Search

What is mood? Despite its crucial place in psychiatric nosography and cognitive science, it is still difficult to delimit its conceptual ground. The distinction between emotion and mood is ambiguous: mood is often presented as an affective state that is more prolonged and less intense than emotion, or as an affective polarity distinguishing high and low mood swinging around a baseline. However, these definitions do not match the clinical reality of mood disorders such as unipolar depression and bipolar disorder, and do not allow us to understand the effect of mood on behaviour, perception and cognition. In this paper, we propose a multidimensional and computational theory of mood inspired by contemporary hypotheses in theoretical neuroscience and philosophy of emotion. After suggesting an operational distinction between emotion and mood, we show how a succession of emotions can cumulatively generate congruent mood over time, making mood an emerging state from emotion. We then present how mood determines mental and behavioral states when interacting with the environment, constituting a dispositional state of emotion, perception, belief, and action. Using this theoretical framework, we propose a computational representation of the emerging and dispositional dimensions of mood by formalizing mood as a layer of third-order Bayesian beliefs encoding the precision of emotion, and regulated by prediction errors associated with interoceptive predictions. Finally, we show how this theoretical framework sheds light on the processes involved in mood disorders, the emergence of mood congruent beliefs, or the mechanisms of antidepressant treatments in clinical psychiatry., (Copyright © 2022 L'Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Depressive disorder is characterized by a polymorphic symptomatology associating emotional, cognitive and behavioral disturbances. One of the most specific symptoms is negative beliefs, called congruent to mood. Despite the importance of these beliefs in the development, the maintenance, and the recurrence of depressive episodes, little is known about the processes underlying the generation of depressive beliefs. In this paper, we detail the link between belief updating mechanisms and the genesis of depressive beliefs. We show how depression alters information processing, generating cognitive immunization when processing positive information, affective updating bias related to the valence of belief and prediction error, and difficultie to disengage from negative information. We suggest that disruption of belief-updating mechanisms forms the basis of belief-mood congruence in depression., (Copyright © 2021 L’Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

There are three possible ways of access to phenomena of suffered violence: the first is the experience of those who have suffered violence themselves; the second is the experience of eyewitnesses; the third, which is the most frequent one, is an indirect access through the testimony of people belonging to the first two categories. Each way of access has advantages but also serious difficulties, both in terms of the objectivity of the experience and of the possibility to express it in language. No one is free from an affective and a normative dimension; this implies that there is a certain tension with regard to the phenomenological reduction. The paper offers an analysis of these ways of access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the issue of trance in anthropology, ethnomusicology and dance studies through the problem of the role of music and dance in achieving a trance state. The paper focuses on two important studies of trance. The first among them is the study Music and Trance by French ethnomusicologist Gilbert Rouget. In this study, Rouget examines the connection between trance and certain music and dance practices by discussing the key question: do certain musical instruments necessarily lead to trance? The second study represents the recent work of an ethnomusicologist Judith Becker, called Deep Listeners: Music, Emotion and Trancing, in which Becker explores the synergy between music, emotion, and trance in an intercultural context. Although these two studies have a lot in common with each other, the key difference would be Becker's reliance on recent research in psychology and neuroscience, that led to new research approaches to music and dance. Therefore, although Becker relies on Rouget's pioneering study, almost twenty years of the difference between these studies has led to recent dialogues between anthropological and culturalist approaches on the one hand and psychological and biological research on the other. The paper will present contemporary outcomes of these debates in anthropology through recent approaches to ritual, in dance studies through the question of kinesthesia, in ethnomusicology through the affect theory, and interdisciplinary interactions between them as well.

Copyright of Activités is the property of ARPACT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Mixed states present nosologic and diagnostic challenges with a relative paucity of evidence to guide treatment. Mixed bipolar states are difficult to treat and are associated with a high neuropsychiatric morbidity, a high risk of suicide and a poor outcome. In DSM- 5, the definition of mixed episode has been removed (in DSM- IV TR: "juxtaposed full manic and depressive episodes"). Mixed symptoms are captured under a broader concept called "mixed features" that is applied to mania and depression. The classification of mixed states as defined in DSM- 5 is less restrictive than in DSM- IV TR and challenges us at methodological and therapeutic levels., Objective: The aim of this paper was to conduct an overview of the literature to ascertain the efficacy of pharmacotherapy of mixed states., Method: A systematic review of the literature was conducted using PubMed., Results: Manic symptoms of mixed episodes seem to show a good response to second generation antipsychotics and to divalproate. There is no evidence of differential efficacy for second generation of antipsychotics (SGAs). Lithium and carbamazepine may be effective in mixed states in monotherapy and perhaps benefit in combination with SGAs as second line. Combination pharmacological treatment of SGAs and moodstabilizers are common in mixed states. This pattern has the best literature evidence., Conclusions: There is a few evidence to help us to choose the right treatment for patients with mixed state. In light with the DSM 5, more drugs specifically designed to treat mixed state are needed., (Copyright © 2013 Sociedade Brasileira de Farmacognosia. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

This paper examines A Constellation of Vital Phenomena (2013), a novel situated in Chechnya between 1994 and 2004, focusing on the poetic status of details and their role in the representation of violence and the circulation of affect. The descriptions, inventories and portraits reveal the filter of a subject's gaze and frequently rely on lists and enumerations, the better to convey a sense of loss and absence. Incongruous or poignant details function as weapons of resistance, drawing our attention to effects of contextualization and inviting us to perceive the complexity of experience through a dynamics of defrel figuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper examines whether atypical depression is still a valid entity as a diagnosis subtype in the light of publications with most recent antidepressants., Method: First, we present the origins of the diagnosis sub-specification of atypical depression, which is based on a different drug response to tricyclic antidepressants and mono amino oxydase inhibitors. Secondly, we discuss the different definitions that can be found for the terms of atypical depression. We present more specifically the definition of atypical depression as it is described in the DSM-IV, with its most important criterion: mood reactivity. Then we present a review of scientific publications questioning atypical depression validity as a clinical syndrome (based on medline researches). We will see whether this diagnosis is still relevant with the latest drugs used to treat mood disorders. A special focus is made on the link between atypical depression and bipolar disorder, based on Benazzi's work., Results: Most of publications confirm that atypical depression is a valid syndrome regarding first antidepressants clinical trials. Nevertheless, more studies with the latest antidepressants and atypical antipsychotics are needed to confirm this hypothesis. The link between atypical depression and bipolar disorders seems to be quite strong although it requires further investigations., Discussion: There are very few double-blind drug trials focusing on atypical depressions and results need to be confirmed by trials with new drugs. Moreover, we regret that there are no studies including cerebral imagery. More studies are also needed on neurobiology and psychotherapy specificity., Conclusion: Atypical depression is still a useful concept, because of its specific clinical presentation, evolution and treatments, even if more studies should be done. Atypical depression could also be useful to diagnose more easily some bipolar disorders and should help clinicians to focus more on suicidal risks and addiction evaluation for these patients, considering the mood reactivity and the link with bipolar disorder. To conclude, we propose that atypical depression should still figure in the future DSM-V for these different reasons., (Copyright © 2013 L’Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The goal of this paper is to give some indications on the concept of affect in psychoanalysis. There is no single theory of affect, and Freud gave successive definitions, which continue to be deepened in contemporary psychoanalysis. We review some steps of Freud works on affect, then we look into some present major questions, such as its relationship to soma, the nature of unconscious affects and the repression of affect, which is particularly developed in the field of psychoanalytic psychosomatic. From Freud's definitions of affect as one of the drive representative and as a limit-concept between the somatic and the psychic, we develop some major theoretical perspectives, which give a central place to soma and drive impulses, and which agree on the major idea that affect is the result of a process. We then note some parallelism between psychoanalysis of affect and psychology and neurosciences of emotion, and underline the gaps and conditions of comparison between these different epistemological approaches.

For a long period in the history of psychological research, emotion and cognition have been studied independently, as if one were irrelevant to the other. The renewed interest of researchers for the study of the relations between cognition and emotion has led to the development of a range of laboratory methods for inducing temporary mood states. This paper aims to review the main mood induction procedures allowing the induction of a negative mood as well as a positive mood, developed since the pioneer study of Schachter and Singer [Psychol Rev 69 (1962) 379-399] and to account for the usefulness and problems related to the use of such techniques. The first part of this paper deals with the detailed presentation of some of the most popular mood induction procedures according to their type: simple (use of only one mood induction technique) or combined (association of two or more techniques at once). The earliest of the modern techniques is the Velten Mood Induction Procedure [Behav Res Ther 6 (1968) 473-482], which involves reading aloud sixty self-referent statements progressing from relative neutral mood to negative mood or dysphoria. Some researchers have varied the procedure slightly by changing the number of the statements [Behav Res Ther 21 (1983) 233-239, Br J Clin Psychol 21 (1982) 111-117, J Pers Soc Psychol 35 (1977) 625-636]. Various other mood induction procedures have been developed including music induction [Cogn Emotion 11 (1997) 403-432, Br J Med Psychol 55 (1982) 127-138], film clip induction [J Pers Soc Psychol 20 (1971) 37-43, Cogn Emotion 7 (1993) 171-193, Rottenberg J, Ray RR, Gross JJ. Emotion elicitation using films. In: Coan JA, Allen JJB, editors. The handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007], autobiographical recall [J Clin Psychol 36 (1980) 215-226, Jallais C. Effets des humeurs positives et négatives sur les structures de connaissances de type script. Thèse de doctorat non publiée. Université de Nantes, Nantes] or combined inductions [Gilet AL. Etude des effets des humeurs positives et négatives sur l'organisation des connaissances en mémoire sémantique. Thèse de doctorat non publiée, Université de Nantes, Nantes, J Ment Imagery 19 (1995) 133-150]. In music or film clip inductions, subjects are asked to listen or view some mood-suggestive pieces of material determined by the experimenter according to standardized music or film sets [J Ment Imagery 19 (1995) 133-150, Cogn Emotion 7 (1993) 171-193] and selected to elicit target moods. According to many authors, these two mood induction procedures seem to be among the most effective manners to induce moods [Br J Psychol 85 (1994) 55-78, Eur J Soc Psychol 26 (1996) 557-580] in an individual or in a group setting [Jallais C. Effets des humeurs positives et négatives sur les structures de connaissances de type script. Thèse de doctorat non publiée. Université de Nantes, Nantes]. As it is believed that multiple inductions contribute additively to a mood [Am Psychol 36 (1981) 129-148], researchers proposed to combine two or more techniques at the same time. Thus, the Velten Mood Induction Procedure has been successively associated with the hypnosis mood induction procedure [J Pers Soc Psychol 42 (1982) 927-934], the music mood induction procedure [Behav Res Ther 21 (1983) 233-239, J Exp Soc Psychol 26 (1990) 465-480] or the imagination mood induction procedure [Br J Clin Psychol 21 (1982) 111-117]. Successful combinations of inductions usually use a first induction that occupies foreground attention and a second one that contributes to congruent background atmosphere. One of the most successful combined mood induction procedures has been developed by Mayer, Allen and Beauregard [J Ment Imagery 19 (1995) 133-150]. This technique associates guided imagery with music and is supposed to increase effectiveness of the induction. In the second part of this paper the aim is to present the usefulness of mood induction procedures in the study of cognitive processes in depression [Clin Psychol Rev 25 (2005) 487-510], borderline personality disorder [J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 36 (2005) 226-239] or associated with brain imaging [Am J Psychiatry 161 (2004) 2245-2256]. Then the inherent problems to the use of experimental mood induction procedures are reconsidered. Doubts have effectively arisen about the effectiveness and validity of the mood induction procedures usually used in research. Some authors questioned whether a sufficient intensity of mood is produced or the possibility that the effects observed are due mainly to demand effects [Br J Psychol 85 (1994) 55-78, Clin Psychol Rev 10 (1990) 669-697, Eur J Soc Psychol 26 (1996) 557-580]. In fact, the various mood induction procedures are not equal with regard to the demand effects observed. The question of demand characteristics with respect to mood induction procedures is still under debate, even if demand effects are supposed to be most likely to occur with self-statement techniques (especially with the Velten mood induction procedure) or when subjects are explicitly instructed to try to enter a specific mood state [Eur J Soc Psychol 26 (1996) 557-580]. Another interrogation relates to the effectiveness of these various procedures of induction and the duration of induced moods. Generally, the various techniques used produce true changes of moods in the majority if not the whole of the subjects. However, certain procedures seem more effective in inducing a mood in particular [Br J Psychol 85 (1994) 55-78, Clin Psychol Rev 10 (1990) 669-697, Eur J Soc Psychol 26 (1996) 557-580]. As for the duration of induced moods this depends at the same time on the procedure used and the mood induced. Nevertheless, mood induction remains fundamental in the study of the effects of mood on the cognitive activities, insofar as it makes it possible to study the effects of negative as well as positive moods.

Background: This paper reports the first validation study of the EPN-31 scale (Positive and Negative Emotionality scale, 31 items) in a French psychiatric sample. This questionnaire has been adapted by Rolland from an emotion inventory developed by Diener, and is also in accordance with Watson and Clark's tripartite model of affects., Methodological Aspects: Respondents were asked to rate the frequency with which they had experienced each affect (31 basic emotional states) during the last month. The answer format was a 7-point scale, ranging from 1 "Not experienced at all" to 7 "Experienced this affect several times each day". Three main scores were calculated (positive affects, negative affects, and surprise affects), as well as six sub-scores (joy, tenderness, anger, fear, sadness, shame). Four hundred psychiatric patients were included in this study, and completed the EPN-31 scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale. The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale was rated, as well as DSM IV diagnostic criteria. We performed a principal component analysis, with Varimax orthogonal transformation, and explored the factorial structure of the questionnaire, the internal consistency of each dimension, and the correlations between EPN-31 scores and HAD scores., Results: The factorial structure of the EPN-31 was well-defined as expected, with a three-factor (positive, negative and surprise affects) solution accounting for 58.2% of the variance of the questionnaire. No correlation was obtained between positive and negative affects EPN-31 scores (r=0.006). All alpha Cronbach coefficients were between 0.80 and 0.95 for main scores, and between 0.72 and 0.90 for sub-scores. GAF scores were significantly correlated with EPN-31 positive affects scores (r=0.21; p=0.001) and with EPN-31 negative affects scores (r=- 0.45; p=0.001). We obtained significant correlations between positive affects score and HAD depression score (r=- 0.45; p<0.001), and between negative affects score and HAD anxiety (r=0.56; p<0.001) and depression (r=0.45; p<0.001) scores. This pattern of correlation was in accordance with the Watson tripartite model of emotionality. Significantly higher EPN-31 positive affect mean scores were observed in females when compared to males (p<0.001). The third factor of the EPN-31 is less robust than the others and, the validity of the surprise score could hence be discussed., Conclusion: In all, this study confirmed the validity and the interest of the EPN-31 use in psychiatric patients. Various clinical and research applications can be considered, such as infra-symptomatic studies of emotions in affective disorders and during treatment protocols or definition of phenotypic markers in genetic or neuro-imagery studies.

Introduction: This paper focuses on the methodology and behavioural results of the tryptophan depletion challenge., Methods: A Medline search (1985-2002) using the keywords 'tryptophan depletion' and 'mood' has been performed., Results: Rapid depletion is obtained by morning intake under fasting condition of a tryptophan-free amino-acid mixture. Subjects with a family history of mood disorders and depressed patients receiving serotoninergic drugs demonstrate a mood-lowering effect. However, these effects are limited or absent in normal volunteers and naive depressed patients., Conclusion: The tryptophan depletion challenge has largely contributed to the understanding of the physiopathology of depression. However, the mood response to acute tryptophan depletion challenge in healthy volunteers is not as sensitive as a 'depression model'.

This autoethnography analyses the construction of personhood in relation to tattoos and their removal by exploring the affective response the author had during his first tattoo removal experience. Influenced by Renato Rosaldo’s imperialist nostalgia, the paper explores how this response was negotiated through the memories of a younger self in conjunction with present circumstances as a graduate student. In doing so, the paper reflects on the ever-changing relationship between the author and the tattoo and the role this connection has played and continues to play within the constitution of the author’s subjectivity.

The goal of this paper is to provide an example of how multidimensional scaling (MDS) can be used for stimuli development. The study described in this paper illustrates this process by developing affective mental imagery stimuli using the circumplex model of affect as a guide. The circumplex model of affect argues that all emotions can be described in terms of two underlying primary dimensions: valence and arousal (Russel, 1980). We used MDS to determine if affective mental imagery stimuli obtained from verbal prompts could be separated by arousal and valence to create four distinct categories (high –positive, low-positive, high-negative, and low-negative) as seen in other stimuli. 60 students from the University of South Carolina participated in the first experiment to evaluate three sets of stimuli. After being analyzed using MDS, selected stimuli were then assessed again in a second experiment to validate their robust valence and arousal distinctions. The second experiment was conducted with 34 subjects to validate 40 of the best stimuli from experiment 1. It was found that mental imagery stimuli can produce a reliable affective response for the dimensions of valence and arousal and that MDS can be an effective tool for stimuli development.

At the intersection of medical, political and cultural geography, this paper investigates colonial blues (cafard colonial), a kind of homesickness, which appeared among the French Foreign Legion and African colonial army during the 1880s. At first, the cafard colonial was considered specific to these troops and claimed as one of their identifying characteristics. Then, in the 1910s, physicians defined this form of nostalgia as a colonial pathology. During Word War I, the cafard affected as well French soldiers in the trenches and in the 1920s eventually became nothing but a kind of blues that may be experienced by anyone in French Society. In French colonies, cafard crises often resulted in explosive violence, easy to excuse because of its medicalization. The cafard is indeed consubstantial with colonization and its contradictions, which make finding a rightful place impossible for the colonizers. This paper calls for a critical analysis of geographical affects.

A “lost” 9/11 photograph re-surfaced publicly in 2005/2006 and triggered some revealing debate in the United States about what 9/11 images “should” show. The paper unpacks the image and some key responses to it in order to describe a contemporary “Machiavellian moment” in which civic humanist ideals turn out to deny a reality that the image briefly hinted at, a reality recovered in the paper via discussion of a YouTube commentary thread concerned with a 9/11 “tribute” mashup video derived from comic books. Contrasting the latter with “proper” debate in The New Yorker and elsewhere, the paper argues for the necessity of hearing a different conversation that is discernibly “out there”. The result of doing so will be a better understanding of the materialization of affect in images and speech acts. It is argued that this will help us better grasp the nature of the “hot cognitions” that focus around a major event such as 9/11 and the ways in which those are mediated.

Résumé Objectifs La théorie de l’attachement dans le domaine du vieillissement propose une approche nouvelle et pertinente pour comprendre la clinique du sujet âgé et les enjeux de ses relations à autrui. La vieillesse rend parfois le sujet vulnérable physiquement et psychiquement et l’inscrit dans une relation de dépendance à autrui. Cet article pose l’hypothèse d’une spécificité de l’attachement chez le sujet âgé. Méthode Cet écrit rend compte des premiers résultats d’une étude en cours visant à évaluer l’attachement chez des sujets âgés de plus de 65 ans. En utilisant une procédure d’analyse d’entretiens semi-structurés, inspirée du paradigme de l’attachement (Edicode), deux situations cliniques parmi les vingt situations rencontrées sont présentées pour illustrer deux profils d’attachement particuliers. Les sujets de cette étude ont participé à un entretien clinique semi-structuré enregistré, retranscrit puis analysé selon la méthode d’évaluation Edicode en double cotation, ont rempli avec l’aide du chercheur une échelle d’attachement (Questionnaire des Échelles de Relations), une échelle de santé (Indicateur de Santé Perceptuelle de Nottingham) et une échelle d’anxiété et de dépression (HAD). Résultats Les données issues de ces deux illustrations montrent l’importance de considérer les formes d’énonciation du récit et la mise en forme des expériences subjectives souvent douloureuses chez le public âgé. Ce récit permet d’évaluer le niveau d’élaboration des pertes liées à l’âge et la capacité pour le sujet d’y associer des affects. Nous observons également un lien entre ce degré d’élaboration des pertes et le profil d’attachement du sujet. Discussion À partir du constat d’un grand nombre de sujets détachés au grand âge comparativement à la population générale, nous discutons l’hypothèse d’une spécificité de l’attachement détaché dans la vieillesse. Le détachement serait une tentative plus ou moins opérante pour le sujet de lutter contre l’effondrement et la dépression liés aux pertes mais aussi à la raréfaction des relations. Conclusion Il n’existe pas d’effet de causalité simple du passé sur le présent dans l’attachement et le détachement peut s’entendre comme un mécanisme de dégagement ultime. L’aidant doit entendre l’angoisse que suscite la relation pour ces personnes contraintes de dépendre des autres. Objectives The attachment theory in the area of gerontology offers a new and relevant paradigm for the clinical understanding of the elderly and their style of relationship. Old age can sometimes make subjects more vulnerable physically as well as psychologically, while ageing people tend to be more dependent on others. This article hypothesises that attachment in the ageing process has specific features. Method This paper shows the first results from a recent study assessing attachment among people aged 65 and over. The approach is based on the attachment paradigm (Edicode protocol), and implemented semi-structured interviews. Two examples selected from 20 cases encountered are presented to illustrate two specific attachment styles. The semi-structured interviews were transcribed and analysed following the Edicode method, with double scoring. Respondents also completed different scales under supervision by the researcher: an attachment scale (Relationship Scales Questionnaire), a general health scale (Nottingham Health Profile) and an anxiety and depression scale (HADS). Results The results for the two examples used in this article show the interest of taking into account the different forms of enunciation of the narrative, as well as the way subjective, often painful experiences are told. The narrative enables an assessment of how far the elderly subject is able to cope with various age-related losses, and how they express their emotions about these losses. We observed a link between the level of representation of losses and the attachment style. Discussion Given the numbers of people with detached attachment style in old age compared to attachment in the general population, we can hypothesise that attachment during ageing has particular features. Elderly people may try to fight off collapse and depression by a detached attachment style helping them to endure losses and waning relationships. Conclusion The past attachment style does not always explain the current attachment style, and the detached style can be seen as a final attempt to escape. Caregivers should be aware that dependent persons may fear relationships because they generate anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circulation of a literary quotation in the public space raises a number of questions: what are the intrinsic characteristics of the segment that explain its separation from the initial text? What are the different vectors of its dissemination? But also, what does this emerging formula consist of in the course of its different public, notably political and commercial, iterations? We explore these questions through the wanderings of a René Char quotation in the public space in order to shed light on the affective mechanisms at work in its popularity, but also on the resulting emotional effects of its iterative and palimpsestic reception. I build on the logic of vagueness and the notion of nexus to shed light on the affective power attached to the indeterminacy of a set of words. However, the paper also shows the role played by the precision of the contours of a specific phrasing. This combination of factors plays an essential role in our attachments to certain statements.

Mapping new administrative domains for integrating conservation and development, and defining rights in terms of both new policy and the citizenry governed thereby, have been central to postcolonial neoliberal environmental governance programmes known as Community Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM). Examples now abound of the complex, ambiguous and sometimes contested outcomes of CBNRM initiatives and processes. In this paper I draw on archival, oral history and ethnographic material for north-west Namibia, particularly in relation to indigenous Khoekhoegowab-speaking Damara / ǂNūkhoen and ǁUbun peoples, to explore two issues. First, I highlight the significance of historical colonial and apartheid contexts generating mapped reorganisations of land and human populations for memories of access and use that exceed these reorganisations. Second, I foreground a nexus of conceptual, constitutive and affective relationships with lands now bounded as CBNRM administrative units or ‘conservancies’ that have tended to be disrupted through both past events and as economising neoliberal governance approaches have taken hold in this context. Acknowledging disjunctions in conceptions and experiences of people-land relationships may assist with understanding who and what is amplified or diminished in contemporary globalising trajectories in neoliberal environmental governance. In particular, oral histories recording individual experiences in-depth, especially those of elderly people prompted by return to remembered places of past dwelling, can historicise and deepen recognition of complex cultural landscapes that today carry high conservation value.

Mapping new administrative domains for integrating conservation and development, and defining rights in terms of both new policy and the citizenry governed thereby, have been central to postcolonial neoliberal environmental governance programmes known as Community Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM). Examples now abound of the complex, ambiguous and sometimes contested outcomes of CBNRM initiatives and processes. In this paper I draw on archival, oral history and ethnographic material for north-west Namibia, particularly in relation to indigenous Khoekhoegowab-speaking Damara / ǂNūkhoe and ǁUbu peoples, to explore two issues. First, I highlight the significance of historical colonial and apartheid contexts generating mapped reorganisations of land and human populations for memories of access and use that exceed these reorganisations. Second, I foreground a nexus of conceptual, constitutive and affective relationships with lands now bounded as CBNRM administrative units or ‘conservancies’ that have tended to be disrupted through both past events and as economising neoliberal governance approaches have taken hold in this context. Acknowledging disjunctions in conceptions and experiences of people-land relationships may assist with understanding who and what is amplified or diminished in contemporary globalising trajectories in neoliberal environmental governance. In particular, oral histories recording individual experiences in-depth, especially those of elderly people prompted by return to remembered places of past dwelling, can historicise and deepen recognition of complex cultural landscapes that today carry high conservation value.

The philosophical reflection on non-existence is an issue that has been tackled at the very start of philosophy and constitutes since the publication in 1905 of Russell’s “On Denoting” one of the most thorny and heated debates in analytic philosophy. However the fierce debates on the semantics of proper names and definite descriptions which took off after the publication of Strawson’s ‘On Referring’ in 1950did not trigger a systematic study of the semantics of fiction. In fact, the systematic development of a link that articulates the approaches to fiction of logic; philosophy and literature had to wait until the work of John Woods, who published in 1974 the book Logic of Fiction: A Philosophical Sounding of Deviant Logic. One of the most exciting challenges of Woods’ book relates to the interaction between the internalist or inside-the-story (mainly pragmatist) and externalist or outside-the-story (mainly semantic) points of view. For that purpose Woods formulated as first a fictionality operator to be read as “according to the story …” in relation to the logical scope of which issues on internalism and externalism could be studied. The discussions on fiction that followed Woods’ book not only seem not to fade away but even give rise to new and vigorous research impulses. Relevant fact for our paper is that in the phenomenological tradition too, the study of fiction has a central role to play. Indeed, one of the most controversial issues in intentionality is the problem of the existence-independence; i.e. the purported fact that intentional acts need not be directed at any existent object. Influenced by the work of the prominent student of Husserl, Roman Ingarden (1893-1970), Amie Thomasson develops the phenomenological concept of ontological dependence in order to explain how we can perform inter- and transfictional-reference - for example in the context of literary interpretation. The main claim of this paper is that a bi-dimensional multimodal reconstruction of Thomasson’s-Ingarden’s theory on fictional characters which takes seriously the fact that fictions are creations opens the door to the articulation between the internalist and the externalist approaches. We will motivate some changes on the artifactual approach – including an appropriate semantics for the fictionality operator that, we hope, will awaken the interest of theoreticians of literature. The paper could be also seen as an overview of how different concepts of intentionality might yield different formal semantics for fictionality. We will provide a dialogical framework that is a modal extension of a certain proof system developed by Matthieu Fontaine and Juan Redmond. The dialogical framework develops the inferential counterpart to the the bi-dimensional semantics introduced by Rahman and Tulenheimo in arecent paper.

Copyright of Societes is the property of De Boeck Universite and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, the author explores the clinical presentation of two patients who have recourse to fetishistic solutions. In one case, that of addictive sexuality, the patient is a foot fetishist; in the other, the fetishism takes the form of cross-dressing. In her discussion of the clinical material, the author develops issues raised by contemporary psychoanalysts concerning the Freudian metapsychology of perversion, the paradigm for which is fetishism. Contemporary ideas on fetishism have much less to do with sexual issues as such and more to do with the vicissitudes of primary narcissism: the fetishistic solution involves, above all, a primitive sense of identity that goes beyond sexual identification and object choice. The author then shows how some forms of so-called perverse sexual behaviour may in fact be an attempt to rebuild earlier deficiencies in the self's relationship with the primary object. With non-neurotic patients, the therapeutic process consists in bringing to the fore what was missed out in the primary organization of self-identity and in restoring the dimension of affect-failures that evoke the absence, in the primary environment, of any sharing of affect or mirroring potentiality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper comparates classic experimental "model psychosis" psychodysleptic induced and psychotic adverse reactions to psychodysleptic habitude or episodic use as clinically observed. Biochemical, neurophisiological and psychopathological back-ground of psychodysleptic states and clinical data are discussed in the aiming to investigate and explain interaction between cognitif and affectif destructuration in spreading off a psychotic crises. A multidisciplinary approach provides new insight about destructuration processes in exogenous or endogenous psychoses and about mental developmental in child.

Copyright of Revue Anthropologie et Sociétés is the property of Anthropologie et Societies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cioran's discontinuous, fragmental writing has a philosophical, as well as an affective and literary value, which makes any attempt of classification uneasy. While exploring the general idea of literature outside traditional theories of mimesis and representation, this paper argues that Cioran's work is neither philosophical nor confessional but is instead a way of staging and dramatizing (and not representing) the author's thoughts and affects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale is the property of Presses Universitaires de Liege and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: The question of time in psychoses has been studied more often as lived time (perceived) than as discursive time (abstract). The specificity of lived time in psychosis can disturb the modes of “intrigue setting” (‘mise en intrigue’ according to Ricœur seems to translate lived time into a narrative process), particularly as concerns lack of dating or excess of dating. In this paper, the authors study the phenomenon they have named “hyperdating” and its defensive function in psychosis. “Hyperdating” would be a function of overdating, illustrating the distance between the patient who “hyperdates” and the affective charge he feels. “Hyperdating” would then consist in a radical lack of the dating function. The purpose of dating would not be to tag events temporally in order to organize the narrative chronologically, but to proceed to evacuate the meaning out of the event by designating only its date. In fact, we suppose that the affect would be shifted onto this date, and thus disconnected with the representation of the event for which there are representational deficiencies and probably a very intensive original affective load. Dating is a vehicle of chronology, and is the manifestation of a faculty for the narrative of self to become an autobiography as temporal experience. We suppose that in psychosis, this process is inefficient. In fact, there is either a lack of dating of narrative events, or a “hyperdating” which overloads narrative with temporal pseudo-indicators, in particular through quasi-sacred dates. “Hyperdating” would therefore be a defensive psychic process against the traumatic load connected to the remembrance of the event, transferring the central characteristics to the date itself, which would then be exterior to any meaningful chronology. The authors propose to define this “hyperdating” phenomenon, and to investigate its psychic function. The methodology is qualitative, and based on two clinical cases, one of schizophrenia, the other of mania. A single case of schizophrenia: We think that in schizophrenia the “hyperdating” phenomenon could be underlain by a schism between affect and representation. This is an isolating process which fits into a psychotic dissociation, recalling the break characterising schizophrenic temporality. The speech is centred on a time-based accuracy to the detriment of experience narration and its affective expression. It then seems that “hyperdating” enables the person to avoid the huge traumatic load related to the factual content in order to shift the affective load on the dating itself. A single case of mania: Here “hyderdating” would be the expression of a game with dates in an omnipotent process. This game appears as a mosaic, a disjointed and blurred control attempt lacking a linear temporal trajectory. In mania, a cumulated series of dates does not ensure either temporal links or any necessary “temporalisation” for “intrigue setting”. Time is one of the forms of “discontinuity and hopping” frozen in instantaneity. “Hyperdating” reveals a need to control the temporal flux which can only fail and it is, under a chronological appearance, an expression of a temporality frozen on the return of the same. The lack of temporal succession and of alternatives to “temporalisation” of events by means of a date which freezes them and removes their affective dimension can only render the reflexive capture of an identity through a biographic narrative problematic. Conclusion: Thus, other than the discrepancies related to the specificity of the “hyperdating” process in the psychic economy of psychotic patients, there would be some similarities concerning “hyperdatation” in psychoses such as abortive attempts of intrigue restoration, deadlock of the chronological function of dating, but also freezing of temporalisation on a number. These illustrate the schism or the instantaneity, devoid of any temporal flux and therefore of any link with “withholding” (apprehension of what has just occurred) and with “protention” (intuition of the immediate future), which characterise time experience according to Husserl. The limits of our study are rooted in the difficulty of identifying this phenomenon as it seems to occur less often than those concerning forgetting or lack of dating. Furthermore the links between “hyperdating” and the affect management process as well as the differences of those links within the different types of psychosis will need to be investigated more thoroughly. That is why the prospects of this study could be the following ones: interrogating the links between “hyperdating” and memory in psychoses. (Is the “hyperdating” phenomenon a failed attempt to recover memories, and/or an attempt to shape raw mnesic traces?); further investigations of the psychotic temporality issue; therapeutic contributions in the management of time and affects could be based on these previous points as far as it seems that it is only through the flexibility of such a defence that the patient will reach the affects and integrate them in an intersubjective relationship with the therapist. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale is the property of Presses Universitaires de Liege and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Desire is woven into the ways in which people ‘do things with things’, that is, culture. Indeed, Karl Marx and David Ricardo’s initial value theories deliver meaningful insight into the social relations of production. But, today, it isn’t simply workers that supply and consumers that demand; immaterial products increasingly derive value through the psychic dynamics of a range of engaged ‘players’ irrespective of categories of worker, employer, consumer, audience, follower, passer-by, owner, or investor et cetera, and individual labor is evermore entangled with, and inseparable from, the life of the mind. Importantly, in contemporary conditions, the law of value is an especially necessary measure for allowing such invisible affected labors to be socially revealed and appreciated. Drawing on Melbourne, Australia, as an example of a ‘liveable’ metropolitan centre that is built of immaterial labor, this conceptual paper examines the separation, or disconnect, between culture and production in formal economics, compared with the integration of subjectivities, affect, audiences, and cultures that actually make and re-make (immaterial) values, to reimagine a new theory of value grounded in affect.

That Stella Benson’s Living Alone (1919) has received little critical attention can probably be explained both by its paradoxical articulation of absurd comedy, fantasy and psychological realism, and by the overwhelming influence of exceptional patterns and instances within the diegesis. The novel triangulates humour, magic and distress; it relies on two exceptional characters, an unnamed witch (whose magic powers jar with her inability to feel any emotions) and the heroine, Sarah Brown, who fails to interact with people around, partly because of her declining health and limited social skills. In this paper, I thus aim to contextualise the exceptionality of Benson’s novel and, drawing from affective and disability studies, to explore the ways in which the exceptional experiences of these two marginalised female characters, a seemingly all-powerful witch and a particularly perceptive disabled female protagonist, are constructed, conveyed and interrogated.

The author argues that commemoration is more complicated than simply “connecting” people to the past, promulgating particular political agendas or reinforcing collective rituals of national identity. Instead, she proposes that the we need to approach it from how it is felt and experienced, rather than focus only its history, discourse or symbolism. She advocates for an approach to commemoration that focuses on atmospheres, conceptually and empirically. In this paper, she suggests the use of methodologies that, by attending to atmospheres, consider how people feel in and about commemorative sites. She shows how digital, sensory and/or visual ethnographic approaches can be used, and explains how these are helping to extend understandings of commemorative spacetimes. Finally, she considers two areas of possibility offered her approach. If such moves can make possible new understandings of commemorative sites and events in peoples’ lives, it is because they help illuminate the relationship between individual and collective experience, identifying how shared affects can amplify events and make them more meaningful, but also how feelings can be subverting or loosening our connection to state narratives. Attending to the experiential alongside the discursive, in other words, helps us understand both the durability and the fragility of shared identity narratives.

Copyright of Commposite is the property of Les Editions Electroniques COMMposite and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper offers a preliminary investigation of the interrelation between literature, photography, and public memory under the conditions of authoritarian and neoliberal state control. Focusing on a fictionalized photograph of the 1953 workers’ uprising in East Germany in Uwe Johnson’s novel The Third Book about Achim (1967), I explore the performative capacity of photo-literary spaces to open up, and disrupt, institutionalized productions of public memory. Whereas official memorial technologies tend to close down alternative interpretations of history, this essay shows how small-scale, clandestine, or itinerant photographs embedded in literary archives animate historical impasses and possibilities, which persist to be responded to by future readers. More specifically, drawing on affect theory and political philosophy, I aim to rehabilitate photography’s indexicality as a performative register that enables human proximities across the boundaries of time and space.

Revisiting the pointless Falklands war for the stage, over three decades after it took place, was a very timely endeavor for the Argentinean director Lola Arias. By comparison to the larger and more devastating wars of our time, the Falklands conflict was a minor incident in international military history. However, it had a high toll for both nations involved—and all for a futile, absurd cause. By recruiting three Argentinean and three British veterans who actually fought in this war, Arias lets a polyphony of remembered experiences from the conflict rewrite the story from the point of view of individuals who actually confronted each other in the battlefield and had to reconsider afterwards their position vis-à-vis their own nation and government and the rest of humanity. The rehearsal period (longer than the actual duration of the war) and the performance itself brought up a real “minefield” of traumatic memories and repressed emotions which kept reeling and reformulating the stories shared among the veterans and narrated to the audience. Arias combined authenticity with psychoanalytic techniques, devised theatre with personal narrative, digital technology with live music and she trained her recruited war veterans enough to change crude documentary drama into participatory theatre. The paper will make a twofold analysis of the production, on the one hand focusing on the idea of nationhood and identity and on the other hand examining the efficacy of the specific form of verbatim theatre aesthetic employed.

This paper discusses the relation between landscape and affect in the works of Virginia Woolf, by tracing the influence of pastoral elegy in her writing. The most beautiful pastoral elegies in the English language echo throughout her works: ‘Lycidas’ in the first section of A Room of One’s Own; ‘Adonais’ in The Voyage Out and Mrs Dalloway; ‘Thyrsis’ in The Waves. In To the Lighthouse, Virginia Woolf drew on and reinterpreted some of the conventions of the genre to redefine the landscape/soundscape as a poetic medium for the circulation and metaphoric capture of affects, transitory states of being, abstract blocks of sensation, unattached to any specific subject, but related to fragments of the traditional landscape of elegy and tapping into the figurative pools of collective memory. Seasonal changes, which mark the passing of time and the work of mourning in pastoral elegies, are transposed in Virginia Woolf’s novel as micro-variations in light and shade, gradual changes in the weather, the quality of the air, or the intensity of colours, which convey an image of the elegiac landscape, not as a fixed pictorial frame, but as process, the process through which the conversion of loss into artistic creation can be effected.

This paper seeks, based on examples, to make work psychology questionable by philosophers. With Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist who died in 1934, we support a position that borrowed a lot from Spinoza, particularly on the question of the affect. With regard to work, the link between ethics, psychology and politics is explored.

The present paper first refers itself to the difference between affects (immediate and nearly unconscious) and emotions (more conscious and liable to distance). It then analyses two series of textual facts. First, the taboo attached to death and its representation in contemporary England, and the repression of emotion caused by it in the protagonists, and second the narrative means used to render what amounts to a near blockage: seven narrators, the surprises of memory, the series of objective correlatives corresponding to it and interruptions and silences. It ends on remarks about the delicate mixture in the text as a whole between emotion and distance that might be said to call up Proust.

T.S. Eliot was a prominent poet-critic of the modernist period whose theories have still as much penetrating influence on contemporary thinking as his poetry. Eliot cannot be confined to a single period such as modernism when his affinity with various opposing schools of thinking is considered. The same is true for Gilles Deleuze who, as a unique and idiosyncratic philosopher resists any categorization. We identify postmodern tendencies in the modernism of Eliot in the same way as we identify modernist sensibilities in the poststructuralism of Deleuze. A comparison between Eliot’s views of time, memory and perception and those of Deleuze may bring to light some resemblances. One major element behind these resemblances is their indebtedness to Henri Bergson in the formation of their thought. Eliot’s concepts such as “objective correlative,” “dissociation of sensibility,” and “impersonal voice” echo the Deleuzean concept of art as the producer of “affects and percepts.” Gilles Deleuze is known for his analyses of modernist literature and Eliot, somehow, was not among his focus points. This paper will be a revisiting of T.S. Eliot’s ideas on art and time with Deleuze in mind, to illustrate the common points of the two figures.

I have frequently justified my participation in the printemps érable by addressing the structural forces, including the politico-economic climate in Québec, the legacy of strike action by students in Québec, and the global neoliberal project. But as my fingers find patches of skin, once blue with abrasions and inflamed with anger, I wonder how I arrived at my class consciousness. In this paper, I explore my involvement in the Quebec student protest movement through a political economic analysis of the proceedings, but consider how the inclusion of affect and embodiment theory can build on our understanding of why and how people engage in political activism and social movements. By combining these approaches, what can we learn about the affected body and political dissent? This exploration of affect and embodiment in the context of neoliberal structures of power does not exist in a vacuum, but draws on a significant body of research that seeks to place the personal within the political, the subjective within the system. While affect and political economy are distinct types of theoretical questions that lead to specific theoretical outcomes, I am interested in how these approaches might play together, and coexist in one academic pursuit. As such, this autoethnography is an exploration in how, we can bring in to dialogue a political economy analyses with an analysis of my phenomenological and deeply affected experience of the protest movement, and the visceral and continuous existence of my class consciousness and protest body.

This article proposes to describe and analyze a central emic notion of contemporary Vietnamese society, the tình cảm, which refer to the emotional charge involved in a relationship. This affect is described through the lens of the flow of ceremonial gifts which constitute one of the principal means of expressing tình cảm in northern rural Vietnam. By testing the Spinozist approach of Lordon in The Society of Affects (2013), this paper shows how tình cảm are expressed, how they are a driver of social action and in which social structures they are produced.

Copyright of Activités is the property of ARPACT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay approaches the complex triadic relation between concepts, body, and culture from an angle rooted in the empirical cognitive research of the past three decades or so. Specifically, it reviews approaches to how the body shapes conceptualization, reasoning, and communication. One main section examines how the body contributes to cultural learning and another how abstract cultural concepts are grounded in sensorimotor experience, perception, and inner somatic states. Their purpose is to survey and briefly critique different theoretical frameworks, probe into their complementarity, and summarily evaluate to what extent higher cognition is embodied. The third main section outlines elements of an epistemological framework that connects culture, concepts, and the body in a sensible way. The paper closes with a discussion of how the embodied cognition paradigm advances a rapprochement of different areas both within cognitive research and beyond.

This paper examines the relationship between affectivity and activity during psychology interventions at work, particularly in terms of clinical activity. Different from emotion, affect is defined as a conflict within the activity, as a balance of power between what is expected and unexpected in the activity, the unpredictable future of which oscillates between two orientations, either more active or more passive. Based on an example from an intervention in the automotive industry, we show that the intervention causes movements in affectivity. During these movements, activity and passivity can be reversed, and one might eventually mutate into the other. Indeed, the dialogic clinical setting can be the source of a potential development of the affect, leading to an active orientation towards one condition: when the affect is the subject of repetition in another context, where repetition is not only permissible but specifically solicited by the intervention. In causing the affective movement, the intervention might regenerate it by "reloading" it with its own dialogical

B.S. Johnson’s ‘novel in a box’, The Unfortunates, is an original and moving elegy to the memory of his best friend who died of cancer at the age of 29, but the unbound format of the book and the unusual use of blanks have been dismissed by some critics as a mere manifestation of playfulness, a collection of tricks or gimmicks. My contention in this paper is that Johnson’s techniques, far from excluding affectivity and ethics, actually offer new ways of expressing emotion and giving a truthful account of feelings of pain, loss and mourning. On the one hand, the narrator is careful never to over-sentimentalise his discourse, hence instances of self-reflexive irony, mockery or derision to keep pathos at bay. On the other hand, this chronicle of a death foretold is a deeply-felt homage that involves narrator and reader in an ethical encounter with the absent Other.

Much of the academic finance theory is based on the assumption that individuals act rationally and behavioral finances treats investors’ choice based by behavioral biases. In contrast, neuro-finance (as a blending of psychology, neurology and finance) attempts to understand behavior by examining the physiological processes in the human brain when exposed to financial risk. Scientists map the mind to learn how fear and greed drive the financial markets. The paper, will briefly present why neurofinance is important and how will be able to provide in the near future a number of effective tools for improved financial decision making.

For many students, learning a Second Language (SL) can either be a rewarding or a threatening experience. Recent studies claim that this is caused by the role that the affective domain plays in the learning process. Since the affective variables are considered the least understood by researchers in Second Language Acquisition (SLA), this paper focuses on them. The main purpose in this research is to study the connection among anxiety, attitude and motivation and their effect on the academic performance of sixty-six Spanish students who are learning English as a SL. Teachers are also observed to know to what extent they alter those students’ attitudes, feelings of anxiety and motivation towards their language classes. Since the students who take part in this research share the same teacher, other two teachers are observed in order to analyze whether they have the same effect on their students or not. Results point out that there are clear contrasts between bilingual and non bilingual students and the different performances of the three teachers who were observed. DOI: 10.20420/rlfe.2015.0003

This article aims at introducing emotion into the scope of social facts sociology deals with. It is not a question to add a new class of phenomena to those already studied by sociology. The objective of the paper is to combine action analysis with emotion analysis and to show that emotion is a crucial parameter of sociological explanation. The analysis of emotions is made from a « cognitive sociology of action » point of view : we try to retrace the cognitive skills of actors in order to explain achievement and effects of social action. Exploring some aspects of the interactions between emotions and cognitions offers a way to explain how individuals concretely act in social life.

Grounded on a distinction between the mental component and the linguistic component of metonymy and metaphor, this study, after a brief survey of their essential mental characteristics, proposes the outline of a typology of the two tropes. Le last section of the paper revisits the mental component and examines a set of phenomena which can be collectively called metonymic identification and whose nature is not fundamentally linguistic – they pertain to cognition and affect.

Semantic theorists of fiction typically look for an account of our semantic relations to the fictional within general-purpose theories of reference, privileging an explanation of the semantic over the psychological. In this paper, we counsel a reverse dependency. In sorting out our psychological relations to the fictional, there is useful guidance about how to proceed with the semantics of fiction. A sketch of the semantics follows.