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Background: General Surgery course is a mandatory in medical schools and continuing surgery training is important even to experienced surgeons which they need to maintain and/or improve their surgical skills. Additionally, the models used for that practice are human cadavers, anesthetized porcine, or simulators and are not accessible for medicine schools or physicians in many countries. Therefore, we present a new technical procedure for preparation of frozen experimental animal's cadavers for medical surgical training. Materials and Methods: To perform the study, one porcine slaughtered and frozen at −20°C was used. The porcine cadaver was thawed at room temperature (25°C) and then the pneumoperitoneum test was performed and viscera inspection carried out. Results: The porcine cadaver took 20 hours to completely thaw. The pneumoperitoneum was successfully performed with total distention of the abdominal cavity. All viscera were well preserved maintaining important in vivo characteristics for consistency. Conclusion: The use of thawed porcine cadaver as a model to train many surgical procedures including videolaparoscopy is feasible. The tissues were well preserved by this method and was financially accessible and could be used for different techniques, equipment, and material tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives To test the feasibility of a new device for gasless laparoscopy in providing working space for diaphragmatic hernia repair in an ex vivo canine model as a pre‐clinical study. Study design Technical feasibility study. Animal Eight beagles and two greyhound cadavers (not client‐owned). Methods The new device was used for abdominal traction in gasless laparoscopic reconstruction of diaphragmatic hernias produced in dog cadavers. It consists of three main parts (vertical and horizontal rods, a three‐piece structure, and a 3D‐printed unit that incorporates slots for haemostatic forceps). Composite hernias (two incisions of about 4 cm) were closed by an intra‐corporeal suture [suture group (GS), n = 5] or by a central suture and a polypropylene mesh [mesh group (GM), n = 5]. Surgical steps were T1 (primary port access up to third port placement), T2 (defect development), and T3 (diaphragmatic reconstruction). Total surgical time (TT) was also recorded. Results The defect was successfully developed and reconstructed in all cadavers. To close the defect, 7.0 ± 0.7 crossed mattress sutures were required in the GS, and 15.2 ± 1.9 hernia staples and one intra‐corporal suture were used in the GM. T3 was longer (p = 0.0076) in GS (50.00 ± 16.46 min) than in GM (23.24 ± 5.25 min). TT was 87.22 ± 19.23 min in GS and 66.45 ± 6.38 min in GM (p = 0.0547). Conclusions Gasless laparoscopic diaphragmatic hernia repair using the developed device is feasible in the canine cadaver model. Both suture and mesh graft techniques for experimental diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy can be performed using this new device in this pre‐clinical model. Clinical significance This new device for gasless laparoscopy allows diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy by intra‐corporeal suture or mesh implantation in ex vivo canine model. The device demonstrates potential for future use in clinical cases.

Knowing the low number of studies about the species chosen for the study in hyperbaric medicine and the importance that this technique has to help in several diseases and future studies. This study aimed to determine whether hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) alters oxidative biomarkers after elective ovariohysterectomy (OHE). For this purpose, 45 healthy female cats were randomized into three groups: the hyperbaric group (HG): 15 animals pretreated with HBOT and submitted to OHE; the hyperbaric control group (HCG): 15 animals pretreated with HBOT without surgery; and the sham group (SHAM): 15 female cats submitted to OHE without pretreatment. The following biomarkers were evaluated: superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), reactive oxygen species (ROS), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The collection times were: T1 = before the surgery for the operated groups and after sedation in the HCG; T2 = 30 min after reversal of sedation (HCG) or at the time of extubation in the other groups; T3 = 24 hr after T2. There was a stat. sign. increase in TBARS in the T3 SHAM compared to the T3 HG (P = 0.043). Moreover, it was observed a stat sign that CAT activity decreased in T2 SHAM and T3 SHAM compared to T1 SHAM (p=0.012 and p<0.001 mauric); T2 SHAM had lower CAT activity than T2 HCG (p=0.05). Additionally, the T3 SHAM was significantly lower than the T3 HG (p=0.030) and T3 HCG (p=0.050). It was observed a stat sign. reduction of SOD in the T2 SHAM compared to the T2 HG (p=0.033) and T2 HCG (p=0.027). Similarly, the T3 SHAM decreased compared to the T3 HG (p=0.039) and T3 HCG (p=0.019). The HBOT proved to be of value in promoting a favorable influence on reducing oxidative stress and serum levels of these biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To test the feasibility of a new device for gasless laparoscopy in providing working space for diaphragmatic hernia repair in an ex vivo canine model as a pre‐clinical study. Study design: Technical feasibility study. Animal: Eight beagles and two greyhound cadavers (not client‐owned). Methods: The new device was used for abdominal traction in gasless laparoscopic reconstruction of diaphragmatic hernias produced in dog cadavers. It consists of three main parts (vertical and horizontal rods, a three‐piece structure, and a 3D‐printed unit that incorporates slots for haemostatic forceps). Composite hernias (two incisions of about 4 cm) were closed by an intra‐corporeal suture [suture group (GS), n = 5] or by a central suture and a polypropylene mesh [mesh group (GM), n = 5]. Surgical steps were T1 (primary port access up to third port placement), T2 (defect development), and T3 (diaphragmatic reconstruction). Total surgical time (TT) was also recorded. Results: The defect was successfully developed and reconstructed in all cadavers. To close the defect, 7.0 ± 0.7 crossed mattress sutures were required in the GS, and 15.2 ± 1.9 hernia staples and one intra‐corporal suture were used in the GM. T3 was longer (p = 0.0076) in GS (50.00 ± 16.46 min) than in GM (23.24 ± 5.25 min). TT was 87.22 ± 19.23 min in GS and 66.45 ± 6.38 min in GM (p = 0.0547). Conclusions: Gasless laparoscopic diaphragmatic hernia repair using the developed device is feasible in the canine cadaver model. Both suture and mesh graft techniques for experimental diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy can be performed using this new device in this pre‐clinical model. Clinical significance: This new device for gasless laparoscopy allows diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy by intra‐corporeal suture or mesh implantation in ex vivo canine model. The device demonstrates potential for future use in clinical cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intraoperative fluids are still poorly studied in veterinary medicine. In humans the dosage is associated with significant differences in postoperative outcomes. Objectives: The aim of this study is to verify the influence of three different fluid therapy rates in dogs undergoing video-assisted ovariohysterectomy. Methods: Twenty-four female dogs were distributed into three groups: G5, G10, and G20. Each group was given 5, 10, and 20 mL·kg-1·h-1 of Lactate Ringer, respectively. This study evaluated the following parameters: central venous pressure, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, acid-base balance, and serum lactate levels. Additionally, this study evaluated the following urinary variables: urea, creatinine, protein to creatinine ratio, urine output, and urine specific gravity. The dogs were evaluated up to 26 h after the procedure. Results: All animals presented respiratory acidosis during the intraoperative period. The G5 group evidenced intraoperative oliguria (0.80 ± 0.38 mL·kg-1·h-1), differing from the G20 group (2.17 ± 0.52 mL·kg-1·h-1) (p = 0.001). Serum lactate was different between groups during extubation (p = 0.036), with higher values being recorded in the G5 group (2.19 ± 1.65 mmol/L). Animals from the G20 group presented more severe hypothermia at the end of the procedure (35.93 ± 0.61°C) (p = 0.032). Only the members of the G20 group presented mean potassium values below the reference for the species. Anion gap values were lower in the G20 group when compared to the G5 and G10 groups (p = 0.017). Conclusions: The use of lactated Ringer's solution at the rate of 10 mL·kg-1·h-1 seems to be beneficial in the elective laparoscopic procedures over the 5 or 20 mL·kg-1·h-1 rates of infusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine whether a pneumoperitoneum of 10 mmHg combined or not with the Trendelenburg position could lead to significant changes in intraocular pressure (IOP), ocular pressure perfusion (OPP), and cardiorespiratory variables; as well as determine whether a correlation exists between IOP and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and/or partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO2) in cats. Animals were allocated in two groups (n=7/group): GC (without inclination) and GTREN (Trendelenburg position). The variables were recorded before (baseline) and during 30 minutes (T5-T30) after insufflation. In GTREN, a reduction in heart rate was observed at T5 and in respiratory rate at T5 and T15. There was an increase in IOP at T5-T30 in comparison to baseline. There was a reduction in potential of hydrogen in arterial blood in both groups at all times in comparison to baseline. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood was increased at T15-T30 in GC and at T5-T30 in GTREN. In conclusion, the pneumoperitoneum of 10mmHg CO2 did not significantly affect IOP or OPP in cats anaesthetised with isofluorane and kept under spontaneous ventilation. However, induced pneumoperitoneum combined with Trendelenburg position resulted in an increase in IOP in cats subjected to the same anaesthetic conditions, but did not affect OPP.

In order to use and study minimally invasive techniques to reduce side effects of ovarian-hysterectomy (OHE) in bitches, the aim of this study was to compare time, surgical complications, pain and postoperative inflammatory response, caused by single port videolaparoscopic OHE and traditional miniceliotomy with snook hook. Twenty-four healthy bitches were randomly divided in two groups: videolaparoscopy (Video) and miniceliotomy (MiniLap). Surgical time and complications, pain, need for analgesic rescue, C-reactive protein concentration, glycaemia and voluntary food ingestion were evaluated during 24 hours following the procedure and compared statistically. Surgical time (38±7min), surgical complications (17%), postoperative pain intensity, need for analgesic rescue and C-reactive protein concentration were similar between groups (P>0.05). Glycaemia was lower in Video group (P=0.03), animals fed faster and in greater proportion (P=0.02). Thus, it is concluded that both OHE techniques result in similar complications, surgical time and inflammatory response; however, animals on Video group fed more readily and presented lower glycaemia, which point to lower stress levels. These findings validated the indication of this technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this pilot test was to test a new self-locking resorbable implant for hilum occlusion during a video-assisted thoracoscopic lung lobectomy in a surviving pig model. Once the thoracic cavity was assessed and structures identified, the right middle lobe and its respective hilum were exposed. The implant was introduced with a semiclosed loop through a working channel and positioned around the pulmonary lobe. Occlusion was performed with a conventional Crile forceps and a laparoscopic Kelly forceps. Lobe section was done with laparoscopic Metzenbaum scissors and tissue removal through the dorsal access. No signs of pneumothorax or bleeding were observed during a 60-day follow-up. Necropsy findings showed minimal pleuritis in caudal access and in the lobar stump. A granulomatous formation was found around a dense, amorphous material, which was identified as remains of a small part of the implant. Histopathological findings showed signs of a chronic healing process without other alterations. The resorbable implant LigaTie appears to exhibit similar handling and application characteristics during surgery as nonsurgical tie wraps. The resorbable implant avoids the uncontrolled substances not suitable for implants of conventional ties. The results of this pilot test suggested the resorbable implant's mechanical properties provided effective tissue support to complete the healing of the pulmonary hilum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background: The anorectal anomalies consist in a complex group of birth defects. Laparoscopic-assisted anorectoplasty improved visualization of the rectal fistula and the ability to place the pull-through segment within the elevator muscle complex with minimal dissection. There is no consensus on how the fistula should be managed. Aim: To evaluate the laparoscopic-assisted anorectoplasty and the treatment of the rectal urinary fistula by a bipolar sealing device. Method: It was performed according to the original description by Georgeson1. Was used 10 mm infraumbilical access portal for 30º optics. The pneumoperitoneum was established with pressure 8-10 cm H2O. Two additional trocars of 5 mm were placed on the right and left of the umbilicus. The dissection started on peritoneal reflection using Ligasure(r). With the reduction in the diameter of the distal rectum was identified the fistula to the urinary tract. The location of the new anus was defined by the location of the external anal sphincter muscle complex, using electro muscle stimulator externally. Finally, it was made an anastomosis between the rectum and the new location of the anus. A Foley urethral probe was left for seven days. Results: Seven males were operated, six with rectoprostatic and one with rectovesical fistula. The follow-up period ranged from one to four years. The last two patients operated underwent bipolar sealing of the fistula between the rectum and urethra without sutures or surgical ligation. No evidence of urethral leaks was identified. Conclusion: There are benefits of the laparoscopic-assisted anorectoplasty for the treatment of anorectal anomaly. The use of a bipolar energy source that seals the rectal urinary fistula has provided a significant decrease in the operating time and made the procedure be more elegant.

Background: Dioctophyme renale, also known as "giant kidney worm", is a cosmopolitan parasite, which usually affects domestic and wildlife canids in wetlands. Nephrotomy and nephrectomy are the only treatment options. Laparoscopic nephrectomy for dioctophymosis was first performed in veterinary patients in the late 90's. Canine pyometra is one of the most frequent surgical disorder in the small animal setting. The purpose of this study was to report a case of successful one-stage laparoscopic approach for nephrectomy and ovariohysterectomy in a bitch. Case: A female stray dog, rescued from a riverside community, was presenting hematuria. Abdominal echography revealed presence of Dioctophyme renale worms within the right renal parenchyma. Moreover, the uterus was moderately filled by anechoic content. The patient was clinically stable and undergone laparoscopy. A 10-mm trocar was established at the middle third of the right flank, followed by 12-mmHg CO2 insufflation. The telescope was inserted and a giant worm was seen free within the abdominal cavity. A second 10-mm port was inserted cranial and dorsally to the first one. The parasite was retrieved using a laparoscopic Kelly forceps. A third 5-mm trocar was inserted in a classic laparoscopic triangulation port positioning. Renal artery and vein were individually triple ligated using titanium clips and then transected. The right ovarian pedicle was sequentially coagulated and transected using laparoscopic bipolar forceps. The right kidney was then dissected and detached from the abdominal wall, followed by cauterization and transection of the left ovarian pedicle. The uterus was exposed out of the abdominal cavity through the 5-mm port access. Uterine body and vessels were double ligated using polyglactin 910, with transfixating ligatures, and then transected. The opening of the retrieval bag was exposed through the cranial port site incision. Eight dioctophyme worms and the kidney sections were withdrawn through the sac using a Kelly hemostat. Abdominal wounds were closed in two layers using cross-mattress polyglactin 910 sutures. Skin was closed using interrupted horizontal mattress nylon sutures. Patient was discharged on the early post-op, receiving tramadol chloride and sodium dipyrone for three days and enrofloxacin for seven days. The patient recovered uneventfully. Owner was contacted by phone eight months following surgery, which informed the bitch was clinically stable. Discussion: Riverside stray dogs present high incidence of dioctophymosis worldwide, due to irregular feeding and consequent intake of intermediate hosts. The reported patient met those features, without previous background regarding infestation episode. It presented hematuria, which usually results from renal parenchyma consumption by the worms. The patient was retrieved nine dioctophyme worms. Laparoscopic approach for nephrectomy has already been reported in veterinary patients, as well as three-port lap-assisted OVH have been performed. Innovative aspect of this case report concerns the one-stage laparoscopic approach for both nephrectomy and OVH. Moreover, the procedures required only three-port access, which was considered a suitable and safe minimally invasive approach in dogs affected by Dioctophyme renale and concurrent indication for OVH. The three-port access shown is adequate to perform one-stage nephrectomy and ovariohysterectomy in bitches, for reaching benefits of laparoscopic surgery in comparison to conventional approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urethrostomy is a surgical technique used in cases of partial or total obstruction of the urethra, and the laparoscopic approach may be a treatment option. Due to the scarcity of studies involving the technique, this paper reports the case of laparoscopic-assisted pre-pubic urethrostomy (hybrid laparoscopic) in a cat with urethral stricture. A five-years-old cat presenting recurrent feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) had undergone to perineal urethrostomy two years and nine months ago. After this procedure, the patient underwent another four corrective surgeries without success. Laboratory tests (blood count and biochemical) and image diagnosis were realized. The patient was subjected to laparoscopic-assisted pre-pubic urethrostomy and it was achieved therapeutic success and adequate patient quality of life. It is concluded that this technique is feasible and safe in cats, making it a possible choice of surgical treatment for urethral stricture.

Mesothelioma is a very aggressive malignant tumor with low survival rates that is often diagnosed belatedly. Pericardial effusion is a common consequence in cases of mesothelioma, with pericardiocentesis and pericardiectomy indicated; therefor thoracocentesis is necessary to drain the contents no longer retained in the pericardium. The present report describes a mesothelioma-carrying dog with a history of cardiac tamponade that underwent thoracoscopic pericardiectomy and, later, thoracoscopic implantation of a fully implantable catheter to function as a thoracic drain. In the consulted literature, there is no use of a fully implantable catheter for this purpose. The authors consider that there was an improvement in the quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Esse trabalho teve o objetivo de propor uma técnica de biopsia hepática endoscópica transvaginal em cadelas, evitando-se o acesso através da parede abdominal, técnica essa internacionalmente conhecida por NOTES (natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery). Para tanto, foram utilizadas sete cadelas, as quais foram submetidas a dois procedimentos. O primeiro constou de biopsia hepática pela técnica proposta. Para isso, realizou-se a incisão vaginal após exteriorização através da vulva. Pela ferida vaginal foi introduzido um endoscópio flexível de 11mm de diâmetro com dois canais de trabalho. Este foi empregado na obtenção das amostras hepáticas. O segundo procedimento foi de avaliação laparoscópica aos 53 dias após a biopsia. As variáveis analisadas para a verificação de viabilidade, segurança e qualidade dessa técnica foram: as dificuldades técnicas, as complicações cirúrgicas, o tempo operatório, a qualidade do material coletado, a formação de aderências vaginais e as alterações bioquímicas hepáticas. Conclui-se que a biópsia hepática por NOTES flexível transvaginal é viável em cães, pois permite a obtenção de fragmentos apropriados para o exame histológico sem ocasionar alterações significativas dos parâmetros de avaliação hepática e formação de aderências intraperitoneais.A technique of hepatic biopsy by transvaginal approach (NOTES - Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery) is proposed. Seven dogs were used, and the experiment was divided into two stages including the liver biopsy and the evaluation of laparoscopic abdominal conditions after biopsy (53 days after). The animals were submitted to vaginal incision after exposition through the vulva. Through the vaginal incision was introduced a flexible endoscope of 11mm with two working channels, was introduced through the vaginal incision and used to obtain liver samples. The variables analyzed to verify the feasibility of the proposed biopsy were: operative time, surgical complications, technical difficulties, the quality of sample collected, the formation of vaginal adhesions and their characteristics and the biochemical condition of the liver. In conclusion, the liver biopsy by endoscopic transvaginal access is feasible in dogs. It permits to take appropriated hepatic samples for histological studies without changinghepatic parameters and intraperitoneal adhesions.

O presente relato descreve a utilização da colopexia videoassistida por meio de dois portais de acesso em um caso de cão com prolapso retal recidivante. Após abordagem laparoscópica, o cólon descendente foi tracionado em sentido caudocranial, promovendo-se a redução do prolapso. O acesso pré-púbico foi ampliado, exteriorizando-se o bordo antimesentérico do cólon, no qual se realizou incisão seromuscular de tamanho correspondente à realizada na parede muscular, criando uma ferida de aproximadamente 2,5cm de extensão. A fixação à bainha muscular interna se deu através de sutura contínua simples empregando fio de ácido poliglicólico n° 2-0. Não houve complicações no trans-operatório, bem como indícios de recidiva ou episódios de tenesmo e disquesia após seis meses da intervenção cirúrgica. A colopexia videoassistida descrita é uma alternativa à técnica convencional na correção de prolapso retal recidivante em cães.This report describes a two portals video-assisted colopexy technique in a case of dog with recurrent rectal prolapse. After laparoscopic approach, the descending colon was pulled in a caudocranial direction to promote the prolapse reduction. The prepubic laparoscopic access was enlarged for the exteriorization of colon's antimesenteric border, which was incised in its seromuscular layer with a similar size of the muscular wall incision, creating a 2,5cm wound. The colopexy on the internal muscular sheath was performed using a simple continuous pattern with 2-0 polyglycolic acid. There were no transoperative complications, as well as evidence of recurrence or episodes of tenesmus and dyschezia for at least six months after surgery. The video-assisted colopexy described is an alternative to the conventional technique of recurrent rectal prolapse treatment in dogs.

RACIONAL: A apendicectomia é o tratamento de escolha para os casos de apendicite aguda e a evolução das técnicas operatórias faz da videocirurgia boa opção terapêutica. OBJETIVO: Analisar os achados clínicos e demográficos de 300 pacientes com apendicite aguda, bem como a viabilidade e evolução intra e pós-operatória das apendicectomias videolaparoscópicas neles realizadas. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados todos os pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado de apendicite submetidos à cirurgia videolaparoscópica no Hospital da Beneficência Nipo-Brasileira da Amazônia, no período de agosto de 2000 a julho de 2008, com a utilização de protocolo para a coleta de dados. Ele incluía dados demográficos, aspectos clínicos e de achados físicos para o diagnóstico, resultados do leucograma, aspectos técnicos do procedimento cirúrgico, posição do apêndice, fase de inflamação apendicular, operações associadas realizadas, tempo operatório, complicações pós-operatórias e a recuperação pós-operatória. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que a maioria dos pacientes encontrava-se entre a segunda e terceira décadas e a apendicite era mais comum nos homens. Dor em fossa ilíaca direita, febre, náuseas e vômitos ocorreu em 65,44% e 84,29% apresentaram leucocitose. A disposição anatômica apendicular mais encontrada foi pélvica em 84,29% dos casos, seguida da retrocecal com 7,14%, da retrocecal-subserosa com 5,71% e da subserosa com 2,86%. Em 10% dos casos foram realizadas operações associadas. A média de tempo operatório foi de 55 minutos, com taxa de conversão de 2%. Não foram observadas complicações intra-operatórias e as pós-operatórias foram de 7,1%. O tempo de internação ficou na média de 48,5 horas. O retorno às atividades habituais ocorreu em média de 5 dias. CONCLUSÃO: A apendicectomia videocirurgia é procedimento seguro, eficaz com restabelecimento rápido dos pacientes, devendo ser sempre pensada quando for tratado quadro de apendicite aguda em qualquer idade.BACKGROUND: Appendectomy is the chosen treatment for patients with acute appendicitis and laparoscopic approach for these cases is an option to have in mind. AIM: To analyze the clinical aspects, technical results and the evolution during and after the operation in 300 cases of laparoscopic appendectomy. METHODS: All the patients with diagnosed appendicitis were submitted to laparoscopic appendectomy on Beneficencia Nipo-Brasileira Hospital of Amazon, between 2000 (august) and 2008 (july), using a specific protocol. RESULTS: There was a predominance in teen and young adults, male sex, having a classic clinical finding of acute appendicitis in 65,44% of the cases, leucocytosis in 84,29% and by anatomic pelvic site of vermiform appendix in 84,29. The mean time taken by the operation was 55 minutes with a conversion rate of 7,1%. In hospital period was 48,5 hours with 5 days to return to normal activities. CONCLUSION: The laparoscopic appendectomy can be useful in male and female, at any age, in all the phases of acute appendicitis and in all anatomic sites of vermiform appendix.

Cattle have extensive paranasal sinuses that are susceptible to disease, most commonly sinusitis. The sinuscopy can be used to evaluate these structures, although there are no descriptions of this region for endoscopic anatomy, especially regarding the trocar position and the most appropriate type of endoscope. This study aimed to standardize the surgical approaches to sinuscopy in cattle by comparing the use of three endoscopes. Four accesses by trephination (one hole for each of the maxillary and frontal sinuses) were made in eight heads of slaughtered cattle. Each hole was inspected with three endoscopes: a 10mm flexible colonoscope with up to 180º of angulation, a 10mm 0° laparoscope and a 4mm 30º arthroscope. It was observed that all regions of the maxillary sinus were better visualized with the 4mm endoscope, and the structures of this sinus were less well visualized with the 10mm laparoscope. The frontal sinus was difficult to evaluate due to the tortuosity of its bony projections, and the cranial portion was not observed by the proposed accesses. The caudal regions of the frontal sinus such as the nuchal diverticulum and the back of the orbit had the greatest number of structures visualized by the 4mm endoscope, followed by the colonoscope. The comparative analysis showed that the 4mm endoscope was most efficient and could be adapted to sinuscopy in cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: LESS (Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Surgery)is a relatively new approach to perform minimally invasive surgeries. Its main goal is to cause less metabolic and inflammatory reaction in patients, allowing a faster return to regular daily activities, with better cosmetic results. The literature is deficient in long- -term studies, with large series and experiences using this surgical approach. This study presents the results collected during five years' experience and more than 300 LESS cholecystectomies. Methods: Between 2008 and 2013, 302 LESS cholecystectomies were performed by the same surgical group. All patients had symptomatic cholelithiasis. The SITRACC™ - Single Trocar Access (Edlo Company, Brazil), which is a LESS multichannel platform with special curved and articulated instruments, was used. Conversion rate and its main causes, operative time, operative and post-operative complications were studied. The medium post-operative follow-up was 1.7 years. Results: The average operative time was 38 minutes. Nine cases were converted to conventional laparoscopy and 11 cases needed an additional port to perform this procedure safely. About the post-operative complications, one case needed reoperation by conventional laparoscopy due to bleeding of the cystic artery few minutes after the procedure. Three trocar site hernia were found, and one retained choledocolithiasis needed endoscopic management. Conclusions: The LESS cholecystectomy is feasible and safe. The operative time, after passing the learning curve, reaches values similar to those procedures made by conventional laparoscopic surgery. New studies are needed, using larger series, to compare this reasonably new approach to the conventional endoscopic surgery procedures, especially concerning the operative trauma, metabolic response and hernia trocar rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sialocele or salivary mucocele is the accumulation of saliva in the glandular connective tissue due to a leakage from damaged salivary duct, which is surrounded by granulation tissue. The mucocele can be classified according to its location (cervical, pharyngeal or sublingual, the latter being known as ranula). The treatment consists of salivary gland and duct excision. However, in some cases, the definition of which side is affected is a challenge for surgeons. Keeping this in view, the aim of the present study was to describe the use of rigid endoscopy to determine the affected gland in a dog with cervical mucocele. Case: A five-year-old Dachshund, weighting 8.2 kg, was presenting progressive swelling in the ventral cervical area. The animal presented apathy, appetite loss and saliva drooling. A fluctuant, non-painful, fluid filled mass was noted on physical examination. Sialocele was diagnosed and surgery was undertaken to excise the involved gland and mass. The patient was positioned in dorsal recumbence. A skin incision was performed in the cranial-ventral aspect of the mass as it was not possible to precise the affected side. Following drainage of the content, the inner aspect of the sialocele capsule was digitally palpated using the surgeon's index finger. However, it was still not possible to determinate the affected side. A purse-string suture was performed around the incision and a 10mm cannula was inserted into the sialocele lumen. The cavity was insufflated with CO2, then using a 0° 10 mm endoscope, the whole extension of the capsule was inspected. On the right side, the wall was round shaped, suggesting the presence of the right gland compressing the wall of the affected gland to the left. On the left side, there were some recesses and irregular surfaces, and an orifice was identified, suggesting the presence of the ducts opening. Therefore, the left sublingual and mandibular glands were excised conventionally. The procedure lasted 150 min and it was performed uneventfully. The patient was followed-up for seven days and skin sutures were removed after complete primary intention healing. Thirty days postoperative the patient presented no signs of recurrence. Discussion: Although several maneuvers were performed in order to diagnose the affected side in the current report, some doubt remained. Thus, endoscopic diagnosis was tested, which has not been reported for that purpose in the author's knowledge. Although not completely conclusive, such examination provided strong basis that the left side was affected. A month after the treatment, recurrence did not occur, which is usually one of the most common complications. Therefore, the exam purposed in this report fulfilled its expectancies, suggesting that rigid endoscopy may be used as a new tool for identification of which side and gland are involved in complicated extensive salivary mucoceles cases. Another important aspect of the procedure was the insufflation of the mucocele cavity that allowed the inner capsule inspection and did not result in subcutaneous emphysema. It was applied a pressure of 15 mmHg, higher than routinely used for laparoscopy in dogs, since it is a limited region, and presents reduced risk of subcutaneous absorption or alteration by compression. In conclusion, endoscopic view of the sialocele inner capsule is feasible in dogs as an adjunct for diagnosing the affected side in complicated cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intraoperative fluids are still poorly studied in veterinary medicine. In humans the dosage is associated with significant differences in postoperative outcomes., Objectives: The aim of this study is to verify the influence of three different fluid therapy rates in dogs undergoing video-assisted ovariohysterectomy., Methods: Twenty-four female dogs were distributed into three groups: G5, G10, and G20. Each group was given 5, 10, and 20 mL·kg -1 ·h -1 of Lactate Ringer, respectively. This study evaluated the following parameters: central venous pressure, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, acid-base balance, and serum lactate levels. Additionally, this study evaluated the following urinary variables: urea, creatinine, protein to creatinine ratio, urine output, and urine specific gravity. The dogs were evaluated up to 26 h after the procedure., Results: All animals presented respiratory acidosis during the intraoperative period. The G5 group evidenced intraoperative oliguria (0.80 ± 0.38 mL·kg -1 ·h -1 ), differing from the G20 group (2.17 ± 0.52 mL·kg -1 ·h -1 ) ( p = 0.001). Serum lactate was different between groups during extubation ( p = 0.036), with higher values being recorded in the G5 group (2.19 ± 1.65 mmol/L). Animals from the G20 group presented more severe hypothermia at the end of the procedure (35.93 ± 0.61°C) ( p = 0.032). Only the members of the G20 group presented mean potassium values below the reference for the species. Anion gap values were lower in the G20 group when compared to the G5 and G10 groups ( p = 0.017)., Conclusions: The use of lactated Ringer's solution at the rate of 10 mL·kg -1 ·h -1 seems to be beneficial in the elective laparoscopic procedures over the 5 or 20 mL·kg -1 ·h -1 rates of infusion., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© 2021 The Korean Society of Veterinary Science.)

As a recent innovation, videosurgery (VS) has enjoyed rapid and widespread development. While colon cancers in adults are quite commonly removed using laparoscopic techniques, children could also benefit from the improved diagnostic and interventional possibilities using VS techniques. From January 1992 to February 1994, we carried out 15 procedures. Eight thoracic operations were performed on 7 patients: diagnostic in 5 cases and metastasis resection in 3. Six patients underwent 7 laparoscopic operations for biopsies (5) or lymph-node harvesting (2). Based on this experience, we discuss the advantages of VS (noninvasive technique for primary or 'second-look' exploration, guided biopsies, and removal of tumors) and its risks (spillage of malignant cells, subjective palpation) in the management of pediatric malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Com a experiência adquirida na cirurgia da vesícula biliar, a videocirurgia está sendo indicada cada vez mais em outras doenças. Decorridos 15 anos da primeira cirurgia, os autores avaliam os resultados e analisam as perspectivas deste procedimento nas doenças biliopancreáticas. Seguem a proposta que divide este procedimento em procedimentos de rotina, avaliação e desenvolvimento. Nas doenças da vesícula biliar, a colecistectomia laparoscópica é considerada padrão ouro, levando vantagem em todos os itens sobre a laparotômica, excluídas as lesões da via biliar e o vazamento biliar pelo coto cístico. Enfatizam situações especiais: da colecistite aguda, da colecistectomia durante a gravidez, da vesícula em porcelana e do câncer da vesícula. Comentam as perspectivas da videocirurgia nas complicações da colecistectomia laparoscópica. No tratamento da coledocolitíase, consideram o procedimento como em avaliação pela falta de ensaios clínicos prospectivos randomizados com grupo controle comparáveis e acompanhados por prazo de tempo maior. Nas doenças do pâncreas, a videocirurgia é um procedimento em desenvolvimento, com exceção da pancreatite aguda biliar não complicada, que se beneficia com a colecistectomia laparoscópica. O mesmo ocorre com as cirurgias de derivação para desobstrução da via biliar. Embora factíveis dentro dos princípios da cirurgia convencional, faltam estudos comparativos com outras técnicas existentes analisando eficácia e efetividade.

RESUMO A doença do refluxo gastroesofágico decorre do fluxo de conteúdo gastroduodenal para o esôfago e/ou órgãos adjacentes, o que leva à ampla gama de sinais e implicações clínicas. A incidência de refluxo gastroesofágico transoperatório em caninos é desconhecida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi, por meio da endoscopia flexível, avaliar a presença e quantificar o refluxo gastroesofágico em cadelas submetidas à ovário-histerectomia por duas abordagens cirúrgicas (convencional e videoassistida com dois portais), pré-medicadas com morfina. Cem por cento das cadelas submetidas à ovário-histerectomia videoassistida e 30% das cadelas submetidas à ovário-histerectomia convencional apresentaram algum grau de refluxo. A intensidade dos refluxos foi maior nas cadelas submetidas ao procedimento minimamente invasivo, visto que elas (10 entre 10 animais) apresentaram, no mínimo, um refluxo classificado em R4, enquanto as outras (três entre 10) apresentaram, no máximo, refluxos em grau R3, de acordo com a escala planejada para esta pesquisa. Concluiu-se que os procedimentos laparoscópicos sob o protocolo anestésico utilizado promovem mais refluxo gastroesofágico que os convencionais.

Videosurgery is increasingly used in veterinary medicine. Compared with open surgery, it has been shown to cause minimal pain and promote a more rapid recovery. There are various methods of assessing pain and postoperative inflammation in cats, although their particular behaviours may make these assessments difficult. The aim of this study was to compare levels of postoperative pain and inflammation after laparoscopic ovariectomy with an open minimally invasive technique. Twenty queens were randomly divided into two groups based on the method of haemostasis and surgical technique: (1) laparoscopic ovariectomy using a miniloop (miniloop group (MG)); and (2) minilaparotomy using a Snook hook (control group (CG)). Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), end tidal CO 2 (EtCO 2 ) and body temperature were assessed using a multiparametric monitor during anaesthesia and surgery at defined surgical time points (preincision, left ovary manipulation, right ovary manipulation and skin suture). Blood samples (2 mL each) were collected from the jugular vein before surgery and 1, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours, and 10 days, after endotracheal extubation for blood count analysis and to assess total protein and acute phase proteins (APP). EtCO 2 and RR were significantly higher in MG patients (P<0.001). HR was higher in the CG group for the duration of surgery (P=0.01). Temperature was significantly lower in MG patients (P<0.001). Pain assessment by dynamic interactive visual analogue scale showed no difference between groups or at specific moments of time within groups. Segmented neutrophil counts increased at 24 hours postoperatively and peaked at 48 and 72 hours in MG (P=0.01). The most important result among APPs was haptoglobin, which peaked at 72 hours in MG patients (P=0.001). Patients undergoing minilaparotomy and laparoscopy showed comparable postoperative pain. However, inflammatory changes such as APPs and neutrophil counts were increased in the laparoscopic group., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© British Veterinary Association 2018. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)