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2. Origeniana Octava. Origen and the Alexandrian Tradition. Papers of the 8th International Origen Congress (Pisa, 27-31 August 2001), ed. L. Perrone - P. Bemardino - D. Marchini, voł. 1-11, Leuven 2003, University Press: Mitgeverij Peeters, ss. 1406.
- Author
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Mariusz Szram
- Subjects
recenzja ,Early Christian literature. Fathers of the Church, etc. ,BR60-67 ,Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects ,BL51-65 ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion - Abstract
recenzja
- Published
- 2004
3. Mogilany 1993. Papers on the Dead Sea Scrolls offered in memory of Hans Burgmann, edited by Zdzisław J. Kapera, The Enigma Press, Kraków 1996
- Author
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Jacek Molka
- Subjects
Practical Theology ,BV1-5099 ,Doctrinal Theology ,BT10-1480 - Abstract
—
- Published
- 1997
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4. Essential Papers on Messianic Movements and Personalities in Jewish History, edited by Marc Saperstein, New York University Press, New York & London 1992
- Author
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Michał Galas
- Subjects
Practical Theology ,BV1-5099 ,Doctrinal Theology ,BT10-1480 - Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Prace z równań różniczkowych w „Pamiętniku Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie'
- Author
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Jan Koroński
- Subjects
differential equations ,Memoirs of the Academy of Arts and Sciences in Cracow ,papers on differential equations in Memoirs of the Academy of Arts and Sciences in Cracow ,history of mathematics ,history of mathematics in Poland ,Philosophy (General) ,B1-5802 - Abstract
This paper concerns the general characteristics of the Academy of Arts and Sciences in Cracow and the Memoirs of the Academy of Arts and Sciences in Cracow. Moreover, in the context of the global development of the theory of differential equations we present in this paper the articles of Alojzy Jan Stodółkiewicz (1856-1934), Władysław Zajączkowski (1837-1898), Jan Rajewski (1857-1906), Wawrzyniec Żmurko (1824-1889) and Edward Władysław Skiba (1843-1911) on differential equations, which were published in the Memoirs of the Academy of Arts and Sciences in Cracow.
- Published
- 2013
6. Prace z równań różniczkowych w „Pamiętniku Towarzystwa Nauk Ścisłych w Paryżu'
- Author
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Jan Koroński
- Subjects
differential equations ,Memoirs of the Natural Science Society in Paris ,papers on differential equations in Memoirs of the Natural Science Society in Paris ,history of mathematics ,history of mathematics in Poland ,Philosophy (General) ,B1-5802 - Abstract
This paper concerns the general characteristics of the Natural Science Society in Paris and the Memoirs of the Natural Science Society in Paris. Moreover, in the context of the development of the theory of differential equations in the world, we present in this paper the articles of Y. Villarceau (1813), W. Zajączkowski (1837–1898) and W. Folkierski (1842–1904) on differential equations, which were published in Memoirs of the Natural Science Society in Paris.
- Published
- 2013
7. The Specificity of Hatred. An Analysis Based on the Aristotelian-Thomistic Concept
- Author
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Anna Sędłak
- Subjects
emotion ,hate ,love ,aristotle ,thomas aquinas ,good ,evil ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion ,Metaphysics ,BD95-131 - Abstract
This paper aims to present the specific functioning of the emotion of hatred from the point of view of the Aristotelian-Thomistic concept of emotions. This perspective is particularly relevant to the issue at hand because of its holistic and integral view of understanding human beings, including their emotional functions. In this paper, I consider the issue of the emotion of hatred in relation to other emotions against the backdrop of the structure of human action. When analyzing how hatred functions, I consider the notion of good and evil, which are linked to emotions and acts of will that play a vital role in the sphere of emotions. By correctly channeling one’s will towards the good, one is able to notice hatred arising within, and thus reflect upon it. Understanding how the emotion of hatred functions is essential for further research into how it is expressed.
- Published
- 2023
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8. The Anthropocene and the Problem of Anthropological Constants
- Author
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Katarína Podušelová
- Subjects
anthropocene ,anthropological constants ,homo faber ,homo oeconomicus ,homo industrialis ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion - Abstract
In the humanities and social sciences, the concept of the Anthropocene has become the starting point for theoretical analyses of the immediate relationship between the environmental preconditions for the existence of civilization and the human actions whose consequences threaten these preconditions. From the philosophical-anthropological point of view, reflections on the concepts of the Anthropocene focus not only on a critical analysis of the claims about human that originate in the natural sciences but also on an understanding of the overall role of humanity in the new geological-climatic regime of the Earth. The primary purpose of this paper is to highlight two-pronged problem areas, which include both the problem of anthropological constants as specific ways of making statements about humans and the problem of using them to reflect on the conceptual system of the Anthropocene. In particular, this paper emphasizes hypotheses and claims from the Anthropocene concept of Earth System Science that point to humans becoming a geobiophysical force in the Anthropocene. Three areas in which anthropological constants could be subsequently subjected to a deeper analysis are proposed.
- Published
- 2023
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9. Industrial and Environmental Democracies as Models of a Politically Organized Relationship Between Society and Nature
- Author
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Richard St’ahel
- Subjects
environmental political philosophy ,industrial democracy ,environmental democracy ,human rights ,anthropocene ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion - Abstract
This paper is based on the concept of environmental political philosophy and from its perspective, it highlights the weaknesses and contradictions of contemporary, existing democracies. It aims to formulate an outline of the concept of environmental democracy, following the accounts of M. Bookchin, R. Morrison and H. Skolimowski, as well as international environmental law enshrined in United Nations documents and resolutions. It is based on the hypothesis that the preservation of a democratic political system in a situation of a collapsing planetary system (the Anthropocene) requires improving the foundations of democratic theory with the insights of the Earth system sciences, particularly of political ecology and critical environmentalism. Through philosophical analysis, explanation and interpretation, this paper explores an environmental democracy that would, on the one hand, preserve the basic constitutional principles of current democratic constitutional regimes, and, on the other hand, reconcile them with the current state of understanding in the Earth sciences concerning the vulnerability of the planetary system. In a sense, J. Habermas’s understanding of human rights characterizes the concept of environmental democracy as a realistic utopia. The author concludes by drawing up the imperative of sustainability, which he sees as a guiding organizing principle of institutions and public policies for the climatic, demographic and economic regime of the Anthropocene.
- Published
- 2023
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10. Dealing with Death: Crisis and Resilience in Adolescent Boys
- Author
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Deepti Saini
- Subjects
adolescents ,death ,father ,resilience ,case study ,Education ,Social Sciences ,Sociology (General) ,HM401-1281 - Abstract
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The research investigates how young boys progress in life after the loss of their fathers. It explores the adjustments they make, the coping mechanisms they develop to navigate life, and the male roles they assume in the family. Additionally, it examines how family can aid and support their coping and adjustment process. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: This study utilises a case study methodology focused on gaining an understanding of the lives of two adolescent boys who experienced the death of their fathers in the early formative years of their lives. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper focuses on five themes- family dynamics, life transitions with and without their fathers, post-loss reassignment of family roles, present circumstances, and future goals. RESEARCH RESULTS: A qualitative analysis of the data revealed that participants’ belief systems, family support, and striving toward future goals helped them to be resilient in this event. CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: While most research typically emphasises the negative impacts of death on people, this study demonstrates how individuals’ can be resilient, dependent on both person-related factors and environmental factors. To help adolescents who are grieving become resilient, the paper offers intervention and coping strategies through counselling, the availability of support networks, and combined efforts by the state and educational institutions.
- Published
- 2023
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11. The Educational and Health Impact of COVID-19 on Children With Special Needs: A Systematic Review
- Author
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Deepshikha Batheja, Phu Duong, Vaishali Parab, Dominick Panarello, Jyoti Joshi, and Srishti Goel
- Subjects
COVID-19 ,Children with Special Needs ,Education ,Mental health ,Physical Health ,Social Sciences ,Sociology (General) ,HM401-1281 - Abstract
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: Governments across the world were forced to impose social distancing and lockdown measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19, caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that emerged in December 2019. Following the declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic, the disruptions, including restrictive measures such as school closures had severe impacts on the physical, emotional and mental health of all people, especially children with special needs. There was also scant data, particularly in low-to-middle-income countries. Existing literature stems mostly from western countries, thus the need to perform a comprehensive review on this topic. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The primary objective of the systematic review is to understand the impact of COVID-19 and restrictive measures such as school closures on the educational outcomes and physical and mental health of school-going children with special needs. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: This systematic review used the PRISMA 2020 checklist where four databases and grey literature were searched for full text articles, peer reviewed publications in the English language that were published during January 2019–December 2021. RESEARCH RESULTS: The literature search identified 1294 publications, of which 25 key papers were selected. These studies investigate the impact on children with special needs across the globe, with a majority of papers from Europe. We found that COVID-19 and the digitalization of schooling had severe impacts on the physical and mental health of children with special needs and their parents/caregivers. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: These studies highlight the need for an inclusive school environment to ensure that the learning outcomes for children everywhere are achieved. Further, a hybrid model that includes classroom learning with novel inventive methods would be beneficial for children with special needs.
- Published
- 2023
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12. The translation of an Italian procura alle liti into English: word-by-word rendering or functional translation?
- Author
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Patrizia Giampieri
- Subjects
corpus-based translations ,legal translations ,functional translations ,legal documents ,Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar ,P101-410 ,Comparative law. International uniform law ,K520-5582 - Abstract
Ad hoc corpora are considered effective to deliver native-like technical (and legal) translation. This paper explores how the translation of a system-specific document such as an Italian procura alle liti (power of attorney to appear in court) can be addressed. Translating this legal document may be problematic due to the fact that it is not recurrent in the common law system, which contemplates other types of special powers of attorney (PoAs). This paper explores whether and to what extent a corpus-based translation is possible when L2 parallel texts are difficult to find in native contexts. To this aim, a translation project with technical translators and lawyers is carried out. The participants compose an ad hoc corpus which they consult as a language reference tool. The paper findings report that the translators' corpus-based translation is mostly a word-by-word rendering of the source text, which may sound unnatural to an expert of the field. The lawyers' translation partly deviates from source words, but addresses the communicative function of the source text. The paper highlights the need for a balance between the two strategies, for example by focusing on textual functionality and/or paraphrasing, although at the cost of a reduced formulaicity.
- Published
- 2023
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13. The new development and characteristics of Chinese forensic linguistics in the past two decades
- Author
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Qing Zhang
- Subjects
Legal Language Study ,Forensic Linguistics ,Application of Legal Language ,Legal Translation ,Legal English Teaching ,Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar ,P101-410 ,Comparative law. International uniform law ,K520-5582 - Abstract
Forensic Linguistics as a discipline has gone through more than 30 years of development in China, which can be divided into the brewing period, the establishment and development period, and the comprehensive improvement period. Scholars have presented the origin and development of forensic linguistics in the form of papers, monographs, translations, textbooks, seminars, conferences and other forms, which promotes the future development of forensic linguistics. In the past decade, the study of forensic linguistics has mainly focused on the theoretical research of forensic linguistics, the application of legislative and judicial language, the translation and teaching of legal language. This paper will adopt the method of literature research to summarize the origin and development of Chinese forensic linguistics in the past 30 years, and to anticipate the future development direction of forensic linguistics in the light of the current research characteristics and the hotspot of the times, so as to provide references for the theoretical development and application practice of current forensic linguistics, and to better guide future discipline development in China.
- Published
- 2023
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14. Nazwa „mowa chachłacka' w relacjach powojennych przesiedleńców ze Wschodu zamieszkałych w zachodniej Polsce
- Author
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Katarzyna Czarnecka, Ewa Dzięgiel, and Alla Kravchuk
- Subjects
przesiedleńcy po II wojnie światowej ,polsko-ukraińskie kontakty językowe ,gwary ukraińskie (chachłackie) ,gwary polskie w Ukrainie (mazurskie) ,prestiż języka ,ideologia języka standardowego ,Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar ,P101-410 - Abstract
THE NAME MOWA CHACHŁACKA (KHAKHOL LANGUAGE) IN ACCOUNTS FROM DISPLACED POST-WAR MIGRANTS FROM THE EAST TO WESTERN POLAND This paper concerns the usage of the linguonym mowa chachłacka (Khakhol language) in Galicia, Podolia and Volhynia during the first half of the 20th Century. Therefore, it can be considered in the realm of historical sociolinguistics. The source material is comprised of interviews, recorded 1992–2006, with over 100 forced migrants from eastern voivodeships of the interwar Second Polish Republic. After World War 2, the respondents were resettled from their home towns into the new borders of post-war Poland, areas which belonged to Germany until 1945. The research method chosen was partially standardized interviews, which were first recorded and then written down. The paper is focused around the following issues: 1) which linguistic variety was referred to as mowa chachłacka in the interwar period within the researched communities, 2) whether this name contained a value judgement, 3) what was the prestige of mowa chachłacka in these communities. The first chapter of the paper concerns the history of the Russian lexeme хохол/хaхол, which forms the basis of the linguonym mowa chachłacka, and which has been used since the 17th Century to refer to Ukrainians. The article takes into account ideas concerning researching social attitudes to a language, such as standard language ideology and monoglossic ideology.
- Published
- 2023
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15. Latynizmy czasownikowe w staropolszczyźnie
- Author
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Jan German
- Subjects
etymologia ,zapożyczenia ,czasowniki ,kontakt językowy ,staropolszczyzna ,łacina ,Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar ,P101-410 - Abstract
VERBAL BORROWINGS FROM LATIN IN OLD POLISH The paper focuses on direct verbal borrowings from Latin into Old Polish. It attempts to determine the exact number of these borrowings and to describe the possible reasons for it being rather small in comparison with nominal borrowings. In the initial parts, some introductory remarks are made on verbal borrowings in general and Polish–Latin language contact in Middle Ages. The main part of the paper discusses the etymology of four Old Polish verbs: koronować ~ korunować, obligować się, ufundować and sylabizować. The final part contains general remarks and conclusions.
- Published
- 2023
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16. The Presumption of Common Language as an Interpretive Paradigm and Its Opponents in Polish Legal Theory
- Author
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Zbigniew Pulka
- Subjects
interpretation ,presumption of common language ,linguistic competence ,interpretative paradigm ,law text ,Law - Abstract
In my paper, I reconstruct Jerzy Wróblewski’s theory of interpretation. My goal is to show that this theory has the characteristics of a paradigmatic theory because of the importance of the presumption of common language, which is a fundamental element of this theory. This presumption is decisive in shaping the picture of interpretation and, consequently, gives the theory in question the status of a model theory defining a postulated model of legal interpretation. In the paper, I discuss various aspects of this presumption, highlighting its importance in preserving the principle of universal access to practical (legal) discourse. At the same time, I question the views that challenge this presumption by claiming that the language of law is a code accessible only to a cognitively privileged group of professional lawyers.
- Published
- 2023
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17. 'Gifted, But What’s Next?' A Proprietary Program of Recognizing Students’ Personal Resources and Ways of Using Them to Choose Their Further Educational and Life Path
- Author
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Janina Uszyńska-Jarmoc and Beata Kunat
- Subjects
positive psychology ,personal resources ,giftedness ,strengths ,student ,diagnosing ,proprietary program ,Education (General) ,L7-991 - Abstract
The paper presents a proprietary program of recognizing students’ personal resources and ways of using them at the end of their elementary education and during further secondary school education. It refers to the researcher’s own theoretical and scholarly experiences associated with the construction of tools that assist in recognizing students’ abilities and giftedness, as well as possible external and intrinsic factors determining their development (Uszyńska-Jarmoc, Kunat, Tarasiuk 2014; Uszyńska-Jarmoc, Kunat, Mantur 2015; Uszyńska-Jarmoc, Kunat 2018). The paper also emphasizes that during the process of diagnosing, the relation between assumed theories and pedagogical practice is respected. Based on applied theoretical assumptions that stem from positive psychology, the author draws on practical experience gained during the course of a four year-long project titled “Akademia Talentów Białostockiej Szkoły Realnej” [Talent Academy of the Real School in Bialystok]. The proprietary program of recognizing students’ personal resources, elaborated during this project, has been verified based on cooperation with a group of over 200 students, aged 13–16, as well as their parents. The program was implemented by the author of this paper together with the students and their parents, however, it can also be used in educational practice by other educators, school psychologists, or career advisors.
- Published
- 2023
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18. Experiencing Passion as an 'essentia vitae' of Educational Biographies of Eminent Musicians From Cracow
- Author
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Iwona Czaja-Chudyba and Monika Kowalska
- Subjects
passion for music ,excellence ,mastery ,educational biographies ,professionalization of passion ,Education ,Social Sciences ,Sociology (General) ,HM401-1281 - Abstract
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the paper was to discuss a function of passion in professional personal lives of eminent Cracow musicians. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The paper raises the problem of the role of passion in the process of shaping musical eminence, answers the question of the scope of experiencing it as well as it manifesting in activities of outstanding individuals. In conducted research and interpretations, the qualitative perspective and biographical method were applied. The leading technique was problem-concentrated qualitative interview, partially structured, carried out with ten eminent instrumentalists. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The theoretical basis for this reading of the experience of educational biographies was provided by the Model of Authentic Vocation of J. Weller and the Dualistic Model of Passion of A. Bonneville-Roussy, G. Lavigne and R. Vallerand. The interpretations of the research material described the topography of experiencing passion. RESEARCH RESULTS: The article describes autonomous passion associated with musical mastery, instrumental motivation to practice, as well as distinguishes important factors that determine the experience of passion, persistence or burnout (tenacity, ambition, community transfer, conflict of motives, work overload), and concretizes the qualities of musical passion of outstanding musicians: professionalization, love of music, integrity, creativity, strength and determination in pursuit of goals, as well as humility in the face of challenges. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Deciphering the senses and meanings that prominent Cracow musicians attributed to passion suggests that it was autonomous, harmonious and instrumental, motivated by the pursuit of mastery, and that the trajectories of the musicians’ professional biographies were a manifestation of a “professionalization of passion,” which formed the core of their educational experience and constituted and defined their life creed.
- Published
- 2023
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19. The Covenants of the Patriarchs with Foreigners at Beersheba
- Author
-
Dariusz Dziadosz
- Subjects
Abraham ,Isaac ,Abimelek ,oreign/sojourner/resident ,covenant ,royal grant ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion - Abstract
The author of this paper seeks the original historical context as well as the oldest form, structure and concept of the biblical records of the covenants of Abraham and Isaac with the local ruler(s) as recorded in Gen 21:22–24, 25–33; 26:26–31. The patriarchs, who enjoy the status of foreign/sojourner/ resident in the land of the Philistine king, Abimelek, and their peaceful agreements are depicted in three biblical sources, which are very similar to each other in terms of structure and literary context. Those are compared with selected Hittite, Babylonian and Assyrian records of the royal covenants from the 2 millennium BC. The methodology adopted in the research allowed several important formal and substantive points of contact to be noted in the compared sources. Through this comparison, the paper confirms that Gen 21:22–24, 25 33; 26:26–31 reflects two ancient patterns of bilateral covenants between the monarch and an equal or subordinate social partner: royal grants and suzerain-vassal treaties. The paper also discusses the socio-cultural and legal spectrum of the Near Eastern royal procedures and how they were re-edited and adapted by the editors responsible for the current version of the biblical cycles about the patriarchs.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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20. The expression of the concepts of dolus and culpa in Chinese legal language: distinctive features and criticalities
- Author
-
Lara Colangelo
- Subjects
Chinese legal language ,Chinese Romanist lexicon ,legal translation ,dolus ,culpa ,fault ,Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar ,P101-410 ,Comparative law. International uniform law ,K520-5582 - Abstract
The ‘migration’ of concepts from one language to another, which takes place in cultural exchange, frequently gives rise to changes in the target language, primarily involving the lexical field. The reception of the Romanist legal tradition in China has led to the formation of a specialized lexicon which, along with the translation and production of Roman law-related works, has been subject to constant growth. This kind of terminological transposition has often resulted in the emergence in Chinese of more than one translatant for the same Latin word. As a concrete example of this phenomenon, this paper aims at providing a synoptical overview of the rendering in Chinese of the concepts of dolus and culpa, two legal institutions also largely connected to the field of commercial law. The sources analyzed from a diachronic and contrastive perspective range from the earliest manuals of Roman law published in China at the beginning of the twentieth century to recent documents, translated or directly composed in Chinese. More specifically, this paper will try to answer the following questions: what is the historical evolution of the main terms used in Chinese to express the concepts of dolus and culpa? What are the criteria adopted by Chinese translators/authors in choosing these terms? What are the main features and issues related to the linguistic rendering of the two legal institutions? As for the results of this study, attention will be paid to one of the peculiarities of the linguistic rendering of the concept of culpa, that is the use of two different translatants: guoshi 过失 and guocuo 过错. At the same time, another aspect on which this paper will shed light is the existence of a plethora of translatants related to the concept of dolus (qizha 欺诈, guyi 故意, zhaqi 诈欺, etc.). In this sense, on the one hand, it will be shown how the presence of multiple translatants is acceptable and useful when they are used to express the different shades of meaning conveyed by dolus and culpa that cannot be rendered by means of one single translatant for each of these two notions; on the other hand, this paper will highlight the necessity of a higher homogeneity and standardization of the Chinese Romanist lexicon.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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21. Georges Mounin, pionnier de la traductologie française
- Author
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Christian Balliu
- Subjects
Translation studies ,semiology ,superreader ,functionalism ,teaching ,Translating and interpreting ,P306-310 - Abstract
GEORGES MOUNIN, PIONEER OF FRENCH TRANSLATION STUDIES Georges Mounin developed his reflections on translation in a series of texts published from 1953 and can thus be regarded as one of the founders of translation studies in France and in the French language. His early research dates back to the same time as Fedorov’s, who represents what might be called the Russian school of translation. This paper seeks to analyse Georges Mounin’s work, which spans 40 years, until his death in 1993. His legacy is not just bibliographical, it is also that of a teacher with remarkable communication skills who trained disciples, and that of a talent scout who discovered the young Ladmiral and Meschonnic in the 1970s. Most importantly however, Georges Mounin has the immense merit of having introduced translation studies into French universities and within the field of linguistics, an achievement which later enabled him to take the sociolinguistic turn, notably with the issue of worldview and language universals. This paper is also largely about the man, seen through his teaching career, his political commitment, his links with other authors, not to forget his work as a translator. Georges Mounin was indeed first of all a field man, who translated Dante, Petrarch, Machiavelli or Pasternak.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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22. The Division and Structure of 'David’s Compositions' (11Q5)
- Author
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Marcin Jan Biegas
- Subjects
David’s Compositions ,The Great Psalms Scroll ,11Q5 ,The Division and Structure ,Qumran ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion - Abstract
The 11Q5 scroll is the longest and best-preserved manuscript containing psalms. In col. XXVII, it includes a hitherto unknown work, bearing the title “David’s Compositions.” Beginning with the critical edition, through various works devoted to the analysis of the composition from col. XXVII (2–11), the text is considered the only instance of prose in 11Q5. The main aim of the paper is to analyse the text of David’s Compositions in order to determine its literary form and structure. The paper is divided into several sections. The first section presents the Hebrew text with an English translation and a few remarks focused on the physical description of the text of David’s Compositions. The next one is a brief analysis of the internal context of the end of the Great Psalms Scroll, where the analysed text of David’s Compositions can be found. Finally, and most importantly, the Compositions were divided into verses and their literary form and structure was determined.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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23. Will a human always outsmart a computer? An essay
- Author
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Adam Olszewski
- Subjects
existential experience ,myth ,computer ,machine ,banach-mazur games ,winning strategy ,Philosophy (General) ,B1-5802 - Abstract
The title question of the paper has its empirical origin in the form of an individual’s existential experience arising from the personal use of a computer, which we attempt to describe in the first section. The rest of the entire paper can be understood as a philosophical essay answering the question posed. First the connection between the main problem of the article and its “premonition” by mankind, which was expressed in the form of ancient myths and legends, is briefly suggested. After shortly discussing the problems that early considerations of AI focused on, i.e. whether machines can think at all, we move on to reformulate our title question, about the possibility of outsmarting AI. This outsmarting will be understood by us in a rather limited way as to prevent a machine from completing its implemented task. To achieve this objective, after softly clarifying the basic terms, an analogy is built between the “outsmarting” of a machine by a human (the target domain) and the playing of a mathematical game between two players (the base domain), where this outsmarting is assigned a “winning strategy” in the certain game. This mathematical model is formed by games similar to Banach-Mazur games. The strict theorems of such games are then proved and applied to the target of the analogy. We then draw conclusions and look for counter-examples to our findings. The answer to the title question posed is negative, and it is not clear how far it should be taken seriously.
- Published
- 2022
24. Analysis of the implications of the Moral Machine project as an implementation of the concept of coherent extrapolated volition for building clustered trust in autonomous machines
- Author
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Krzysztof Sołoducha
- Subjects
ethics of artificial intelligence ,ethics of autonomous machines ,trust in artificial intelligence ,moral machine project ,coherent extrapolated volition ,Philosophy (General) ,B1-5802 - Abstract
In this paper, we focus on the analysis of Eliezer Yudkowsky’s concept of “coherent extrapolated volition” (CEV) as a response to the need for a post-conventional, persuasive morality that meets the criteria of active trust in the sense of Anthony Giddens, which could be used in the case of autonomous machines. Based on the analysis of the results of the Moral Machine project, we formulate some guidelines for transformation of the idea of a coherent extrapolated volition into the concept of a coherent, extrapolated and clustered volition. The argumentation used in the paper is intended to show that the idea of CEV transformed into its clustered version can be used to build a technically and socially efficient decision-making pattern database for autonomous machines.
- Published
- 2022
25. The Lost Cameo, the Vanished Statue of the Emperor and Constantine as a New Alexander
- Author
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Piotr Ł. Grotowski
- Subjects
constantine the great ,alexander macedon ,cammin ,cameo ,constantinople ,Early Christian literature. Fathers of the Church, etc. ,BR60-67 ,Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects ,BL51-65 ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion - Abstract
The aim of this paper is to propose a reinterpretation of the meaning of the lost colossus of Constantine the Great from the Forum of his name in Constantinople, in the light of the iconography of the emperor on the cameo from the cathedral in the Pomeranian town of Cammin. Although the gem was lost during the last war, it is known to us thanks to archival photographs and the plaster cast housed at Göttingen University. On this basis, Gerda Bruns associated the jewel with the statue of Constantine on the porphyry column in the New Rome, and her identification has since been widely accepted by the scholarly milieu. In recent years one has been able to observe growing popularity of this interpretation among researchers, who however refrain in their studies from pointing to the consequences of such a reconstruction of the statue’s form. The author of this paper points out that Constantine purposefully chose the iconographical type of Alexander-ktistes as a model for his own representation in order to allude to his great predecessor and the founder of a number of cities which bore his name. The iconography of the statue became then a part of the programme of the celebrations arranged on the occasion of the dedication of Constantinople, in which numerous references to Alexander played the key role. This new understanding of the colossus, placing its significance within the frames of political propaganda, better matches the actual historical circumstances and the ruler’s attitude towards Christendom than traditional interpretations which recognised the statue as Helios or Apollo, and thus introduced an incoherence — difficult to explain — in Constantine’s attitude towards the new religion. This cumbersome question, which baffled the inquisitive minds already in the Constantinople of the Byzantine era, will be considered unsubstantial if we correctly interpret the monument on the Forum solely in the political and propagandistic context.
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- 2022
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26. Kapłani i ich funkcje w Egipcie ptolemejskim w świetle archiwum świątyni w Soknopaiou Nesos
- Author
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Joanna Wilimowska
- Subjects
temple personnel ,ptolemaic period ,egyptian temples ,priests ,soknopaiou nesos ,Ancient history ,D51-90 ,Archaeology ,CC1-960 - Abstract
Priests and their functions in Ptolemaic Egypt in light of the archive of the temple in Soknopaiou Nesos): Little is known about priests and how temples functioned in Ptolemaic Egypt. This paper provides an insight into the organisation and hierarchy of temples under the Ptolemies. The main aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the titles and functions of temple personnel by analysing documents from the archive of the temple of Soknopaios and Isis Nepherses in the village of Soknopaiou Nesos (Dimeh).
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- 2022
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27. Female forms of occupational names (feminativa) – is there a need to use them in sex education?
- Author
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Weronika Klon, Martyna Zachorska, and Katarzyna Waszyńska
- Subjects
female forms ,feminativa ,inclusive language ,psychosexual development ,sex education ,discrimination ,Education ,Psychology ,BF1-990 - Abstract
The paper at issue presents the social functioning of Polish female forms of occupational names (feminativa), as well as their role in the process of sex education, also in relation to perpetration of gender stereotypes. In the first part of the paper, a summary of the historical changes in the usage of feminativa is provided. Next, the usage of feminativa is described in relation to the theoretical basis of sex education, including the development of behavioral patterns. The analysis of linguistic, psychological and psychosexual factors enabled the Authors to show the impact of language on the perception of reality and of the subject’s place within the surrounding environment. Moreover, the Authors conducted the analysis of the role of feminativa in identity construction and in gender discrimination prevention. The paper at issue presents the cultural contexts of language use and its importance for the wellbeing of an individual. Additionally, the paper shows the basis of treating inclusive language as a form of support of the psychological and psychosexual development.
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- 2022
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28. Introduction to the Special Issue of 'Studia Gilsoniana' on Revolution and the Enlightenment
- Author
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Paul de Lacvivier and Jason Morgan
- Subjects
french revolution ,14th july ,bastille day ,federation day ,regeneration ,historical myths ,civil religion ,revolutionary festivals ,citizen ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion ,Metaphysics ,BD95-131 - Abstract
Paul de Lacvivier This paper aims to highlight how the trial of Louis XVI expresses a complete inversion of the legal principles of Old Christian France, where the authority of the absolute King submits to superior customary and divine laws, against the Revolution, which makes the ‘general will’ a God allowing for unrestrained legal positivism. After recalling how the assassination of the King allowed the vicious circle of terror, the trial of Marie-Antoinette and the revolutionary trials, we propose an explanation of the legal principles that can lead to this kind of totalitarianism. To do so, we present some cases from 19th century Japan, which, when compared with the revolutionary trials and the pre-revolutionary Christian world, provide a key to understanding: the hierarchy of positive, natural and divine laws greatly explains how such and such a legal system can allow or not the justification of mass crimes or totalitarianism. Jason Morgan In his 2022 volume Common Good Constitutionalism, and in a series of essays and other works prior to the book’s release, Harvard Law School professor Adrian Vermeule advances a new vision for the American republic. Against the two dominant strains of constitutional interpretation in the United States, namely originalism and progressivism (“living constitutionalism”), Vermeule argues for common good constitutionalism, a return to the ius commune pursuit of that which is good for all in accordance with the natural law. While Vermeule’s work is ambitious and his intervention into originalist-progressivist debates welcome, a question remains: will common good constitutionalism be able to overcome America’s Enlightenment civil religion? In this paper, I consider the challenges which America’s Enlightenment civil religion poses to common good constitutionalism (and any other attempt to think past the Constitution from within a constitutional framework), concluding that common good constitutionalism, insofar as it is predicated on the pre-existing Constitution and deployed within the American politico-theological domain, cannot overcome America’s Enlightenment civil religion to effect the common good.
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- 2022
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29. The Relevance of the Lublin Philosophical School to the Contemporary Intellectual Milieu
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Agnieszka Lekka-Kowalik
- Subjects
lublin philosophical school ,realism ,empiricism ,truth ,post-truth ,science ,values ,vocation of philosophy ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion ,Metaphysics ,BD95-131 - Abstract
The term „Lublin Philosophical School” refers to the mode of philosophizing devised in the 1950’s at the Catholic University of Lublin. After a brief history, the paper first discusses some methodological features of this mode and the social role of philosophy as a self-awareness of culture. Employing the School’s philosophy, the paper then considers the issue of post-truth and that of the value-ladenness of science. The post-truth approach replaces evidence with emotions, and in consequence, argumentation is replaced with power. This in turn threatens the human person, her rationality and freedom. Admitting that science is value-laden and values are subjective leads to denying the cognitive status of science. Lublin philosophy offers such a concept of value and scientific knowledge which allows one to solve the problem created by the value-ladenness of science. Thus, the paper shows that the Lublin School’s philosophy can provide answers to contemporary problems and evaluate intellectual developments of culture.
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- 2022
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30. Future Constructions in the Medieval South Slavonic Translations of Vita Antonii Magni
- Author
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Ivan P. Petrov
- Subjects
anthony the great ,hagiography ,old church slavonic translations ,future tense ,periphrastic future ,conjunctive ,optative ,non-indicative forms ,Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages ,PG1-9665 - Abstract
This paper aims at systemising the observations on the constructions used for expressing Future tense in the three known Old Slavonic translations of Vita Antonii Magni by Athansius Alexandrinus. The text was first translated in the early Old Church Slavonic period, while two other (Middle Bulgarian) translations were written in ca. 14th century. This makes the text suitable for observing the different strategies for expressing Future tense, both regarding the translation technique and its dynamics on a synchronic level, i.e., vis-à-vis other translations from the period, and from a diachronic perspective, i.e., paying closer attention to the discrepancies between the three translations themselves. The paper focuses on the Future periphrastic constructions used in the three Slavonic translations of the Life of St Anthony the Great by Athanasius of Alexandria. The approach is based on the relation with the Greek Vorlage, thus analysing closely the situation attested in the Greek original. Observations are made regarding the usage of the periphrases in the Slavonic texts adducing comparative material for similar phenomena from other early (Preslavian) and Middle Bulgarian texts. Some examples provided, as well as those from other texts, might suggest that the Old Church Slavonic periphrases were used not only to express Future tense per se, but for every non-Indicative (or non-factual) Present.
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- 2022
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31. Aquinas’ Attribution of Creation Ex Nihilo to Plato and Aristotle: The Importance of Avicenna
- Author
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Seth Kreeger
- Subjects
aquinas ,creation ,aristotle ,plato ,avicenna ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion ,Metaphysics ,BD95-131 - Abstract
There is some debate among interpreters of Aquinas as to whether he attributed a doctrine of creation to Plato and Aristotle. Mark Johnson has noted many texts where Aquinas does appear to attribute to Plato and Aristotle an understanding of creation. Yet, an initial glance at Summa Theologiae I.44.2 would suggest he did not. This paper first examines what various interpreters of Aquinas have had to say on the matter. Secondly, it argues that Summa Theologiae I.44.2, taken in context with the proceeding article and De Potentia III.5, need not be read as denying such a doctrine to Plato and Aristotle. Thirdly, this paper concludes that because Plato and Aristotle do not actually possess doctrines of creation, they cannot be the chief sources for Aquinas’ own thought on this matter. Instead, to attribute creation to Plato and Aristotle, Aquinas interprets them through Avicenna. Thus, Avicenna is the chief source for Aquinas’ understanding of creation.
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- 2022
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32. Translating legal formulae: a corpus-driven approach
- Author
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Patrizia Giampieri
- Subjects
corpus-based translation ,legal translation ,legal linguistics ,corpus analysis ,legal language ,Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar ,P101-410 ,Comparative law. International uniform law ,K520-5582 - Abstract
Fixed lexical or syntactical expressions and formulae hallmark legal language. They serve both linguistic and legal purposes, and should be rendered accordingly in a target language and legal system. Most of the times, however, formulaic expressions are translated by resorting to calques, false cognates, or phrases that are uncommon in the target legal language (and legal system). This paper is aimed at exploring how and if corpus analysis can dispel doubts and help find acceptable translation candidates. As there are currently no publicly available legal corpora addressing corporate documents such as contracts and agreements, this paper wishes to bridge this gap by building and relying on an ad hoc corpus of authentic agreements written in English as a first language according to the laws of England and Wales. In this way, corpus evidence can help find equivalents and, possibly, address recurrent mistranslations from Italian into English. During the corpus analysis process, the paper shows and discusses search queries and how equivalents can be obtained. At the same time, it questions dictionary entries. The paper findings highlight that the consultation of the ad hoc corpus allows to find acceptable translations of Italian legal formulae and address recurrent mistranslations. English formulaic expressions, in fact, can be rendered satisfactorily thanks to the possibility of noticing word usages in context, keywords in contexts and collocations. Further research can encompass a wider variety of formulae and/or legal documents so that scholars and translators can be equipped with useful reference tools.
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- 2023
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33. Continuity and Discontinuity of Czechoslovak Interwar Law. Basic Introduction of the Topic with an Example of Criminal Law
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Vilém Knoll and Tomáš Pezl
- Subjects
czechoslovakia ,continuity of law ,reception act ,austrian criminal code ,austrian criminal procedure code ,protection of the republic ,History of Law ,KJ2-1040 - Abstract
The paper deals with the development of law in Czechoslovakia from its inception to the existence of the so-called First Republic, focusing in particular on the development of criminal law. The primary question addressed in the paper is whether there is legal continuity with the previous Austro-Hungarian legal system. Given that there were several legal orders in force in the aftermath of the establishment of Czechoslovakia, the next necessary question is how this situation was addressed. The paper presents examples from selected areas of criminal law, such as juvenile justice, national security laws, or military criminal norms, and intends to document the main legislative trends, namely the introduction of completely new legal regulations, the adoption of the original Austrian regulation and its nationwide application, or, last but not least, the adoption of both Austrian and Hungarian regulations with their simultaneous application. The codification attempts in the Criminal Code, which were not completed in the relevant period, have not been overlooked.
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- 2022
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34. Actio de in rem verso. An Unwanted Continuity. The Doctrine of versio in rem in the Austrian Civil Code and Interwar Legal Discussion in Czechoslovakia
- Author
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Petr Dostalík
- Subjects
versio in rem ,actio de in rem verso ,unjust enrichment ,austrian civil code ,civil law in czechoslovakia ,History of Law ,KJ2-1040 - Abstract
This paper concerns of the doctrine of versio in rem (or actio de in rem verso) in the legal discussion in interwar Czechoslovakia. The paper presents a brief overview of the origin and field of application of actio de in rem verso in classical Roman law and the transformation of the doctrine of versio in rem i n the frame of Corpus Iuris Civilis. The scope of the changes made by the compilers is still uncertain and was a subject of extensive discussion among the legal scholars of the 19th century. The paper describes the nature of versio in rem in the Austrian Civil Code (provision of §1041) and presents legal statements of the prominent exponents of the various legal schools of interwar Czechoslovakia, the legal traditionalists and the supporters of the School of Pure Law Theory. The doctrine of versio in rem is still in the centre of attention of the modern legal scholars in the Czech Republic. The doctrine of versio in rem was adopted in the new Czech Civil Code, but without reflecting the results of the interwar discussion.
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- 2022
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35. Changes in the Hungarian Insolvency Law in the Interwar Period
- Author
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Máté Pétervári
- Subjects
bankruptcy procedure ,compulsory non-bankruptcy settlement ,exceptional power ,state intervention in the private law ,effect of the first world war ,responses to the economic crises ,History of Law ,KJ2-1040 - Abstract
The First World War and the Trianon Treaty shocked the Hungarian economy. The Hungarian government implemented a payment moratorium from the start of the war, but after a one-year long moratorium, the government wanted to restore the working of the economy. But it desired to avoid the massive bankruptcies of the firms; therefore, a new institution, the compulsory non-bankruptcy settlement was introduced by the government in Hungary for helping the debtors. In my paper, I examine the rearrangement of the insolvency law in the interwar period which was generated by the compulsory nonbankruptcy settlement. This appeared beside the bankruptcy procedure, which regulation was passed by the National Assembly in 1881. It was the second Hungarian bankruptcy act, which remained unchanged until socialism. These two procedures were the significant elements of the insolvency law in the examined period. In my paper, I present the circumstances of the new institution’s introduction, its modification and its relation to the bankruptcy procedure.
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- 2022
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36. Sophist, Aristotle, and Stoic: Three Concepts of Ancient Rhetoric
- Author
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Piotr Jaroszyński and Lindael Rolstone
- Subjects
rhetoric ,sophists ,aristotle ,stoics ,persuasion ,antiquity ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion ,Metaphysics ,BD95-131 - Abstract
This study examines the concepts of rhetoric used in ancient times, using a process of research based upon “Interpretivist Research Philosophy”. Common thinking among rhetoricians and philosophers in general argues that one concept of rhetoric was utilized. This paper argues that there were at least three concepts of rhetoric known in Antiquity. Each was unique in its own right and contributed to what was to be a new body of knowledge. Research conclusions stem from a study of the works of ancient authors, including Plato and Aristotle, and from schools of philosophies, including the writings of Stoics and Sophists. The reviewed literature supports the thesis presented in this paper that at least three concepts of rhetoric were known and used.
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- 2022
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37. Tłumaczenie przepisów kulinarnych z chińskiego na polski
- Author
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Pi-Chun Chou
- Subjects
recipe translation ,translation problems ,Chinese-Polish translation ,Chinese cuisine ,Taiwanese cuisine ,Translating and interpreting ,P306-310 - Abstract
TRANSLATING RECIPES FROM CHINESE INTO POLISH: POTENTIAL PROBLEMS AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS Translation of culinary recipes has been a relatively understudied field and very little research has been done on the difficulties of translating recipes between Chinese and Polish. This paper attempts to classify and analyze problems which may be encountered by the Polish translators of Chinese recipes and suggests possible solutions to these problems, referring to earlier examples. The discussed problems include: culturally specific names and descriptions of Chinese dishes, the use of ingredients that are unknown in Poland, descriptions of cooking methods that are specific to Chinese cuisine, different units of weight used in Poland, China and Taiwan. The paper demonstrates that in order to fully understand and translate a recipe, the translator must possess an in-depth knowledge of both the source language and culture.
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- 2022
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38. The (Un)bearable Lightness of Being. The Cyrenaics on Residual Solipsism
- Author
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Ugo Zilioli
- Subjects
Cyrenaics ,solipsism ,privacy ,Wittgenstein ,Colotes ,Aristocles ,Philosophy (General) ,B1-5802 - Abstract
The aim of this paper is to assess the evidence on Cyrenaic solipsism and show how and why some views endorsed by the Cyrenaics appear to be committing them to solipsism. After evaluating the fascinating case for Cyrenaic solipsism, the paper shall deal with an (often) underestimated argument on language attributed to the Cyrenaics, whose logic – if I reconstruct it well – implies that after all the Cyrenaics cannot have endorsed a radical solipsism. Yet, by drawing an illuminating parallel with Wittgenstein’s argument on private language and inner sensations, a case is to be made for the Cyrenaics to have subscribed to a sort of ‘residual solipsism’, which in turn helps us to understand the notion of Cyrenaic privacy at a fuller extent.
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- 2022
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39. 'Time is of the essence' : time avatars in common law agreements
- Author
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Carmen-Ecaterina Ciobaca
- Subjects
contract ,time ,law ,legal translation ,Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar ,P101-410 ,Comparative law. International uniform law ,K520-5582 - Abstract
The paper focuses on time marks that may be detected in common law agreements and the translation issues they imply. In the first section, the author discusses the relation between time and law. The legal time governs the social time, as it ensures order and security. If memory is the manifestation of the legal past, the promise is the expression of the legal future. Depending on the legal culture taken into account, the legislator’s time may be more or less important than the time of the judge. The second section of the paper deals with time avatars that may be identified at the macrotextual level. The contract is understood as a promise that becomes obligation. The legal time is also expressed in contracts by the predictive capability of the parties, its acceleration and backwardness, its finiteness. The last section is an analysis of the translation of terms, collocations and metaphors expressing time in common law contracts.
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- 2022
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40. Human Creativity in the Context of Creativity of God in Gen 1–2
- Author
-
Wojciech Pikor
- Subjects
Gen 1-2 ,creation ,creativity ,image of God ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion - Abstract
In the biblical perspective, stories about the creation of the world in Gen 1–2 remain to be the basis to a discussion about human creativity. The premise of the text – creation of man “in the image of God” – makes us assume that, according to the Bible, creativity of man is to be the image of God’s creativity. Verification of this thesis goes from presenting history of interpretation of the biblical idea, namely creation of man “in the image of God,” then points to the need of analyzing the narrative of this phrase. Since the image of God presented in Gen 1 is not descriptive, the second part of the paper examines the way God reveals himself in this text through his creative action. The key to God’s creativity is his word of creation which he uses to differentiate created beings and establish relationships among them in order to build harmony in the newly founded world. The final part of the paper focuses on the analysis of verbs which in Gen 1–2 refer to human creativity; those verbs also point to their possible association with words as instruments for creating, organizing and arranging reality shaped by man. Following that comes the conclusion that God’s creativity is extended into creativity of man who was made “in the image of God.”
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- 2022
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41. The Existential Metaphysics of the Person. Part 2: Esse Personale and the Metaphysical Turn
- Author
-
Arkadiusz Gudaniec
- Subjects
thomas aquinas ,lublin philosophical school ,karol wojtyła ,mieczysław albert krąpiec ,man ,human being ,person ,philosophical anthropology ,philosophy of man ,metaphysics of the person ,metaphysical personalism ,existence ,personal existence ,esse personale ,esse ,esse ut actus essendi ,realistic metaphysics ,existential metaphysics ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion ,Metaphysics ,BD95-131 - Abstract
Against the background of the model of the metaphysics of the person (presented in the article “The Existential Metaphysics of the Person. Part 1: The Classical Concept of the Person and the Metaphysical Theory of Esse,” Studia Gilsoniana 10, no. 2) which was initiated by Thomas Aquinas and developed in the Lublin Philosophical School, this paper focuses on the attempt to show the philosophical breakthrough that the concept of personal existence can bring, and points out the most important theoretical consequences of adopting this theory in metaphysics. It outlines the elements of a new metaphysics of the person, based on the concept of personal existence, and hypothesizes about the metaphysical turn this concept could make. The investigations undertaken in the paper lead to the conclusion that not all inferences have yet been drawn from the concept of esse personale, and that the entire depth of the metaphysics of existence has not yet been explored.
- Published
- 2021
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42. Pragmatist Idea of Democracy in Education and Its Meaning for Educational Innovation in Vietnam Today
- Author
-
Kien Thi Pham and Dung Xuan Bui
- Subjects
vietnam ,democracy ,education ,philosophy ,pragmatism ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion ,Metaphysics ,BD95-131 - Abstract
This paper uses the philosophical methods employed by Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and John Dewey to formulate pragmatism’s basic ideas about education. The ideas proposed by the pragmatists are also used to compare and define their relationship between each other in order to create a new philosophy (theory) of democratic education. Based on the assumptions of pragmatism to show democracy in education, the paper explains the application of pragmatism to educational reform in Vietnam today. For pragmatism is to be what unites education.
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- 2021
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43. Operatywno-heurystyczne kształcenie dla zdrowia w koncepcji filozoficznej Juliana Aleksandrowicza
- Author
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Alina Bernadetta Jagiełłowicz
- Subjects
effectiveness ,heuristics ,engaged philosophy ,vitality ,health ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion - Abstract
This paper addresses the problem of employing a heuristic approach to examine the concept of health. The first to address this issue was Julian Aleksandrowicz, who developed the concept of a “new medicine”, which I will call “engaged philosophy”. The background for the discussion is given by postmodernist tendencies in contemporary culture, characteristic of a civilisation transforming at the level of ultra-technology and information. This paper highlights the necessity to reevaluate the Enlightenment and Neo-positivist heritage, as well as to redefine the key notions of life, death, health, and illness. The decisive problem of “life or death”, defined according to these mutually exclusive categories, demands a new way of interpreting the moral categories attributed by Aleksandrowicz to the concept of a “healthy life”. The idea of self-creation in the process of the “restoration of well created nature” is, according to him, equivalent to the category of “subjective health” broadly understood as psychophysical, social, spiritual, and economic health.
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- 2021
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44. Relacje między następującymi po sobie teoriami a sposoby odpowiedzi realizmu naukowego na zarzut pesymistycznej indukcji
- Author
-
Janina Buczkowska
- Subjects
scientific realism ,structural realism ,theory change in science ,theoretical continuity ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion - Abstract
This paper considers and aims to advance the discussion on the reconciliation of scientific realism with the pessimistic induction argument. It presents a novel argument in favour of scientific realism based on the correspondence relationship between successive theories, which has been overlooked in the debates on structural realism and semirealism. Firstly, the paper argues that the traditional arguments for scientific realism , based on the divide et impera strategy, correctly refer to cases of theory change similar to the replacement of Fresnel’s optical theory with the electromagnetic theory of light. However, it is argued that such arguments do not apply to cases of theory change in which successive theories remain in a correspondence relation. Worrall’s solution does not take into account the important implications that follow from this relation for an understanding of theoretical continuity despite theory change. Taking into account the different scope of phenomena in successive theories, linked by a correspondence relationship, enables us to indicate a different type of continuity between theories and to formulate additional justification for a realist position concerning this type of theory change. Secondly, it is argued that a correspondence relationship between successive theories admits an understanding of approximate truthfulness and the continuity between theories different from the divide et impera strategy. By appealing to the limited scope of the theory that is replaced and its “local” correctness according to its successor, it is possible to avoid some of the objections raised against the traditional arguments in favour of scientific realism based on the correspondence relationship. In the light of this justification, the thesis that successful mature theories turn out to be false as a result of theory change does not apply to cases of theory change in which successive theories are linked by a correspondence relation. Our argument overrules PI’s objection to this kind of theory change and does not impose limitations on scientific realism resulting from structural realism.
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- 2021
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45. Proprietà e identità: La Dottrina sociale della Chiesa e l’unione fra cristianesimo e capitalismo
- Author
-
Renato Cristin
- Subjects
crepaldi ,social doctrine ,poverty ,capitalism ,private property ,identity ,fratelli tutti ,profit ,productivity ,liberation theology ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion ,Metaphysics ,BD95-131 - Abstract
This paper reaffirms the truth of the Social Doctrine of the Catholic Church (CSD) and its impact in the socioeconomic sphere in Western Civilization. Specifically, it seeks to put in order the chaos in which secularized European society currently finds itself. Through Archbishop Giampaolo Crepaldi’s interpretation of CSD, the author dispels erroneous notions of collectivism surrounding private property, productive work, solidarity, and subsidiarity by arguing that a proper understanding of these principles supports a healthy capitalism, which in turn supports human dignity. Only through a capitalism in line with a proper understanding of CSD principles can the poor stand to gain the most, provided they have a socioeconomic framework in which they can independently thrive. Liberation theology as a cornerstone of a socioeconomic framework destroys the foundation the Church established through the centuries. In the interpretation of the relationship between the CSD and the capitalist economy provided by this paper, the concept of private property emerges as the central nucleus of any human operation, be it cultural, economic, social, or political. Ownership does not only mean possessing material things, but also spiritual elements. Thus ownership also means identity, of a person and of a people. As we enter the third decade of the twenty-first century, the ideology of political correctness—that is, the ideology of the various cultural and political movements of the left—condemns identity as dangerous, a condemnation which furthers the operation of globalization, the homogenization of humanity, and the related attempt to weaken nations in view of a supranational management. If identity is one of the consequences of the concept of property, then this latter must also be banned, as an obstacle on the way to that global dis-identification that would herald a socialization of the Western world. But from the perspective of the main spiritual foundation of the West, that is, of the Judeo-Christian tradition, property is one of the pillars of society, and therefore cannot be suppressed or even undermined. The Social Doctrine of the Catholic Church, founded by Pope Leo XIII and relaunched by Pope John Paul II, is an excellent antidote to the ideological poison of socialism and progressivism now wide-spread in all Western countries.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Minima Onomastica Graeca Alpharabia: Notes on the Treatise 'Tafsir Asma Al-Hukama'
- Author
-
Mostafa Younesie
- Subjects
plato ,al-farabi ,onomastics ,etymology ,philology ,hologram ,History of the Greco-Roman World ,DE1-100 ,Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature ,PA - Abstract
One of the treatises attributed to the scholar and philosopher al-Farabi is the fascinating single- page manuscript entitled tafsir asma al-hukama, a small document containing a shorthand inventory of fourteen Greek names. Although the authenticity of the attribution is still debated, the treatise itself demonstrates that its author had a strong interest in the interplay of philology and philosophy – a theme that first appears in a remarkable passage in Plato’s Politeia, namely Book IX, 582e. This paper therefore will examine the nature of the tafsir asma al-hukama, especially with regard to the title, which I leave untranslated until the last part of the paper, since the exact meaning of the words in the title forms a major part of my argument. Although the tafsir asma al-hukama is seemingly a very minor text, I believe that it represents a fascinating moment in the history of the dialogue between philology and philosophy. The result of my examination, then, will be a kind of maxima in minimis or hologram on a minor scale. I shall begin with a discussion of the importance of ism in al-Farabi.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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47. The Concept of Whole Substance in Galen’s 'Simple Medicines'
- Author
-
John Wilkins
- Subjects
ancient medicine ,greek medicine ,galen ,concept of whole substance ,de simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis et facultatibus ,on the mixtures and capacities of simple medicines ,Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages ,PG1-9665 - Abstract
Galen’s great treatise on drugs, Simple Medicines, begins with 5 theoretical books which explain the mechanisms of drug actions in the following catalogues. The key agent of change is the mixture of the qualities hot, cold, wet and dry. But drugs also have substance, the leaf, root or fruit of plants, the material of animals and minerals. How does substance act on the human body? This is one of the key questions for the theory of drugs, since mixtures had already been explored by Galen in Mixtures. Galen’s exploration of substance brings him to the composition of a drug – in thick or fine particles – and to the notion of substances in the plural and the notion of whole substance in the cases of foods and poisons, all of which Galen places in the class of drugs. Whole substance is the core of the paper. Galen’s understanding of substance as of qualities depends heavily, as often, on Aristotle. The paper presents an argument based on the key passages in Simples I–V, which I have recently translated for the Cambridge Galen series, as too on related passages in Mixtures and On the Capacities of Foods.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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48. The Byzantine Garden. What to Plant in the Garden according to 12th Book of Geoponica by Cassianus Bassus?
- Author
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Maciej Helbig
- Subjects
geoponica ,byzantine garden ,garlic ,artichoke ,melon ,leek ,radish ,celery ,cucumbers ,de re coquinaria ,apicius ,Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages ,PG1-9665 - Abstract
The main aim of this paper is to analyse the text of the 12th book of Geoponica for the purpose of identification of vegetable plants, which were described by Cassianus Bassus. The analysis will serve as the first step for further inquiries that will include the reconstruction of recipes that require some of the vegetables presented in the text. The text of Geoponica is a basic source learn about the agriculture but also the culinary art of the Byzantine Empire, even though it is rather hard to read due to the complicated style and quite a large number of technical terms (i.e. botanical, agronomical or astrological to name just a few). As already mentioned, the first part of the analysis is to identify the plants mentioned by Bassus, which will allow me to take further steps, i.e. to reconstruct the culinary recipes, in which the plants mentioned by the Author can be found. Without this precise identification, the reconstruction of the recipes would not be possible at all. In the 12th book of his Geoponica Bassus gave descriptions of several plants that should be taken into consideration while planning the garden, mostly for their medicinal or cooking properties. Amongst them, Author mentioned garlic, artichoke, melon, leek, radish, celery, and cucumbers. Having the rather big number of plants narrowed down will allow to demonstrate in vivo how they were served according to De re coquinaria by Apicius and present the practical usage of vegetables proposed by Bassus for cultivation. As Apicius’ cookbook is the only one preserved from Antiquity, it will remain the major source of the recipes presented in this paper.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. General Overview of the Three-dimensional Architectural Models as Acroteria in Medieval Georgia
- Author
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Natalia Chitishvili
- Subjects
acroteria ,architectural models ,roofing technique ,medieval georgia ,south caucasus ,Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages ,PG1-9665 - Abstract
Medieval architecture of the South Caucasus developed a unique tradition of making acroteria shaped as three-dimensional models of churches. Since the church-shaped acroteria have never been thoroughly explored in Georgia, this paper focuses on examples surviving in the region. Special attention is paid to analyzing the architectural and sculptural aspects of the acroteria, as well as their function. This paper aims at discussing both the formal and functional aspects of the church-shaped acroteria from Georgia. It is intended to explore what kind of church models were usually created in Georgia, how they were designed, and to what extent they resemble or differ from the real architecture. Typically, the model erected on the top of the gables of a church was made of stone, though glazed ceramic acroterion can be found as well, such as that of the Alaverdi Cathedral in Georgia. As the research has shown, the models do not replicate real architecture; they represent abridged images of actual buildings, repeating only their general layout (cross-domed or, rarely, single-nave structure) and a selected number of elements that were evidently considered essential or were typical elements of the architectural repertoire of the period in which the acroterion were created.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Galen, Body and Soul in Vita Cyrilli XI, 13–20
- Author
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Thomas Daiber
- Subjects
vita constantini-cyrilli ,galen ,christ as physician ,original sin ,bodily resurrection ,Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages ,PG1-9665 - Abstract
The paper points to a hitherto not recognized quotation from Galen in the Old Church Slavonic Life of S. Cyril of the 9th century (chapter XI, 15) which demonstrates the Galenic maxim “contraria contrariis curentur”. The Galenic argument is brought forth by the Christian philosopher Cyril in a discussion with Jewish theologians. The paper firstly demonstrates that the author of VC does not only enrich Cyril’s speech with allusions to Biblical formulations but makes also the Jewish interlocutors use a direct quotation from Paul’s Epistle to the Colossians. The Christian and Jewish arguments complement each other leading to the ultimate Christian answer that Christ is the real physician to heal body and soul. In contextualizing the findings and pointing to another passage of Vita Cyrilli the paper shows, that the metaphor of “Christ, the physician” both times occurs in a context, where the Original sin is the main topic. Finally, the paper is concerned with the rhetoric of the metaphor and the limits of what can be possibly expressed by it. The ultimate healing in a Christian sense is expressed in the faith into bodily resurrection and thus transcends the comparison with concrete physical therapy. In contrast to concrete bodily health the qualities of a “body of the resurrection” cannot be positively named and thus are designated by the metaphor of “enjoying the fruit” in the heavens.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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