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As práticas pedagógicas centradas em videojogos têm vindo a tornar-se cada vez mais populares, dado oferecerem vantagens empiricamente validadas no que diz respeito ao envolvimento dos alunos, à sua motivação e sentido de agência. Estes construtos afetivos são agora reconhecidos como componentes-chave de uma aprendizagem eficaz e significativa, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de competências cognitivas de nível superior. Contudo, enquanto se atesta um número elevado de estudos sobre o uso de videojogos educativos nas áreas das Ciências, Tecnologia, Engenharia e Matemática (STEM), é necessário ainda explorar as potencialidades desses recursos nas disciplinas de Humanidades. Analogamente, devem ser empreendidos mais esforços no sentido da investigação e implementação de atividades que atribuam aos alunos, especialmente àqueles de níveis inferiores ao do Ensino Superior, o papel de designers de videojogos, aliado ao de jogadores. Desta feita, criam-se as condições para que os alunos construam material didático autêntico, sob a forma de experiências digitais imersivas, que apresentam tanto um valor educacional como de entretenimento. Assim, este artigo funciona como um Position Paper sobre a Aprendizagem Baseada em Jogos Digitais ou Digital Game-based learning (DGBL), descrevendo as vantagens afetivas de se jogar e criar videojogos educativos na sala de aula de Humanidades, enquanto reflete criticamente sobre possíveis obstáculos ao sucesso desta prática. O nosso objetivo é estudar como a tecnologia educativa e imersiva pode satisfazer as necessidades de aprendizagem da Geração Z, tendo em consideração os diferentes fatores contextuais que definem o seu perfil.

In this paper, we estimated the methane emissions by the disposal of sanitary and domestic-use paper consumed throughout Brazil from 1901 to 2016. The apparent consumption of this type of paper from 1961 to 2016, calculated from the data of the FAOSTAT system, was used to estimate the amount of waste disposed of annually in three site categories: sanitary landfill, controlled dump, and open-air, uncontrolled dump. The 2006 IPCC Guide methodology was used to calculate CH4emissions and long-term carbon storage. Nine scenarios based upon the law that establishes the National Solid Waste Policy (NSWP) were examined, considering 100% waste disposal and treatment in landfills or incineration from 2014. The total emission was estimated at 1.967 MtCH4, corresponding to 55.080 MtCO2eq by GWP-AR5, and the stored carbon at 3.724 Mt, corresponding to 13.655 MtCO2eq. CH4emission increased beyond the population growth rate due to an increase in the per capita paper consumption in the country, from 0.02 kgCH4.year-1 in 1961 to 0.30 kg CH4.year-1 in 2016. The NSWP has not yet been accomplished, and the scenarios outlined indicate that, from the point of view of CH4 emissions, it would be more advantageous to carry out incineration instead of applying other waste treatment technologies.

The article seeks to identify if cryptocurrency white papers bring purely technical positions. The research is justified on the growing discussion regarding the regulation of cryptocurrencies. Aside this discussion, there is a scenario in which cryptocurrencies seem to have emerged precisely from an attempt to move away from authoritative public control. At first, we analyzed the conceptualization of white papers, and their purposes. Subsequently, we evaluated the content of the cryptocurrency white papers with the highest market cap at the time of the esearch. We identified the presence of political-ideological content coupled with the technical content in these documents. Finally, the presented result shows that political-ideological elements in white papers can serve the regulating agent in their decision-making process, either to decide whether or not to regulate, but also to define the limits of their performance.

La práctica artística contemporánea tuvo un espacio de reflexión y creación de opinión en las páginas de Papers d’Art. De la mano de un conjunto de voces propias e independientes se visibilizaron formas de producción artística multidisciplinarias, desde la perspectiva divulgadora de una crítica que conectaba dinámicamente los significados artísticos con los sociales y culturales. Conviene resaltar el desplazamiento del significado de la concepción del arte contemporáneo en calidad de pieza clave en la cultura intelectual, incluyendo política, filosofía, ciencia u otros formatos de creación como la música y la literatura. Partiendo del análisis de la conciencia crítica de los diferentes colaboradores y la investigación historiográfica en torno a cuestionamientos estéticos y simbólicos, se despliega una revisión del conjunto de los discursos incluidos en la sección Estudios e Investigación. Palabras clave: Fundació Espais; Papers d’Art; crítica de arte catalana; investigación universitaria sobre arte contemporáneo; perspectiva divulgadora del arte. Papers d’Art. Contents of the Study and Research section Abstract: Contemporary artistic practices were provided with a space for reflection and the creation of opinion in the galleries of the Fundació Espais and in the pages of its art magazine, Papers d’Art. A group of independent voices of multidisciplinary artistic production was made audible thanks to this publication that provided a critique which forged dynamic connections between artistic meaning and social and cultural contexts. This paper highlights a shift in meaning of the conception of contemporary art as a key element in intellectual culture, including politics, philosophy, science and other creative formats such as music and literature. Based on an analysis of the critical awareness of the various contributors to the magazine and on the historiographic study of certain aesthetic and symbolic questions, a review of the articles published in the Studies and Research section is detailed. Keywords: Fundació Espais; Papers d’Art; Catalan art Criticism; University Research on Contemporary art; Popularizing Issues of Art. Artículo recibido: 29/09/2021. Revisado: 08/10/2021. Aceptado: 11/10/2021

L’objectiu d’aquest article és estudiar la importància que té l’arxiu com a eina de construcció d’una identitat nacional i si a través de la seva organització es pot veure si la dita construcció nacional ha estat reeixida o no. En aquest sentit, s’agafa l’exemple de l’Arxiu Històric Nacional d’Espanya i s’analitza des de l’organització dels primers arxius en territori espanyol fins a la construcció de l’Arxiu Històric Nacional a finals del segle xix. Mitjançant aquesta anàlisi també es posa en relleu el paper que va tenir la Història en la formació de la identitat nacional i la seva interrelació amb l’arxiu. Una ciència no podria ser sense l’altre.

This data paper presents the creation of a database bringing together all the French municipalities while giving a specific place to those which have undergone a merger process between 2012 et 2022: "the new municipalities" (communes nouvelles). Potential data gap and consistency issues arise with the creation of these new territorial entities aggregating municipal mergers. Using data from official statistics (INSEE - National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies - and IGN - National Geographic Institute), this paper describes a process of compilation and aggregation of data. The method is detailed here, to allow its reproducibility.

Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1281

Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1296

El present article analitza la relació epistolar entre el doctor Joan Solé i Pla i Josep Subirà Puig, dos familiars que des de Barcelona i Madrid es van comprometre amb l’ajut material i la promoció dels voluntaris espanyols i catalans a les files de la Legió Estrangera francesa durant la Primera Guerra Mundial. A través de la seva correspondència busquem analitzar les projeccions nacionals en disputa dels discursos sobre els voluntaris i comprovar una qüestió escassament treballada: la important cobertura i organització de la propaganda sobre els voluntaris impel·lida per Josep Subirà, qui, malgrat tot, va mantenir amb Solé i Pla una relació estreta marcada per la cordialitat familiar i l’entusiasme per les mútues activitats aliadòfiles.

Writing Studies scholars have raised concerns about framing student struggles to integrate secondary sources as an ethical problem of plagiarism. They propose, instead, framing student citation practices as transitional markers of development in which students use patchwriting to learn the discursive norms and values of academia. Patchwriting as a literacy tool for transfer of knowledge raised questions for me about whether students develop other scaffolds to aid in learning transfer. In this pilot study, I investigate student use of anchor sources, the “perfect source” that frames a student’s central argument, rhetorical structure, and/or purpose. Based on a random sample of a nationwide corpus of First-Year Writing research papers from 16 US institutions, findings show that 21 of 30 research papers (70%) revealed evidence of an anchor source. Six of the 9 papers without anchor sources show evidence of significant rhetorical problems. Results suggest evidence of knowledge transfer, as well as pedagogical implications for supporting this transitional stage in student development.

The São Paulo Network Program of Teacher Training (RedeFor) of the Secretary of Education of São Paulo State /Brazil, has proposed in partnership with the São Paulo State University, the continuing education for teachers of the State public school system, through specialization courses, about Inclusive and Special Education, in the distance learning modality. In order to meet an audience of 1.600 teachers, seven courses were implemented from 2014 to 2015, amongst which is the course of Special Education, with a total workload of 444 hours spread between activities in the Virtual Learning Environment of UNESP, internships, In-Person Meetings as well as preparation and presentation of scientific papers. After the completion of disciplines and In-Person Meetings, in 2015 were created 55 groups for the guidance of academic papers, where each supervisor had to perform the online pedagogical mediation of 10 to 20 course participants for the preparation of a scientific paper. It is intended to discuss in this article the aspects present in two scientific papers developed within the course, which addressed the discussion about the beginning teachers and curriculum for the development of Special Education within the Inclusive perspective. The results demonstrate that this specialization course brought important elements to the axis of participant's reflections, so that Special Education can really be strengthened in an inclusive perspective, in the public schools of São Paulo.

Reseña

Recension d’ouvrage: Seralini, G.-E.; Douzelet, J. L'affaire Roundup à la lumière des Monsanto Papers. Paris: Éditions Actes Sud, 2020.

RESUMEN A lo largo de la segunda mitad siglo XX en la Argentina diferentes actores inscriptos en las instituciones de formación de profesores de Educación Física procuraron promover disimiles discursos y prácticas con el objeto de legitimar en distintas esferas sociales a la disciplina. En esos procesos se establecieron diálogos con diversos saberes científicos constituyéndose lo que los actores de la Educación Física denominaron como “tradiciones disciplinares”, asimismo promovieron desiguales inscripciones dentro del sistema de educación superior. En este artículo profundizaremos en los procesos de configuración de las saberes y prácticas que hicieron a la construcción de la identidad de los profesores de educación física en las décadas de 1970 y 1980. Para ello, analizaremos fuentes primarias y secundarias entre ellas se destacan los planes de estudio y los expedientes administrativos de distintas instituciones de formación. En cada uno de los casos atenderemos a las tramas de construcción de los mismos. El recorrido posibilitará evidenciará que en el período considerado las producciones identitarias de los profesores de educación física comenzarán a pensarse en una relación de necesidad y de tensión entre la investigación y la docencia.

Este artigo aborda o futuro do trabalho como fenômeno comu-nicacional, por meio de sua análise como construção discursiva. Elegemos como objeto dois relatórios, dois documentos prospectivos: um assinado pelo World Economic Forum — talvez o maior porta-voz do capitalismo global — e outro da corporação Dell Technologies, expoente da economia digital mundial. Buscamos identificar de que forma esses discursos sobre o futuro do trabalho mobilizam códigos hegemônicos do neoliberalismo, compreendido como lógica social. Essa lógica pressupõe a produção de sujeitos, por meio de competências, perfis, como capital humano a ser gerido com eficácia. A metodologia é baseada na noção de discurso social de Angenot — que propõe a análise do espírito do tempo em sua disseminação nos discursos de dado contexto histórico e social.

Abstract The objective of this short paper was to provide some advice on how to write a geoscience paper of international standard and to warn against some common pitfalls. It is focused on how to structure a paper and stresses the importance of building its contents around a well-defined problem. Furthermore, the importance of moving away from outdated and counterproductive ways of describing and interpreting deformation is emphasized. In particular, describing structures and tectonic evolution in a poorly founded scheme of multiple deformation phases and making stress interpretations from structurally complex and heterogeneous rocks where rotations and stress perturbations are difficult or impossible to account for are strongly discouraged. Instead, I encourage the use of modern structural geology and tectonics ideas that, among other things, allow for composite and overprinting structures to form progressively and diachronously with a wide variation in style and orientation during a single deformation history. Also, more emphasis should be put on strain and kinematics, toning down the use of stress. After all, stress is only observed through strain and kinematics; going from one to the other is not straightforward in general, and particularly difficult in ductilely deformed rocks.

The Green Paper on the modernization of public procurement policy of the European Union launched a reflection on how such EU rules can contribute to fulfill the objectives proposed in the Europe 2020 strategy. This paper analyzes its proposals and identifies its inconsistencies. In particular, it is stressed how European integration has subverted the order of priorities in public procurement rules, upgrading the promotion of the free market to the top of the list. An economistic approach to the legal issue of public procurement seems to be the reason behind such reorganization of priorities. The conflict between political and economic rationalities, which underlies the Green Paper, gives rise to a number of questions, such as how targets other than free competition –mainly the social and environmental ones– shall be taken into account in public procurement; as well as to some proposals, for instance concerning the joint procurement by different administrations (in both the vertical and horizontal sense, and even encouraging a cross-border component), which seems to point to a reorganization of bureaucracy according to economic rationality. The paper, in a final step, aims at describing the (European) social model that implicitly underlies these proposals. El Libro Verde sobre la modernización de la política de contratación pública de la Unión Europea propone una reflexión acerca de qué modo las normas comunitarias sobre la materia pueden contribuir a hacer realidad los objetivos propuestos en la estrategia Europa 2020. En este trabajo se analizan las propuestas recogidas en el Libro Verde y se identifican sus incoherencias. En particular se hace hincapié en cómo el proceso de integración europea ha alterado el orden de prioridades de las normas de contratación pública, elevando la promoción del libre mercado a la cúspide de las mismas. La razón de esa reorganización de prioridades parece radicar en la aplicación de un enfoque economicista a la cuestión jurídica de la contratación pública. El conflicto entre las racionalidades económica y política, que también subyace en el Libro Verde, da lugar a una serie de preguntas tales como cómo deben ser tenidos en cuenta objetivos distintos a la libre competencia (fundamentalmente los sociales y medioambientales) en los procedimientos de contratación pública, así como a algunas propuestas, por ejemplo referidas a la contratación conjunta por varias administraciones (tanto en sentido horizontal como vertical, e incluso fomentándose el componente transfronterizo), lo que parece apuntar a la reorganización del aparato administrativo conforme a la racionalidad económica. El trabajo, en último término, pretende describir el modelo social (europeo) que tácitamente implican estas propuestas.DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2009257

How can we understand the role of the police in Brazil’s public security system? In particular, have reforms initiated since the 1985 transition to democracy made the police more accountable to the public? This article addresses those questions. The next section describes the importance of public security as a political issue in Brazil. The article then examines the notion of accountability, and offers a justification of the use of case studies from Recife with which to explore the dilemmas of public security reform. In the following sections, the article analyses the impact of two new accountability mechanisms on policing in Recife – the police ombudsman and community councils. The article argues that so far, the operation of these mechanisms has been marked by informal barriers, barriers that have stymied the enhancement of police accountability to the public. The conclusion summarizes the argument.

O texto apresenta resultados da pesquisa que teve como objetivo geral analisar o processo de releitura de portfólios com vistas à construção do Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (TCC) de Pedagogia. Participaram da investigação seis professores-alunos egressos e uma professora-mediadora do curso de Pedagogia para professores em exercício no início de escolarização (PIE). O curso foi oferecido pela Faculdade de Educação da UNB em convênio com a Secretaria de Estado de Educação do Distrito Federal. Analisam-se os procedimentos utilizados por professores-alunos egressos para a releitura de portfólios e os procedimentos adotados pela professora-mediadora para a orientação desse processo, assim como as dificuldades e contribuições oferecidas por esta releitura para a construção do TCC. Observou-se que o processo de releitura abriu espaço para o desenvolvimento metacognitivo: reconsideraram-se as práticas avaliativas; criaram-se espaços de diferenciação pedagógica; a reflexão foi enfatizada.This article presents the results of a research that analyzed the process of analyzing portfolios in a different way to construct the Pedagogy Course Final Paper. Six newly graduated student-teachers and teacher-mediator perceptions are discussed. The course was offered by the Education College at the University of Brasilia and the local Educational Bureau to in-service teachers who worked in public elementary schools with grades one to four. The article analyses the procedures used by the student-teachers to analyze portfolios and the procedures used by the teacher-mediator to guide them in this process; as well as the difficulties and contributions that were observed. It could be observed that the process made room for the development of metacognition: assessment practices were reconsidered; opportunities for pedagogical differentiation were created; reflection was emphasized.

Surgidos em meados de 1990, os street papers constituem uma nova tendência na comunicação social, capaz de promover a interação como também trocas de experiências entre os atores envolvidos no processo de sua elaboração. Apesar da comprovada eficácia dos jornais de rua, não existe ações ou recursos governamentais voltados para o fomento destes veículos de comunicação.

Caminos hacia la educación superior é uma coletânea que resulta dos esforços do Laboratório de Investigações em Etnicidade, Cultura e Desenvolvimento (Laced) do Departamento de Antropologia do Museu Nacional, da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), para o monitoramento e a análise do processo de escolarização de indígenas no Brasil, por meio do projeto “Trilhas de conhecimentos: o ensino superior de indígenas no Brasil”. Sem dúvida, o Laced é o coletivo mais produtivo no país sobre o tema, tendo organizado e colocado à disposição do público interessado um bom conjunto de livros nos últimos dez anos ”” muitos dos quais para download gratuito, como é o caso da obra referida, acessível em: http://laced.etc.br/site/.

O livro de Roberto Salviani é uma versão modificada de sua tese de doutorado, defendida no Programa de Pós Graduação em Antropologia Social do Museu Nacional (SALVIANI, 2008). Inserindo-se nas discussões relativas à antropologia do desenvolvimento, Salviani problematiza o “mega projeto de desenvolvimento” Itaipu Binacional (doravante, IB). Para a finalização da pesquisa e publicação do livro, o autor contou com recursos do projeto “DIVERSO ”“ Políticas para a Diversidade e os Novos Sujeitos de Direitos: estudos antropológicos das práticas, gêneros textuais e organizações de governo”.

Este artículo presenta los resultados obtenidos a través del uso de herramientas informáticas (Provalis Research), también conocidas como CAQDAS (Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software), para el análisis de los escritos de Peirce, las bases estadísticas de una cronología para su último periodo intelectual y la justificación de una posible periodización del Pragmaticismo, además de la descripción de ciertos descubrimientos realizados en nuestro trabajo de archivo sobre los documentos y manuscritos originales de Peirce. Este trabajo es una parte de nuestra investigación en la Universidad de Quebec en Montreal (UQAM) y la Biblioteca Houghton de la Universidad de Harvard.

L’article planteja una breu aproximació al paper que va tenir el periodista Mateo Santos, director del setmanari cinematogràfic Popular Film (Barcelona, 1926-1937), entorn del qual es constituiria a Barcelona durant els anys de la II República un «grup d’afinitat» caracteritzat per l’afició al cinematògraf i per la militància llibertària dels seus joves integrants.

Aquest estudi analitza el paper molt important, però fins ara generalment sense reconèixer, de la comunitat catalana de Montevideo en el desenvolupament econòmic, social i institucional de l’Uruguai durant el període colonial (1724-1808) i també la primera fase (1808-1814) de les lluites entre criolls i peninsulars per al control dels territoris confrontats al Riu de la Plata.

La expresión “literatura de cordel” agrupa unívocamente a todo aquel tipo de papeles que eran vendidos en la calle expuestos a la atención del público colgando de una cuerda. La contemplación del pliego solía hacerse en la plaza o en un mercado y el editor solía buscar un efecto mostrando un grabado en la portada. Para conseguir que ese grabado atrajera sin dudar a quien se acercase al vendedor de pliegos, demandaba la colaboración de un artista plástico que trasladase a imágenes lo que de otro modo expresaban las palabras del autor del pliego y exigía a ese artista que las figuras –de animales o humanas- fuesen identificables, respetasen un deseable plano general y al mismo tiempo parecieran relativamente cercanas. El tratamiento dado por algunos de esos artistas a los temas de los pliegos llegó a hacerse tan peculiar que su forma creó un “estilo” y un repertorio con personalidad y estética propias. En este artículo se analizan algunos de los temas recurrentes que influyeron en la creación de una mentalidad común de largo recorrido.

This research analyzed the social representations regarding women promoted in the fashion journalistic discourse during the sixties decade in Medellín city. It was a period of time characterized by the emergence of media and clothing consumer wave. It went together with the spread of new ideals of personal fulfillment. These aspects produced a gradual transformation on the existing social representations in the city. This research used the discourse analysis method with the purpose of understanding the transmission processes of representations which defined traditional female roles and those roles symbol of social and cultural changes. This method is a helpful tool that allowed studying the social, political and economic context in which they emerged and developed as symbolic creations of appropriation of reality constructed by social groups.

L'objectiu d'aquest treball és abordar la didàctica de la prosòdia des de dos punts de vista: en primer lloc, una perspectiva històrica i teòrica que examina el paper i tractament de la competència prosòdica; i, en segon lloc, les implicacions didàctiques i el desenvolupament d'aquesta competència a través del joc, tenint en compte a l'alumnat de l'aula d'Educació Infantil i d'Educació Primària.

The paper presents aspects of the scientific production of three 'ilustrados' who worked in South America: José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva (1763-1838), José Hipólito Unanúe (1755-1833), and Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga (1771-1848). These naturalists, whose trajectories, territories and beliefs were different, built their particular version of Nature in America and contributed with their scientific work to the construction of American geohistory. They were chosen in this research by criteria of territorial dispersion and by different approaches about specific aspects of Earth Sciences – themes that up to now have not received full attention among Latin-American historians of sciences. This paper contends that these personalities built their own knowledge about 'temperament' (climate) and territories, and also used their scientific knowledge to implement political agenda for their respectives countries that were being conformed.

Os processos verbais são o foco de nossa análise para investigar a forma como o dizer é construído em artigos acadêmicos produzidos por alunos de Letras, compreendendo que a representação do dizer se faz por meio desses processos, os quais materializam "vozes" que corroboram opiniões, ideias e pensamentos, ao introduzirem o discurso direto e indireto. Propomo-nos, então, a averiguar, à luz da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional, como os graduandos em Letras se apropriam deste tipo de processo para construírem seus artigos.Verbal processes are the focus of our analysis, which aims at investigating how the act of saying is built up in academic papers by students of Languages and Literature, bearing in mind that the representation of saying is carried by these processes, which materialize "voices" that introduce opinions, ideas and thoughts, in direct and indirect speech. Therefore we aim at investigating, following the principles of Systemic Functional Linguistics, how those students approach this kind of process to build their articles.

Este artigo presenta un estudo de diversos fraseoloxismos pragmáticos do español e do inglés que, en termos xerais, o falante emprega para expresa-lo seu compromiso respecto da verdade do que enuncia e isto intensifica a forza ilocutiva do seu acto de fala. Perséguese, deste xeito, caracteriza-lo status fraseolóxico destas expresións, o lugar que ocupan na periferia do sistema fraseolóxico e as funcións concretas que desempeñan no discurso, que van dende a expresión do compromiso epistémico ata a manifestación do acordo interactivo intensificado. A análise baséase, de xeito máis específico, na abundante presenza destas unidades nos córpora COLAm (español) e COLT (inglés) da linguaxe xuvenil, no que este tipo de expresións se empregan como fins de especial variedade e expresividade. // This article presents a study of several Spanish and English pragmatic idioms which, in broad terms, are used by speakers to convey their commitment towards what they express and thus serve to intensify the pragmatic/illocutionary value of a given speech act. We aim to define the phraseological status of this set of expressions and the place they occupy within the periphery of phraseology, and analyze their specific discursive functions, which range from the expression of the speaker’s epistemic commitment to the pragmatic intensification of agreement in interaction. Our analysis is based on the abundant presence of these idioms in the COLAm and COLT corpora of Spanish and English teenagers’ language, where they are used with particularly rich and varied expressive purposes.

Con el término de la Guerra Fría en 1989 y el consiguiente declive de la URSS como un contendiente serio, así como la caída de Japón como otro posible contendiente, otras dos regiones, Estados y potencias comenzaron una nueva contienda. Una de ellas es Estados Unidos cuyas fortunas y perspectivas parecieron declinar después de 1970 pero se recuperaron en los 90; y aun así es un tigre de papel. La otra es Asia del Este, a pesar de su crisis post 1997, y especialmente China –el dragón fuerte-. Este artículo analiza las claves económicas y geopolíticas que orientan las estrategias de ambos contendientes. El examen de la economía mundial y del lugar predominante que tiene en ella Asia del Este, permite encontrar las bases fundamentales de los desarrollos económicos en la región y además presagia otros importantes desarrollos económicos mundiales en un futuro previsible._______________ABSTRACT:With the end of the cold war in 1989 and the subsequent decline of Russia as a serious immediate contender, as well as the decline during the 1990s of the hype of Japan as 1, two other regions, states and powers came into contention. One is the United States whose fortunes and prospects seemed to have declined after 1970 but recovered in the 1990s; and even so it is a Paper Tiger. The other is East Asia, despite its post 1997 crisis, and especially China -the Fiery Dragon-. This article analyzes the economic and geopolitical keys that orient the strategies of both contenders. The examination of the world economy and of the predominant place in it of the East Asian points to the most fundamental bases of contemporary economic developments in the region and also presages important world economic ones for the foreseeable future.

There was in Spain an inicial «army of teachers» freinetians, a group of snipers commited to the renovation of the system of education which was born and grew in the shade of the Republic. To this army belonged the teachers’ small squad of Extremadura, which took two schools of Las Hurdes as a surprising origin. From there it extended to Montijo -principal center of diffusion for the rest of the educational experiences in the region: Calamonte, Valencia de Alcantara, La Puebla del Maestre and, probably also, Arroyo del Puerco. Surprising is not only that the origin of such an educational innovation took place in a region like Las Hurdes, but also that it was proceeding almost at the same time as the huge movement in Catalonia and Aragon, and that it, most likely, was not affected by Almendros ́s influences. There are reasons to believe that the teacher Jose Vargas Gómez, the origin of everything, had early news from Freinet through the teachers from Torrijos and Camarena before arriving to Las Hurdes.