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With all the literary and political differences between father and son, what is striking about their literary careers is the way they parallel each other: Kingsley was thirty-one when his first novel, Lucky Jim, was published (1953); Martin was twenty – four when he published The Rachel Papers (1973). Lucky Jim was a runaway best seller and a book that defined a generation. That was not quite true of Martin’s early books, but he had enough precocious reward. No other father-son tandem has produced a corpus as sizable and significant as that of Sir Kingsley Amis and his son. They have maintained not only a quality of writing, but also duration of productivity that other literary families have simply not matched.

You cannot compete in time with airlines on transcontinental runs, but you can outstrip them in comfort, safety, dependability of service, and also show the passenger the countryside. This, we believe, is a permanent market (Edward G. Budd Jr, speech before the American Association of Passenger Traffic Officers, Chicago, 24 April 1957) After numerous studies made by various scientists, after 1800, it has been concluded that people would function more efficiently if they cooperate. However, not only families and communities, but also educational systems encourage competition, because it is seen as the only way to achieve success, by doing that, the power of cooperation is completely ignored. Still, from an economic point of view, cooperation and competition represent essential elements of progress, both being parts of the corporate culture. This paper proposes research in the evolution of alliances in airline companies, the regulations of the domain, with consideration of a competitive labor market, the efficiency and the benefits among consumers.

Îndelungata stare de fragmentarism teritorial şi de separatism politic între români a generat o criză a conştiinţelor liderilor din spaţiul românesc, tensiune din care s-a cristalizat ideea „daco-românismului”. Aceasta s-a concretizat prin iniţierea unei lupte naţionale, în special în spaţiul transilvănean, al cărei punct final a fost constituirea unei Românii întregite, rotunda şi adevărata patrie a tuturor românilor, care a reuşit să fixeze, în memoria urmaşilor, fireştile sale contururi geografice la 1 decembrie 1918. Astfel, ideea „daco-românismului” a devenit coşmarul guvernelor maghiare din perioada dualistă, neamul românesc fiind proiectat, potrivit acestei „legi nescrise” de la nivelul mentalului colectiv al elitei româneşti, ca un tot unitar, graniţele artificiale reuşind să despartă persoane, dar nu şi simţămintele sufleteşti fireşti. Esenţială şi necesară pentru transformarea vechii idei a „daco-românismului” în principiu politic-cultural a fost sinteza cultural-naţională a românilor din monarhia austro-ungară şi a celor din Vechiul Regat, care a pregătit conştiinţele pentru actul istoric de la 1 decembrie 1918. „Daco-românismul” a avut marele merit de a fi chemat la reflexie angajată în jurul unor idei majore, precum: „istorie”, „naţiune”, „neam”, „confesiune”, „conştiinţă naţională”, „limbă”, „cultură”, „politică”, ce-şi resemnifică mereu, pentru fiecare dintre vremuri în parte, conţinuturile. Cuvinte-cheie: naţiune, mişcare naţională, drepturi politice, unitate, modernitate, idei politice, intelectualitate.

Marketing is an essential domain for tourism, being recently more and more theoretically approached and conceptualized by research papers (e specially in the Anglo-Saxon literature). An economic term by excellence, marketing is as well ad opted by geographic literature and by the geography of tourism, one of the major specializati ons of Romanian faculties of geography as numerous students opt for it. Consequently there is a great need for geography students and geographers to study tourism oriented concepts even if mainly coming from other domains such as economy, social sciences, etc. and to elaborate appropriate studies without getting far from their topic of interest. In this respect the develo pment of methods and instruments of research and study is a necessity already underlined by bibliogr aphic references in the domain. They represented th e departure point of this paper which enlarges the deb ate upon a tourism destination marketing study work paper developed as an operational working instrument for geography students.

This article explores the intersection of 19th-century philosophy with historical events, spotlighting Nietzsche, Bentham, Kierkegaard, and Schopenhauer and their distinct perspectives on suffering as a positive element, reflective of the era's cultural and historical nuances. The first part of the paper is a summary of the 19th century and its noteworthy events. The second part argues that suffering is a constant element of human existence by highlighting conceptual similarities between all four philosophers when they describe the challenges that humans must face. The third part of the paper analyzes the relationship between suffering and self-knowledge. The fourth and last part of the paper explores the mechanism of suffering as an epiphenomenon.

This paper constitutes an encompassing account of the Madonna of Orsanmichele in all its historical instances. As source of the first miracle ever recorded in the city-state of Florence, in 1292, the Orsanmichele Madonna generated a cult that lasted centuries. Considering the extravagant artistic commissions on the site of the granary-turned-church, Orsanmichele became a place of religious worship, and, more importantly, grown into being equated with the political and spiritual identity of Florence. The panel by Bernando Daddi and the tabernacle designed by Andrea Orcagna have generated, I argue, a parallel cult – one revering the exquisite artistic draughtsman ship of the painting and that of its monumental shrine. In this paper I aim to present the dialogue between the Marian cult located at Orsanmichele, starting in the thirteenth century, and the artistic patronage prompted by the popularity of the miracle-making image of the Virgin. My study represents a critical re-visitation of the prominent book by Megan Holmes, The Miraculous Image in Renaissance Florence, published in 2013.

The paper presents four fragmentary anthropomorphic vessels discovered ca. 60 years ago on the territory of Botoșani County, at Cervicești – La Morișcă (Mihai Eminescu commune) and Drăgușeni – Ostrov (Drăgușeni commune), left unpublished in the collections of the Botoșani County Museum. Starting from the presentation of these artefacts and integrating similar discoveries from the Gumelnița, Stoicani‑Aldeni and Cucuteni cultural areas, the work analyses the metamorphoses of a particular type of anthropomorphic vessel in the area of the Cucuteni civilization. More precisely, the paper follows typologically the transformation of the base of the vessels from the anthropomorphic silhouette naturalistically figured, with the anatomical profile correctly rendered, with the soles and feet clearly indicated, to the intermediate rhomboidal sole and then to the ovoid or circular base. Confirming the hypothesis of Gumelnița influences penetrating the Cucuteni environment, the analysis of the new materials and the typological connections illustrate and highlight the role of a transmission vector and intermediary between the North and the South that the Stoicani‑Aldeni cultural environment played for contemporary or immediately subsequent Eneolithic communities during the second half of the 5th millennium BC

This paper has been composed as the second in a series on the archaeological research undertaken in 2008 and 2018– 2020 at the large (Reformed) church of Aiud Fortress. The first study of the series has consisted of a brief presentation of the main data collected inside the monument. This second study presents even more briefly the main data collected outside the monument, as they appeared in more convoluted and fragmentary contexts. These excavations have established the main stratigraphic sequence of this area of Aiud Fortress as consisting of Roman age habitation in mortarless structures, followed by a hiatus, then by an early‑second‑millennium settlement, with at least two phases, which similarly made use only of mortarless structures. Despite its long existence, and even though sources infer the existence of local priests in the 13th century, there is no solid ground to contest, based on archaeological data, the traditional ascription of the small church (erected 1333– 1334, demolished and rebuilt 1865– 1866) as the beginning of religious masonry building at Aiud – and likely of the present‑day religious site. Nevertheless, the development of the large church of the fortress remains uncertain. Research conducted inside the current building has revealed that it was preceded by a smaller, yet still Gothic, church. Research conducted outside the building helped establish that the eastern part of the church was build first, in several phases, and only afterward was the body of the church also expanded. However, the western parts of the current structure show obvious signs of rebuilding, and dismantled structures indicate that the tower was not initially part of the extended planimetry. Due to the partial nature of the investigation, archaeology cannot yet establish the succession of the construction phases involved, or what they exactly involved, nor can it help in solving the questions raised by the varied modifications noticeable in the aboveground structure. While most late‑ and post‑medieval results presented below relate to the large church, they also include data about the small one, about a series of built structures identified in the area between the two churches and west of the large one, and about the overall development of the site, severely marked by arson and destruction in the early 18th century. The graveyard and materials are only mentioned, and not discussed, as they’ll be the subject of following papers

Radiocarbon dating by AMS accelerated ion mass spectrometry method, used from 2012 at IFIN-HH-Măgurele, offered recently the scientific frame for an interdisciplinary approach, from archaeologic and archaeometric perspectives, applied to wood samples. The first AMS results, issued in 2021 on six samples from Măguricea Branului archaeological site, have suggested a chronology around the 13th century AD, the differences being explained on terms detailed in this paper. The latter four samples, collected in the next archaeological campaign, gave very different dates. The difficulties experienced with these four samples driven us to develop new lab treatment, aiming carbonization of wood. Even so, the samples from 2022 could not be dated in a helpful manner, with parameters as terminus post quem, time-width, apparent ages. The paper could be of interest to archaeologists taking wood samples for AMS dating.

Although the Romanian legislation does not define the concept of tax evasion nor that of tax fraud, the specialized doctrine abounds in opinions regarding the extent and content of these concepts, some of them being of European inspiration. At the same time, European legislation has evolved in recent years from the European Commission Recommendation of 6 December 2012 on aggressive tax planning (2012/772/EU) and the Discussion Paper on the Recommendation on aggressive tax planning of the European Commission (Platform/006/2014), to a series of six directives on administrative cooperation in the field of taxation (Directive on Administrative Cooperation), which reflect the authorities’ need to have access to as much information as possible in order to be able to correctly calculate taxes and, in particular, tax on profits made by companies and, implicitly, to combat tax fraud and evasion. The European Commission recommends introducing clauses to exclude artificial agreements in the national tax laws of the Member States, i.e. commercial transactions lacking economic content. They aim to avoid taxation and generate some tax advantages. Therefore, the first directive in the series of 6 (DAC 1) introduced the automatic exchange of information of interest to tax authorities and the standards of tax transparency expanded more and more. The following directives include financial information in the reporting standard, then new concepts such as the anticipated individual tax solution and the advance pricing agreement, after which it moved to country by country reporting, and the DAC 5 includes the standards on authorities’ access to information in order to avoid money laundering. Thus, based on these directives, tax information regarding taxpayers from a certain country can circulate freely between EU tax authorities. Finally, DAC 6 (Directive 2018/822) establishes the rule of reporting cross border transactions at tax risk, as well as the requirement that not only taxpayers, but also certain third parties (or intermediaries) report to the tax authority information regarding tax risks from cross border transactions. This directive aligns the EU’s objectives with the OECD’s objectives, and on 1 September 2022, Romania published Order no. 2048, which implements the EU Directive on country by country reporting (2021/2101). Last but not least, this paper addresses the new concept of aggressive tax planning by identifying it either as a tax evasion instrument or even one of tax fraud, depending on the means used and the fraudulent results obtained, as well as that of fiscal risk analysis seen as a tool to combat aggressive tax planning and tax evasion.

The present paper discusses the status of translation in Occupied Palestine. The paper first provides a theoretical framework to set and expand the scene of the translation movement in Occupied Palestine. Methodologically, a questionnaire has been properly designed to carefully examine the status of translation, and then it is shared on social media platforms, namely Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. The answers (30 in total) are received via Google Forms. The findings of the study reveal that no standards for translation is adopted. The study further shows that it is not an easy task to initiate working in Palestine. The study also points out how paramount it is to set legal rights and obligations of a Palestinian Translator/ Interpreter and to establish an association unifies the Palestinian translators.

The strategic scientific management of cultural and research institution is put under scrutiny in the paper The strategic management of scientific research [Managementul cercetării științifice] by the author Meda Gâlea. To better improve the strategic scientific management, the author dives into the history of an important Romanian research institute, the Romanian Academy, and into its management style in relation to the research developed. To substantiate the results, and to support the development of the formula that underpins the decision-making process in the management of a scientific institution, the author uses actual scientific literature, corelated with the research carried out among the research and technical staff of the Romanian Academy in Iași. The most important takeaway of this scientific paper is the PRA-nX formula used to facilitate decision making in terms of economic management for better scientific performance.

Up to now, quality of life (QOL) research has been guided by several conceptual frameworks that allow for the generation of rather general approaches to QOL with very fragmented explanatory contributions, while no specific conceptual models can be identified in the literature. This paper, which is based on a critical review of mainstream literature, aims to highlight the main difficulties in building a conceptual model of QOL and to propose a model that can overcome some of the current issues. The difficulties in constructing such a conceptual model stem mainly from the variety of definitions and the range assigned to the concept of QOL, the consequent operationalisation of the concept, the relativity and multidimensionality of the concept and the subsequent problems with unidimensional measures. This paper proposes a conceptual model that adopts an individual perspective on the theoretical construct and introduces several novel ideas for building a comprehensive explanatory framework for QOL. The following developments and improvements are suggested with the purpose of clarifying the intricate field of QOL research and closing in on a conceptual model: honing in on essential dimensions instead of constantly expanding the concept, increasing the effort put into theorising about QOL, adopting a life course perspective, generating longitudinal data and utilising research on agency. There is a high need for the development of a conceptual model of QOL and the concurrent integration of QOL approaches, at least at the European level, as this would contribute to fostering the advancement of the QOL research field and highlighting core European values regarding QOL standards.

In traditional Romanian society, where the vast majority of the population was illiterate, writing remained mysterious and inaccessible. For the peasants from the Romanian village, writing and the book have acquired separate meanings, being used in a particular way through magico-religious rituals. In order to defend against the action of evil forces and for the healing of the sick body, the traditional community instituted ceremonial, apotropaic and thaumaturgical practices, involving a set of alternative uses of writing. The clerics played an important role in consolidating these practices. The village priests made the written amulets (apocryphal texts, prayers and incantations) intended to be worn closest to the body to ward off unclean spirits which could cause harm to women who had just given birth and to the new-born. Books and writing were seen as repositories of healing forces that could ward off disease and trouble. In the Romanian rural society, between the two World Wars, it was still believed that evil spirits, agents of disease, could be drawn from the sick person's body with the help of “healing letters” (rom. “răvașe de leac”), containing prayers, various religious symbols, names of saints but also magic formulas, often presented in an enigmatic and incomprehensible way. The formulas are written upside down, from right to left, then from left to right (like the famous palindrome “Sator arepo tenet opera rotas” or “Abracadabra”) or distributed in geometric figures (spirals, triangles, crosses). These “healing papers”, with a strong iconic charge, were applied to the body or the text and the image were drawn directly on the skin of the sufferer. Drinking water in which one had washed a plate on the surface of which healing formulas had been written or swallowing the paper on which magic formulas were written were other common practices. Romanian ethnologists have documented the survival of these practices until the mid1970s. Similar practices are found in other parts of Europe.

This paper aims to problematize and conceptualize the teaching approaches used by two trainers in the Applied Linguistics MA program at the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Romania. Data collection was undertaken during the first semester of the academic year 2017-2018 for approximately two months during which I attended the first module of my master’s studies as a post-graduate student. The approach adopted combines a conventional literature review with the examination and discussion of two case studies incorporating post-observation field notes and teacher questionnaires for the purpose of triangulating data and methods. The paper lists findings consistent with the idea that the Romanian teacher education program helps trainees develop a reflective stance on their pedagogical practices through micro-teaching and presentation opportunities. Both courses have similar ultimate aims and rely on a non-hierarchical teacher-student relationship, using teaching and presentation sessions embedded in the training classroom to bridge the gap between theory and practice. The ultimate aim of the present study is not to persuade anyone to flip a classroom or let students embark on micro-teaching, but rather to provide potential readers with feasible resources should they decide to modify a university course or a pre-university lesson using one of the approaches described herein.

The article sets out to draw a very brief comparison of the common features shared by the purist attitudes displayed by two 19th-century English and Romanian scholars, William Barnes and August Treboniu Laurian and classifies them according to the set of criteria devised by Thomas (1991). The paper also goes over several concepts regarding purism. The author of the paper analyses the concept of purism in both countries within the intellectual and temporal dimensions of purism. William Barnes was a Victorian reformer, a polymath, a priest, a poet in his Dorset dialect and a utopian prescriptivist linguist capitalizing on the Germanic word stock of English and suggesting the removal of excessive Latin & Greek vocabulary. He wrote several linguistic books and poetry. August Treboniu Laurian was an outstanding Romanian reformer and polymath. He penned a theoretical book heralding his reformist belief: “Tentamen Criticum”, in 1840 and a huge Dictionary of the Romanian language in 1876 (after a seven year work) capitalising on the Latin word stock of Romanian and suggesting the removal of non-Latin lexemes.

The volume 1821-2021. The Bicentennial of the Revolution led by Tudor Vladimirescu, coordinated by Sevastian Cercel and Georgeta Ghionea, brings together 22 papers signed by representatives of the academic and university environment which belong to some prestigious institutions in Romania (“C.S. Nicolăescu-Plopşor” Institute for Research in Social Studies and Humanities from Craiova, of the Romanian Academy, University of Craiova, University of Bucharest, “George Baritiu” Institute of History, of the Romanian Academy from Cluj-Napoca, “Ovidius” University from Constanța, Valahia University from Târgoviște). The volume is the result of the National Symposium dedicated to Vladimirescu (1821-2021. The Bicentennial of the Revolution led by Tudor Vladimirescu), initiated by the researchers from institute from Craiova, held on May 14-15, 2021. The volume is structured in three chapters and all the papers are subordinated to the maine topic.

The present paper focuses on the travel notes by Michel Vieuchange (1904-1930), a young Frenchman who decided to reach Smara, a holy Muslim city located in the middle of the desert, to describe it, and to draw a map. His notes are to be analysed through the prism of autobiogeography. The term used by Michel Collot means telling your life through the places that has affected you. In the case of Vieuchange’s notes the geographical descriptions intervene with the description of the personality of the traveler and form a whole. The paper shows that three cities, Tiznit, Tigilit and Smara, mark three stages of the travel and correspond to different aspects of Vieuchange’s personality.

External and internal changes that affect non-governmental organizations and the difficulty to manage such situations are the main themes tackled by the author Lucian Sfetcu in his paper Introduction to the study of organizational change. The author studies, from this perspective, the Catalctica NGO, and proposes a method of analysing organisational changes applied to the NGO work model. The paradigm proposed by Lucian Sfetcu represents a guide for the non-governmental organizations from our country that face strong changes as a result of internal or external forces. The paper is welcome in a field so little studied in our country, specially in the actual political and economic context. In regards to future research directions, like the author of the book has stated, this paper represents only the foundation, comparative studied between NGOs from different fields, and from different regions from our country being necessary.

This paper examines the role of non-profit organizations (NPOs) in supporting welfare benefit claims by Romanian immigrants in vulnerable situations in Berlin. The study utilizes in-depth qualitative interviews with social counsellors, language mediators, and project leads to explore the function of social counselling offices in assisting these individuals. Social counselling is analysed as both an institutionalized policy intervention and a communicative practice focused on problem-solving. The paper highlights the power asymmetry between counsellor and advice-seeker stemming from the counsellor's superior knowledge of the welfare system, and German society. Social counselling acts as a means of support for individuals to navigate complex institutional arrangements and manage risks in modern society. However, the counsellor's authoritative role in shaping communication constitutes another dimension of power asymmetry. Faced with challenges such as complex legal regulations and limited resources, social counsellors emphasize the need for advice-seekers to gradually take responsibility for their own lives and interact with welfare institutions. This encouragement of self-sufficiency (orig. Ger. Selbstständigkeit) aligns with the principles of German workfare policies. Non-cooperation from advice-seekers in the context of social counselling can be therefore seen as a form of resistance against disciplinary power within the welfare state. The paper raises concerns about the long-term effectiveness and impact of social counselling, noting also the potential for burnout among social counsellors.

Tens of thousands of Romanian migrants work in the German construction sector. Their work is often characterized by unpaid wages, long workdays and by the withholding of sick or holiday payments. The risky and exploitative nature of the conditions under which Romanian migrants work on German construction sites is reflected in their negative evaluation of their engagements as “slave labor” by Romanian workers. Starting from such a clearly negative evaluation, the paper asks how Romanian construction workers in Germany classify their work and what role such classifications have within the context of labor exploitation. Based on qualitative interviews with and participant observation among Romanian construction site workers in Germany and in Romania, the article reconstructs four work classifications. Work may be interpreted as the fulfillment of obligations or as necessary for economic revenue; hard work itself can be a symbolic contribution to one’s own sense of identity or it can have the meaning of being part of everyday normalcy. Each of the work classifications offers a different reason to make hard work plausible in the eyes of the workers and employers actively turn such interpretations into a mechanism of vulnerability. Without direct physical coercion, these ideas motivate workers to take on work that they themselves criticize as ‘slave labor.’ The paper concludes by arguing that the recognition of such classifications and their social effects are crucial for an understanding of labor exploitation.

Romania has been, for the past decade, not only the country with the highest in-work poverty among the European member states, but - unlike most European member states - also a country with a steadily growing welfare polarization of the working force. The paper aims to explain why, after more than a decade of fine-tuning of labor market, fiscal and social policies, Romania still finds itself in this situation. Despite constant improvements over the past 12 years in the welfare indicators of the overall employed population, the gap between employees and self-employed widened. The paper documents the increasing differences in exposure to poverty and social exclusion between the two segments of the employed population and points out to the mix of factors responsible for this development. Unlike most of the European countries, where a certain gap between employees and non-employees is the result of the flexibilization of the labour market, thus of the increase in atypical and non-standard employment forms, in Romania this appears to be rather the result of a mix between a unique inherited structure of employment and an inadequate package of social and fiscal measures, which kept and further pushed self-employed into informality. Thus, contrary to other European countries, which face the problem of how to better protect workers in new forms of employment, Romania is still searching for a policy solution that would allow for both the existing self-employed to become ‘visible’ in a formal economy and the diversification of employment forms. Finally, the paper explores the possibilities to reverse the current trend.

Learning a foreign language means, first of all, knowing how to speak it, knowing how to use it to communicate in different situations in everyday life. A foreign language is, above all, a means of interaction with others. Therefore, the assessment of oral expression skills plays an essential role in the development of students’ communication skills. We chose to develop this subject in this paper for two main reasons: the first is purely subjective and it results from a reality observed during the experience we had during the RFL courses, as an RFL lecturer who faced the sensitive situation of assessment of students’ oral performances. And the second reason is objective and it refers to the difficulty of evaluating oral production. So, the purpose of this paper is to provide an answer to the question: How do we evaluate the oral productions of learners studying RFL? We propose two solutions that we have verified during our experience, namely: designing grids to evaluate the oral productions of RFL learners and establishing specific criteria to evaluate students’ oral performances. This paper will focus on the presentation of the different forms of oral assessment, its difficulties, as well as the assessment grid that we propose for the assessment of this skill. This mini-research might be of interest because it could inspire teachers to give more importance to the assessment of oral production, which will also have an impact on learners, making them more motivated and aware of their learning process.

This paper analyses, from a semantic and pragmatic perspective, the meaning of an old Romanian phraseological unit a se duce la Cucuiata, thus providing insights into the archaic Romanian mentality and cultural patterns. Originating from the word cucui (bump), cucuiata was used to designate an elevated plot of land. The expression included, initially, a euphemistic reference to death, as archaic burial places were usually located on hills, and constituted a linguistic device mirroring the reluctance to deal with human mortality in an undeviating way. However, the connotations of the expression have changed in contemporary Romanian language, to refer to a secluded, distant place, far from civilization, often a symbol of lack of education and limited understanding of the world (pejorative meaning). To reveal the present-day uses of this word, the paper examines and interprets contexts taken from the virtual environment.

Surrealism, the last movement of the historical avant-garde, is tackled in this paper firstly from a general standpoint, including a brief history of what it signified at the world level, narrowing then down on the local occurrences, divided into two stages: before and after 1940. Telling for the aims of this paper is Gellu Naum’s statement: “I bear in me the profound sadness of poets who have struggled their entire life not to make literature and, in the end, after having skimmed through more than one hundred pages, realized that they made nothing but literature.” This is a resigned outcry of a generation: wishing (and attempting to accomplish) the death of literature, avant-garde writers, and especially Surrealists, only managed to give it extra life and vitality through their revolted writings.

This paper is made in continuation of the article of Fabrice Marsac, Witold Ucherek and Magdalena Dańko “De l’infinitive de perception dans la pratique traductologique” (Studia Romanica Posnaniensia 46/1, 2019); both papers fall within the framework of the bilateral Polonium program “On the translation of French perception structures into Polish” (n° PPN/BIL/2018/1/00181), implemented and financed by the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (NAWA), the French Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (MEAE) and the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (MESRI). In the present case, we intend to report on the content and progress of the part “multi-dimensional labelling” of this long-term French-Polish project. Therefore, we describe the formal encoding of structures, categories and functions of the items in the large multi-label corpus (French-Polish) we have been collecting since 2019.

This paper arises from the subject Errors in Spanish as a Foreign Language, taught in the Master of Teaching Spanish at Masaryk University of Brno, Czech Republic. Its main objective is to show how the analysis of lexical errors can be used as a tool in the training of non‑native teachers of Spanish, in this case, Czech and Slovak. To achieve this goal, firstly, the paper presents a brief review of the trends that have investigated errors in foreign language learning, such as contrastive analysis, error analysis and interlanguage studies. Secondly, it analyzes a corpus of texts written by learners of Spanish according to the error analysis methodology (Corder, 1967), as an activity for the Master students. Thirdly, it shows a typological classification of different lexical errors found in the texts and it reflects on the possible connection between mistakes and teaching methodology. Based on the results of the analysis, the paper discusses the usefulness of the analysis of these errors not only for the training of non‑native teachers of Spanish as a foreign language, but also for a better understanding of vocabulary teaching.

The legal framework of the medical activity has evolved during the course of European law history together with the social and economic significance if these activities. In this paper, using predominantly the historical research method, we will examine some fundamental waypoints regarding the organization as legal persons of the institutions carrying out medical activities, which we generically call hospitals. Taking as a departure point the Roman era, we will discuss, using the modern optics in regard to the fundamental characteristics of a legal entity (own estate, discrete framework and specific purpose)the evolution of these legal persons with a medical purpose. Due to the limited extent of this paper, we will limit ourselves to the European legal space and to only a few of the significant evolutions in regard to the medical institutions with a legal personality.

The nature of work is certainly changing, but from a historical perspective this is not new. The rate of change is faster today, and change is the rule not just an exception over time. This paper shows that an Internet-based business model is becoming more common, and this does not mean the end of organizational employment relationships, but supports the need for greater flexibility of jobs and workers. The study of work and employment, as well as the variability of wider environmental and contextual changes in the nature of paid work and employment relations, are relevant to the functioning of a modern economy. Providing an overview of key trends can help to understand the nature of labor relations in the modern economy. The paper presents examples of both change and continuity in the field of work relations.

In the Italian academic discourse research, Master’s degree theses used to be studied mainly from the perspective of linguistic competencies of their authors. However, strictly linguistic skills are not the only challenge for undergraduate, who must also convey intellectual content in appropriate discursive and rhetorical forms. The paper explores the patterns of a peculiar form of “collaborative writing”, i.e. the cooperation between the thesis supervisor and the student. Using the example of Master’s theses in linguistics, written in Italian as a foreign language, three basic didactic approaches are discussed in the paper. In the didactics of content the supervisors emphasize knowledge, i.e. linguistic concepts expected to be applied in a Master’s thesis. In the didactics of forms, the supervisors focus on the linguistic code, that is, on grammatical and lexical correctness of the Master’s thesis. In the didactics of forms of content the supervisors use regularities observed in academic discourse, such as genre and rhetorical structures, as valuable teaching resources likely to help students develop metacommunicative awareness.

Ball brooches make a difficult research theme in Denmark. This is mainly because very few of the hitherto published specimens were found in a context or under circumstances that help to shed light on their chronology. The most recently published study is a very brief paper by Jesper Laursen on the chronology and typology of ball brooches (Laursen 1984). Laursen’s paper was published at a time when hobby metal detecting was only at its early stages in Denmark. Therefore, this hobby had not yet had its impact on the material. Metal detecting favors objects with much metal and since cultivated soil contains a lot of iron waste most hobby detectorists tend to screen for iron. Consequently, objects of bronze, silver and gold will have a tendency to dominate the finds brought in by these people, and especially massive objects.

Nicolae Milescu Spătarul, a scholar from Moldova (born in 1636), is known especially for his activity during the second half of his life, from his permanent relocation to Russia (1671) to the year of his death (1708). Within this interval, in which he served the Tsars’ interests as a translator at Posolski Prikaz, some sort of Ministry of External Affairs, he is sent by the Tsar Alexei Mihailovici with an embassy to the Emperor of China, thus becoming the first European scholar who travelled from Moscow to Pekin, crossing through Siberia. This paper is focused on the first half of his life, following, firstly, his studies at the Great School of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, the education he received there, his relationships with the princes of Moldova, the relationships with other scholars from his time. Then follows his European journey: Berlin – Stettin – Stockholm – Paris, his relationship with the jansenists of Port Royal and the presentation of his work Enchiridion sive Stella Orientalis splendens Occidentali, in which he analyses a theological dispute that was of interest for the jansenists. The Enchiridion is made in Paris, in the year 1699, and is the first work published by a Romanian in the Occident. Our paper includes, for the first time integrally translated into Romanian, a few pages of correspondence, which illustrate, on one hand, the bond with the French ambassador of Stockholm and on the other, the accreditation of Milescu at the Court of Sweden as a representative of the former prince, Gheorghe Ștefan.

After his demise (in 2010), the philosophical works of Mihai Drăgănescu began to enter the attention of specialists from various backgrounds. His approach's incredible complexity and originality have been viewed and approached from various specific points of view until now. The aim of this paper is to present only a few essential features of the Drăgănescu philosophical approach as a whole, answering the following questions: (a) Is the model he recommended metaphysical, theological, or both? (b) How does the model highlight a certain Logos that becomes primordial in relation to the Being? (c) Why, quite unexpectedly, is the information considered a phenomenon? (d) How does the model he recommends solve some of the problems issued by Husserl and his phenomenology? In a forthcoming paper, we will try to show how Drăgănescu's Ontological-informational model allows a ChaOrdic application („Cha” from Chaos and „Ord” from Order) that characterizes the Reality of today when a natural Chaos appeared under which a new order emerges. Finally, our main conclusion will be that in relation to other similar attempts of recent times, which we know about, the approach of Drăgănescu presents strong originality by integrating the information with the ontological aspect. Furthermore, this confirms what our well-known Romanian philosopher Constantin Noica said a century ago: „Will the novelties of this work make their place in the world?” We should say that we do not doubt if we do not know the inertia that reigns in the world of culture. However, we will say that we do not know about a work that shakes this inertia better than the work of professor Drăgănescu. And if by impossibility it would not impose itself from now on in the culture of the twentieth century, let us be allowed to believe that it will astonish and deeply impress the non-perverted thinkers of the twenty-first century.

This paper examines the grammatical structure of Romanian/ English codeswitching in the speech of a ten-year-old bilingual child. The analyzed data set consists of single-word switches and phrases, the main focus of the paper being the morphological integration of these English elements in Romanian and the relations they establish with their larger syntactic environment. Using the principles of the Matrix Language Frame model developed by Myers-Scotton (2002, 2006), we show that the structural integrity of Romanian is maintained during codeswitching, and that the English material is used according to the rules imposed by the Romanian grammar. Although Romanian inflectional morphology is often absent on switched words and phrases, the placement of these elements in the grammatical frame of the sentence follows matrix language specifications and word order; moreover, function words in mixed constituents, such as determiners and prepositions, tend to come from Romanian.

As the European Union’s Strategy for people with disabilities has been extended to 2030, emphasising the need for these people’s social inclusion, which also comprises accessibility to different information and documents, Romania has to align its legislation and best practices in order to solve its problems concerning this topic. Therefore, this paper focuses on an important aspect of social inclusion, namely Easy-to-Read (E2R) language, which is paramount for the disabled people’s access to information, culture and education. It starts by presenting the concept of Easy-to-Read across Europe, its perception and implementation by various countries, to finally delve into the current situation of Easy-to-Read in Romania. By looking at the analysis and reports on the previous governmental strategies regarding people with disabilities (and especially reading disabilities, for the purpose of this paper), it can be said that Romania still faces challenges in this respect and needs to work on making documents and information accessible by first creating E2R guidelines and then implementing them in printed documents (e.g. adapted textbooks, healthcare leaflets) as well as in the electronic information (e.g. government websites). The paper also traces some future perspectives concerning Easy-to-Read in Romania, namely the Train2Validate “Professional training for Easy-to-Read facilitators and validators” (T2V) project, an Erasmus+ programme, a collaboration between various European countries, that Romania is part of, which goes one step further into helping people with reading disabilities and creating professional roles for them, i.e. facilitators and validators, in order to integrate them on the employment market. Moreover, this research will hopefully raise awareness of the importance of conducting other studies on creating Easy-to-Read guidelines and on simplifying the text according to the different target groups of people with reading disabilities or difficulties and to different text types.

In recent times, Indian ascetics have become pop icons due to the influence of visual entertainment media. Outside their country of origin, they are often negatively stereotyped to foster derogatory understandings of the Others and their cultures. In this paper, we will focus on representations of Indian ascetics. Starting with their early depictions in the memoir of the Transylvanian physician Dr Honigberger, we will examine their representations in Romanian newspapers and journals. In order to account for Romanian interest in ascetics from a faraway land, this paper will take into consideration the historical developments that led to the growth of European interest in them. Through a comparison between nineteenth century British (Osborne 1840) and East-European (Honigberger 1851, 1852) writings on Indian ascetics, we will try to understand whether conceptualization of Indian ascetics in Romanian-speaking territories differed in any way from that of the British colonizers in India. The paper will then move on to examine how the Romanian press conceptualized these ascetics. Evidences point to the fact that the Romanian press became interested in Indian ascetics, erroneously generalized as fakirs, from ca. 1900 to 1940. Analysing Romanian journal and magazine articles on Indian fakirs, which till now remain untranslated into English, this article will try to show how the Romanian press conceived of the ascetics of a faraway country. Our research methodology is based on text analysis, relying on a broader cultural perspective. For the purpose of this paper, we have selected a series of article samples, taking into consideration diversity in terms of regions (southern Romania and Transylvania), as well as the most relevant period (1906-1935). The interest in Indian sadhus and their doings basically emerged starting with the mid-nineteenth century. Yet over the following decades accounts have changed in terms of focus. While nineteenth century authors were primarily concerned with the physical aspects of their work, texts written in the first decades of the twentieth century suggest that journalists and writers generally looked at the more surprising and entertaining side of fakirs’ actions. Finally, the paper suggests why Romanian press lost interest in Indian ascetics after the 1940s.

This paper analyzes Scott Fitzgerald’s novels in light of Deleuze and Guattari’s critique of capitalism. While Deleuze and Guattari’s capitalist social machine is a break from Marxism, it decodes the traditions that define subjective desires or concepts like beauty and ethics. Under capitalism, subjective desire arises as a capitalist desire and reproduces the capitalist power. In his novels, Fitzgerald addresses the idea of the American dream in a similar way. His characters often embody the contradictions of American experience such as success and failure, dream and nightmare, illusion and disillusionment. This paper critically analyzes Deleuze and Guattari’s reading of desire within Marx’s work and the role of the American dream in a capitalist system as a sort of antiproduction. It seeks to illustrate how the concept of love in Fitzgerald’s novels is tied to the idea of money and how their connection delineates, in the same way, the commodification of the desire that Deleuze traces in his reading of Marx. Accordingly, this paper also argues that similar to philosophy, fiction can be employed to provide a better understanding of our represented world.

The present paper investigates variables affecting strategic learning of foreign languages. The theoretical approach starts from analyzing strategy classifications and evolves into highlighting the several factors that determine strategy use when learning foreign languages. Further on we investigate individual differences between learners, the learners’ personal experiences, situational and social factors, as well as affective factors and strategic competence. Having started from the theoretical premise that strategic learning is the superior approach to foreign language learning, the paper concludes that a successful learning experience is highly dependent on the language instructors’ understanding of the multitude of variables at play when it comes to learner strategy choice.

This paper discusses the use of African American Vernacular English as a literary dialect. The analysis is based on a corpus containing data collected from two 19th century American novels: ‘The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn’ by Mark Twain and ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin’ by Harriet Beecher Stowe. The speech of two characters of African American descent is under scrutiny: Jim and Aunt Chloe. The first part of the study provides an overview of the sociohistorical context in which AAVE originated and subsequently developed. The paper also highlights several morphosyntactic features attested in AAVE and the last part aims at identifying such features in the speech of the two African American characters aforementioned.

Teacher education programs have a long, perpetuated expectation for how to teach (Shulman, 1987). The overwhelming focus in teacher education programs on planning, instruction, and assessment obscures the ultimate goal of education; that is, to help every student become happy and lead a fulfilled life. This paper offers a perspective to cultivate preservice teachers who value humanity and therefore go beyond disciplinary knowledge and pedagogical practices. Humanity creates order in society, not arbitrary rules or authority. Yet, this aspect is often lost in higher education that focuses on professional skills over the cultivation of students’ humanity (Muscatine, 2009). We argue that teacher education needs to attend to humanity and pave the way for peace and happiness for human beings. Teachers’ roles are not just to deliver knowledge to students but to plant the seeds of hope and joy through education. To achieve this goal, we explored various humanistic approaches from Freire’s (1993) critical pedagogy, Valenzuelz’s (1999) subtractive schooling, Ginwright and Cammarota’s (2002) social justice approach, Comstock et al.’s (2008) relational-cultural theory, and Ikeda’s (2010) human education. This paper seeks to approach humanity as a theoretical and methodological basis for reclaiming the promise of teacher education.

Romania experienced a strong demographic decline during the three decades since the Revolution of 1989. However, this decline was not by all means geographically and historically invariable. Our paper focuses on a particular territorial subdivision of the country, namely the county of Sibiu, as a case study of a space that underwent rather a smaller decline and even experienced moments of growth. While we focus on the county scale, we also employ comparisons at other geographical scales. The analysis is developed around three main demographic aspects – total number of inhabitants, migration and indicators of natural growth. Our results display a demographic profile of the county which is strongly contingent across geography and history in all three demographic aspects. The demographic decline in Romania was steady and rather consistent throughout the three decades. Indeed, Sibiu county experienced also a decline during the first two decades, but displayed a pattern of growth during the last decade, mostly explained through the economic aspects, as the county is one of the country's most important growth poles. As showed in the paper, these evolutions were sustained by recent patterns of migration and natural population development in Sibiu that were more advantageous for population growth.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the collaboration that has been implemented in the curriculum as a cooperation management model to support campus performance indicators. Cooperation management uses the management functions introduced by Robbins et al., namely planning, organizing, operating, coordinating and evaluating. The case studies used in this research involve all study programs (N = 9) at the Faculty of Economics Universitas Negeri Medan, Indonesia. The data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of items focused on a differential semantic scale and qualitative responses to all items submitted at the time of the interview. This paper also reveals the dominant functions of cooperation management performed in the study program, namely: organization (8.00), planning (7.87), coordination (7.75), action (7.56), respectively evaluation (6.96). The function of the actuating and evaluation components is a severe concern for campus leaders. Flexibility and commitment to fund management support is essential for existing collaborations and plans for cooperation on strategic objectives. The implications of the study's findings - the model of industrial cooperation to strengthen collaboration between the two sides will serve for the future.

This paper deals with political (in)correctness in translation. The primary purpose of our paper is to emphasize the politically correct notions recommended or contraindicated in the Glossary of Sensitive Language for Internal and External Communications (PE, 2020). We examine the equivalence of official versions into French and Romanian in order to understand how words that have become politically correct are substituted by politically in.correct notions.

The author underlines the importance of linguistic competencies and of encyclopedic knowledge for the translation of Common Law sales contracts. Based on the principles of the Interpretive Theory of Translation and emphasizing its relevance and originality in the field of Translation Studies, the paper states that translation is a cognitive act, whose success depends on specific mechanisms implemented by the translator. Translating means interpreting the original meaning and constantly resorting to the cognitive context and baggage, as illustrated in the applicative section of the paper.

The following paper aims to briefly address one of the most pressing issues arising in connection with the criminal liability of the legal person, namely the determination of its form of criminal intent, with reference to the relationship between the criminal intent of the legal person and that of the individual along with the provision of aspects to be taken into consideration when analyzing such elements. At the same time, the paper draws attention to the risks to which the legal person may be exposed if it does not fulfill its control and supervision obligations.

The early Upper Palaeolithic marks the introduction at a continental scale of a fully-fledged laminar industry, and it is associated with the presence of Homo sapiens in the Near East and in Europe. For this period there are three commonly recognised early Upper Palaeolithic technocomplexes : the Early Aurignacian and the Protoaurignacian, in Europe, and the Early Ahmarian, in the Levant. They have been used to illustrate different dispersal routes and behavioural adaptations to climate change, different regional settings or to infer different land-use and mobility strategies. Still, there is no consensus on the criteria for assigning one lithic assemblage to a particular early Upper Palaeolithic technocomplex. The early Upper Palaeolithic assemblages from Banat are among those showing ambiguous results when observed through the current taxonomical lens. This paper evaluates the taxonomical stances comparing technological raw data from extensively published early Upper Palaeolithic sites in Europe and the Levant. The comparison of assemblages attributed to different technocomplexes reveals a much more homogenous picture than expected. Various behaviours that are ascribed to a particular technocomplex are widespread in others too, but they are overlooked because of unclear and non-standardised terminology. The present paper shows that trying to fit the archaeological record in abstract, short definitions leads to misunderstandings, with clear implications on the further conclusions made on human past behaviours. It further advocates for creating new shared criteria for analysing lithic assemblages and thus overcoming the taxonomical impasse

Internet connectivity has increased over the years and consequently, new business opportunities have occurred. Online learning platforms represent one of such opportunities. A few online learning platforms have recorded significant growth, reaching tens of millions of users. These are the MOOC (massive online open courseware) platforms. The shift to the subscription economy is accelerating globally. The subscription-based model is transforming multiple industries such as manufacturing, media, journalism, transportation or enterprise software. However, is this business model a good fit for online learning platforms? In the current paper, we are examining the impact of the subscription economy on the online learning industry, especially on MOOC platforms. For this, we have performed a comparative analysis of the offers from the most important MOOC platforms and we have evaluated to which extent their business models have adapted to the subscription-based economy. The novelty of this paper consists in the examination of the online learning platforms through the lenses of a subscription-based model and the analysis of their recurring revenue sources.