the secrecy knows however already particular installations, it is consequently relevant to see to which extent a parallel could be considered for the newborns from such a donation. This principle of anonymity is not absolute and can be opposite to the person in identity search, several legal bases can be exploited for this purpose.
- Published
- 2016
49. [The Washington summit: orange light for genome editing?]
- Author
-
Bertrand, Jordan
- Subjects
Gene Editing ,Germ Cells ,District of Columbia ,Practice Guidelines as Topic ,Humans ,Genetic Therapy ,Bioethics ,CRISPR-Cas Systems ,Congresses as Topic ,Biomedical Enhancement - Abstract
The summit organised in early December 2015 considered in depth the various issues (technical, scientific, societal and ethical) raised by the prospect of genome editing using the extremely effective CRISPR system. Germline editing (for therapeutic or "enhancement" purposes) was stated to be irresponsible under current conditions, but the possibility that this could be considered in the future was not excluded; a mechanism for monitoring progress and possibly revising recommendations was proposed.
- Published
- 2016
50. [Issues surrounding the preservation and subsequent use of transsexual persons' gametes]
- Author
-
Pierre, Jouannet and Marc, Revol
- Subjects
Cryopreservation ,Male ,Parents ,Fertility ,Germ Cells ,Ovariectomy ,Sex Reassignment Procedures ,Fertility Preservation ,Humans ,Female ,Orchiectomy ,Transgender Persons - Abstract
Some transsexual persons wish to have their gametes frozen before gender transition, in order to preserve their fertility. This measure should be carried out, in strict compliance with the law, in case of orchidectomy, oophorectomy or hysterectomy However, as hormonal treatments do not irreversibly alter gonadal function, the reproductive capacity of trans-sexual persons can be maintained by avoiding surgical sterilization. There is therefore no obvious medical indication for cryopreserving gametes or germinal tissue in the absence of surgical sterilization. Moreover, the use of such cryopreserved gametes would, in principle, be considered mainly by a same-sex couple, something that French law currently prohibits. Regardless of these legal aspects, the issues surrounding the use of cryopreserved gametes, and its consequences, must not be ignored. If transsexual persons who are already parents may find ways of managing the change in both their personal and parental identity, the use of gametes stored prior to gender transition raises issues of identity whose consequences are difficult to assess, especially for the future child. Cryopreservation of gametes or germinal tissue cannot be undertaken without first considering whether their potential use is in keeping with what is, at present, medically and legally possible. In any case, it is up the physician to decide, on a case by case basis, whether or not to implement cryopreservation, taking into account the situation of the persons who request the procedure and their plans for parenthood.
- Published
- 2015
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