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In this paper, we estimated the methane emissions by the disposal of sanitary and domestic-use paper consumed throughout Brazil from 1901 to 2016. The apparent consumption of this type of paper from 1961 to 2016, calculated from the data of the FAOSTAT system, was used to estimate the amount of waste disposed of annually in three site categories: sanitary landfill, controlled dump, and open-air, uncontrolled dump. The 2006 IPCC Guide methodology was used to calculate CH4emissions and long-term carbon storage. Nine scenarios based upon the law that establishes the National Solid Waste Policy (NSWP) were examined, considering 100% waste disposal and treatment in landfills or incineration from 2014. The total emission was estimated at 1.967 MtCH4, corresponding to 55.080 MtCO2eq by GWP-AR5, and the stored carbon at 3.724 Mt, corresponding to 13.655 MtCO2eq. CH4emission increased beyond the population growth rate due to an increase in the per capita paper consumption in the country, from 0.02 kgCH4.year-1 in 1961 to 0.30 kg CH4.year-1 in 2016. The NSWP has not yet been accomplished, and the scenarios outlined indicate that, from the point of view of CH4 emissions, it would be more advantageous to carry out incineration instead of applying other waste treatment technologies.

Recension d’ouvrage: Seralini, G.-E.; Douzelet, J. L'affaire Roundup à la lumière des Monsanto Papers. Paris: Éditions Actes Sud, 2020.

RESUMEN A lo largo de la segunda mitad siglo XX en la Argentina diferentes actores inscriptos en las instituciones de formación de profesores de Educación Física procuraron promover disimiles discursos y prácticas con el objeto de legitimar en distintas esferas sociales a la disciplina. En esos procesos se establecieron diálogos con diversos saberes científicos constituyéndose lo que los actores de la Educación Física denominaron como “tradiciones disciplinares”, asimismo promovieron desiguales inscripciones dentro del sistema de educación superior. En este artículo profundizaremos en los procesos de configuración de las saberes y prácticas que hicieron a la construcción de la identidad de los profesores de educación física en las décadas de 1970 y 1980. Para ello, analizaremos fuentes primarias y secundarias entre ellas se destacan los planes de estudio y los expedientes administrativos de distintas instituciones de formación. En cada uno de los casos atenderemos a las tramas de construcción de los mismos. El recorrido posibilitará evidenciará que en el período considerado las producciones identitarias de los profesores de educación física comenzarán a pensarse en una relación de necesidad y de tensión entre la investigación y la docencia.

This paper exploring the Freedom of Speech in Canadian Constitutional Law is part of the series “Constitutional Law Around the Globe”. This chapter of the series focuses on “Fundamental Rights and Freedom of Speech” in contemporary democracies. Second in the row, this paper analyses the Freedom of Speech in Canadian Constitutional Law and how it has been shaped by the Supreme and lower courts over time, specially on the so-called “hate speech”. A final paper will approach the legal systems composing the series in a comparative perspective.

This paper addresses the problem of promoting the common good at the local governments. To demonstrate how Law should be seen primarily to a positive task (human flourishing), and to show how enaction and implementation of rights are strictly connected, it is presented the hypothesis in which the “quality of the Federation” (arrangement of competences, goods and incomes drawn in a Federal Rule of Law) is determinant in shaping a linear relation between the “ends elected” by a given community and the “means purposed” by the State administration to fulfill those ends. In this sense, the paper is divided in two sections, each one conducted from methodology of literary review and data analysis. The first section deals with the concept of common good and the perspective of using indicators to measure it. The second section takes the example of Brazilian Federation arrangement drawn in its Constitution to demonstrate the hypothesis. In the end, it is concluded that Brazil lives a false autonomy at the Municipalities level, and this false autonomy constitutionally designed can be a cause of genetic problems in achieving a dynamic of the common good.

This paper analyzes the problems caused by the state of emergency in Indonesia. It focuses on explaining the meaning of a state of emergency, based on Article 12 of the 1945 Indonesian Constitution. It addresses how Indonesia determines the emergency status and how checks and balances regarding the emergency status were implemented. This paper highlights three points. First, the existing law on the state of emergency is no longer in line with Indonesia's constitutional concept, following the amendment; second, there are findings indicating that several emergency statuses were not appropriately declared; third, the lack of the Parliamentary and court role in conducting checks and balances on the President in the state of emergency. This paper offers a recommendation concerning the importance of strengthening checks and balances to ensure there will be no abuse of power in implementing a state of emergency in the future.

This paper argues against the most important theoretical foundations which Walter Block uses to defend his thesis that Evictionism legitimizes indirectly deadly evictions of a progeny while simultaneously forbidding abortion. It begins by presenting Block’s Gentleness principle and Rothbard’s principle Proportionality separately. Then, it compares both principles to analyze how satisfactorily each of them deals with some important general problems of libertarian legal theory. The ‘bubble gum theft’ scenario is the main tool for this comparison because both authors uses ‘petty theft’ examples to illustrate their respective principles. This paper’s conclusions are as follows: First, every moment of crime is interconnected. Second, proportionality applies to every moment of crime. Third, that Block’s so-called ‘gentleness principle’ is not only redundant to proportionality, but also cannot be a libertarian principle for two reasons: (1) it implies positive rights and obligations; (2) it presupposes a deterrence penology. This paper is the first in a series of three in an attempt to reform the standard libertarian stance on abortion.

This paper exploring the writ of certiorari in the United States Constitutional Law is the second of the series “Constitutional Law Around the Globe”. This section of the series focuses on “Judicial Review and the Filters to Access Supreme and Constitutional Courts”. The first paper in the row, published in the year 2019, analyzed the Constitutionality Priority Question (Question Prioritaire de Constitutionnalité – QPC) in France. In this second paper, we analyze how the U.S. Supreme Court picks cases from thousands that reach it every year and the strategies that the Court adopts to filter these cases. The paper focuses specifically on Rule 10, the “writ of certiorari” and their operation in practice.

This paper analyze and evaluate Brazilian biodiversity oils as potential triggers for the development of a new value chain of no-timber forest products that will contribute for a transition to bioeconomy. Firstly the paper analyzes the production, processing, and market models of two different vegetable oils. The model based on the olive oil in EU indicates paths for the improvement for Brazilian biodiversity oils value chain. Then, state of art of Brazilian biodiversity oils market and public policies that supports the socio-biodiversity production chain is analyzed. In addition to that, market and technological characteristics of the main raw materials for the production of oils from no-timber forest products are described with emphasis in Brazil nuts and babassu oils. The results indicate that those oils can play a relevant role for the improvement of no-timber forest products value chain, however they have identified a gap of scientific and technological for vegetable oil extraction and refining process. These technological progresses contribute for the Brazilian biomes conservation by adding value in processed products. Beyond the technological and market challenges of Brazilian biodiversity oils production, the value chain still demands institutional, legal, cross-sectorial and trusting framework that encourage actors to overcome the present difficulties of extractive activities. As an example of a cross-sectorial framework, it is possible to mention the personal hygiene and pharmaceutical Brazilian industries. These industries develop a market differentiation by vegetable assets as Brazilian biodiversity oils, extracts and tinctures. For this development demand high investments in RD&I. For the Brazilian characteristics, the partnerships and alliances between companies, universities or research institutes and small local enterprises become relevant. In conclusion, the paper recommend social productive arrangements that integrate cooperatives and associations of local communities, universities and research institutes, industries and government institutions in order to make Brazilian biodiversity a strategic axis for sustainable development. At the local level, this social arrangement could promote decentralized vegetable oil processing units and a specific Ecolabel for the products of the Brazilian socio-biodiversity.

The Constitutions of 1988 in Brazil and 1991 in Colombia have instantiated a complex process of transformative constitutionalism associated with the protection of rights, and the inclusion of minority groups. In spite of the prominent role of the judiciary in these processes, it should be stated that these Constitutions recognized the importance of the legislative branch within the transformations they seek to achieve. The question that remains open is whether a strong intervention by the judiciary is instrumental to put the legislature back in shape and put it in tune with the transformation that both Constitutions seek to achieve. As this paper will show, despite the good decisions delivered when deciding particular cases, overall, transformative constitutionalism based on the prominent role of the Courts has not been that transformative in terms of reforming political institutions. In this sense, what this paper seeks to highlight is that, in order to develop an adequate theory on judicial review, it is crucial to truly identify the limitations of constitutionalism and what judicial review can and cannot do.

Abortion in Ireland is regulated by a constitutional provision that was inserted following a referendum in 1983. In May 2018, the Irish people, will voted to remove this provision from the Irish Constitution. In this paper, I examine the reasons for the insertion of the provision; the problems that emerged with it over time; the factors that motivated the campaign for change; and the gradual process of negotiating a proposed change within the political system. The paper concludes by drawing general lessons that might be derived about the about the costs and consequences of the Irish experience of making abortion into a matter of constitutional law and debating its removal. Though somewhat effective in blocking political opponents, constitutionalising abortion has had unexpected consequences: creating uncertainty; involving the judiciary in the regulation of abortion; and perhaps creating a tendency to elevate social and political issues to the constitutional level.

Criticism toward the legitimacy of the constitutional court decisions in judicial review cases remains to be a common problem for many courts around the world, including the Indonesian Constitutional Court (popularly known as 'MK'). Thus, the Indonesian Constitutional Court was established with its structure designed to minimize the legitimacy problems in its decisions. Although efforts to minimize the problem of legitimacy have been made, the criticism toward Indonesian Constitutional Court’s legitimacy remains throughout its development, especially when the institution decides against public opinion. Over the years, the issue of legitimacy became even more complicated; the existing political institutions had expressed their intent to intervene in the Indonesian Constitutional Court through their power to appoint its judges. As such, there is a strong likelihood that the public will not consider the Court Decisions as independent, which in turn may further hamper its legitimacy. To resolve this issue, this paper shall discuss the ’supermajority’ mechanism, in which a supermajority vote amongst the judges is required in order for a law to be declared unconstitutional. We use Constitutional Court of Korea’s experience in implementing this mechanism as an example to prove that the adoption of the supermajority requirement has the potential to succeed in strengthening the legitimacy of the decisions of the constitutional courts as well as making it more difficult for the political institutions to capture the court.

Constitutional courts are inherently political, but when assessing their judicial decisions, the majority of the legal community in South America tends to adopt a narrow, normative, and legalistic perspective, lacking empirical and interdisciplinary approaches. In this paper, we report some elements to surpass this mainstream perspective by departing from the rational acceptability thesis. The scope of the work is limited to a descriptive and normative sphere, and the method used is qualitative.

The paper challenges the widespread intuition according to which the constitutional amendment procedure normatively requires the application of the qualified majority rule as a collective decision rule. To this end, the relationship between majority rule and the qualified majority is clarified and the link between qualified majority and constitutional supremacy is questioned. The institutional role played by the qualified majority rule of the constitutional amendment in parliament is then clarified in order to discredit the widespread justification of the qualified majority based on the notion of precommitment.

The paper presents a discussion on the water crisis that occurred between 2013 and 2015 in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, the lack of integrated natural resources planning, and the reaction of social actors affected by the crisis. The region was affected by an extreme hydrological and climatological event, which was combined with the unsustainable management of water resources. The paper addresses, initially, the dynamics of water governance in the region, and the main aspects related to water availability and climate dependence that caused the water crisis. Then, we present an analysis of the process that led to the water crisis and its main developments, which is based on the follow-up of the different moments of the crisis and dialogues with its relevant stakeholders. The results indicate the relevance of emphasizing issues on matters such as the lack of transparency and highlight the role of societal initiatives. We conclude the paper with a proposition to discuss governance processes that can contribute to the development of more effective initiatives in order to reduce the impact of this visible change in water regimes, strengthen transparent management, and promote a more democratic interaction between social actors and the government.

The paper presents the Separation of Powers as a principle. It means that it is one of several possible political choices. We take this conception and then we aim to explain how it develops with relevance in a Rule of Law and its procedures. It was analytically perceived that such conception is idealized because it fails to address practical problems. The main problematic confronted is in relation to the activity of the Judiciary, exemplified through Brazilian conflicts between the different powers, in this paper we approach, for this purpose, the vaquejada case. In order to try to overcome such problems, the presented hypothesis is that a dialogic theory can provide some answers by promoting dialogue through equilibrium and partnership between the powers and citizens.

The goal of the paper is to learn what democratic socialism is and to discuss the history of the Swedish Social Democratic Party (SAP), what their model is, and how it works. Despite the fears Americans have of socialism, Sweden is home to some of the happiest people in the world. This must mean the fears that Americans have of socialism are unfounded. The Swedish people benefit from a wide range of socialist programs – programs which, if instituted in America, would be very popular. Once a thorough understanding of democratic socialism has been achieved, this paper illustrate examples of its use in America. It explore the various ways America has already benefited from democratic socialism and how Americans can move away from capitalism and towards a model such as this. In the end, two points become clear; one, that democratic socialism works, and two, that democratic socialism has been an American ideal all along.

This paper examines the nexus of nature conservation, productivity and domination in inclusive conservation approaches. It argues that the turning of subsistence peasants into “stewards and custodians of biodiversity” (CBD) represents a soft form of domination according to the false alternatives of ecological instrumentality in that local development is subordinated to supposed “natural” constraints. The argument draws from critical theories of societal nature relations (Horkheimer & Adorno, 2002; Görg. 2003; Moore, 2015) as well as from extensive research on ecotourism as an instrument to reconcile conservation and development in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. From this angle, conservation is seen as a way to produce “natural” resources building on, perpetuating and creating various social inequities, based on the fiction that “nature” is essentially non-human. This case is made with regard to National Protected Areas in Laos, which are designed explicitly to accommodate local people’s needs. Among other things, ecotourism is employed to create a source of income alternative to practices seen as “unsustainable”. Thereby, economic and also moral stakes in untouched resources are to be implanted. In such way, a compromise between (rather than a reconciliation of) conservation and development is imposed which is largely alien to the lived realities of local people, and only accounting partly for their needs and aspirations – an imposition which tends to produce its own countercurrents, again tying into productivity and inequality. This paper thus analyzes the workings of the nature/society dualism underlying ecological instrumentality as experienced in ecotourism as a tool for nature conservation in Laos.

This paper highlights the economic interests embedded the socio-environmental discourse on agro fuels, showing corporate alliances between major multinational agribusiness companies, biotechnology and the petroleum and automotive sector. Questioning the unsustainability of biofuels, the purposes guiding its production were discussed: automotive vehicles. When considerations were raised about the geopolitical plot of agro fuels, the concepts of “accumulation by dispossession” and “new imperialism” were mentioned, pointing to an insertion of Latin American, African and Caribbean countries into the international division of labor as raw material and energy suppliers to the so-called developed countries. To approach the agro fuels social discourse, , due to its emblematic character, the National Program for Production and Use of Biodiesel – PNPB was highlighted. PNPB is a large scale program aiming biodiesel production, which seeks to justify and legitimize itself by the addition of family farming to the production chain as a way of generating income in the countryside. Although the program highlights the family farming participation, it is observed in its production profiles, at national level, the prevalence of agribusiness. This paper tries to break down the hegemonic socio-environmental discourse of agro fuels using the relevant bibliography, current legislation on biodiesel, and secondary data, with emphasis on those disseminated by National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels – ANP.

The current paper begins by drawing a historical path about how the human thought understands the relation between science, technique and nature. This path begins with the “myth of progress,”, that arises within the scientific revolution and reaches its pick during the industrial modernity; passes by the disenchantment and technological pessimism of the interwar and post-war period and culminates with the perception that nowadays we live in a risky society. Subsequently, the paper turns to the philosophy of technology in order to discuss if the human technique, understood as one of the causes of environmental crisis, can be democratically reformed in a way that its development respects the harmonic relation with the environment. Based on Andrew Feenberg’s critic theory, we give a positive answer to the question.

Since the death of Chico Mendes three decades ago, nearly half of the Amazon forest area has been conserved through the collective sacrifice and struggle of thousands of forest-reliant families in Brazil, twined with political will and dense scientific and technical capacity. The key position that once marginalized, rural women have played in this struggle, however, is often obscured. This paper describes the role of women, some eminent and others lesser known, in the conservation movement inspired by Chico Mendes in Brazil. Thirty years ago, women were not permitted to be union members; today, 40% of the National Council of Extractivist Populations (CNS) leadership is female, and 25% of conservation units are led by women. Brazilian women occupy positions across the full spectrum of politics from grassroots to crucial positions in government, unions and civil society organizations. As women have gained power, they have also become targets. Of the 818 assassinations recorded by the Comissão Pastoral da Terra” (CPT) between 1997 and 2017, 7% have been women. Their deaths have not been forgotten. During 2017’s March of the Margaridas, in support of women’s rights and in remembrance of those who have died for the cause, an estimated one hundred thousand women have participated. Since Mendes’ death, the movement to conserve forests and secure land for smallholders in Brazil has not abated, but grown and evolved through cross-sectoral collaborations, intergenerational exchange, strategic advocacy across vast geographic areas, and shared bonds born of struggle. The paper highlights the vital role of women in expanding and concretizing a globally significant forest conservation movement sparked by a man with a vision.

Ayres maintains that both punishment after the fact of crime, and what the victim is allowed to do during the commission of the crime, should be based upon proportionality. I agree with him on the former contention, but not the latter. This paper is my attempt to make the case that the victim is entitled, based upon libertarian law, to do whatever is necessary to defend himself and his property, provided, only, that he employ the most gentle means compatible with this end. Ayres demurs.

The paper analyses the main difficulties and advances within a process of direct management of a public forest. Particularly, the paper examines the direct management of Antimary Public Forest in Acre State. The paper focuses on the factors that contributed to forest management, natural resources conservation and local community development within the conservation unit. Methodologically, the research was based on case study, qualitative analysis and historical-descriptive method for data assessment. For data collection it was used participant observation, semi-structured interviews, documentary analysis and geo-processing tools. The paper shows that direct management can be an effective mechanism for land management of protected areas in spite of difficulties imposed by fundraising limitations. The pattern of forest reserve direct management when applied in small conservation units may increase the possibilities of political intervention of the State and the communities in the unit management, as well as contribute to the reduction of deforestation and conflicts about use of resources.

Environmental licensing processes in Brazil have received increasing attention from the media and the public, particularly those that involve large projects of infrastructure, a range of actors and diverse interests (i.e. port sector). These processes are in general characterized by disputes, conflicts and contradictions. Due to this complexity, many decisions about concessions of licensing have been submitted to the juridical sphere. This paper explores this complexity and brings results from a study that sought to investigate the judicialization of licensing to expand the Port of São Sebastião, North Coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. In this paper we present the conflict around this issue and its chronology, as well as discuss a set of critical variables that influenced the judicialization process. We argue that, beyond those officially declared causes for judicialization, other variables intersected with the political and social dynamic had lead this conflict to the Judiciary system. Identifying these non-official causes is especially critical to understand limitations and barriers of environmental licensing processes.

Considering the need for evidence-based information to support the improvement of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) practice and given the few papers devoted to this aspect in Brazil, the present paper is focused on the systematic quality review of Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) submitted to the environmental licensing process. The EIA system as implemented in the Espirito Santo state was adopted as a research object, which provided 21 EISs to be reviewed, corresponding to 57% of the EISs submitted to the state environmental agency from 2007 to 2013. The studies include different projects such as oil and gas, thermoelectric power plants, ports, transmission lines, roads, housing and so on. EIS quality review was done by following the Lee and Colley Review Package, which is widely applied and recognized in the international literature. The outcomes reveal some aspects of the state EIA system to be improved, moreover in terms of the identification and assessment of relevant impacts, association between the impact and the environmental baseline, the consideration of cumulative effects, prediction of magnitude and significance assessment of impacts. Positive aspects include the description of environment and baseline, and the organization and presentation of data/information. Although similar to other contexts, the results allow to the conclusion that EIS are delivering information of low quality to support EIA decisions in the state of Espirito Santo, thus contributing to a low effectiveness of the state EIA system.

Many protected areas of the planet are under pressure from mining and energy activities. In relation to oil and gas exploration and production, there is a strong correlation between areas of high biodiversity and geological formations containing hydrocarbons. Additionally, many areas of interest of the oil industry overlap with sensitive areas, endangered ecosystems, and indigenous territories. In Brazil, although most of the oil and gas exploration and production (around 94%) are in the offshore fields, the treatment and transportation occur mainly in coastal regions. The oil infrastructure has been installed in the highly threatened Atlantic Forest biome and its associated coastal ecosystems. This paper explores the conflict between the expansion of oil and gas activity and the preservation of the State of São Paulo Atlantic Forest. Based on the arena concept, the paper analyze the environmental licensing process of “Mexilhão Entreprise” of the Brazilian Oil Company (Petrobras) in the State Park of the Serra do Mar (PESM) on the north coast of São Paulo. The paper highlights the role and importance of protected areas as power resources in the negotiations of arena. The existence of these areas may not be enough to deal with the pressures of oil and gas activities, but undoubtedly their presence influences decision-making and the results of negotiation processes. From the theoretical and methodological points of view, this paper shows the importance of multi-actor and multi-level analysis, to deal with the conflict and the decision-making on energy enterprise and biodiversity conservation.

This paper intends to question the role of the Brazilian Supreme Federal Court as an agent of democratic construction and its role as guardian of the constitution. The interest in the Supreme Court is due to the political arrangement and the overlapping of powers and functions of the court than the other powers. A Constitutional Court with inflated powers can lead to democratic dysfunction and judicial hegemony about institutions. Notably, an expansion of the Brazilian Supreme Federal Court’s powers should create a way for it to interpret the Constitution and its influence on the political process. There is no doubt that the Brazilian Supreme Federal Court has become an important political actor, making it present in almost all legal and political areas. However, constitutional monopoly, judicial activism, and excessive interference in the political process degenerate the original democratic model, deconstructing the excess of faith deposited in the judiciary.

In the last decade, Brazilian Supreme Court has been playing a very important role in the democratic process, raising concerns on judicial activism and on the so-called “juristocracy”. One of the ideas that comes up to tackle those issues is the adoption of a Canadian-style notwithstanding clause. Revolving the notwithstanding clause features and its practical exercise in Canada, the paper contends that it is not suitable for Brazilian constitutional system of strong judicial review. It also demonstrates that such a constitutional instrument would not help the improvement of institutional dialogues between the judiciary and legislative branches nor effectively remedy hints of judicial activism.

The purpose of this essay is to outline an experiential way of understanding the organization, from a embodied perspective, that privileges the analyses of organizational practices situated in the environment. We take the dwelling perspective in order to enrich the comprehension of the life-world where the perception takes place and to clarify how knowledge emerges from situated living practices. This paper proposes an approach that describes living practices based on the entwinement with the life-world, such as an embodied process situated in the environment. The paper presents new possibilities of research about the relation between individuals and organizations, as the dwelling perspective enables the comprehension that the organization is not only inhabited, but is a living space. The goal is to fill gaps identified in the two studies on practices in Organizational Studies: (1) the effort to rescue the critical potential of practices in relation to positivist and rationalist concepts imposed on organizational studies and (2) the need to promote clearer articulation about the entwinement with life-world, considering that this idea is crucial for the analysis of practice rooted in the environment.

In this paper we propose a computer vision system to classify permeable and impermeable areas of a bounded area for study including the Micro-basin of Segredo and adjacent micro-basins, located in the municipality of Campo Grande/MS, Brazil, in order to evaluate the increase in urban density between the years 2008 and 2016. The proposed system is based on the image segmentation method Simple Linear Iterative Clustering (SLIC) to partition an image into multiple segments and generate superpixels that differentiate the permeable and impermeable areas; and attribute extraction algorithms to describe the visual features such as color, gradient, texture, and shape. The performance of five supervised learning methods was evaluated for the task of permeable and impermeable areas recognition. The proposed approach achieved an accuracy of 94.6% using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm. In addition, the results showed an increase of 7.2% in the urban occupation rate of the study area between the analyzed years. The results indicate that the proposed approach can support specialists and managers in the monitoring of urban density and its environmental impact.

Restingas are located all along the Brazilian coast, playing a crucial role in protecting coastal cities from extreme weather events. Threats to this ecosystem have intensified with the dismantling of environmental legislation and regulatory bodies, such as the National Environmental Council (CONAMA). This paper investigates the implications of the change in the composition of CONAMA and the effects on the legal protection of the restinga vegetation. The data were obtained through research of documental sources and legislation, collected between March 2020 and May 2021. The advances and setbacks in the legal protection of the restinga vegetation were identified from 1965 to 2021, with the Federal Law 4,771/1965 as the historical framework. The data collected was analyzed based on fifteen key principles of Ecosystem-Based Management. Social participation in CONAMA was compromised with the edition of Federal Decree 9,806/2019, which reduced the number of full councilors from 108 to 23, being restricted to ministries, confederations, a representative of the Federal Public Prosecutor, and a representative of society. After the restructuring of the advisors, the CONAMA Resolution 500/2020 was approved, revoking the CONAMA Resolution 303/2002, protecting the restinga within 300 meters from the high tide line. The subversion of the democratic principle of popular participation generated a loss of legal protection in the restinga vegetation, moving Brazil away from the commitments established in international conventions, besides bringing risks to the conservation of fragile, dynamic, and unstable environments.

This paper deals with the challenges of understanding landscape changes in the Rio da Madre’s watershed, located in the coastal zone of Santa Catarina State (Brazil), from 1950 to 2010. In this sense, the authors mobilize the concepts of ethno-conservation of common-property resources and eco-development in assessing the perceptions of the main socio-ecological impacts of the development process at the community level. They argue that, between 1950 and 1970, the natural resources endowment of the local communities were managed in the context of a subsistence-based economy. During the second phase, from 1970 to 1990, the first evidences of ecosystems and local livelihoods degradation emerged, as a direct consequence of the regional development strategies put into action by the governmental sector. Lastly, from 1990 to 2010, this trend became hegemonic in a setting that nowadays concentrates an impressive mosaic of environmental protected areas. The paper attempts to clarify the following aspects of this dysfunctional gap between the quality of rural livelihoods and the search for new development strategies: i) the shortcomings of the natural resource management system, attached to a conventional, top down and ecologically predatory local development conception; ii) the increasing levels of contamination of water resources due to irrigated rice production and inefficient waste management in urban centers; iii) the structural crisis that affects the artisanal fisheries sector and the traditional farming system; and, finally, v) the lack of governmental incentives to increase environmental citizenship at the local level. Facing these challenges from a prospective point of view, the authors acknowledge that further effort needs to be made to generate a core academic content for eco-development studies in this area in the near future.

Globally, groundwater use is intensifying to meet demands for irrigation, urban supply, industrialization, and, in some instances, electrical power generation. In response to hydroclimatic variability, surface water is being substituted with groundwater, which must be viewed as a strategic resource for climate adaptation. In this sense, the supply of electricity for pumping is an adaptation policy tool. Additionally, planning for climate-change mitigation must consider CO2 emissions resulting from pumping. This paper examines the influence of electricity supply and pricing on groundwater irrigation and resulting emissions, with specific reference to Mexico – a climate-water-energy ‘perfect storm’. Night-time power supply at tariffs below the already-subsidized rates for agricultural groundwater use has caused Mexican farmers to increase pumping, reversing important water and electricity conservation gains achieved. Indiscriminate groundwater pumping, including for virtual-water exports of agricultural produce, threatens the long-term sustainability of aquifers, non-agricultural water uses, and stream-aquifer interactions that sustain riparian ecosystems. Emissions resulting from agricultural groundwater pumping in Mexico are estimated to be 3.6% of total national emissions and are equivalent to emissions from transporting the same agricultural produce to market. The paper concludes with an assessment of energy, water, and climate trends coupled with policy futures to address these challenges.

Starting from the outstanding position of scientific knowledge in dealing with the environmental issue on contemporary times, this paper analyses the process of scientific knowledge production regarding the Broa Dam located in Sao Paulo, both by analyzing the objective structure of the scientific field and through the research narratives of the scientists. The Broa Dam is possibly the most studied reservoir in Brazil, especially because of the scientific production apparatus created in the 1970s, founded in a strategic development project by two public universities (USP and UFSCar). The methodological proceedings of this case study were the documental research of scientific papers on the reservoir, and semi-structured qualitative interviews with Broa researchers, selected on purpose.

This article aims to check the main effects of the new Forest Code at permanent preservation areas – PPA – located in urban zones. First, the paper presents a brief legal history of the legal concept called PPA. The paper presents that the new Forest Code comes from Law nº 12.651/2012, which was changed by the National Congress and the President of the Republic. In this sense, the paper shows that the current outlook of protection established by the new Forest Code for PPA aims at meeting socio-economic interests at the expense of environmental protection. It also shows that the new forest code compared to the previous forest code and CONAMA Resolution nº 369/2006 increased the exceptional cases considered public utility and social interest, which authorize interventions in PPA. Furthermore, for interventions on PPA by cases considered as public utility and social interest listed in the new Forest Code, there is no required proof of lack of technical and locational alternative. The paper analyzes the new Forest Code main innovations at the cases considered as public utility and social interest, which impact more significantly the urban PPA. Lastly, the article notes that the measures implemented by the new Forest Code about exceptional interventions on PPA by cases considered as public utility and social interest aimed at easing environmental protection and indulging economic and social interests.

This paper developed a brief analysis on the performance of the Supreme Court judgment in the Extraordinary Appeal No. 153531/SC that sought to settle the dispute arising from the realization of a cultural manifestation allegedly performed in the State of Santa Catarina (binge ox), which raised the collision between the protection of the right to culture, on the one hand, and protection of animals on the other. Our goal was to investigate whether, in the light of the aforementioned judgment, the Supreme Court comes to identify a legal protection of animals in Brazilian constitutional law and determine what would be the meaning or scope attributed to this protection regarding the meaning of the constitutional prohibition of cruelty. The research investigated what interpretation the Supreme Court gives to the content of protection standard, that is, the understanding that the Supreme Court has about the objective proposed by this rule and what is the constitutional sense of the prohibited practice (cruelty). The conclusion of the paper points out that the decision of the supreme court of settling the superiority of animal protection over a cultural event when the practice of cruelty against those mattered supports the view of the section VII, § 1 of Art. 225 of the Federal Constitution. Breaking anthropocentric perspective of Kantian inspiration, this enshrines the biocentric view that, unlike the first one, gives the animals their own intrinsic value and dignity, regardless of their usefulness to the achievement of human ends. Through the comparison of sequences of the judgment with doctrinal expositions we noticed, even to some extent, the assignment of an ecological dimension to human dignity and the proclamation of an ecologically balanced environment as a fundamental human right.

This paper considers aspects of the judicialization of health care policy in Brazil. It discusses the issue in the context of the separation of the powers of government, judicial protection of the public right to healthcare, the so-called “technical administrative discretionary prerogatives,” and finally, the need for a budget to provide for the efficacy of court decisions. To further the analysis of Brazil’s treatment of the judicialization of politics this paper also compares Brazil’s experience with the experience of other countries witnessing the same phenomenon.

The performance of industry cellulose producer in Espírito Santo is accompanied by many conflicts and protests from community leaders and trade unions, social movements, NGOs, etc. These sectors claim they are facing social and environmental problems caused by such industry since it was introduced in the state. Among these problems there are, for example, the expulsion of peasants and traditional peoples as indigenous and quilombolas of their lands, changes in job availability in the countryside; destruction of the Atlantic Forest; contamination of rivers and streams by pesticides and industrial waste and homogenization of landscape. Thus, this paper aims at reflecting on the perception of peasants integrated to cellulose and paper industry on the changes in the environment where they live and work, considering the expansion of eucalyptus cultivation to the activities of this segment.

Flood disasters highlight communities’ vulnerabilities rather than the rupture of the relationship between communities and nature as a disaster driver. Due to the importance of this rupture for flood mitigation study, this paper aims to discuss how public policies of flood risk management, through infrastructural works, build such rupture. Thus, flood damage derives to a large extent from the lack of affected communities’ consultation. The Lower Mondego region is a good example: devastated for centuries by riverine floods, it has undergone numerous structural interventions. The most recent one was the Mondego River regulation project, planned in 1962 and executed from 1977. To understand the dynamics involved in this process, the author applied the actor-network theory, articulated with the sociology of controversies. The author used the case-study method and collected, through focus groups, the views of 93 affected persons from the municipality of Coimbra within this region. Asked about structural measures in their localities and their effectiveness, these persons underscored the regulation project. Their reasoning shows that such works have been holding effects contrary to their purposes, being transformed into flood and disaster triggers. Having been built in inappropriate places and with contentious characteristics, the works have increased existing vulnerabilities and built new ones and have altered the relationship of these communities with nature, the river, and its floods. The most publicly mentioned cause is the discharge from the Aguieira dam and the lack of coordination with the weir-bridge, which hides the other works. One can conclude that the river works before 1977 had led to harmonious coexistence between villages and floods, representing a good example of resilience. The relationship with these previous works, now superseded by the regulation of the river, shows how risk mitigation by the modern state has been damaging communities in the floodplain.

This paper aims to explore the intersections between the spatial configurations of disaster risk and its political, social, and cultural consequences. The article presents the results of the first phase of the field research, carried out between September 2021 and March 2022 in Vila Nova Esperança, a low-income community in the western periphery of São Paulo. The research originated from the ethnographic analysis of the access to energy infrastructure and services, defined as the object of study through the notion of energy space, ensuing from Setha Low’s work on ethnography of space and culture. The precarity marking the energy space extends to other dimensions of the inhabited space and its social relations, encompassing other fragilities related to disaster risk and the impacts of climate change. Emerging from the systematization of the histories of people and place is the permanent and intertemporal character of precarity, which despite the achievements of the community and the residents, presents itself as a political fact. The results combine the analysis carried out with data on urbanization in the periphery of São Paulo, being the ethnographic work based on the narratives of community members, together with the study of the spatial configurations of energy access. From this triangulation emerges the combination of the social construction of biophysical and social risk as a transversal element that shapes the main result of the article: the multiplication of forms and dynamics of the social production of risk as a process that goes beyond disaster risk and the impacts of climate change. In this sense, the phrase “normalization of precarity” in the title is a provocation, an invitation to look into the intertemporal permanence of precarity in the periphery of São Paulo.

Landslide disasters are often the result of an unequal socio-spatial organization, characterized by the rapid and haphazard occupation of susceptible areas. Such adverse events primarily affect poor populations with a high degree of vulnerability, while their social demands are often neglected by local authorities. This paper presents and discusses the use of the round-of-conversation method for knowledge and information exchange between academics and representatives of the exposed population in the community of Rocinha, a favela in Rio de Janeiro. It is an adaptation of the photovoice method for the promotion of debates between academics from the fields of anthropology, engineering and sociology, and residents, and was complemented by an artistic intervention. The round-of-conversation method contributed to the empowerment of the participants by providing a forum for reflective interaction based on experiences of struggle, resistance and knowledge production. Therefore, the images used during the experience stimulated the discussions on topics such as resettlement, local policies and solidarity among the inhabitants. Lastly, the artistic perspective translated the debate into the creation of a piece of graffiti art, which remained in the community as a legacy.

El artículo, derivado de la tesis doctoral realizada por la autora, sitúa el punto de análisis en la percepción del tiempo social en general, y particularmente el escolar, como una realidad materializada en significados diversos para las niñas y niños, generadores de tensiones y conflictos en los procesos de socialización infantil. La vida cotidiana de la infancia en sus contextos familiar, extrafamiliar y escolar, está fuertemente mediatizada por las demandas y presiones del tiempo escolar que preside y organiza la vida de los pequeños y sus familias. El artículo analiza esta incidencia tomando como variable fundamental la modalidad de jornada lectiva, unidad temporal que ha usurpado el debate sobre la globalidad de los tiempos escolares y educativos que es, no sólo deseable, sino urgente en el contexto español. En el estudio se aportan los resultados obtenidos en la investigación realizada con alumnado gallego de Educación Primaria, alrededor de las siguientes cuestiones: planificación, administración y gestión del tiempo; percepción de su transcurrir y valoración de su disponibilidad y uso en los ámbitos familiar, escolar y extraescolar. La variable modalidad de jornada escolar (sesión única matinal/sesión partida mañana y tarde) se ha tomado como principal referencia en el análisis.The paper, derived of the Dissertation realised by the author, situates the point of analysis in the perception of social time in general, and particularly in school time, like a reality materialised in diverse meanings for girls and boys, generators of tensions and conflicts in the processes of chilhood socialization. Daily life of childhood in his familiar, extrafamiliar and school contexts, is strongly influenced by the demands and pressures of the time at school that prevailes and organises the life of children and their families. The paper analyzes this incidence taking the modality of the school day as a fundamental variable, temporary unit that has usurped the debate on the entirety of the school time and the educational time that it is, not only desirable, but urgent in the Spanish context. In the study, we show the results obtained in the investigation realised with Galician students of Primary Education, around the following questions: planning, administration and management of time; perception of how time goes and the assessment of his availability and use in the family, school and extraescolar fields. The modality of the school day (only morning session /session split morning and afternoon) variable, has taken the main reference in the analysis.

This paper intends to show the connection between collective action and sustainable development. After presenting the semi-arid zone in Paraíba, wherein this case study is located, the problems which affect its population are outlined: problems linked to the soil and climatic issues in that region, and to other political factors, manifestly by the domination of political patronage, as well. It shows how the collective action has begun from coping with the necessities experienced by the population, the roads that have been taken to find out solutions and make them viable, taking advantage of the ancestral knowledge in harmony with technical knowledge, and how the participating communities releasing themselves from such dependence have gained autonomy and self-esteem. It has resulted from that process the creation of an organization, the “Collective”, whose contribution has been conclusive to widen the collective action, enhancing the basic experiments and thus encouraging its release, and finally integrating the communities in a common struggle against the problems identified. Those experiences with the “Collective” and other groups operating in various regions of the semiarid zone of Brazil resulted in the formation of a larger organization: the “Articulation in the Semiarid” (ASA), which building on successful experiences of the communities proposed and managed that those were enforced by the Government as public policies. The paper concludes that the sustainability of the current development derives primarily from the fact that the solutions proposed have not been planned and imposed “from above”, but grounded on experience at base.

This paper provides a discussion of the methodological approach to a research project that builds on previous studies of effective argumentation pedagogy undertaken by one of the authors. In this study, teachers from six schools in a city location are taking part in a one-year project to use new web-based professional development materials to advance their practice in using group discussion and argumentation in science. The teachers attend workshops on planning and organising effective group-work, introducing argument and sustaining small group discussion, and curriculum planning to promote argumentation activity. Between sessions the teachers develop each aspect of pedagogy in their schools. Data are collected from each of the participating schools using teacher survey and interviews to ascertain perspectives on argumentation practice in science, pedagogical strategies used, changes in practice and collaborative working with colleagues in school. The paper focuses on the issues of research design in determining the impact of the workshops.Este artigo traz uma discussão sobre a abordagem metodológica de um projeto de pesquisa que se baseia em estudos anteriores sobre a pedagogia da argumentação eficaz, realizado por um dos autores. Neste estudo, professores de seis escolas estão participando de um projeto, com duração de um ano, para usar novos materiais de desenvolvimento profissionais baseados na internet para a melhoria da sua prática no uso de grupo de discussão e argumentação em ciências. Os professores participam de oficinas sobre planejamento e organização de grupos de trabalho eficientes, introduzindo argumentação e mantendo a discussão em pequenos grupos, e do planejamento de currículos para promover a atividade argumentativa. Entre as sessões, os professores desenvolvem cada aspecto da pedagogia em suas escolas. Os dados são levantados em cada uma das escolas participantes por meio de questionários e entrevistas junto aos professores para averiguar as perspectivas sobre a prática da argumentação em ciência, estratégias pedagógicas utilizadas, mudanças nas práticas e trabalho colaborativo com os colegas na escola. O artigo enfoca questões sobre o delineamento da pesquisa para determinar o impacto das oficinas.

This paper discusses the nature of argument and its role and importance in historical learning. The paper describes pedagogic strategies developed to help school pupils understand what argument is, model how arguments work and think about how arguments can be evaluated. These strategies are explained as generic critical thinking strategies and the article then demonstrates how these strategies can be applied in history education contexts. The strategies that the article describes aim to make the logical relationships that are embodied in arguments clear to students through the use of analogies and active learning strategies that seek, first, to enable students to represent logical relationships in concrete ways and, second, to help students manipulate and explore these relationships.Este trabalho discute a natureza do argumento e seu papel e importância na aprendizagem histórica. Este trabalho descreve as estratégias pedagógicas desenvolvidas para auxiliar os alunos a compreender o que é o argumento, a estabelecer modelos de como os argumentos funcionam e a pensar como os argumentos podem ser avaliados. Estas estratégias são explicadas enquanto estratégias genéricas de pensamento crítico; e o artigo demonstra, então, como elas podem ser aplicadas em contextos de educação histórica. As estratégias descritas objetivam tornar claras, para os alunos, as relações lógicas incorporadas pelos argumentos, através do uso de analogias e estratégias de aprendizagem ativa. Estas procuram, primeiramente, possibilitar que os alunos representem relações lógicas de maneira concreta e, em segundo lugar, auxiliar os alunos a manipular e explorar estas relações.

Considerando o debate acadêmico da área de Educação Física brasileira em torno do esporte como conteúdo de ensino, o presente trabalho reflete sobre a possibilidade de pensá-lo e experienciá-lo no contexto da Educação Infantil. Observando a cultura como elemento substancial da educação e o esporte como produção cultural, indaga pela responsabilidade dos professores na apresentação desse universo às crianças, na contramão das suas conformações competitivas, e a respeito do qual os pequenos não se encontram alheios. Com base nessas questões, apresenta experiências pedagógicas que tomam práticas esportivas como conteúdo da Educação Infantil, entendendo que a Educação Física nesta etapa da Educação Básica também pode se ocupar dos grandes temas das práticas corporais, entre eles, o esporte, no sentido de criar, com os pequenos, outras formas de se relacionar com os objetos culturais.Sports as a schooling subject is a theme of extensive discussion in Physical Education in Brazil. In this context, this paper reflects on the possibility of its experience in Childhood Education. The paper puts in question the responsibility of teachers to show sport as cultural production to children, not as competition, but considering that culture is the substance of education and that children are not far from sports and culture. Two pedagogic experiences with sports to teach children are presented. This moment of basic education can be a time to learn important points of corporal practices, like sports among them, toward creating with children new forms to have a relation with cultural objects.

The environmental field has developed slowly within social sciences in Latin America. However, the last two decades have been marked by the expansion of research and teaching activities in the environmental area. In this sense, the likely impact of global environmental changes have rapidly penetrated the contemporary debates on environment and society, primarily in developed countries and later on in developing countries, including Latin America. This paper seeks to contribute to the discussion by providing an overview and identifying the challenges for the development and consolidation of the research on the human dimensions of global environmental change. Based on the assessment and systematization of the intellectual production, this paper seeks to understand this field in Latin America, building upon the contribution of authors such as D.J. Hogan and L.C. Ferreira. The paper argues that although it is possible to identify an emergent body of literature in the region, the involvement of Latin American social science in the human dimension research is still timid and tentative.

O presente artigo inicia pela discussão sobre as contribuições que pesquisadores de diversas áreas - psicologia, história, matemática, antropologia, entre outras - trazem para a Educação Matemática. A ênfase será nas pesquisas que tomam por base a psicologia, detendo-se na teoria dos campos conceituais. Para ilustrar sua posição, o artigo apresenta um estudo descritivo realizado com 103 professoras polivalentes que atuam nas séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental, no qual foi pedido para que elas elaborassem quatro problemas de estrutura aditiva. Os resultados são analisados à luz da referida teoria e apontam que a maioria dos problemas elaborados (88,43%) são problemas considerados como protótipos; ou seja, os menos complexos cognitivamente. O estudo conclui que parece não haver uma preocupação, ou compreensão, dos professores em trabalhar problemas que facilitem o entendimento e a expansão do campo conceitual aditivo de seus estudantes.The starting point of this paper is to promote a discussion concerning the contributions that were brought to Mathematics Education from researchers from different areas, such as Psychology, Mathematics, Anthropology, History, among others. The focus will be on research based on Psychology, in special on the theory of conceptual field (TCF). To illustrate this position, the paper presents a descriptive study carried out with 103 primary school teachers, in which they were asked to elaborate four problems of addictive structure. The results, which are analyzed from the TCF perspective, point out that most of these elaborated problems (88,43%) were classified as prototypes ones, that is, those which require less cognitive effort. The study concludes that it seems that there is no worrying, or comprehension, from teachers in relation to explore problems that make their students' understanding easier or to expand the addictive conceptual field.

This paper addresses some of the perceptions, beliefs, and experiences related to sustainable consumption habits of citizens of Córdoba (Argentina). We focus on three main areas of consumption: food, housing, and mobility. The study examines the discourses of 59 citizens in seven focus groups with seven to nine persons each. Six groups combine age ranges (18-29, 30-49, and 50-70 years old), socioeconomic status (high-medium and low-medium), and gender. A seventh group is composed of citizens who participate actively in environmental organisations with a mix of ages, SES and genders. We conduct a content analysis using ATLAS.ti software. The results of this study indicate that the participants in general have difficulty spontaneously associating their consumption practices with environmental problems. Three results are prominent: First, the role of meat consumption for sustainability is almost unnoticed by most participants; this is noteworthy given the overconsumption of meat in Argentina. Second, we find little knowledge about water-saving appliances while a high rate of individual water consumption in Córdoba is in fact alarming. Third, respondents do not consider environmental aspects when choosing their everyday modes of mobility. Based on these initial findings, we sketch the research and data needed to advance knowledge of sustainable consumption in Argentina and Latin America from a psychological and other behavioural science perspectives, as well as implications for policies aiming to address environmental degradation.

A participação social dos jovens depende de como a sociedade oferece oportunidades nas quais eles possam se envolver em experiências participativas e se informarem sobre as possibilidades nesse campo. A partir dos dados de uma pesquisa nacional sobre a participação social da juventude brasileira, discute-se aqui o papel que a experiência escolar dos jovens vem desempenhando nesse processo na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. De acordo com os dados apresentados, os estabelecimentos de ensino atuam muito timidamente nesse campo, o que parece ser o resultado, tanto das concepções que orientam a organização escolar, como da realidade social que restringe os canais de participação social e política dos jovens brasileiros. O artigo apresenta alguns dados sobre a condição juvenil na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, em seguida analisa as representações juvenis sobre a participação social evidenciados na pesquisa. Por fim, o artigo discute o papel da escola como fomentadora de experiências participativas entre os seus alunos.The social participation of young people depends on the way society provides opportunities in which they can involve in participatory experiences and inform themselves about the possibilities in this field. Based on the data of a national research about the social participation of the Brazilian youth, this paper aims at discussing the role that young people school experience has fulfilled in this process Belo Horizonte Metropolitan. According to the presented data, the schools have shyly acted in this field, which seems to result both from the conceptions that guide the school organization and the social reality that narrows the political and social participation of the Brazilian young people. This paper presents data on the young people situation at Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Region and analyzes the youth representation towards the social participation demonstrated in the research. Finally, it discusses the school role inciting participatory experiences among its students.