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This reply to Natalja Kuznetsova highlights many questionable interpretations and outcomes, ten serious errors and five minor inaccuracies in her polemical paper “Estonian word prosody on the Procrustean bed of morae” (2018). The proposed list of errors includes misinterpretations of Estonian language data, faulty citations and biased conclusions. Kokkuvõte. Külli Prillop: Moorad eesti keeles. Vastus Natalja Kuznetsova artiklile “Eesti sõnaprosoodia moorade Prokrustese sängis”. Vastus Natalja Kuznetsovale toob välja mitu küsitavat tõlgendust ja tulemust, kümme tõsist viga ja viis väiksemat ebatäpsust tema poleemilises artiklis “Estonian word prosody on the Procrustean bed of morae”. Esitatud loend vigadest sisaldab eesti keeleandmete väärtõlgendusi, vigaseid tsitaate ja kallutatud järeldusi.

The aim of Soviet propaganda was to reshape the worldview of its citizens. Ideological pressure was reflected throughout society, especially heavily in the educational system. After Nikita Khrushchev's speech in February of 1956 where he denounced Stalin's personality cult, a kind of liberation did indeed take place in society. Ideological truth remained predetermined by the state and doubting it was not publicly acceptable. Decisions continued to be made towards improving or heightening ideological indoctrination, making it more effective, and so on. Essentially, however, there was nothing new in those decisions. Comparing the records of teachers' staff meetings from three Tallinn secondary schools before and after Stalin's death, the breaking point of the atmosphere of fear can nevertheless be seen clearly. The part of the records of the meetings concerning work in ideological education done in classroom work at school, the ideological self-education of teachers, Soviet holidays and other such matters is consistently covered before 1953. After Stalin's death, only the observation of Soviet holidays remained in the records of the meetings and even the description of the preparations for those holidays was only generally worded. Whereas it must also not be forgotten that practically anything could be written on paper even before 1953 as well and what actually took place in school lessons was not necessarily as loyal to the state as the documents indicate. Yet already on 30 June 1956, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Central Committee (CPSU CC) Presidium passed the decision Concerning the personality cult and overcoming its consequences, which continued to criticise Stalin's personality cult yet emphasised that it did not change the socialist nature of Soviet society. At the same time, moods in favour of liberation from the USSR that were unacceptable to the ruling regime emerged in many places in Eastern Europe, which culminated with widespread unrest in Poland and Hungary. Ideological pressure, which had abated somewhat in the meantime, began to intensify once again as a consequence of these events, culminating with the propagation of boarding schools in the Estonian SSR because the regime still could not trust parents. The requirement of bilingualism was developed in parallel, accompanied by the order to teach the Russian equivalent of each new term or expression even in mathematics and English lessons, for instance. To what extent that order was followed is another question. According to the recollections of contemporaries, ideological pressure increased considerably in the 1970's, at times becoming altogether hysterical in the 1980's alongside increasingly activated moods favouring liberty. Unrest of an anti-Soviet disposition among school pupils, however, indicated that compulsory ideology forced on pupils over the course of several decades still had not started bearing its intended fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the present article effectiveness and potential risks of recently implemented non-conventional monetary policy measures by the Eurosystem are discussed. The goal of research is to show that an additional use of non-conventional monetary policy measures is meaningless to stimulate lending behaviour of the banking system in the Euro-area. At the background of the state of conventional monetary policy today, which in short is characterized by unlimited and free of charge allotment possibilities of central bank money to monetary financial institutions, there exist no monetary policy restrictions which prevent lending behaviour of the banking system. So alternative intentions of the European Central Bank are discussed in this article, why non-conventional monetary policy measures had been implemented. In this context it is shown, that the use of single non-conventional monetary policy measures as well as the whole arrangements of the recently very expansive monetary policy involve considerable potential risks, which can inflict severe problems to monetary policy in the future.

A new field has emerged alongside constructional linguistic theories and electronic lexicography, known as constructicography (Lyngfelt 2018: 11). Its goal is to compile a constructicon, a resource that organizes and presents linguistic constructions much like dictionaries present words. This concept stems from the theoretical framework of Construction Grammar (see Fillmore 2006; Goldberg 2003; Hoffmann, Trous- dale 2013). The main purpose of this study is to outline the necessary theoretical concepts, map out existing solutions, and identify the main challenges in creating different types of constructicons. This aims to inform decisions when beginning to create a potential Estonian language constructicon. First, we discuss the main theoretical considerations and concepts essential for constructicon building. The basic assumption of this theory is that there is a continuum-like transition from grammar to lexicon, rather than a sharp boundary between these two basic linguistic phenomena. According to this view, linguistic units are constructions - pairings of form and meaning with a variable number of lexical components and various levels of schematicity. We further examine the theoretical and methodological principles behind current constructiographic practices, using examples from eight initiatives across seven languages: English, German, Japanese, Russian, Hungarian, Swedish, and Brazilian Portuguese (Perek, Patten 2019; Ziem et al. 2019; Janda et al. 2020; Lyngfelt et al. 2018; Ohara 2018; Fillmore et al. 2012; Torrent et al. 2014; Sass 2023). Meta-analysis reveals that most constructicographic databases are linked to FrameNet resources created for respective languages. The target audiences for these resources vary from language experts to second language learners and language technology applications. The coverage of constructions ranges from 73 to approximately 13,000 entries. The constructicons include semi-schematic constructions, abstract valency patterns, argument structure constructions, and even idiomatic constructions located at the "lexical end" of the grammar-lexicon continuum. As constructions form networks characterized by inheritance relations, describing these relations is a crucial part of constructicon building. Challenges discussed in the paper include defining a construction - whether narrowly or broadly; deciding if a constructicon should encompass general phrase structure constructions or be limited to idiosyncratic constructions; determining which constructions should be included in the resource and how to arrive at a nomenclature; handling constructions at different levels of abstraction; ensuring that the meta-language of descriptions is accessible to learners, native speakers, linguists, and NLP applications alike; and providing effective search functionalities in the dictionary/database for users. Based on the analysis results, we highlight questions that need to be addressed if a constructicon is to be created as part of a relational lexicographical database for Estonian, specifically within the database of the EKI Combined Dictionary compiled within DWS Ekilex (Tavast et al. 2018). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Maetagused is the property of Estonian Literary Museum, Department of Folkloristics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ajalooline Ajakiri is the property of Ajalookirjanduse Sihtastutus Kleio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Eesti Rakenduslingvistika Ühingu Aastaraamat is the property of Eesti Rakenduslingvistika Uhing (ERU) / Estonian Association for Applied Linguistics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estonian Journal of Education / Eesti Haridusteaduste Ajakiri is the property of University of Tartu Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forestry Studies / Metsanduslikud Uurimused is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Society of Estonian Literati (Eesti Kirjameeste Selts) (1872–1893) was a prominent initiative during the Estonian national awakening in the latter half of the 19th century. Its main pursuits included the development of Estonian as a literary language, the publication of Estonian-language literature (particularly school textbooks), and the collection of folk songs, tales, and artifacts. Established during the height of the national awakening, the society played a role in the subsequent division of the movement in the 1880s and faced closure, partly due to internal rivalry during the period of Russification. While women were not typically recognized as very active members of the society or the wider national movement, there were exceptions, notably the national poet Lydia Koidula. Recent research in women’s history has shed more light on her contemporary – teacher, journalist, and author Lilli Suburg, the first woman accepted into the Estonian Society of Literati in 1873. However, sources reveal over 100 women members of the society (the number of men is unreported, but estimated at around 1500). Many of the women were family members of male counterparts. Meeting minutes and correspondence reveal incomplete membership lists and fee rolls, so the exact number of women members remains elusive. The existing sources are also problematic as they only provide partial information, such as family name, sometimes marital status, initials, first name, or location. Mistakes and inconsistencies in the spelling of names make it difficult to ascertain the historical women behind the names. Approximately one-third of the 110–120 women can be confidently identified. The geography of the national movement has been studied by a number of authors and the locations align in some cases – for example, the parish of Kanepi provided a number of active members. However, the sample of women is insufficient for a thorough comparison. One notable difference is that urban girls and women had a stronger prevalence among members than their male counterparts. Unmarried women seemed to have a narrow majority, but, as mentioned, personal data is incomplete. Women’s participation in meetings began years after the first women joined and likely remained slim. Around one-third of women members paid their membership fee (not all of the men did either), most for one or two years, only a few on a more regular basis. Some of the women engaged in literary pursuits, with the journal and works by Lilli Suburg present in the library, and poems by Anna Haava, Elise Aun, and Liina Täker earning recognition. The sole documented speech by a woman was delivered by Natalie Johanson-Pärna, a teacher and sister of one of the key figures of the national movement, Carl Robert Jakobson. Women’s primary role appeared to be in organizing fairs to raise funds for the society. They undertook preparations, provided refreshments, and crafted many of the items for sale. This was probably the most socially acceptable form of participation. While formal Estonian women’s societies emerged in the early 20th century, this paper demonstrates the increasing social activity of Estonian women over the waning decades of the 19th century. Many of the same women also participated in other national awakening initiatives, such as fundraising for the Estonian Alexander School. Women’s activities during the national awakening merit further research. A particularly interesting area for exploration would be the single women possessing the means and motivation for active engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December 1948 the first academic session of the Tallinn State Conservatoire took place. The organisation of this event was directly related to the resolution of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union "On Muradeli's Opera The Great Friendship", which was issued on 10 February 1948 and marked a significant increase in ideological pressure on the musical life of the USSR. In accordance with the demands of the Party, the session concentrated on (re)evaluating Estonia's musical heritage according to the principles of Marxist-Leninist aesthetics and on seeking the relationship between Estonian and Russian culture. This article examines the papers of the session from the perspective of the expression of Soviet ideology. One of the strategies of the Soviet regime for implementing its worldview was the re-evaluation of the past by rewriting history. From the point of view of Estonian music history, the Conservatoire's session papers were one of the first documented pieces of evidence of such a reassessment. The purpose of the article is therefore to analyse what elements of Soviet ideology are present in the texts and how and by which means the authors associated them with Estonian music history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to contrast Estonian and Finnish deictic motion verbs (minema/mennä, tulema/tulla, viima/viedä, tooma/tuoda) with descriptions of the same motion situations in Czech, which does not have similar pairs of deictic motion verbs. The paper first describes Estonian and Finnish deictic motion verbs according to the literature and provides a short overview of motion verbs in Czech. The analysis is based on examples selected from two literary texts, one Estonian and one Finnish, and their translations. The comparison concentrates on different means of anchoring the direction of motion, that is, which part of the motion scene is selected as the landmark for translational motion. The paper shows that though Czech verb prefixes can in effect anchor the direction of motion to the speaker or to a location known to the speaker and addressee, the function of these prefixes is not directly comparable with the pairs of deictic motion verbs in Finnish and Estonian.

Estonian is a verb-second (V2) language: in certain types of sentences, the finite verb tends to be the second constituent. The V2 feature of Estonian is most likely to have developed under Germanic influence. However, there are differences between Germanic and Estonian V2 order. The word order of Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives is one of the major exceptions to the V2 order. Main-clause wh-interrogatives are always V2 in Germanic but predominantly verb-final in Estonian. The paper describes two corpus studies -- a synchronic and a diachronic one -- that aimed to clarify the proportion, nature and development of the V2 order in Estonian mainclause wh-interrogatives. The synchronic study showed that the proportion of the V2 order in present-day Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives is approximately 22%. The V2 order is thus considerably less frequent in wh-interrogatives than in declaratives, but it is subject to similar prosodic exceptions in both. The V2 order is nevertheless more frequent in main-clause wh-interrogatives than in embedded wh-interrogatives and relative clauses, giving evidence of a Germanic-like asymmetry between main and embedded clauses. The results of the diachronic study suggest that the V2 order has never been borrowed as the predominant order of Estonian main-clause wh-interrogatives. To explain why the V2 feature was borrowed to a different extent into declaratives and wh-interrogatives, we hypothesise that their word order had already diverged before the V2 order was borrowed. According to the hypothesis, wh-interrogatives had retained the historical verb-final order, which remained unaffected by the V2 order, while declaratives had already lost the verb-final order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the semiotic perspective, one can tentatively distinguish between two kinds of art -- the first is semantically oriented and is involved in creating meaningful messages within the given art form, using ready-made means, while the second, syntactically oriented, aims at generating new possibilities within literary arts. Artur Alliksaar (1923-1966) represents both tendencies: he has created outstanding syllabicaccentual poems and prescribed poetic forms, especially sonnets, but in addition, he has enriched the Estonian poetic language with entirely new possibilities of sound instrumentation, which is particularly evident in his free-verse works. The article has two objectives. Firstly, it presents one possible classification of Estonian sound instrumentation, considering both the structure and placement of relevant techniques within the text. This model is illustrated with examples from Artur Alliksaar's poems, in which sound plays a structurally significant role. The paper examines the techniques used by Alliksaar, as well as their function. Secondly, case studies are conducted on the basis of archival materials, analyzing the draft versions of the poems to see how the author worked on and shaped the sound structure. The article looks into the corrections made by the author in the manuscripts and the possible motivation behind these changes. The analysis reveals a clear regularity. Although his heavily sound-instrumented free-verse and accentual-syllabic poetry has often been regarded primarily as a play based on free associations within the language, lacking semantic structure and coherence, the study of drafts shows that Artur Alliksaar has consistently worked on multiple levels of the poem, taking into consideration not only the sound but also the semantic and rhythmic aspects. In addition to numerous repetitions at different levels, he regularly developed contrasts in both meaning and sound, creating a multi-layered play between sameness and difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses modern and contemporary literature in the Irish language to reflect on the creative potential of small or lesser-used languages. The paper gives a brief overview of the current status of the Irish language in Ireland and traces the major literary developments since independence. Despite its minoritized and endangered status, Irish continues to function as a vital literary medium, thus manifesting a creative and intellectual resistance to the forces of assimilation and homogenization. Drawing on some recent Estonian connections, attention is given to the importance of translation and cross-cultural dialogue and collaboration. The paper argues that one of the most significant attributes of minority language literatures is their openness to the pleasures of multilingualism and to translation as a form of cultural enrichment and exchange. While literary activity can support language revitalization initiatives locally, the literatures of smaller languages also serve as a constant reminder of the value of linguistic diversity as cultural and societal resource and as an integral part of a global literary heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Methis is the property of University of Tartu Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Understanding the child and childhood depends on the content attached to these concepts. Different images have prevailed in different times and they reflect in modern understandings of children. Drawing on Philippe Ariès’ seminal work, Centuries of Childhood, the paper offers a glimpse of images of children through time. History has portrayed the vulnerable, fragile child who needs protection and the immature child who needs to be educated and disciplined. Both images are represented in adults’ and children’s perceptions of today’s children. These perceptions in turn influence the way adults treat children. For example, a parent who sees the child as vulnerable and fragile may be overprotective and limit the child’s autonomous behaviour; another parent may not be able to negotiate with the child and may be easily punitive in situations where the child makes mistakes. According to children, they do not misbehave deliberately, but because they are immature and lack knowledge and experience. Understandably, they also agree with the image of a vulnerable child – in some situations they need to feel safe and protected. With the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child by the UN General Assembly in 1989 and its ratification by state governments, the image of the socially competent child began to develop vigorously. The current article focuses on the competent image of the child, according to which a child is an active social agent and socially competent according to age to evaluate his or her lived life. The paper recalls keynotes of Ivar Frønes and Asher Ben-Arieh at international children’s well-being conference which was held in Tartu in 2019. According to them, while an adult thinks about life lived today, and thinking about tomorrow is the quest to “think out of the box”, a child has to live life forward each day, i.e., find solutions here and now, harnessing their innovative energy; for example, when confronted with new situations that require new solutions, or when interpreting and reproducing knowledge individually and collectively, shaping the world in which they live and, last but not least, bringing about change around them, e.g., contributing to the parent’s growth into parenthood. The challenge of modern childhood is to understand social processes in a forward-looking way, focusing not on future adulthood but on the here-and-now of childhood. Children use their innovative energy in everyday interactions and play, which is an important part of their lives. In a broad sense, play is action, it is practice of living, including the development of new skills and self-socialisation. There is plenty of innovative energy in children in their free play. In conclusion, it has to be said that, as society develops more rapidly, innovative energy and thinking are increasingly becoming a challenge for adults too. The article is based on the introductory presentation of the winter conference of folklorists, “Playing and Playfulness in Folklore”, held in Kuremaa Castle on 2–3 March 2023.

This paper examines interactional problems arising from location formulations in Estonian emergency calls, focusing on call-takers' questions and the caller's answers to them. The goal of this paper is to identify the cause of interactional problems in emergency calls and to determine the party from whose action the problem arises. The analysis draws on corpus data consisting of Estonian emergency calls. For this article, 50 emergency calls containing 140 questions and answers about location were analysed. Location is one of the three most important pieces of information in Estonian emergency calls. At the same time, it is the most problematic aspect of Estonian emergency calls: 44% of all our sample answers given about location proved to be problematic. According to our study, most the location problems arose form inadequate information, which made up 90% of all the problematic answers. The main subcategories within the aforementioned answers were occurrences where the caller either did not have the information needed (30%) or the caller had the information but did not relay it sufficiently well (30%). A considerable amount of problems were related to the different perspectives of the caller and the call-taker (20%): one sees the location in real life, whereas the other only has access to the information marked on the map. Less common were problems caused by the information given by the caller being outdated (9%) or by the caller being unsure of the information they were relaying (9%). Lastly, 2% of all the problems of information were caused by that the information the call-taker requested simply did not exist. The source of interactional problems can be different, e.g. the caller, the calltaker or a third party, and the problems cannot always be solved. However, the problematic instances in emergency calls could be reduced by providing call-takers with some pointers on managing a call. This will be the topic of a subsequent analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deportation of the Germans in 1945 was the only ethnic repression organised in Estonia by the Soviet regime. The following questions are examined in this article: how the deportation lists were drawn up, how the nationality of those who were to be deported was ascertained, the gender and age distribution of the deportees, what their origin and family background was, what their occupations were, which Estonian regions they were from, and what their connections were to Estonia and Germanness. This paper largely corrects and specifies our hitherto existing knowledge regarding deported Germans. The operation to deport Germans was carried out on 15 August 1945. In the course of this operation, 407 people were deported to Russia, of whom 261 were registered as Germans. In most cases, notations regarding nationality in identification documents or in some other documents affirmed the nationality of the deportees. Where documentary affirmation was missing, oral affirmation could also suffice. The brunt of the operation was directed against Tallinn, from where 105 people were deported as Germans. Most of the people banished from elsewhere in Estonia were rural folk. A little over two thirds of the people deported as Germans were women. The typical deportee was a woman over 50 years old. That explains why the employment rate among the deportees was relatively low -- about two fifths of the deportees did not work. There were slightly more skilled workers than unskilled workers among the remainder but there were almost no management level employees. A migratory background characterised the deportees. Most of them were born outside of Estonia but quite a few of those who had been born in Estonia had returned to their Estonian homeland at the end of the era of tsarist rule or at the start of Estonian independence. Germans from Volhynia who had come to Estonia before the First World War were the most numerous among the Germans who were not of local origin. Together with their descendants, the Volhynia Germans were the largest category of deportees. On the other hand, only two of the deportees had come from Russia during or at the end of the Second World War. The deportees were largely in mixed marriages with Estonians. Quite a few of them were of Estonian origin by way of their father, mother, or both grandmothers but identified themselves as Germans. Real German families, so to speak, whose children had been born in Estonia and were already assimilating with Estonians due to their Estonian-language environment, were nonetheless deported from rural regions. Even so, the vast majority of people deported as Germans were also to a greater or lesser extent connected to the local German community, such as belonging to German-language congregations or the German cultural self-administration that operated in the era of the independent Republic of Estonia. Nevertheless, they were almost completely unaffected by the Umsiedlung -- none of them left in the first wave in 1939-1940. Only three people who were deported as adults had resettled in Germany in the second wave in 1941. On the other hand, some Germans who lived in rural regions of Estonia went along with the campaign for Estonianising names in the 1930s that swept up many Estonians. These Germans changed their names to Estonian names, which nonetheless did not save them in 1945 from the deportation that was carried out based on nationality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the patterns of figurative language and thought addressing the abstract domain of “language”, which emerged in the discourse about the language norms and standardisation in Estonian public media in 2020–2022. The situation was perceived as critical by the language practitioners (editors, proof-readers, translators, teachers, etc) because of confusion and ambiguity in respect of when and in what form would the new edition of ÕS (the traditional prescriptive dictionary of Standard Estonian), appear. The ambiguous feelings were accompanied by the sense of threat to fundamental values, and the sense of urgency to act – all the substantial features of a crisis were met. The corpus of texts contained 62 texts by practitioners, journalists, professional linguists (institutional scientists), and state officials. The corpus of texts was analyzed qualitatively from the viewpoint of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Figurative Framing, Systemic Functional Linguistics, and Critical Discourse Analysis. The critical situation stimulated figurative thinking by all the “voices” in discussion: language practitioners framed the Estonian language as a ‘needy’ – an image, which was amplified into an image of ‘protegee’ and further so into ‘victim’. Linguists tended to think and speak of language as a ‘living being’, borrowing vocabulary from evolutionary biology. Both practitioners and researchers also used the image of ‘building’ while highlighting different aspects: linguists talked more about language reconstruction and repair, while the other disputants referred to demolition, breaking down, and decay. Personification was also used, i.e. attributing human qualities and desires to language. The practitioners showed empathy to the language as a sufferer, while the linguists talked about well-being and health. One of the most disputable images was that of language as a social subject that could enjoy freedom. This image, originally proposed by the progressively minded linguists was sharply rejected and responded to by the journalists and the practitioners by using irony and ridiculing. One of the images used only by the practitioners was that of language as a beautiful garden in threat of getting abandoned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turvalisuskompass is the property of Estonian Academy of Security Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Estonian & Finno-Ugric Linguistics / Eesti ja Soome-ugri Keeleteaduse Ajakiri is the property of University of Tartu Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Estonian & Finno-Ugric Linguistics / Eesti ja Soome-ugri Keeleteaduse Ajakiri is the property of University of Tartu Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Relying on Language Management Theory, the paper presents the use of corpus data in language consulting through the work of the Language Consulting Service (LCS) of the HUN-REN Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics. In the development of language advice, it is essential to take into account the linguistic background, to apply a data-driven approach and, in some cases, to provide access to linguistic data related to specific language problems. The research is based on the LCS database of approximately 10,000 emails, and examines questions whose answering by language consultants was informed by a corpus-based investigation (124 inquiries). The results show that the use of corpus query interfaces is wellsuited for answering complex linguistic questions and for describing the usage of particular expressions. On the other hand, corpus data are rarely needed for answering questions on orthography, which constitute the bulk of inquiries that the LCS receives. In answering spelling questions, the basic aim is to communicate the spelling norm, thus the examination of usage is only necessary when spelling codification is absent or inconsistent. The paper presents a case study on a specific language use issue from the database, highlighting in detail the strategy used in the development of language advice, with a particular focus on the appropriate use of corpus query interfaces. Kokkuvõte. Zsófia Ludányi: Korpuste roll HUN-REN Ungari keeleteaduse uurimiskeskuse keelenõustamisteenistuse töös. Keelekorraldusteooriale tuginedes tutvustab artikkel korpusandmete kasutamist keelenõustamisel Ungari Keeleteaduse Uurimiskeskuse HUN-REN keelenõustamisteenistuse (LCS) tegevuse näitel. Keelenõuteenuse arendamisel on oluline arvestada keeleteadusliku taustaga, rakendada andmepõhist lähenemist ning teatud juhtudel võimaldada juurdepääs konkreetsete keeleprobleemide lahendamiseks vajalikele keeleandmetele. Uuring põhineb LCS-i ligikaudu 10 000 e-kirjast koosneval andmebaasil ning analüüsib küsimusi, millele vastamisel keelenõustajad kasutasid korpuspõhiseid meetodeid (124 päringut). Tulemused näitavad, et korpusepäringute kasutamine on tõhus keeruliste keeleküsimuste lahendamisel ja spetsiifiliste väljendite kasutuse kirjeldamisel. Samas on korpusandmete kasutamine harva vajalik ortograafiaga seotud küsimuste puhul, mis moodustavad suure osa LCS-ile esitatavatest päringutest. Õigekirjaküsimustele vastamisel on peamine eesmärk edastada kehtiv õigekirjareegel, seega on kasutusuuringud vajalikud vaid siis, kui õigekirjareegel puudub või on ebajärjekindel. Artiklis tuuakse näitena välja juhtumiuuring ühest konkreetsest keelekasutusprobleemist andmebaasis, kirjeldades detailselt keelenõuannete väljatöötamiseks kasutatud strateegiat, keskendudes eriti korpusepäringute asjakohasele kasutamisele.

The left-wing majority in the first parliamentary bodies of the newly independent Republic of Estonia led to a radical separation of church and state, which had profound repercussions on the position of the dominant Lutheran Church in society. The aim of this paper is to identify sources of the anticlerical attitudes of Estonian left-wing politicians based on their own accounts of the development of their worldview during their formative years. Memoirs of eight socialist and socialist-revolutionary members of the Constituent Assembly and deputies of the first State Assembly are analysed in the paper. All the authors were Lutheran ethnic Estonians who had grown up in villages. According to the findings, most of the future left-wing deputies went through a radical change in attitude towards church and religion during their adolescent years. As for their childhood milieu, belief in God was taken for granted and the authority of the church was generally not disputed, though attitudes towards particular pastors might have been critical. However, the practicing of religion played no significant role in the daily lives of the families of the authors. Also, several of them claim that they already experienced their first doubts regarding the validity of the teachings of the church during their studies in village peasant schools. However, those doubts did not lead to the abandonment of their faith in God. Explicitly irreligious and anticlerical views started taking shape only after they had left their childhood homes as teenagers and moved to the cities - usually to study in secondary schools or to find a job. Eventually, four authors explicitly claim to have become irreligious, two more suggest it implicitly, and two do not mention their personal attitude towards religion. Perceived contradictions between science and religion, as well as the connections of the church with the despised Tsarist regime and the Baltic German upper-class, are usually cited by the authors as the reasons for breaking away from the church. Importantly, influences from Russian radical youth as well as the anti-clericalism of radical and socialist authors also seem to have impacted their stances. Irreligious and anti-clerical views spread mostly by means of communication with peers and the reading radical literature. Personal negative encounters with the church or the clergy seem not to have played a significant part in it. The accounts of the authors regarding the formation of their stances towards religion and the church are significantly similar, despite the different time periods (from the 1910s unil the 1960s) and political contexts (including Soviet Estonia and post-World War II exile) in which they were written. However, it is important to note that besides the personal religious convictions of the left-wing deputies, pragmatical political considerations and church-related political controversies in other European countries also might have influenced their support for anti-clerical legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For over a century, attempts have been made in Estonian language planning to standardize the oblique case selection of verbs (traditionally: verb government), but variation persists in actual language use. In this paper we look at the case selection patterns of a number of verbs, with which variation is said to occur without any semantic difference. We look at the historical process of how corpus planning has decided on the "right" case-selection and compare it to actual language use from 1900-1939 and 2019-2021. Our analysis shows that variation is still present in the 2019-2021 data. A detailed multifactorial analysis of variation between comitative or allative marking of the oblique argument of the verb sarnanema 'to resemble' reveals that the most important factor affecting the choice between the two is in fact semantic, which has remained unnoticed by language planners for over a century. Language planners should therefore systematically take into account the results of linguistic research (based on actual language use), and linguists, in turn, should pay attention to variations in Standard Estonian in order to provide new input for language planners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tänapäeva hariduses on kirjutamisel keskne roll ja seetõttu on oluline ka see, kuidas kirjutamist toetatakse ja juhendatakse. Artiklis anname ülevaate Eesti gümnaasiumide ja ülikoolide uurimis- ning lõputööde juhenditest. Kogusime uurimiseks 60 juhendit ja analüüsisime neid, et näha, mida juhendid tavapäraselt sisaldavad ning millist abi need (üli)õpilasele kirjutamisprotsessi eri etappides pakuvad. Analüüsist selgus, et juhendites moodustasid sisuteemad ((üli)õpilastööde liigid; teema valik; kavandamine; allikate valik ja käsitlemine; ülesehitus; keel ja stiil; eetilised põhimõtted) vaid 22% juhendite kogumahust, ülejäänud 78% oli pühendatud vormistusele jm formaalsetele aspektidele. Sisuteemadest käsitleti kõige sagedamini töö ülesehitust, vähim räägiti töö kavandamisest. Rõhuasetused juhendites viitavad kirjutamise mõtestamisele Eesti haridussüsteemis üldisemalt: tähelepanu pööratakse eelkõige lõpptulemusele ja selle nõuetekohasusele, samas tulemuseni jõudmise protsess jäetakse sageli tagaplaanile. *** "Academic writing guidelines: TNR, 12, 1.5 and done?" In the article, we introduce an analysis of guidelines for theses and other written assignments in Estonian high schools and universities. We have collected 60 guidelines and analyzed them quantitatively to see what topics they contain and in which proportions, and qualitatively to see how those topics are presented and explained. The goal of this study was to understand how guidelines assist students throughout the process of writing longer assignments. First of all, it is important to emphasize that written guidelines are only a part of the guidance students receive (in addition to writing courses, seminars etc), yet they are regulated and more centralized at the institutional level compared to other options (e.g selective courses or Bachelor’s/Master’s seminars which can vary by teacher). Our analysis of the guidelines shows that they mainly focus on formal aspects. Only 22% of the total volume of guidelines (in pages) is dedicated to aspects related to the actual writing process and the content of the paper (planning, structure, working with sources, use of language). The rest is concerned with requirements on formatting, citation styles, submitting and defending the thesis etc. Of the content and process-related topics, the most attention is paid to the structure of the paper, which is mentioned in all guidelines, whereas the planning and drafting stage is discussed only in 14 guidelines out of 60. It can thus be concluded from our analysis that the guidelines for writing in Estonian high schools and universities appear to be oriented more toward form than content. The students receive thorough and detailed instructions on what the final text must look like, but the process of creating the text itself is often neglected. Our suggestion is to keep that tendency towards form in mind while creating or updating guidelines in order to make them more content-rich and therefore encouraging and motivating – all that to support (university) students in creation of meaningful texts.

The recent rapid expansion of computational methods and tools into humanities have rekindled the conversation surrounding the relationship between a study object and its mathematical representation, or model. The paper serves as a conceptual introduction to stylometry, a subfield of computational text analysis that studies differences between texts quantitatively, and shows how simplistic models of texts can be used to uncover their complex relationships. The very term "stylometry" and the field's development is closely linked to the problem of authorship attribution and identification -- the paper briefly introduces the early history of stylometry that highlights its inherited assumptions about texts and authorship. It shows how text analysis methods have shifted from analysis of single features (such as word length) to multivariate computations. The paper explains the basics of modern multivariate text analysis and the notion of a "distance" between texts as a proxy to their difference, focusing primarily on word frequencies as units of analysis. The paper concludes with a series of preliminary authorship experiments for a small Estonian fiction corpus, which test the behavior of a few foundational variables and serve as a general proof-of-concept demonstration. Experiments show a reliable performance of Cosine Delta distance in the Estonian non-lemmatized corpus, using frequencies of at least 100 most frequent words. The Cosine Delta also achieves stable attribution accuracy for random samples of at least 5000 words, which suggests that texts shorter than this size might not be reliably attributed with the proposed methodology. Both findings are consistent with observations done for other languages, but should be treated as preliminary for Estonian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Maetagused is the property of Estonian Literary Museum, Department of Folkloristics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Maetagused is the property of Estonian Literary Museum, Department of Folkloristics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article considers two announcements from 1780 and 1781 that were published as inserts of the newspaper Rigische Politische Zeitung (1777/1778-1797, RPZ), which was published in Riga. The announcements are presented here as translated into Estonian. These are commercial announcements of that time, which sought to find additional subscribers for the RPZ. This was direct communication with the public of Riga and Livland by way of the announcements, which directly addressed the readers. The texts reflect the aspiration of that relatively recently established newspaper to define its market niche and its place in the journalistic landscape of that time. The announcements are in dialogue with one another, or more precisely, the latter appeal refers to the former appeal. The place of the RPZ in the broader early modern field of communication and the press can also be observed via announcements. The insert from 1780 evidently speaks of the newspaper Mitauische Zeitung (1766-1916) as a competitor, and the insert from 1781 explicitly mentions the first-rate publication Hamburger Correspondent (1712-1934, HC) of that time, which was published in Hamburg, as its competitor and model. The latter paper was an exceedingly influential publication in the entire German cultural space in the 18th century. It was subscribed to and read in the Enlightenment reading societies and clubs of the Baltic provinces as well. HC no doubt also influenced the RPZ: part of its content was most likely republished in the RPZ, and RPZ columns were surely supplemented according to the example set by the HC, including for instance scholarly inserts. Experimentation with columns was characteristic of the newspapers of that time. A result of that was the development of newspapers that originally conveyed exclusively foreign news in the direction of a general newspaper, so to speak. Considering the place of the RPZ in the international postal network, its advantage emerges ahead of the HC. Although news from Western Europe reached Riga from Hamburg considerably later, the situation was the opposite regarding news that came from St. Petersburg, for instance, and spread westward. Random comparison of the RPZ with the newspaper St. Petersburger Zeitung already clearly indicates the transfer of news from St. Petersburg to the Riga newspaper in the rhythm of the postal connection. Reports from St. Petersburg made their way into the RPZ in about 10 days and their conveyance onward to Hamburg took considerably more time. Subscription to the RPZ was also about half the price of a year's subscription to the HC. The 'movement' of news from one newspaper to another is characteristic of early modern periodical publications. The content of the Riga newspaper that was already being published at the end of the 17th century was largely regularly and routinely put together based on Hamburg's publications of that time. In that sense, the RPZ that started being published about a hundred years later does not differ much from the publication from the era of Swedish rule. As long as the primary means for moving information was the international postal system based on horse transport, there were no other viable alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides the first comprehensive overview of the possibilities for religious associations to publish Christian literature in the censorship conditions in the Estonian SSR in the 1970s and 1980s, and of measures that various confessions used for that purpose. At the same time, the author strives to arrive at an answer to a question that generates arguments in academic circles to this day, namely, was Christian literature officially banned in the Estonian SSR or not? The main source for the article is interviews conducted with individuals connected with the publication and distribution of Christian literature in the period of Soviet rule. In terms of confessional distribution, these people belonged to the Lutheran, Seventh-Day Adventist, Jehovah's Witnesses, Pentecostal, Baptist, and Methodist faiths. The results of this research affirm that Christian literature was never banned by law in the Estonian SSR. Religious propaganda and 'propagandistid 'reactionary' 'religious fanatic' and other such literature were banned. At the same time, the evaluation of publications and their categorisation based on the above-mentioned criteria was a subjective process based on the gut feelings of the officials who carried out this task. In the situation where officials were guided in their work primarily by the Communist Party's antireligious ideology, all spiritual literature was essentially categorised as being ideologically unsuitable. Hence, it was not prohibited literature, but rather literature that was disapproved of and was considered ideologically unsuitable. Its publication would have contradicted the antireligious orientation of the ruling party. Since it was almost impossible to officially publish spiritual literature and especially bibles due to this contradiction, the understanding took shape over time that such literature was prohibited by law. At the same time, interviews conducted and materials researched for the article indicate that regardless of the official antireligious stance of representatives of the authorities, Christian literature was continuously duplicated and distributed underground, so to speak, and this sometimes took place even with the tacit knowledge of representatives of the authorities. Thus it appears that the authorities were relatively more accommodating regarding spiritual literature, provided that it did not include any kind of political agenda. Not one of the interviewed informants said that they were afraid that they would be imprisoned for duplicating underground Christian literature. Yet at the same time, they were fully aware that this was a nebulous field of activity, and that operating in that sphere could unexpectedly prove to be illegal in a totalitarian state that openly fought against religion. For this reason, spiritual literature was generally disseminated (semi) covertly in accord with gut feelings that had taken shape. The emergence of a new generation in the 1970s, which was not afraid to use more daring methods of publication, brought a more significant change. This research paper has demonstrated that the self-published duplication of Christian literature was a more extensive phenomenon than has hitherto been believed and many people from outside church circles were also associated with it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 12th to 14th centuries were the heyday of bloomery iron production in medieval Livonia followed by a rapid decline and a total cease of iron production in the early 15th century. Such a sharp end in bloomery iron production is unprecedented in comparison with neighbouring lands. This paper argues that extensive import of iron to Livonia in the 14th and 15th centuries could have made local iron production economically unfeasible and can thus be considered the main cause for the demise of local iron production in Livonia. Livonia's overseas neighbour Sweden was the main producer of iron for export in the Baltic Sea area from the 14th century onwards. Swedish osmund iron was produced from rock ore in large facilities, which made its production cheaper compared with bloomery iron. The earliest written record of iron import to Livonia dates from 10 July 1336. It is a testimony given by Florekinus de Ermennowe, a merchant and shipowner who was a burgher of Narva. Florekinus made two trips to Stockholm in 1335, exchanging Livonian grain and other unmentioned goods for copper, iron, and additional unnamed goods, which he sold in Livonia. According to his testimony, this kind of trade was clearly profitable. In 1363, Tallinn's merchant elite was already engaged in importing osmund iron from Stockholm. By 1368 at the latest, Swedish iron was already being exported from Tallinn to Lübeck. According to 15th- and 16th-century sources, Livonia's two main port towns, Tallinn and Riga, regularly exported Swedish osmund iron. There are records of the import of iron to Livonia from Germany only for 1368-1369. Part of it was Swedish osmund iron shipped from Stockholm to Tallinn through Lübeck probably due to better shipping options. Such shipping of Swedish iron to Livonia via Lübeck does not appear in 15th-century sources. Additionally, unspecified kinds of iron were exported from Lübeck to Riga. The origin of this iron is impossible to determine, but such import of iron from Germany does not appear in later sources. In the 15th century, only steel and sheet-metal were imported from Lübeck. Trade in Swedish osmund iron within Livonia is first mentioned in 1357 when the town council of Riga bought a barrel of osmund. The earliest sale of osmund recorded in Tallinn dates from 1363. Written records from Tallinn and Riga attest to a vibrant trade in Swedish osmund iron and unspecified iron during the latter half of the 14th century. Comparison of the price of osmund iron with the only known written record of the sale of bloomery iron produced in Livonia suggests that osmund was only slightly more expensive than locally produced iron. The written records on iron import to Livonia and trade in imported iron within Livonia are not records of the beginning of iron import but should rather be read as the first recorded instances of already existing trade relations. Thus, written records do not allow the historian to determine when exactly the import of iron to Livonia really began. Nevertheless, the import of Swedish iron seems to have already been quite extensive in the 14th century. Since some Swedish iron was re-exported from Livonia, it must have been available in quantities that exceeded the demand for the material in Livonia itself. The material properties of osmund differed from those of bloomery iron blooms, which required much more preparatory work by smiths before the iron was suitable for making objects. Since osmund required less work, less charcoal, and was more-or-less in the same price- range as bloomery iron, it may have been a preferred choice for a smith. Consequently, extensive import of Swedish osmund iron could eventually have made local bloomery iron production unprofitable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nachumsiedlung (later resettlement) in 1941 was a continuation of the Heim ins Reich (back home to the Reich) campaign organised by the German Reich in 1939. It was meant to bring Germans who had remained in Estonia and Latvia to Germany. Nevertheless, large numbers of non-Germans and people of multiethnic origin and background also went to Germany in the course of the resettlement. This is demonstrated by the published memoirs, recollections, and other writings of people who went from Estonia to Germany as part of the resettlement. Those writ- ings are analysed in this article. It examines writings that to a greater or lesser extent concern that event. The research paper maps out not only descriptions of leaving Estonia, but also of activities that were more broadly associated with resettlement, such as planning for departure to Germany, preparations for departure, like regis- tration for resettlement and other such procedures, the search for jobs and places to live in Germany, and application for citizenship. The article also explores the stories of people who returned from Germany to their Baltic homeland during the German occupation in 1941 and 1942. This was quite widespread among reset- tlers of Estonian origin and less so among those of mixed Estonian-German origin. Alongside the ethnic origin of the authors, the article also explores their social and familial backgrounds. If a text's author was already an adult at the time of the resettlement, the author's previous activity and the circumstances and objective of writing memoirs are outlined. This paper uncovers the fact that many authors have highlighted their Estonian or mixed Estonian-German origin, pointing out that they were not associated with the prewar Baltic German community in Estonia. Such people distanced themselves even more from the Baltic German community after the war, when their families emigrated from Germany. Erik Thomson, who wrote his wartime memoirs in German, stands out as an exceedingly active member of the Baltic German community in postwar Germany. Compared to other authors, Thomson was the most thorough in describing his departure to Germany and how he settled in there, alongside the Estonian resettler Ilmar Raamot. The greater majority of authors of the texts examined in this paper, including Ilmar Raamot, tied their future to the Estonian community and in most cases wrote their memoirs in Estonian. Those memoirs were not addressed to the Estonians of their host country alone, but rather to all Estonian expatriates in the West. It is only among the memoirs published over the last few decades, most of the authors of which had left Estonia as children, that writing in English has gained prevalence. Most such memoirs have been self-published in small print runs. On the one hand, this can be explained by the insufficient proficiency in Estonian of the authors of these memoirs, but on the other hand, these memoirs are meant for their families and posterity who most likely do not know Estonian anymore. Biographical memoirs dominate among these writings, where resettlement is but one of many themes, which are generally significant. Unlike those who left Estonia as adults, the memoirs of resettlers who arrived in Germany as children are densely intertwined with the recollections of their parents and relatives. It can be impossible to differentiate between their own memories and those of their relatives. A remarkably sizeable proportion of authors and their families were prosperous and well-known in interwar Estonian society, like the aforementioned Ilmar Raamot, who was a known public figure and politician, and also like the high-ranking public servant Oskar Angelus and the businessman and political figure Hjalmar Mäe. The memoirs of the latter two individuals have become known among Estonian readers primarily due to the wartime activity of their authors in the service of the German occupying regime. Yet many of the memoirs considered in the article and their authors still await discovery and exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eesti Rakenduslingvistika Ühingu Aastaraamat is the property of Eesti Rakenduslingvistika Uhing (ERU) / Estonian Association for Applied Linguistics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies on Art & Architecture / Kunstiteaduslikke Uurimusi is the property of Estonian Society of Art Historians and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Agriculture is facing severe changes due to climate change and extreme weather events. Attention to climate change has been highlighted in the Common Agricultural Policy, the issue of risk management. Implementation of risk management methods among farmers who make their everyday business decisions in uncertainty, is part of decision making, and depends on the farmers experience and knowledge. This paper aims to find out the assessments of Estonian farmers about the risk factors arising from climate change and the importance of coping adaption measures to climate change. Data from a web-based questionnaire survey of questions with structured statements on perception of production risk and adaption measures were analysed. The main results showed that perception of production risk differed by farmers’ age, geographical area and farm sizes. Relevant risk management practices were different according to farm annual revenue, geographical area and the age of a farmer. The results could be used by agricultural policy makers. Future policies for the agricultural sector are elemental to ensure success in farmscale implementation. Based on this study it could be further explored risk management practices, which are already used by farmers. It is important because climate change and extreme weather events are increasing, and risk management practices are needed for adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Estonian & Finno-Ugric Linguistics / Eesti ja Soome-ugri Keeleteaduse Ajakiri is the property of University of Tartu Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Estonian & Finno-Ugric Linguistics / Eesti ja Soome-ugri Keeleteaduse Ajakiri is the property of University of Tartu Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forestry Studies / Metsanduslikud Uurimused is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)