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(The ancient tradition concerning Pythagoras of Samos’ role as the founder of physiognomy): This paper collects and analyzes ancient sources that refer to Pythagoras of Samos as the founder of physiognomy. Interest in physiognomy, which deals with the relationship between the body and the spirit, has become more popular over the last few years; however, many aspects of research into the topic are still obscure and worthy of further study. Physiognomy was assumed by ancient authors to be the method by which candidates were selected to enter the Pythagorean community, used by the Greek philosopher and his followers. Information about Pythagoras, who – by simply looking at somebody – could recognize their character appears, in the works of Aulus Gellius, Hippolytus, Porphyry, Iamblichos, Proclos and Olympiodorus. Apart from discussing testimonia about Pythagoras and his physiognomic examinations, the text explores the role of physiognomy during the selection process for the Pythagorean community in order to provide a better understanding of elite traditions within society. The paper also supplies further insight with regards to the methodology behind physiognomical surveys, which were popular during antiquity.

(Tiberius’ Actions in Selected Regions as Instruments of Diplomatic Policy from 20 BCE to 37 CE): This article is devoted to the diplomatic activities of Tiberius which can be divided into two main phases. The first period concerns the time before Tiberius became emperor (20 BCE–14 CE), whilst the second relates to his time as ruler of the Empire (14–37). The composition of the work is geographical, because in some regions Tiberius acted as a diplomatic envoy of Augustus and later as the emperor. The paper discusses his role and how effective his actions were with regards to the following regions: (I) Armenia and Parthia; (II) Pannonia; (III) Germania; (IV) Thrace; (V) Cappadocia, Commagene, Amanus and Pontus; (VI) Greek cities; (VII) Palestine and Syria.

Francis Bacon says knowledge is power. The creation of knowledge and its dissemina-tion largely depends on the creation of literary works. The great works of Shakespeare, da Vinci, Homer, Picasso, Milton, Tagore etc. have been a treasure trove of mankind. Human beings have enjoyed the work, been inspired by the work, taken joy and eternal bliss in such works. However, the creation of knowledge is dependent on pre-existing knowledge. Creators create a work which requires hard work, imagi-nation, creativity and which is incentivised by recognition of their work. The legal order of a couth society affords protection to such a work by copyright law & fair use. Fair use allows a person to use a work by duly acknowledging and referencing the work. Issue of plagiarism and abuse of fair use was aggravated by human greed. The economic implication of copyright infringement aggravated the whole issue. Referencing turned into war. The Bluebook, the Maroonbook, the ALWD, the APA and OSCOLA citation styles engaged in some kind of a war. Reference management systems like Zotero, Endnote, Mendeley etc. just fanned the flame. Disruptive and generative artificial intelligence has created a serious challenge to academic research. In this paper, the author attempts to delve into the inter-linkage of academic writing, research, citation, copyright, referencing mechanism and plagiarism in contempo-rary society, and the aftermath of it. The author attempts to investigate the challenges of writing and the protection of works vis-a-vis referencing tools and techniques

This article provides an overview of the challenges faced at the intersection of philosophy and translation studies. The interdisciplinary scope under consideration covers philosophical contributions to theoretical investigation of translation, which are substantively grounded in the experiences of practicing translators, amongst whom are philosophers. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes the prominent role of philosophy in establishing the fundamental conditions and concepts of translation, and addresses the numerous philosophical approaches contributing to the interdisciplinary discourse on the nature of translation. Considerable attention is given to metaphysical and epistemological points that seem to play a significant role in conceptualising translation issues and establishing the theoretical foundations of translation studies, as well as in providing a deeper insight into the translation process. On the whole, the philosophisation of the translation phenomenon contributes to the substantial growth of both philosophical thought and translation studies.

GERMAN AND POLISH NAMES OF HIGHER SCHOOLS FROM A LINGUISTIC AND TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVE (20TH AND 21ST CENTURIES) The present paper is an attempt to describe the nomination usus (namegiving linguistic custom) regarding higher schools of the German-speaking area on the one hand, and of the Polish-speaking one on the other. The specific semantic categories of nominal components correspond to grammatical realisations, which are subject to certain structural constraints, as well as exhibit more and less typical forms. Informed by such observations – initiated by Jan Iluk’s overview paper [2000] and refined by an analysis of much broader material, encompassing Austrian and Swiss names as well – I tried to show the name-giving possibilities and tendencies in this field in both German and Polish, mainly with a view to a translation-related application of such contrastive analysis. The findings presented here, based on the material of a considerable number of higher school names in the examined area and combined with the presentation of about 100 German and some 45 Polish examples (provided with translations), should help both in evaluating already published equivalents, hardly ever official in the case of German, and proposing one’s own ones – also because of the non-existence of given equivalents in publications, be it only Internet-based ones.

ON ADVERBS IN TRANSLATION AND ON EVALUATION IN TEXT – BASED ON SELECTED FRAGMENTS IN THE POLISH TRANSLATIONS OF BOOKS BY RICHARD DAWKINS The use of adverbs can be related to the expression of evaluative meanings, which play a key role, for example, in the argumentative discourse of popular science. The way evaluative elements are rendered in translation may be important for maintaining the persuasive power of the original text. The aim of the paper is to look at selected fragments of the Polish translations of two popular science books by Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion and Outgrowing God, and to see how English adverbs expressing evaluative and volitional meanings were rendered in them, and how the choices made may affect the perception of the text. The analysis uses models of appraisal in language and discourse developed by researchers in the field of English-language text linguistics and discourse studies.

The paper focuses on a reexamination and reassessment of the textual evidence of Enoch’s Vision of the Heavenly Temple and of its classical interpretation as a heavenly temple complex. In line with the common scholarly opinion, 1 En. 14:8–25 has so far been interpreted in the sense of a bipartite or even tripartite temple which resembles the earthly temple in Jerusalem not only in structure but also in appearance. In contrast, this paper claims that this passage of the Book of the Watchers provides a twofold vision of two different temples, namely the inferior earthly temple and the ideal heavenly sanctuary. In this way, it articulates one of the most radical temple critiques of ancient Judaism. This interpretation is based on a careful textual analysis and a meticulous discussion of the individual elements of, in particular, the first house, taking into account other ancient Jewish sources such as Ezekiel, Haggai and the Animal Apocalypse which partially have been ignored so far but provide a helpful and illuminating background for the interpretation of Enoch’s Heavenly Vision.

This study systematically investigates the primary issues and obstacles impeding the establishment of a functional and credible judiciary in Kosovo, adopting an international perspective. The research methodology includes a combination of qualitative and empirical analytical approaches to concrete actions based on a review of relevant literature, reports, and legal documents. This paper concludes that Kosovo should be ready to reach compromises, strengthen the independence, pro­fessionalism, transparency and accountability of judges and prosecutors, and increase public confidence in justice, to achieve a successful reform in the judicial system. The paper offers several recommendations for improving the quality and efficiency of justice in Kosovo, such as promoting cooperation and coordination with international factors in this field.

The crimes of armed robbery and robbery with a deadly weapon have always been the most pervasive, harmful crime against property in Hungary and are mostly associated with male perpetrators since. However, there are also female perpetra­tors committing the crimes of armed robbery or robbery committed with a deadly weapon. Despite the availability of the judicial decisions in the public judicial database, the characteristics of these female perpetrators – including their motiva­tions and the judicial procedures – have never been analysed. This paper will look into how female perpetrators mostly act together with male perpetrators and mostly motivated by financial difficulties. The females in question are almost exclusively adults outside of a domestic relationship and are not parents. They typically have a low­level education, and as a result have lower­paying blue­collar jobs.

Information has been omnipresent and all-powerful for almost two centuries, and now possesses sophisticated and invasive means of imposing itself and creating opinion. It was crucial in the Enlightenment and in the preparation of the French Revolution by the intellectual and bourgeois elites. Its characteristic is to be the opposite of intangible truths, to be moving, malleable and adaptable. It is the new replacing the old. It is bracketed by history, because it ignores tradition and no longer needs the past. The creation of opinion in the 18th century introduced a concept of freedom that in fact conceals totalitarianism. People are told what to think. Information is a weapon against all forms of personal reflection and inner life. It imposes itself and imposes, making it impossible to distance oneself. It even kills the democracy it boasts about.

This paper aims to highlight Joseph de Maistre's pioneering work in anthropology, which 150 years before Girard came to the same conclusions as Girard: the importance of sacrifice in human societies, the logic of violence and its resolution, and the particular character of the sacrifice of Jesus Christ, which comes as a fulfillment and definitive end to the logic of bloody sacrifice. This little-known aspect of the counter-revolutionary thinker gives us a better understanding of the issues of matriarchy, patriarchy and Christian patriarchy, right up to contemporary developments with gender. He also gives us an example of the application of Catholic realism, based on theology and nourished by sound Thomistic metaphysics, and how a return to this Catholic realism in the human sciences is a key to understanding contemporary phenomena.

This paper analyses the different versions of the Elijah cycle (1 Kgs 17–19) as witnessed, in particular, in the Masoretic text (MT), the Codex Vaticanus (GB), the Codex Alexandrinus (GA), and the Antiochian text (GAnt.). The comparison of the manuscripts shows that the MT adds and omits certain words and expressions. The author explored whether the additions and omissions are scribal mistakes or rather an intentional redactional intervention. Arguing for the latter, the author proposes that the MT pre­sents not only the great deeds of the great prophet Elijah but also how Elijah became such a great prophet. Based on this analysis, the author proposes five stages of Elijah’s formation process: 1 . t he transformation of a man into a listener (1 Kgs 17:2–6); 2. Elijah’s transformation into a man of God’s word (the Cherith ep­isode and the Zarephath episode in 17:7–16); 3. the transformation from a man of God’s word into a man of God (the resuscitation of the dead son in 17:17–24); 4. the transformation from a man of God into a prophet (the Carmel episode 18:1–40); 5. the transformation of a zealous prophet into a man standing before the Lord (19:1–18).

Throughout the early modern world of Catholic reform and evangelization, the proclamation and implementation of the Tridentine marriage decree Tametsi was complicated by a series of factors, including local demography, geography, and religious politics. Focusing on the Ottoman-governed regions of Bosnia, Slavonia-Srem, and the Banat (northern Ottoman Europe), this paper analyzes how the local dynamics of these areas conditioned the reception and enforcement of Tametsi between the end of the 16th and the end of the 17th centuries. In the broadest sense, this article aims to demonstrate how various case studies from northern Ottoman Europe can enrich our understanding of the variety of marital customs and their continuous reconfiguration throughout the Early Modern world.

Ad hoc corpora are considered effective to deliver native-like technical (and legal) translation. This paper explores how the translation of a system-specific document such as an Italian procura alle liti (power of attorney to appear in court) can be addressed. Translating this legal document may be problematic due to the fact that it is not recurrent in the common law system, which contemplates other types of special powers of attorney (PoAs). This paper explores whether and to what extent a corpus-based translation is possible when L2 parallel texts are difficult to find in native contexts. To this aim, a translation project with technical translators and lawyers is carried out. The participants compose an ad hoc corpus which they consult as a language reference tool. The paper findings report that the translators' corpus-based translation is mostly a word-by-word rendering of the source text, which may sound unnatural to an expert of the field. The lawyers' translation partly deviates from source words, but addresses the communicative function of the source text. The paper highlights the need for a balance between the two strategies, for example by focusing on textual functionality and/or paraphrasing, although at the cost of a reduced formulaicity.

A human right to the environment is increasingly recognised in both domestic and international law. Also in Polish legal scholarship, there is a discussion over the possibility of deriving a right to the environment from the Constitution or ordinary statutes, including Article 4(1) of the Environmental Protection Law Act. The existing English translations of its opening words, and specifically the term powszechne korzystanie ze środowiska, appear to mirror the legal controversy. Compared to Poland, the major common law jurisdictions, i.e. England and the USA, show multiple differences in respect of the public’s enjoyment of the environment. In addition to a distinct legal mentalité, grounded on a case-by-case approach, negative freedoms and remedies thinking, both jurisdictions are characterised by considerable private ownership of natural resources like rivers and forests. In view of this legal and translation problem, the present paper seeks to employ comparative law methodology to establish an acceptable English translation equivalent of the term powszechne korzystanie ze środowiska. The analysis is also an attempt to go beyond the ways in which the use of comparative law in legal translation is typically perceived, i.e., beyond functionalism, beyond micorcomparison and beyond conceptual analysis.

Forensic Linguistics as a discipline has gone through more than 30 years of development in China, which can be divided into the brewing period, the establishment and development period, and the comprehensive improvement period. Scholars have presented the origin and development of forensic linguistics in the form of papers, monographs, translations, textbooks, seminars, conferences and other forms, which promotes the future development of forensic linguistics. In the past decade, the study of forensic linguistics has mainly focused on the theoretical research of forensic linguistics, the application of legislative and judicial language, the translation and teaching of legal language. This paper will adopt the method of literature research to summarize the origin and development of Chinese forensic linguistics in the past 30 years, and to anticipate the future development direction of forensic linguistics in the light of the current research characteristics and the hotspot of the times, so as to provide references for the theoretical development and application practice of current forensic linguistics, and to better guide future discipline development in China.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: Governments across the world were forced to impose social distancing and lockdown measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19, caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that emerged in December 2019. Following the declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic, the disruptions, including restrictive measures such as school closures had severe impacts on the physical, emotional and mental health of all people, especially children with special needs. There was also scant data, particularly in low-to-middle-income countries. Existing literature stems mostly from western countries, thus the need to perform a comprehensive review on this topic. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The primary objective of the systematic review is to understand the impact of COVID-19 and restrictive measures such as school closures on the educational outcomes and physical and mental health of school-going children with special needs. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: This systematic review used the PRISMA 2020 checklist where four databases and grey literature were searched for full text articles, peer reviewed publications in the English language that were published during January 2019–December 2021. RESEARCH RESULTS: The literature search identified 1294 publications, of which 25 key papers were selected. These studies investigate the impact on children with special needs across the globe, with a majority of papers from Europe. We found that COVID-19 and the digitalization of schooling had severe impacts on the physical and mental health of children with special needs and their parents/caregivers. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: These studies highlight the need for an inclusive school environment to ensure that the learning outcomes for children everywhere are achieved. Further, a hybrid model that includes classroom learning with novel inventive methods would be beneficial for children with special needs.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The research investigates how young boys progress in life after the loss of their fathers. It explores the adjustments they make, the coping mechanisms they develop to navigate life, and the male roles they assume in the family. Additionally, it examines how family can aid and support their coping and adjustment process. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: This study utilises a case study methodology focused on gaining an understanding of the lives of two adolescent boys who experienced the death of their fathers in the early formative years of their lives. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper focuses on five themes- family dynamics, life transitions with and without their fathers, post-loss reassignment of family roles, present circumstances, and future goals. RESEARCH RESULTS: A qualitative analysis of the data revealed that participants’ belief systems, family support, and striving toward future goals helped them to be resilient in this event. CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: While most research typically emphasises the negative impacts of death on people, this study demonstrates how individuals’ can be resilient, dependent on both person-related factors and environmental factors. To help adolescents who are grieving become resilient, the paper offers intervention and coping strategies through counselling, the availability of support networks, and combined efforts by the state and educational institutions.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to show, based on UNICEF and UNHCR documents, the problems of migrant children that hinder/impede their inclusion in the education of the host community and to identify ways to deal with these problems. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: Using document analysis, I will answer the following questions: What threats are children on the move exposed to? What are the priority areas for action? How can they be protected and integrated into the new education system? THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper presents the causes and risks associated with migration for children, important concepts for educational practice, recommendations and proposed solutions RESEARCH RESULTS: The documents show the risks faced by children on the move. Such children are often marginalized and stigmatized in host communities. Ensuring their well-being (meeting their psychological needs and respecting their rights) is a priority and a necessary condition for them to be able to start education. The discussion shows the importance of education in dealing with difficult conditions or in counteracting negative phenomena (discrimination, xenophobia). Education is treated as capital that is supposed to give these children a chance for a better future. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: The following conclusions can be drawn for practice from UNICEF and UNHCR documents: children on the move should have the same rights and opportunities for education as their peers in host com- munities; they need friendly and safe places to live, play and learn; children have resources and experiences that should be considered when organizing educational environments.

This paper aims to answer the question of who the translators of Faust into Polish between 1826 and 1938 were. The problem is analysed thanks to the application of two research methods. In addition to the translator biography taken from the sociology of translation, a method taken from history, called microhistory, can be used. The use of microhistory in the translator study is useful to identify general trends prevailing in the field of translation and situations common to translators working in the same time frame and geographical-historical space. In this way, it has been possible to establish that the Faust translators working between 1826 and 1938 were predominantly males, well educated, affected by the political events of the time, and chose to translate Faust as a result of personal literary fascinations.

In the face of the contemporary market for translation services, it is becoming increasingly apparent that translation pedagogy should holistically embrace the teaching and learning process by integrating as many in- and out-of-classroom activities as possible into the real-life experience of students, thus leading them to acquire broadly defined skills and competences that are vital in the translation profession (cf. EMT Competence Framework 2022). A holistic approach to translation teaching and learning may be also reflected in an attempt to reconcile the two extremes of ‘creativity’ and ‘automaticity’ in translation, i.e., the creative contribution of the translator as an intermediary in intercultural communication on the one hand, and the requirement to know and use the latest technologies (CAT tools, machine translation, terminology databases, etc.), on the other hand. A holistic approach may also be associated with socially engaged pedagogy and the application of Project Based Learning (PBL), based on constructivist premises that we acquire knowledge by participating in intersubjective interactions. The paper attempts to show how translation teachers may holistically respond to the above-mentioned needs by using PBL methods and socially relevant interdisciplinary content in their teaching of the art and craft of translation.

The transition to green energy requires an all-hands-on-deck approach because of the effects of climate change on all. However, the nature and type of commitment or responsibilities required towards the transition are to be differentiated due to ‘countries’ different socioeconomic challenges and starting positions. This is the underpinning understanding of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)’s energy transition strategy under the framework of the Paris Agreement (PA). Whether PA’s ‘differentiation’ representation and strategies, contributes to a ‘just’ energy transition is the goal of this paper. Arguably, embedded in the current UNFCCC energy transition strategy is the concept of a ‘just’ transition which recognises the importance of ‘a fair and equitable energy transition process’ (D Mccauley et al 2018:2). However, this paper, using the Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL), demonstrates how PA’s differentiation representations and soft approaches do not completely eliminate the problem of unjust energy transition (ET), or capture the multifaceted challenges of developing African contexts’ capacity towards the transition. The paper argues that the current international law ET initiative and strategy, in a bid to exact more diversity, blurs the understanding of responsibility and accountability, when it comes to finances and investments towards the current transition as well as countries' economic capacities. Based on this background, the paper uses the Nigerian social context to exemplify what a just transition would mean for a developing context, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The paper is divided into three sections. The first section is the introduction, and the second, unpacks the ET. The third section addresses the legal and policy framework of the ET - PA 2015, and finally problematises ET’s strategy using the TWAIL lens. It concludes by offering recommendations for a ‘just’ transition that balances the socioeconomic development of developing contexts.

The relevance of the study stems from the legal ambiguity surrounding specific aspects of visual surveillance utilised by law enforcement agencies, journalists, private detectives, and other individuals with a need for it. The purpose of the study is to identify indicators that can differentiate between legal and illegal covert visual surveillance of individuals in public spaces, establish the circumstances under which such surveillance should be deemed a criminal offence, define the specific aspects of documenting this offence, and explore methods of proving the guilt of those responsible. Historical-legal, formal-legal, logical-normative, logical-semantic, sociological and statistical research methods are applied in the study. The criteria for the legality of covert visual surveillance of a person in publicly accessible places are: its conduct by authorised subjects (investigators or employees of operational units); implementation only within the framework of criminal proceedings (or proceedings in an intelligence gathering case); the existence of a decision of the investigating judge on permission to conduct visual surveillance of a specific person; strict compliance with the requirements of the Criminal Procedure Law regarding the procedure for conducting visual surveillance and restrictions established by the decision of the investigating judge. It is found that representatives of civilian professions can conduct visual surveillance in publicly accessible places only in an open way. Covert visual surveillance of a person to collect information about them constitutes a criminal offence consisting in violation of privacy. To bring illegal observers to criminal responsibility, factual data indicating the purpose of visual surveillance (collecting confidential information about a person), motives, time, place, means of committing the crime, and other circumstances are collected during the pre-trial investigation. The practical value of the paper is the possibility of using the obtained data to prevent illegal actions of private detectives, journalists, and other entities who secretly collect information about a person through visual surveillance, and to ensure effective investigation of such activities.

Karol Wojtyła understood that the turn to the subject had beneficially augmented traditional metaphysics by revealing the uniqueness of each person. Nevertheless, he also knew that for those investigations into personhood to resist devolving into mere relativism, the analysis had to be grounded in the metaphysical principles of Thomism. One contemporary illustration of an ungrounded subjectivism is the rise of identitarianism; that is, the idea that people can choose their own identity based on a peculiar property as distinct from our common human nature. In this paper, I will examine both the Thomistic metaphysical and phenomenological personalist bases for critiquing identitarianism. I will argue that the analogy of being, distinguishing substance from dependent modes of being, is the necessary metaphysical foundation for the personalist integration of actions in a subject who, while unique, must be recognized primarily as an instance of a common human nature.

Abstract: One might wonder whether the essence of love involves self-transcendence. If it does, then philosophers who speak of self-love could not really be addressing love at all. Perhaps they address a related phenomenon, maybe even a good, positive reality, but not love itself. Since St. Thomas Aquinas speaks to the legitimacy of the love of self, philosophers who argue the essence of love involves self-transcendence criticize the scholastic’s position. This is the exact criticism Dietrich von Hildebrand advances in The Nature of Love. This paper defends Aquinas against von Hildebrand’s suggestion that “self-love” is not really love at all. I will argue that, based on both natural and supernatural principles, Aquinas’s notion of the love of self, as far as it relates to the love of God, involves transcendence.

In this paper I reply to the four critical articles that were provided in response to my book Deconstruction (MIT Press 2021). It proceeds in four steps: (1) I begin with a reply to Stanisław Chankowski’s use of the psychoanalytic term “fetishistic denial” to describe the formal character of the text. (2) I then engage with the criticism supplied by Piotr Kozak, who questions deconstruction’s theory of truth (or its lack thereof). (3) From this, I take-up and respond to Przemysław Nowakowski’s proposal that deconstruction might provide a way to reimagine the interdisciplinarity of cognitive science. And (4) I conclude with a response to Michał Piekarski’s mashup of Ludwig Wittgenstein and Jacques Derrida, which supplies a reading of these two thinkers that is arguably greater than the sum of the parts. The objective of the reply is not to offer a defense of myself or my text but to engage with these interesting and insightful reviews in a way that opens the space for productive dialogue.

This paper focuses on a Christian philosophy grounded in the experience of truth. To better understand this, it will explore: (1) the kind of philosophical approach that provides a space for people to preoccupy themselves with truth and draws them to further probe into the fundamental questions; (2) a return to the basics: philosophy as love of wisdom and for love of wisdom is personal, an experiential journey; (3) finally, a vision of Christian philosophy that is not purely theoretical but teaches one how to incarnate every truth and virtue. Christian philosophy provides us with an experience in, with, and of the truth in terms of understanding and developing certain traits and virtues such as prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance. The shaping and molding of these good habits within each person are important in maintaining a Christian worldview to keep one grounded while being immersed in the world and its realities, allowing the Christian to become a reality within oneself and for others.

In this paper I will give some provisional answers to the questions how one can be a Christian philosopher rather than just a philosopher who happens to be a Christian, how one can be a Reformation philosopher rather than just a Christian philosopher who happens to be a Reformation Christian, and how one can be a Baptist philosopher rather than just a Reformation philosopher who happens to be a Baptist. A good way to be a philosopher is to, like Socrates, seek wisdom concerning spiritual good. A good way to be a specifically Christian philosopher is to, like Augustine, seek that wisdom in Jesus Christ. A good way to be a specifically Reformation philosopher is to recognize and reflect on a distinction between two inseparable spiritual goods on which we are seeking wisdom: justification and sanctification. A good way to be a specifically Baptist philosopher, taking some inspiration from the likes of Locke and Kierkegaard, is to also recognize and reflect on some signs of these spiritual goods which Baptists emphasize: resistance to the idea of a state church and believer’s baptism.

Some argue that the term “explanation” in science is ambiguous, referring to at least three distinct concepts: a communicative concept, a representational concept, and an ontic concept. Each is defined in a different way with its own sets of norms and goals, and each of which can apply in contexts where the others do not. In this paper, I argue that such a view is false. Instead, I propose that a scientific explanation is a complex entity that can always be analyzed along a communicative dimension, a representational dimension, and an ontic dimension. But all three are always present within scientific explanations. I highlight what such an account looks like, and the potential problems it faces (namely that a single explanation can appear to have incompatible sets of norms and goals that govern it). I propose a solution to this problem and demonstrate how this account can help to dissolve current disputes in philosophy of science regarding debates between epistemic and ontic accounts of mechanistic explanations in the life sciences.

After Wesley Salmon’s causal-mechanical stance on explanation in the 1980s, the ontic-epistemic debate of scientific explanations appeared to be resolved in the philosophy of science. However, since the twenty-first century, this debate has been rekindled among philosophers who focus on mechanistic explanations. Nevertheless, its issues have evolved, necessitating scrutiny of the new trends in this debate and a comparison with the original controversy between Carl Hempel and Salmon. The primary objective of this paper is to elucidate three categorical dimensions in the ontic-epistemic debates, spanning from the original to the recent controversies. Subsequently, it will explore why the conception of explanation is linked to representations, what conditions are necessary for linguistic expressions to be explanatory, and what roles norms play in explanation. Consequently, contrary to the common stereotype, it will be argued that mechanistic explanations are more likely to be epistemic rather than ontic.

In this paper, I discuss the differences between ontic and epistemic conceptions of scientific explanation, mainly in relation to the so-called new mechanical philosophy. I emphasize that the debate on conceptions of scientific explanation owes much to Salmon’s ontic/epistemic distinction, although much has changed since his formulations. I focus on the interplay between ontic and epistemic norms and constraints in providing mechanistic explanations. My conceptual analysis serves two aims. Firstly, I formulate some suggestions for recognising that both sets of norms and constraints, ontic and epistemic, are necessary for scientific theorising. Secondly, I emphasize that there are multiple dimensions involved in scientific explanation, rather than clear-cut alternatives between ontic and epistemic aspects. I conclude with a general observation that although contextual aspects of explanations are unavoidable, the epistemic-relativity of our categories, explanations and models can in fact be compatible with their objectivity. Instead of making hastily drawn ontological implications from our theories or models, we should carefully scrutinize them from the ontic-epistemic perspective.

How do Phraseologisms Function in Different Variants and Contexts? The Functional Analysis of Historica-Linguistic Material Based on the Unit: jak Boga kocham The paper presents a functional approach to phraseology from former colloquial Polish speech based on the lexicalized unit jak Boga kocham and its selected variant forms. The author used the elements of the socio-pragmatic method (assuming parallel analysis of the material at the sociological and pragmatic levels) to research the use of these lexicalized constructions. The bases of the material were constructed dialogues from the Korpus dawnych polskich tekstów dramatycznych (1772–1939). During the analysis, it was observed in which way the phraseological unit might realize itself in various variants and contexts. Furthermore, attention was paid to the ‘from sender to the receiver’s perspective, applying the assumptions of Wojciech Chlebda’s phrasematic conception to historical linguistics. This approach gave an opportunity to observe in which variants and socio-pragmatic contexts idioms are most often invoked in the statements of representatives of both sexes. The obtained results were interpreted on the basis of selected non-linguistic factors, primarily historical and cultural ones.

FROM A PROPER NOUN OR FROM A COMMON NOUN? ON SOME PROBLEMS IN THE MOTIVATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH PROPER NAMES The paper addresses the issue of the motivation of some phraseologisms which include components homonymous with proper names (e.g., dookoła wojtek, lit. ‘Wojtek in circles’; w koło macieju, lit.‘Maciej in circles’, both these idioms meaning ‘to keep talking or doing the same thing all the time’; bosy antek, lit. ‘barefoot Antek’, referring to a person from central Poland, historically under Russian occupation; cienki bolek, lit. ‘thin Bolek’ meaning a person who is weak and incompetent). The aim of the study is to indicate some difficulties in an analysis of the origin of such units, which illustrates more general problems in the description of their motivation. In the discussed expressions, the original source of their nominal components remains unclear, which distinguishes them from such unitsas Achilles heel, the shirt of Nessus. The problems identified in the analysis relate to the phenomenon of apelativisation of proper nouns, which is part of the broader issue of the relationship between phraseologism and proper nouns.

VERBAL BORROWINGS FROM LATIN IN OLD POLISH The paper focuses on direct verbal borrowings from Latin into Old Polish. It attempts to determine the exact number of these borrowings and to describe the possible reasons for it being rather small in comparison with nominal borrowings. In the initial parts, some introductory remarks are made on verbal borrowings in general and Polish–Latin language contact in Middle Ages. The main part of the paper discusses the etymology of four Old Polish verbs: koronować ~ korunować, obligować się, ufundować and sylabizować. The final part contains general remarks and conclusions.

THE NAME MOWA CHACHŁACKA (KHAKHOL LANGUAGE) IN ACCOUNTS FROM DISPLACED POST-WAR MIGRANTS FROM THE EAST TO WESTERN POLAND This paper concerns the usage of the linguonym mowa chachłacka (Khakhol language) in Galicia, Podolia and Volhynia during the first half of the 20th Century. Therefore, it can be considered in the realm of historical sociolinguistics. The source material is comprised of interviews, recorded 1992–2006, with over 100 forced migrants from eastern voivodeships of the interwar Second Polish Republic. After World War 2, the respondents were resettled from their home towns into the new borders of post-war Poland, areas which belonged to Germany until 1945. The research method chosen was partially standardized interviews, which were first recorded and then written down. The paper is focused around the following issues: 1) which linguistic variety was referred to as mowa chachłacka in the interwar period within the researched communities, 2) whether this name contained a value judgement, 3) what was the prestige of mowa chachłacka in these communities. The first chapter of the paper concerns the history of the Russian lexeme хохол/хaхол, which forms the basis of the linguonym mowa chachłacka, and which has been used since the 17th Century to refer to Ukrainians. The article takes into account ideas concerning researching social attitudes to a language, such as standard language ideology and monoglossic ideology.

PROBLEMS WITH THE PHONOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF POST-PALATAL PLOSIVE SOUNDS The article reports the most important phonetic changes which took place in the contemporary Polish language. The aim of the chapter is to answer the questions that arise when learning phonetics and phonology, especially in regard to phonemes /k΄/ and /g΄/. In this paper the author presents various opinions on the phonological distinctiveness of the two sounds. The author focuses on the phenomenon associated with depalatalisation of consonants [k΄] and [g΄] and presents solutions adopted in academic textbooks. Finally, the author presents suggestions for the phonological interpretation of selected consonants.

AMATEUR PROMOTION OF THE CIESZYN DIALECT (SELECTED FORMS, STRATEGIES, SOLUTIONS) The paper focuses on the dialectological topics and problems related to sociolinguistics, ethnolinguistics and psycholinguistics. It gives us insight into Cieszyn Silesia’s linguistic situation, especially in the Czech part of Zaolzie. It presents four social and individual activities, which aim to promote, support, and even revive Cieszyn dialect. The authors describe respectively: 1) testing knowledge of the dialect in form of quizzes, 2) promotion of the dialect across musical texts, 3) encouraging children and young people to use the dialect in a dialect contest, and 4) recording amateur vlogs, which are to enhance internet users’ language and national awareness. Internet and authors’ own remarks related to the official and unofficial social events are the sources of the language materials used in this analysis. Language and cultural development in society – as it is well known – heads toward unification that is increasingly difficult to resist effectively. The subjects responsible for promoting the dialect are eager to maintain the territorial dialect of the national language for future generations. Although they sometimes do it unprofessionally, linguists should be interested respectively in their efforts.

COGNITIVE ETHNOLINGUISTICS: TOWARDS THE INTEGRAL DESCRIPTION OF LANGUAGE The history of ethnolinguistics is, among other things, the history of the evolution of the idea of integrating hitherto isolated levels of research and types of data that are used in analyses. This paper discusses four views important for ethnolinguistics: on the unity of language and culture; about the importance of the cognitive function of language; about the need to use a broad material base inresearch; about recognizing that the ultimate goal of ethnolinguistic research is to reach the way of conceptualization of the world by the speaker, his mentality and the world of values.

LINGUISTIC MEMORY STUDIES BY WOJCIECH CHLEBDA The purpose of this paper is to present the concept of linguistic memory studies, developed by WojciechChlebda, as a research program of modern linguistics. Wojciech Chlebda assumes that memory,both individual and collective, is strongly linked to language, that is, it participates both in the formingof memory content and in its material expression: its externalizing in verbal narrations (and, morebroadly, semiotic narrations). In this context, he identifies the following challenges facing linguisticmemory studies: description and classification of linguistic exponents of memory, description of theprocess of mapping collective memories, and research on collective oblivion.

This paper will present the results of a study of an educational project on visual metaphors in children’s initiated discourse. The purpose of the study was to identify children’s metaphorical skills in recognizing similarities and noticing differences between the target domain and the source domain of visual metaphor in Iwona Chmielewska’s artistic picture book Two People, dedicated to the issue of community. In the designed didactic intervention activities, the research material came from participant observation, focus interviews and analysis of children’s creations (graphic visualizations). The research was carried out with a group of third-graders in selected elementary schools, in a metropolitan environment. The results of the research show children’s preferences for translating one area of metaphor by another, as well as strategies for constructing children’s knowledge about life in the community. In addition, they point to the need to expand the educational environment in Polish educational culture.

Wojciech Bobowski is better known in international academia under the Latinised version of his name: Albertus Bobovius and by his Turkish name: Ali Ufki. Most probably, he was born in Lviv, ca. 1610 and died in Constantinople, ca. 1675. He left for posterity numerous works that today we would classify as belonging to several fields of the humanities: musicology, linguistics, religious studies, cultural studies, political history and even ethnography. His best-known works include one of the earliest translations of the Bible into Turkish (1662–1664), an influential treatise on Islam (1690), a description of the Topkapı Palace (1665) – the main seat of the Ottoman sultan, where he lived and worked as a court musician – and collection of more than 500 Ottoman Turkish musical pieces written in European stave notation (ca. 1640–1650). In this paper, the author first presents outcomes of her current archival research on Bobowski’s early life in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Then, she demonstrates the possibility that when working on Mezmuriyye – the Ottoman Turkish psalter, Ali Ufki took inspiration from the Polish translation of the Genevan Psalter from French by Maciej Rybiński, an influential bishop of the Reformed Church in the 17th-century Poland. This theory is based on the analysis of linguistic content of French, Polish and Ottoman Turkish lyrics, as well as the striking visual resemblance of Bobowski’s Mezmuriyye and one specific old-print of Rybiński’s Psalmy Dawidowe na melodie francuskie uczynione published in 1608.

This article analyses the image of David as an exorcist. The choice of the research topic has been inspired by the fact that in the literature, more specifically, in an article by Kenneth E. Pomykala, this issue is presented in a very general way, by indicating only texts where such an image of David can be found, without entering into their deeper interpretations. Also, no scientific article covering this topic in detail has been published to date. The paper is divided into three parts. The first part presents biblical texts in which – as Pomykala has proven – one can talk about this characteristic of David. In the second part, fragments of two Qumran manuscripts, 11Q5 and 11Q11, are analysed. Finally, an analysis of the literaturę of early Jewish writings, portraying David as an exorcist, is provided.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the paper was to discuss a function of passion in professional personal lives of eminent Cracow musicians. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The paper raises the problem of the role of passion in the process of shaping musical eminence, answers the question of the scope of experiencing it as well as it manifesting in activities of outstanding individuals. In conducted research and interpretations, the qualitative perspective and biographical method were applied. The leading technique was problem-concentrated qualitative interview, partially structured, carried out with ten eminent instrumentalists. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The theoretical basis for this reading of the experience of educational biographies was provided by the Model of Authentic Vocation of J. Weller and the Dualistic Model of Passion of A. Bonneville-Roussy, G. Lavigne and R. Vallerand. The interpretations of the research material described the topography of experiencing passion. RESEARCH RESULTS: The article describes autonomous passion associated with musical mastery, instrumental motivation to practice, as well as distinguishes important factors that determine the experience of passion, persistence or burnout (tenacity, ambition, community transfer, conflict of motives, work overload), and concretizes the qualities of musical passion of outstanding musicians: professionalization, love of music, integrity, creativity, strength and determination in pursuit of goals, as well as humility in the face of challenges. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Deciphering the senses and meanings that prominent Cracow musicians attributed to passion suggests that it was autonomous, harmonious and instrumental, motivated by the pursuit of mastery, and that the trajectories of the musicians’ professional biographies were a manifestation of a “professionalization of passion,” which formed the core of their educational experience and constituted and defined their life creed.

Restorative justice is a way of responding to criminal offences by balancing the needs of the community, the victims and the offenders. It aims to bring all these parties together to collectively resolve the consequences of crime, including the harm caused, with a view to future generations. In the Indonesian legal system, restorative processes have not yet been used to deal with environmental crimes, despite a growing interest in exploring their potential. Therefore, this paper seeks to demon- strate that restorative justice solutions addressing environmental crimes benefit the victims, the offenders, the community and the environment. Further, these solutions may prove to be useful as well as additional discretion to local authorities for redressing the damage to the environment.

THE INTERPRETIVE THEORY OF DANICA SELESKOVITCH TWENTY YEARS AFTER: THE QUESTION OF THE DIRECTIONALITY IN CONFERENCE INTERPRETING The aim of the present paper is to examine directionality in conference interpreting and the changing concepts of active and passive languages in the practice of interpreting in Poland. The study presents the results of a small-scale survey conducted in Warsaw in Winter 2019/2020 among interpreters, members of national professional associations of interpreters in order to investigate the changing landscape of the profession, the changing roles of interpreters working out of their A language into their B or C languages or between their B and C languages in different settings. Apart of the data gathered in the survey, in-depth interviews were carried out with three interpreters so as to indentify possible time-contigent changes in their perception of directionality in interpreting. The study draws some conclusions concerning the utility of language regime and the training of new generations of conference interpreters.

Between 1949 and 1953, about 2,100 “unclaimed” artworks returned to France from Germany after World War II were selected by museum professionals and labeled MNR (Musées nationaux récupération). About half of the works are paintings, while thirty percent are decorative arts, and the remaining pieces are drawings, sculptures, folk art, Asian art, and antiquities. This paper presents the so-called AOR (Antiquités orientales récupération), 31 objects entrusted to the care of the Département des Antiquités orientales, Musée du Louvre, which at the time included both pre-Islamic and Islamic objects. Research carried out by the Mission Mattéoli (1997–2000) determined that only two, maybe three, artworks are proven to have been looted by the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg during the Nazi occupation of France. The rest of the AOR items were purchases made by German individuals and museums, confirming that the MNR corpus does not equate in its entirety to art plundered from Jewish collections. The study of this portion of the works is an opportunity to shed light on the Near Eastern art and antiquities market in Paris during the war.

This paper shows that the Nazi persecution of Jewish coin dealers and collectors prominent in Germany’s economic and cultural life resulted in a weakening of the domestic numismatic market. The failure of Nazi cultural-economic policy is illustrated by a study of the trade in ancient coins. While the Nazi authorities (e.g., Foreign Exchange Offices, Customs) failed to prevent the export of numismatic assets, the most prominent Jewish dealers were able to reestablish their businesses abroad, especially in Switzerland as the new international trading center for ancient coins. Their non-Jewish German colleagues, in turn, had great difficulty filling the gaps in the supply of ancient coins in the German Reich left by the Jews who had emigrated or fled.

The paper provides a brief overview of art export regulations in the Mediterranean region from the 19th century to the laws adopted in the 1920s and 1930s. It then focuses on the German law of 1919 requiring works of art that were predominantly privately owned and of outstanding value to be entered in a register, the so-called List of Nationally Important Artworks. Once the works were listed in this index, they were subject to authorization for export. Despite the high importance the National Socialists attributed to Greek and Roman art as an eternal art, only one percent of the artworks that were classified as nationally valuable were from ancient periods. The instrumentalization of the export regulation through the National Socialist regime is illustrated by the example of Albert Lévy’s collection of antiquities in Hamburg. For provenance research, it is essential to determine how laws were extended, applied, bypassed, or overruled during National Socialism and, thus, instrumentalized as a means of state power.

Nicholas Cusanus is often seen as a pivotal figure in the history of Western philosophy. His writings are sometimes viewed as an attempt to reject the traditional scholarly knowledge, troubled by manifold tensions and crises, in order to prevent the collapse of Western Christianity under the weight of its complex architecture of knowledge. In this paper, I try to refute this mode of interpretation by highlighting the roots and structure of Cusanus’s theory of knowledge that serve as the basis of his concept of docta ignorantia. I present the concept of docta ignorantia as being intended to serve the purpose of a unifying framework for academic discourse.

The text presented aims to illustrate the thesis of E. Gilson derived from his work “The Unity of Philosophical Experience” on the impersonal necessity linking philosophical ideas, as exemplified by Porphyry and his work Sententiae ad intelligibilia ducentes. E. Gilson puts forward a thesis that the philosopher is free at the moment of choosing the first principles of their philosophy, then they must accept the consequences that necessarily follow from these principles. Porphyry’s Sentences are a fairly synthetic account of Plotinus’ metaphysics and allow for a quite clear grasp of both the starting point and the above-mentioned consequences. In addition, for contrast, the paper presents the position of Alexander of Aphrodisias, similar in several points to that taken by Porphyry, but ultimately completely different.