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La práctica artística contemporánea tuvo un espacio de reflexión y creación de opinión en las páginas de Papers d’Art. De la mano de un conjunto de voces propias e independientes se visibilizaron formas de producción artística multidisciplinarias, desde la perspectiva divulgadora de una crítica que conectaba dinámicamente los significados artísticos con los sociales y culturales. Conviene resaltar el desplazamiento del significado de la concepción del arte contemporáneo en calidad de pieza clave en la cultura intelectual, incluyendo política, filosofía, ciencia u otros formatos de creación como la música y la literatura. Partiendo del análisis de la conciencia crítica de los diferentes colaboradores y la investigación historiográfica en torno a cuestionamientos estéticos y simbólicos, se despliega una revisión del conjunto de los discursos incluidos en la sección Estudios e Investigación. Palabras clave: Fundació Espais; Papers d’Art; crítica de arte catalana; investigación universitaria sobre arte contemporáneo; perspectiva divulgadora del arte. Papers d’Art. Contents of the Study and Research section Abstract: Contemporary artistic practices were provided with a space for reflection and the creation of opinion in the galleries of the Fundació Espais and in the pages of its art magazine, Papers d’Art. A group of independent voices of multidisciplinary artistic production was made audible thanks to this publication that provided a critique which forged dynamic connections between artistic meaning and social and cultural contexts. This paper highlights a shift in meaning of the conception of contemporary art as a key element in intellectual culture, including politics, philosophy, science and other creative formats such as music and literature. Based on an analysis of the critical awareness of the various contributors to the magazine and on the historiographic study of certain aesthetic and symbolic questions, a review of the articles published in the Studies and Research section is detailed. Keywords: Fundació Espais; Papers d’Art; Catalan art Criticism; University Research on Contemporary art; Popularizing Issues of Art. Artículo recibido: 29/09/2021. Revisado: 08/10/2021. Aceptado: 11/10/2021

The paper presents aspects of the scientific production of three 'ilustrados' who worked in South America: José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva (1763-1838), José Hipólito Unanúe (1755-1833), and Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga (1771-1848). These naturalists, whose trajectories, territories and beliefs were different, built their particular version of Nature in America and contributed with their scientific work to the construction of American geohistory. They were chosen in this research by criteria of territorial dispersion and by different approaches about specific aspects of Earth Sciences – themes that up to now have not received full attention among Latin-American historians of sciences. This paper contends that these personalities built their own knowledge about 'temperament' (climate) and territories, and also used their scientific knowledge to implement political agenda for their respectives countries that were being conformed.

The European Research Council (ERC) funding scheme classifies law within the social sciences and humanities sector, identifying legal science as a social science. The paper presents the case-study of such a classification as a deterministic model of evaluation and assessment of legal research. This may impact on career opportunities of individuals as well as on scientific independence, tacitly predefining the selection of research topics and legal methodology. The paper argues that ERC encourages a successful trend of conducting legal research to obtain funding, through the application of indicators. Their aim is to show which process has been followed to achieve and measure results. Legal science then risks being reduced to the analysis of legal performance. In this context, re-reading some writings of Polanyi on social sciences as well as on the critique of economic determinism sheds light on forms of academic determinism that affect the way of carrying-out research.

This paper examines China’s claim to the South China Sea, focusing on how to maintain peace in a region with competing claims through codified law or external mechanisms. The first part of the paper examines the different levels of China’s claim to ninety percent of the South China Sea, starting from its historical claim to its territorial claim. Additionally, an in-depth look is given to the provisions of the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Seas, and how China’s claim conflicts with these provisions. The second part of the paper goes through the section of the dispute settlement provisions of the Convention, addressing the general provisions, procedures, and limitations concerning dispute resolution. The critiques of the dispute settlement provisions are addressed, alongside the lack of an enforcing body. Lastly, the external mechanisms that State parties can take to maintain peace with the region are analyzed, from other conventions to commercial responses.

The purpose of this paper is to trace the evolution of development aid in Malawi from 1964, when the country became independent, to date. It also analyses sustainable development in the light of democracy in Malawi and local reactions to the former by the citizens. The paper contends that development aid needs to be linked to the notion of local development in Malawi. It notes that development was a key word that was popularly used during the reign of the founding president of Malawi, Dr Kamuzu Hastings Banda (1964 to 1994). For Banda, it was critical to have development which simply meant food security, decent housing and clothes. The paper also pays attention to local actors’ responses to development aid.

This paper argues that the postcolonial revolution in knowledge about gender and power relations has not touched the agricultural sector nor literature. Using the validation data from a medium-n qualitative data study in Amhara and Oromia, Ethiopia, the paper presents a case study on farm gate selling to show how a nuclear family model is shaped by power relations that are seeded in the colonial past and yet are reproduced in the present. Ethiopian men do not share resources equally with their wife/family. So, women need to ‘help themselves’ to the stored harvest to manage the household’s needs. The paper shows how food security projects, and even those that aim to reduce post-harvest loss can be socially and economically disruptive.

This paper analyses the engagement of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in the collaborative governance of education policies in Cabo Verde. In contrast with the mainstream view of CSOs as opposition groups separate from the state, the paper frames them as integrative parts of the collaborative governance process. CSOs’ collaboration with the government in education policy-making generates a (societal linking) social capital in the form of understanding, shared norms, and mutual trust among the various stakeholders within the education system. Such capital is an important resource to guarantee the proficiency and efficiency of education policies.

This paper investigates the use of a semiotic macrostructure called a pending account as an interpretive metatext to configure strategy texts’ motivational affordances and lend authority to deontic claims. Interpretive metatexts tell us what another text means; if they use a pending account to do so, they tell us what it means by telling us what we should do; and they tell us what we should do by telling us what inclines us to act in a certain way, either by verbalizing habits or convoking scripts and passions. Pending accounting is a speech genre oriented towards inducing action. Peircean and Greimasian semiotics suggest two different ways in which emotion is coupled to other sensemaking registers to set up these inducements. If Peirce teaches us how feelings set off an effortful inquiry oriented towards the fixing of belief, Greimas explains how passions (as well as scripts) play an important part in sanctioning and thereby (de)commissioning action. The paper shows how the two semioticians can be combined to explain how emotion is used to articulate and authorize pending accounts, based on an illustrative analysis of four interpretations of the 2020 Brexit withdrawal agreement.

This paper questions archaeology as a practice that, by unearthing and interpreting the signs of the past, leaves its own traces on the present of a site, a district, a community. Archaeology can be used to do so by different stakeholders, through the creation of discontinuity both in a region’s landscape – i.e. by choosing to attract visitors towards an archaeological site/museum rather than towards others – and in the history of a community – by implicitly (but also explicitly) giving the status of historical apex of a civilization to a specific period/event/monument according to which every other age is adjusted. This creates an unbalanced picture made of centres and peripheries. The few key archaeological ‘centres’ spread around the world and the uncountable neglected ‘peripheries’ that derive from this practice have an impact on our understanding of humanity. Bearing in mind this inevitable capacity of archaeology to leave material and cultural traces on us, this paper asks if and how archaeology can be used to have a positive impact on present societies answering current social questions. Does such practice just generate an indiscriminate accumulation of objects that will never be either studied by specialists or exhibited to the public tending to make museums’ storages collapse? Or does it help local and global communities to reflect upon themselves bearing an historically deeper viewpoint on humanity? Is archaeology used to justify actions taken in the present, to look for signs of prestigious ancestry, or as a medium towards accepting and dignifying otherness? Answers to such questions vary sensibly depending on the semiotic stand that specific archaeologists, as actors within the discipline, take on archaeology as a practice, whether they see it, in synthesis, as a discipline of things or as a discipline of traces. Reflecting on a few case studies such as Koudelka’s “Walking Through Outdoors Ruins” project for Magnum, the archaeology or Bronze Age Sardinia, and the dominant paradigm of communicating archaeology to the public, this paper exposes the social roles that archaeological interpretation has had so far, attempting a prediction of its future paths until some of its possible extreme – Funes el-memorioso driven – consequences.

This paper investigates factors that motivate entrepreneurs to completely operate within informality and the drivers of formal companies to underreport revenues. In particular, this work identifies and organizes the determinants of firm informality through a systematic literature review in Scopus and Web of Science databases. The article presents several contributions. First, it examines the two main frameworks of informality (structuralist/exclusion and legalistic/exit dimensions) and links this with the different roles of unregistered firms in economic development (survival, De Soto, and parasite views). It also studies the theoretical basis of informality, including economic, institutional, psychological, and sociological aspects. Second, the paper summarizes business informality determinants based on studies with different methodological approaches (macro, microeconomic), contexts (developed, emerging, transition economies), and periods (1983-2018). Our results show that firm informality is mostly addressed in the examined literature as a decision or voluntary choice by companies and entrepreneurs (legalistic vision). Third, the article proposes an integral theoretical model, according to which the firm informality level is determined by structural elements (company and entrepreneur’s characteristics) and environmental factors (corruption, bureaucracy, taxes, etc.). The analysis is relevant for researchers studying this subject and for policymakers as well.

What does it take for a citizen movement to topple a deep-rooted authoritarian regime? This paper analyses the successes and failures of citizen-led social media campaigns in Zimbabwe. Using data drawn from an extensive ethnographic study of 50 WhatsApp and Facebook communities, this paper studies the conditions under which citizen activism, particularly those movements that originate on social media, become street protests that can effectively unseat an illegitimate regime. I find that the success of recent movements – evidenced by policy changes and increased citizen participation – is in part because of the rise of a youth citizenry that does not feel indebted to the liberation struggle. Zimbabwean born frees are more willing to take political risks by speaking candidly about politics online and mobilizing their peers.

What does it take for a citizen movement to topple a deep-rooted authoritarian regime? This paper analyses the successes and failures of citizen-led social media campaigns in Zimbabwe. Using data drawn from an extensive ethnographic study of 50 WhatsApp and Facebook communities, this paper studies the conditions under which citizen activism, particularly those movements that originate on social media, become street protests that can effectively unseat an illegitimate regime. I find that the success of recent movements – evidenced by policy changes and increased citizen participation – is in part because of the rise of a youth citizenry that does not feel indebted to the liberation struggle. Zimbabwean born frees are more willing to take political risks by speaking candidly about politics online and mobilizing their peers.

The paper aims to discuss the challenges created by the new technological paradigm, and how Brazil could exploit some possibilities – considering the current industrial structure of Brazilian economy. The paper presents a short brief of some industrial policies that have been applied in industrial economies abroad and analyzes these examples to highlight the characteristics of the Fourth Industrial Revolution which could able Brazil’s industrial policy to take advantage of some of the possibilities. These possibilities will emerge due to the characteristics of the new technological paradigm.

This paper is based on 10 months of field work between 2009 and 2014 in Cape Verde, and provides an overview of the anthropological literature in which motor vehicles and African roads are studied as social phenomena. Until the end of the twentieth century, most ethnographies have failed to focus on the countless social processes linked to the development of mobility by road and the motorisation of transportation in Africa, or on the role played by cars and roads as symbols of a globalised modernity. The paper reviews the research by authors who, from the 1930s onwards, mention African roads and the use of motor vehicles as spaces in which social situations and processes take place. The several symbolic and instrumental dimensions of the motorisation of road transportation in Africa are discussed as well.

Bustling mototaxis are a pervasive phenomenon on Goma’s streets and their emergence and proliferation is highly linked to the context of the protracted violent conflict in Eastern Congo. By highlighting the nexus of physical and social mobilities, work, and leisure, this paper aims to analyze the different trajectories of young mototaxi drivers that go beyond concepts of “being stuck” (Sommers, 2012) and focus instead on their ways of working towards the future. In contrast to prior research, this paper shows that being young in the city does not necessarily lead to “abject futures” or condemn youth to an endless “waithood” that results in “social death”. Based on ethnographic data I have gathered since 2008, I will trace the different ways young mototaxi drivers make sense of the ontological continuum of being young and becoming an adult. By centering on their everyday life worlds, I argue that motards have more options than simply ending up at a dead end.

Bustling mototaxis are a pervasive phenomenon on Goma’s streets and their emergence and proliferation is highly linked to the context of the protracted violent conflict in Eastern Congo. By highlighting the nexus of physical and social mobilities, work, and leisure, this paper aims to analyze the different trajectories of young mototaxi drivers that go beyond concepts of “being stuck” (Sommers, 2012) and focus instead on their ways of working towards the future. In contrast to prior research, this paper shows that being young in the city does not necessarily lead to “abject futures” or condemn youth to an endless “waithood” that results in “social death”. Based on ethnographic data I have gathered since 2008, I will trace the different ways young mototaxi drivers make sense of the ontological continuum of being young and becoming an adult. By centering on their everyday life worlds, I argue that motards have more options than simply ending up at a dead end.

This paper is based on 10 months of field work between 2009 and 2014 in Cape Verde, and provides an overview of the anthropological literature in which motor vehicles and African roads are studied as social phenomena. Until the end of the twentieth century, most ethnographies have failed to focus on the countless social processes linked to the development of mobility by road and the motorisation of transportation in Africa, or on the role played by cars and roads as symbols of a globalised modernity. The paper reviews the research by authors who, from the 1930s onwards, mention African roads and the use of motor vehicles as spaces in which social situations and processes take place. The several symbolic and instrumental dimensions of the motorisation of road transportation in Africa are discussed as well.

Workforce agility has been described as a management strategy that allows companies to respond quickly and effectively to threats and opportunities arising from a competitive and unstable business environment. In the current literature, there is still a lack of efforts to systematically review the state of the art on this subject. The aim of this paper is to address this gap by studying the academic progress on workforce agility. A systematic literature review was carried out to analyze the academic articles within the workforce agility topic that were published online until the end of June 2020 in three electronic databases: Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, and Science Direct. The bibliometric indicators present how the field has developed and which actors (authors, institutions, countries, journals) are the most relevant. Regarding the conceptual aspects, the findings allowed us to identify that an agile workforce consists of four interrelated and interdependent dimensions: proactivity, flexibility and adaptability, resilience, and competence. These attributes can be promoted through strategies related to i) learning and training, ii) forms of work organization, iii) human resource management; and iv) culture and organizational structure. Our findings also allowed us to propose an agenda for future studies on workforce agility and other related topics. This paper contributes by promoting a debate on a subject still incipient in the literature, especially in Latin America, and by highlighting the potential competitive advantage associated with workforce agility for companies.

The loosely coupled systems (LCS) perspective emerged as a new way to understand the organizational structure from the field of Organization Studies. The purpose of this article is to pres­ent the main features of previous research studies that have addressed the perspective of loosely coupled systems. This article is based on a systematic literature review of 76 papers published dur­ing a 36-year period (1983-2019). The findings indicate that the main concepts studied around this perspective have been loose coupling, tight coupling, decoupling, degree of coupling, and coupling mechanisms, which are analyzed considering the dialectical relationship between distinctiveness and responsiveness. Likewise, the study of organizational couplings has been extensively devel­oped through qualitative methodology with case studies, interviews and documentary reviews. In particular, there are two theoretical frameworks broadly used along with this perspective, the sociological new institutionalism and the theory of normal accidents, which give rise to future research on topics such as decoupling and the normality of accidents, among others. This article contributes to the discussion of organizational ties by highlighting the contemporary relevance of the LCS perspective, its usefulness for understanding current and future organizational issues in the field of Organization Studies, and encouraging greater adoption of LCS analysis in Latin America. Additionally, this paper provides conceptual clarity on the main categories of organizational cou­plings and its operationalization.

This paper evaluates the real capacity of the customer service system in a Health Care Service Provider (HCSP) in which users request a service using a multi-channel M/M/n queueing system with Poisson arrivals and exponential times. The assistance process shows that an individual who wants to request a diagnostic test must wait his/her turn in several cubicles. The aim of this paper is to develop a methodology that generates two-way results in improving not only HCSP performance, but also in implementing strategies that lead to better service perception. A discrete-event simulation model is presented to determine the times for processes and forecast the demand. The entire process in HCSP takes up to four hours, although, based on our results, waiting times could be 50% shorter by decreasing the number of operative tasks that physicians and nurses should perform and implementing an electronic ticket dispenser. Improving customer service is relevant for a HCSP organization. Therefore, our simulation process could be implemented in different scenarios in order to integrate results in planning and decision-making processes.

The purpose of this reflection paper is to provide a Foucauldian view of the influence of the neoliberal ethos on the rational choices of agents in organizations and how this impacts the tendency to make decisions about deviant behavior. We propose that practices of codes of ethics have less substantive effects and more symbolic effects. The control of corruption occurs in three dimensions: egoism, utilitarianism and opportunism. Codes of ethics and compliance systems, in this sense, possess only the capacity to partially meet each of these requirements, not being enough measure for business integrity assurance. We believe it is essential to distinguish the arguments presented in this paper from the dominant thinking on theories about ethics in organizations. Our interest is to give a politicized response to the discussions raised in the field. The originality of the article resides in the transposition of Foucauldian concepts for practices of control of conducts in the contemporary management. The inadequacy of the normative measures is worked out. Besides, alternative perspectives are proposed to the practices of management for ethical behavior in or­ganizations.

This paper analyses relations among FEDEDAM, Eureka Comitee and AFADEM during the 80s as a training space for memories of enforced disappearances. We examine from primary sources, some written some oral, the organisations’ trajectories and spots of memories’ production and circulation. We assert that within the common work concerning denunciation and search for justice, narrarives were made up as well as transnational memorial practices shared by parents’ organizations in Mexico and through the Latin American network issued by the federation.

This paper aims to study the historical experience of evil in Venezuela. From the history of the present time and the regimes of historicity, we inquire about the pernicious nature of the political and ideological mechanisms that, instituted by Chavismo, seek the subordination of the other, especially of those who oppose and resist it. Memory, testimonies and documentation thus allow us to show the institutionalization of violence and the use of evil as a political instrument.

This paper examines the history of Mexico’s native memory concept. To achieve this, three memorial phases are rebuilt : first, the emergence of the colonial past’s review as a historical trauma ; next, how the native Latin-American and Mexican movements have taken ownership of this past’s meaning in order to define their identity as “ancestral victims” ; and finally, the phase of such recognition within the new cultural plurality’s rhetoric.

El artículo presenta la extensión universitaria desde un enfoque relacional, como un ecosistema de interacciones entre agentes académicos y sociales, dentro y fuera del campus. Basándose en una investigación-acción reciente en la Universidad del País Vasco, el artículo recomienda medidas concretas, como hacer tiempo para celebrar las culturas universitarias; abrir espacios para la creatividad y el cambio; y dar autonomía a los agentes culturales ya presentes en el campus. Esta sugerencia se ilustra mediante la creación de una asociación de artes escénicas y performativas en el campus de Gipuzkoa. Palabras clave: comunidades de práctica, cultura universitaria, artes escénicas y performativas, Universidad del País Vasco. Cultivating communities of practice in university extension: scenic and performative arts in the Gipuzkoa Campus Abstract: In this paper, university extension is understood from a relational point of view, as an ecosystem of interactions between academic and social agents, inside and outside campus. Based on a recent action- research at the University of the Basque Country, the paper suggests specific measures such as making time to celebrate university cultures; opening up spaces for creativity and change; and granting autonomy to those culture makers already present in campus. This recommendation is illustrated by describing the creation of a scenic and performative arts society in the Gipuzkoa campus. Keywords: communities of practice, university culture, scenic and performative arts, University of the Basque Country. Artículo recibido: 05/03/2019// Artículo aceptado: 17/03/2019

Offshore outsourcing by organizations has been gaining momentum, powered by advances in information technology and costs differentials. A review of the literature on the subject, though, shows that those scholars who have focused on offshore outsourcing have centered their attention on the activities of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in the manufacturing and services sectors, leaving behind small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Through a number of propositions, this paper suggests that SMEs could also benefit from offshore outsourcing given their particular characteristics and needs. The paper also discusses the similarities and differences in the motivations that SMEs might have in subcontracting their activities outside their boundaries in comparison to MNEs. Knowing this information is important for foreign suppliers in order to adapt and expand their offerings to the needs of these particular firms.

This paper examines the African experience with forced labor in colonial Mozambique, where the administration developed a labor regime that resembled a ‘modern slavery.’ Both contemporary observers and subsequent scholarly research have used the modifying ‘modern’ to describe types of forced labor and to draw distinctions from older forms of slavery. This work aims to historicize notions of free labor in the midst of a broader atmosphere of coercion and to make sense of the silence of certain actors on the question of slavery. The paper explores the ways in which African in Mozambique considered colonial labor practices, with an emphasis on questions of dignity, honor and degradation.

A decade has passed since Porto’s city council, through its “urban rehabilitation agency”, put forward a renewed strategy aiming at the urban “rehabilitation” of the city’s historic center. This paper presents some of the results of a field research willing to highlight the main physical and social transformations resulting from the materialization of that strategy. The paper scrutinizes some of the major changes in the social fabric of Porto’s historic center and analyzes how longtime residents interpret and deal with the implications of the rehabilitation-cumgentrification of their place of residence

While an increasing cycle of environmental disaster and degradation, loss of ecological integrity and environmental damage and pollution from humans seem to be the general rule for a world gone astray, at the same time there are emerging signs that many individuals and different groups of people are trying to find a “way out” from the environmental unfriendly manner to live and use the Planet Earth. The researches on Ecological Duties, on the ways to implement them and on how to construct an ecological society are some examples of this emerging effort. The emphasis of the mentioned studies is upon the adoption and exercise of human responsibilities towards all forms of life, including non-human life1,and a special duty to “care for the planet”.2 This paper suggests that the Restorative Justice might be considered as one tool to implement the Ecological duties and to push individual to feel responsible for the Environment adopting environmental friendly behaviours. Indeed the fundamental aim of the Ecological Duties is to modify the consciousness of the individual and move towards a construction of an ecological civilisation3. To date, unfortunately, Restorative Justice (RJ) has been used only occasionally by the national and international courts to deal with environmental crime. On the contrary, the growth of the employment of this model of Justice, to restore the damage done to the environment, could aim to bring a fundamental change in the modern western culture and consciousness and respond to the urgent need to transform our unsustainable society into a sustainable and ecological society. Part I of this paper provides an overview of Ecological Duties with a brief analysis on the concept of Ecological Citizen. Part II focuses on Restorative Justice as such: the study on the origin, nature, aims and players of the RJ are necessary to understand the reasons why, in the Part III, is affirmed that the employment of the RJ in the field of environmental crime can help the individuals to be more ecological responsible. Finally in Part III, the analysis of RJ is carried further to include its application in the field of environmental. This last section of the article explains how “Restorative Environmental Justice” can be an alternative and useful way to favour the implementation of the Ecological Duties with an emphasis on how Restorative Environmental Justice works in the community, how it contributes to citizen empowerment, local peace-building, and more important, how it helps to develop an ecological consciousness in all parties affected by an environmental crime.

This paper analyzes the origin, development and decline of Mixteca Alta’s agroecological and food system from the end of pre-Hispanic period till capitalism’s introduction, in the context of the Great acceleration which appeared indirectly in this region during the middle of the 20th century, when new roads were opened allowing local populations’emigration towards towns and industrial centers, that lead to the almost complete disapperance of sustainable “solares” (vegetable gardens) and the rapid expansion of food practices different from local diets.

The paper aims to design and apply a Knowledge Management (KM) model within the context of a Higher Education (HE) institution in Mexico. The model is composed of six enablers: leadership, culture, structure, human resources, information technologies and measurement, which facilitate the processes of knowledge creation, storage, transfer and application. A 53-question survey applied to thirty-six (36) people allowed to evaluate the degree of development and implementation of knowledge enablers and processes. Objectivity, reliability and overall model fit were assessed. The application of the Model serves to highlight the core role that cultural, human and structural aspects play in Knowledge Management processes. Whereas Information Technologies are the least influential to Knowledge Management processes. This paper was limited to examine the perceptions of the Board of Directors of a single university. It is yet to be tested in other institutions. Moreover, the resulting model can be used as an assessment tool in Higher Education Institutions to identify the key elements during a KM initiative as well as to define actions to obtain the greatest benefits from these initiatives.

In this paper we conduct a systematic literature review with the aim of understanding the effectiveness of environmental policy instruments, in particular, command and control, marketbased instruments and voluntary schemes, in promoting eco-innovation. This study analyzes the information presented in selected papers, mainly from peer-reviewed journals, covering the period 2005-2012. The sample is based on 40 papers traced through a keyword search in Scopus database, representing the main academic journals related to the subject. A few more sources were added after reviewing the list of references from the main papers. The literature reviewed adopts different approaches and pursues several objectives to understand the relationship between policy instruments and eco-innovation. We find overall evidence that stringency is a key feature of policies for determining the effects of environmental technological change. It is argued that command and control instrument boosts eco-innovation, but continuity in investments depends more on the expected severity of future regulation. Empirical studies confirm that market-based instruments promote more incremental innovation and diffusion of existing technologies than radical innovation. In general, instruments based on economic incentives need to be complemented with stringent controls to be more effective. We conclude that complementarities between measures focused on developers and demanders are necessary in order to foster eco-innovation

This paper aims at exploring how social and environmental (SE) labels influence purchasing. By drawing on the information processing and the systematic-heuristic models, this study tests the process followed by consumers when purchasing SE labeled-products. Information was gathered through a structured questionnaire in personal interviews with 400 consumers responsible for household shopping of Fast-moving Consumer Goods (FMCG), who were randomly approached at shopping malls in four areas of Madrid, Spain. They were asked about recognition, knowledge, credibility, perceived utility and purchases on 12 different labels; the influence of these variables on purchase is modeled and tested by path analysis. This study suggests that a systematic-heuristic information processing occurs when consumers buy SE-labeled FMCG products, as the purchase of this type of goods depends on the recognition of a label, knowledge of the issue/issuer, as well as the credibility and the perceived utility of SE labels. Motivation for being informed influences the process, being an antecedent of awareness, comprehension and perceived utility. This model shows a dual processing mode: systematic and heuristic, where the lack of cognitive capacity could explain why these two processing modes co-occur. This paper adds value to existing literature on SE labels and consumption by applying the information processing model, which has not been used before in the field of responsible consumption, in addition to open a promising avenue for research, by offering complementary theories to the existing ones, based on attitudes.

This paper aims to analyse some of the changes and social transformations occurred in recent years in the internal dynamics of the Felupe (or Joola-ajamaat), an agrarian society in the north-west of Guinea-Bissau. Well adapted to the environment, the Felupe have the necessary knowledge and techniques that allowed them to maintain food security and social cohesion for centuries. This society currently faces sudden changes of parameters such as climate changes, world market prices instability or reduction in labour availability. Based on literature review and field work carried out during 2009 and 2012, this paper identifies the strategies adopted by this society to respond to the constraints inherent to the dynamics of globalization.

This paper aims to analyse some of the changes and social transformations occurred in recent years in the internal dynamics of the Felupe (or Joola-ajamaat), an agrarian society in the north-west of Guinea-Bissau. Well adapted to the environment, the Felupe have the necessary knowledge and techniques that allowed them to maintain food security and social cohesion for centuries. This society currently faces sudden changes of parameters such as climate changes, world market prices instability or reduction in labour availability. Based on literature review and field work carried out during 2009 and 2012, this paper identifies the strategies adopted by this society to respond to the constraints inherent to the dynamics of globalization.

This paper aims at investigating the textual relations that link media and consciousness in The Arcades Project of Walter Benjamin. The paper builds-up a constellation of terms (history, nature, time, media, myth, habits, attention and distraction), a plot of motifs that composes an organic pattern and provide a problematic image of the self.

This article analyzes the adoption of project management practices in development cooperation NGOs and their influence on project performance. This paper illustrates the impact in the implementation of methodologies, techniques and tools on outcomes, measured by success criteria of several projects recently implemented. Information from the project managers of the organizations was collected, and complemented by a literature review. We analyzed the correlation among the variables that determine the adoption of a project, and the criteria that determine its success. The positive effect of project management adoption in the performance of cooperation projects is demonstrated, in spite of the low use of methodologies, techniques and tools within the sector. The article shows the importance of project management in cooperation and aid projects, with the purpose of increasing researchers’ awareness about the field as applicable knowledge and about the benefits of its use in the sector. The paper shows that project management can improve project efficiency and accountability in other sectors.

The purpose of this paper is to contribute in understanding issues related to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Sub-Saharan Africa. The paper demonstrates that even though multinationals strategies participate with economic and social development, there still is much to do given environmental, social and economic expectations. The case of Areva discussed here illustrates the discrepancy that exists between such companies’ CSR strategies and the local conditions in which they evolve (armed conflicts, poverty, social inequalities, air pollution, environmental degradation, water contamination, etc.). Therefore, two challenges are essentials. On one hand, MNCs should take into account external costs of their activities and participate in projects that improve social and economic welfare. On the other hand, in case of accentuated opposition between MNCs and stakeholders (civil society, social partners, NGOs, etc.) public regulations could orientate corporate actions in a more responsible social development process.

The purpose of this paper is to contribute in understanding issues related to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Sub-Saharan Africa. The paper demonstrates that even though multinationals strategies participate with economic and social development, there still is much to do given environmental, social and economic expectations. The case of Areva discussed here illustrates the discrepancy that exists between such companies’ CSR strategies and the local conditions in which they evolve (armed conflicts, poverty, social inequalities, air pollution, environmental degradation, water contamination, etc.). Therefore, two challenges are essentials. On one hand, MNCs should take into account external costs of their activities and participate in projects that improve social and economic welfare. On the other hand, in case of accentuated opposition between MNCs and stakeholders (civil society, social partners, NGOs, etc.) public regulations could orientate corporate actions in a more responsible social development process.

This paper uses an institutional approach to examine the effect of regulations on entrepreneurial activity, comparing developed and developing countries. Through an unbalanced panel data set of 49 countries over the period 2001-2010 and using a combination of international databases we find a positive influence of government spending and entrepreneurship legislation on entrepreneurial activity. It was also found that regulations may have different impacts on entrepreneurship according to the country’s economic development. Thus, in developed economies unemployment legislation is positively related to entrepreneurship, while this relationship is negative in other cases. This paper offers new insights both from a conceptual perspective (advancing theory concerning the factors that influence entrepreneurial activity) and a practical viewpoint (for the design of government policies to foster entrepreneurship).

The principal purpose of this paper is to analyze different methods for decision making, with a focus on entrepreneurship in Latin America. Decision-making methods may be informed by aggregation operators that are based on the use of probabilities, weighted averages (WAs) and generalized aggregation operators. The paper presents a new generalized probabilistic weighted averaging (GPWA) operator that unifies WAs and probability in the same formulation, considering the degree of importance of each concept used in the analysis. The fundamental advantage of this approach is that it includes a wide range of particular cases including the probabilistic weighted averaging (PWA) operator, the probabilistic weighted geometric averaging (PWGA) operator and the probabilistic weighted quadratic averaging (PWQA) operator. Quasi-arithmetic means are used to obtain the Quasi-PWA operator and to generalize the approach, which is then applied to a set of hypothetical entrepreneurial investment decisions in a politically unified Latin American region.

The aim of this paper is to contribute to an increased knowledge of the cultural values and the entrepreneurial activity that are present in countries with different levels of development. Within the group of developing countries, we focus our analysis on the case of Latin America. The study uses data from the Schwartz Value Survey (SVS) to measure cultural values, and Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) for information regarding entrepreneurship. The results show that cultural variables, together with the rate of entrepreneurial activity, clearly distinguish developing countries from developed ones. Higher entrepreneurial activity is found in countries with lower levels of development; however, the cultural value dimensions of Autonomy and Egalitarianism are associated with higher development levels. In the specific case of Latin America, the results reveal the existence of two groups of countries. Firstly, Bolivia, Peru and Venezuela have higher rates of entrepreneurship and, at the same time, a greater prevalence of some cultural values (notably Embeddedness, but also Hierarchy). In contrast, another group of countries in the region—Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica and Mexico—is characterized by the presence of opposing cultural values (Autonomy and Egalitarianism), more in line with those corresponding to developed countries. The paper concludes with a discussion of the results, including some interesting implications, from both academic and policy perspectives. In the case of Latin America, a certain combination of cultural values (Embeddedness and Egalitarianism) may be leading to higher start-up rates. Thus, promoting these values could contribute to entrepreneurship and economic development.

This paper contributes to the important body of research on entrepreneurship and social capital. Most previous work on social capital and business incubators has analyzed how the structure of personal networks (measured by network size or density) and their quality (measured by tie strength) influence venture performance. However, few studies have focused on the mobilization of partners’ resources. This paper analyses how these three dimensions of social capital —defined in this article as the structural dimension, the relational dimension and the resource dimension— are closely linked to the three types of interactions in a business incubator: networking, counseling and resourcing. An Ordinary Least Squares regression was applied to a sample made up of incubating firms in Colombia. Results from the data analysis show that resourcing interactions constitute the most significant aspect of business incubators for entrepreneurs.

This paper aims to investigate the link between business regulations, pillars of competitiveness, and new firms at country level using a structural equation model. The research developed to support this paper is based on the idea that entrepreneurship, measured as the process of new firm formation, is a vital link to the economic growth of countries. The data used belongs to a sample of 41 countries with emerging and advanced economies that appear simultaneously in three databases: The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), the Global Competitiveness Report (GCR), and the Doing Business Report (DBR). At country level, the process is hindered by the competitiveness conditions of the country’s phase of economic development, and by the regulation and institutional arrangements that shape economic activity.

Abstract This paper addresses one of the open issues in the reconstruction of Proto-Tupi-Guarani (PTG) segmental phonology: The status of the *k -*kʲ opposition. We argue that the contrast is artifactual and that the presumed evidence in favor of PTG *kʲ can be considered as secondary developments of PTG *k in Kayabí, Guarayu, Kagwahiva, Tenetehára, Kamayurá, and Ka’apor. We establish additional facts regarding the structure of PTG and the historical phonology of TG languages, also showing that this finding eliminates the need for an unmotivated split in Pre-PTG history, a problematic feature of current reconstructions of the Proto-Tupian consonant system.

This paper deals with memory’s sense and memorial politics that have arisen in Mexico during the Andrés Manuel López Obrador's administration since 2018. Based on the concept of memorial regime, we shall see that one of the actual politics’s singularities is the foundation of a public culture of repentance and the establishing of memory institutions which concern Colonial Era’s memory as well as Mexican national history.

This paper deals with semantic variations and monumental representations of San Martín among Argentinian state’s liturgies between the 19th century and today in order to analyze the relationship between changing institutional contexts and political as well as intellectual operations revolving around a fixed radication in national imagination and public uses of his image established by state elites and social groups which strengthened the political and cultural fight in contemporary Argentina.

In 2021 the activities and speeches which celebrated the bicentenaries of Latin American independences were complemented in certain countries by a strong radicalisation. This paper explains why this process took place in 2021 and proposes what should be done to prevent historiographical accounts from promoting exclusion nationalism favouring instead the creation of plural and inclusive societies.