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Copyright of Journal of Art History / Sanat Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Geçmiş ile gelecek arasında bağ kurma noktasında, toplumun kolektif bilincini yansıtan kamusal mekânlar, kent kimliğini oluşturan unsurlar arasındadır. Kent kimliğinin bir parçası olarak sonik çevrenin tanımlanmasında ses peyzajı yaklaşımından yararlanılabilmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, ses peyzajını tanımlayan “arka-plan sesler”, “ön-plan sesler”, “sembol sesler” ve kolektif bellek ile ilişkili olması yönüyle “kaybolan/yitikleşen sesler” ile geçmişten günümüze kadar “devamlılığı/sürekliliği olan seslerin” tespiti yoluyla Trabzon kent merkezinin sonik kimliğini ortaya çıkarmaktır. Araştırmanın metodolojisini, ses yürüyüşleri ve anket uygulamaları oluşturmaktadır. Atatürk Alanı, Kunduracılar Caddesi, Kemeraltı Sokağı ve Mumhaneönü Meydanı’na ait sonik bölgeler; ses yürüyüşleri ve belirlenen güzergâhlar doğrultusunda sonik çevre değerlendirmeleri yoluyla belirlenmiştir. Ses yürüyüşlerinden elde edilen bulgular, bölgelere ait sonik kimliklerin farklılaştığını göstermektedir. Bu sonuç, bölgelerin sonik imgelerini tanımlayan ve kendilerine özgü olan ses çevrelerinin varlığını ortaya koymaktadır. Araştırmanın sınırlılığını, Trabzon kent merkezini temsil ettiği düşünülen bölgelerde gerçekleştirilen ses yürüyüşleri ve kullanıcıların sonik çevre değerlendirmeleri oluşturmaktadır.

Copyright of PLANARCH - Design & Planning Research is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Trabzon Üniversitesi İslâmî İlimler Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi yönetiminde yer alan akademisyenler tarafından, genel olarak Karadenizli, özel olarak da Trabzon’lu hocalara dair anlatılmayan ve göz ardı edilen pek çok detayın, ilişki ağının gün yüzüne çıkmasını sağlayacak bir proje hazırlamıştır. “Karadeniz’de Hoca Olmak: Hatıralara Yansıyan Yönleriyle Yakın Dönemde Dinî Hayat” adıyla hazırlanan proje ile söz konusu hocaların yetişme süreçleri ve başta Karadeniz bölgesi olmak üzere ülkenin din eğitimine katkılarının ele alınması hedeflenmiştir

Objective: The literature does not clearly specify the locations inhabited by the spurthighed tortoise (Testudo graeca) from the eastern Black Sea coast of Türkiye. This study thus aimes to reveal new locality records for T. graeca in Trabzon province. Materials and Methods: Two adult male specimens were caught from the Darıca and Konaklar neighborhoods in the respective Akçaabat and Ortahisar districts. Some of the morphological characteristics of these specimens have been recorded using a digital caliper. After taking morphometric measurements, the tortoises were returned to their habitat. No anesthetic procedure was performed on the turtles. Results: Both the Darıca and Konaklar specimens have five vertebral scutes, 11 pairs of marginal scutes, and four pairs of costal scutes on their carapace. In addition, both specimens were seen to have one undivided supracaudal scute and one nuchal scute on their carapace. The Darıca specimen has a straight carapace length (SCL) of 208.19 mm, and plastron length (PL) of 188.08 mm while the Konaklar specimen has an SCL of 216.33 mm and a PL of 196.28 mm. Conclusion: The study compared its specimens' the pholidosis and morphometric characteristics and color-pattern features with those of specimens reported in the literature. The morphological features of the Darıca and Konaklar specimens are similar to those for the samples of Testudo graeca ibera in the literature. The study's findings concluded that the samples of Darıca and Konaklar belong to the T. g. ibera subspecies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anadolu (1300-0225) is the property of Anadolu Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Architectural Sciences & Applications (JASA) is the property of Journal of Architectural Sciences & Applications and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The continuous monitoring of total suspended solids (TSS) in streams plays an important role in the management of hydrological processes, and TSS is also a decisive parameter in the control of pollution in streams. Determination of TSS involves both a costly and time-consuming process. For this reason, there is a need to determine TSS more quickly, easily reliably, and economically. In this study, it is aimed to classify TSS concentration by using stream water surface images recorded with a mobile phone. For this purpose, the sampling studies carried out in the Lower Değirmendere Stream Watershed (Trabzon, northeast of Turkey) between June 2020 and May 2021, and the images of the stream water surface were taken and recorded with a mobile phone simultaneously with the sampling studies. The stream water surface images and TSS concentration were divided into four classification group, namely clear, turbid, very turbid, and extremely turbid and processed with deep learning method. More than 5500 stream water surface images and TSS concentration data were divided into groups as 70% training and the rest of test. This study uses eight convolutional neural network (CNN) models, including a custom CNN model designed for image classification, along with pre-existing architectures such as VGG-16, VGG-19, Inception-V3, Xception, DenseNet-121, MobileNet, and NASNet-mobile. The results revealed that the most effective ensemble model formation strategy was stacking with an accuracy rate of 87%, followed by weighted averaging, averaging, and majority voting. As a result, with the image of the stream water surface via the mobile phone camera, it can be easily determined which class the current TSS concentration belongs to instantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parking problem is a common sub-topic of transportation planning and urban planning, and it is increasing its impact day by day as urbanization intensifies. The rapid increase in the number of private vehicles, coupled with the presence of borders and thresholds limiting capacity increases in cities render the demand-supply problem permanent. The parking problem is generally addressed by rapidly generating additional supply to meet the rising demand and is dealt by non-integrated, piecemeal methods. Such micro- and medium-sized solutions only focus on temporarily deferring the larger problem. Hence, there is a need for an approach in which the demand is determined at all scales, evaluated on the basis of sub-centers, and policies and strategies are produced accordingly. In this study, a demand-oriented integrated parking lot planning approach has been generated for Trabzon, where supply is strongly limited due to topography. With the generated approach, policies and principle recommendations have been developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osmanlı Devleti, mimarlık tarihi boyunca halkın inanç, eğitim, ekonomik ve sosyal ihtiyaçlarına hizmet eden yapıları yerleşim yerinin merkezini belirleyecek şekilde bir arada programlamayı bir gelenek haline getirmiştir. İnşa sürecini aynı zamanda ilerlettikleri büyük programlı külliyeler ile farklı zamanlarda ihtiyaca göre eklenen daha küçük ölçekli binalarla genişletilen manzumeler, payitaht kentlerdeki kadar büyük olmasa da Anadolu’nun her yerinde mimariye kazandırılmıştır. Tarihi İpek Yolu üzerinde bulunan ve limanlarının varlığı ile uluslararası iletişime açık olan Trabzon, devletin önemli ihtiyaçlarını gideren bir kent olduğu için mimari birikimin de yoğun olduğu kentler arasında yerini almıştır. 1461’de fethedilmesinden sonra özellikle kentin yönetim merkezinde Gülbahar Hatun (1514), İskender Paşa (1529) gibi cami, medrese, imaret, kütüphane, çeşme gibi birkaç yapının bir araya getirildiği yapı toplulukları inşa edilmiştir. 20. yüzyıla kadar süreklilik arz ederek devam eden bu yapılaşma, Trabzon’da kırsal kesimlerde de yaygınlaşmış, özellikle 19. yüzyılda cami, medrese, çeşme, imam/müderris evi gibi yapılar bir araya getirilerek birkaç köyün hizmetine sunulan kompleksler inşa edilmiştir. Bunlardan birisi de 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Tonya ilçesi Kozluca Mahallesi’nde inşa edilen cami ve imam evi ile daha sonra eklenen medrese ile hizmet boyutu genişletilen Kozluca Manzumesi’dir. Bu eserler, cami ve medrese birlikteliği ile ibadet ve eğitim merkezlerinin bir arada bulunmasına yerel bir örnek teşkil ettiği için bu çalışmaya konu olarak seçilmiştir. Mimari ve süsleme özellikleri irdelenerek hem geç dönem Osmanlı mimarisinin özellikleri hem de Trabzon’un yerel mimari karakterinin eserlere ne şekilde yansıdığını tespit etmek amaçlanmıştır.

The current study targeted to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis of medicinal plant taxa used in folk medicine in Trabzon. Due to its historical significance, diversity of plant species, and hosting a wide range of cultures, the Turkish city of Trabzon has significant ethnobotanical potential. Ethnobotanical data including family name, scientific name, local name, used parts, therapeutic uses, preparation methods, administration routes, and cited locations were gathered by face-to-face interviews with 645 participants mostly over 50 years old. The quantitative analyses were executed by the determination of frequency values of citation (FC), use value (UV), fidelity level (FL), and informant consensus factor (ICF). A total of 119 medicinal plant taxa belonging to 55 families were recorded with therapeutic uses for more than 100 different diseases. The most commonly used plant part and administration routes were detected as leaves (32.43%) and oral application (51.58%), respectively. The highest ICF value was assigned for the skin diseases (ICF: 0.96). Piceae orientalis possessed the highest value of FC (82.326%), while Plantago major owned the highest value of UV (0.873). Tilia rubra subsp. caucasica, Vaccinium myrtillus, and Nicotiana tabacum were the remarkable taxa due to their FL value (100%), besides the high number of user reports. The present study supplies comprehensive ethnobotanical qualitative and quantitative data (FC, UV, FL, and ICF) from 80 villages in Trabzon. The obtained ethnobotanical data are expected both provide the preliminary information to discover novel herbal drugs and passing on to next generations as an important heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mankind faced difficulties in daily life, and this situation came together and contributed to the formation of the concept of the city. Although the city of Trabzon has been in an important position since ancient times, it has been preferred as a settlement by many civilizations. The area has a very high value in terms of forming the core of the city as well as containing its characteristic features. The study aimed to determine the factors that were effective in the shaping of Kaleiçi (Hisar) and its surroundings, the area where the city of Trabzon was first established, and the changes it has undergone from the past to the present. In this context, literature research was conducted, engravings, maps and visual documents related to the establishment and development of the city were examined. In order to determine the changes that have occurred as a result of the application studies carried out in recent years, field studies have been carried out and visual maps have been created. The study, which includes images of different points belonging to the area, allowed us to compare the area with the old version. The findings revealed that the region was under the influence of traffic and noise caused by daily living conditions, and was under pressure from the surrounding structures. In addition, in the region where the settler profile has changed drastically, it is seen that the protected houses have been abandoned for different reasons such as expropriation, material and structural conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osmanlı Devleti, kuruluşundan 16. yüzyıl sonlarına kadar uyguladığı siyasi ve ekonomik politikalarla önemli kazanımlar sağlamış, bulunduğu coğrafyada doğu-batı ve güney-kuzey eksenindeki ticaret yollarına hâkim olup Karadeniz ve Akdeniz havzasında istikrarı sağlayarak güçlü bir devlet konumuna yükselmiştir. Bu süreçte Anadolu, Rumeli, Suriye, Irak, Mısır, Karadeniz ve Afrika’nın kuzeyi ile İran Platolarına kadar olan geniş arazilere sahip olarak gelirlerini önemli ölçüde artırmıştır. Bununla birlikte 16. yüzyıl sonlarından itibaren yaşanan bazı gelişmeler devletin siyasi ve ekonomik istikrarını olumsuz şekilde etkilemiştir. 17. Yüzyıl boyunca da devam eden bu istikrarsızlık denk bütçe yapımını güçleştirmiş ve hazine sürekli olarak açık vermiştir. Devlet bu hazine açıklarını kapatmak ve uzun süren savaşların maliyetini karşılamak için çeşitli yollar aramıştır. Özellikle savaş dönemlerinde sefer ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için imdâdiyye uygulamalarına başvurulmuştur. Bu dönemde farklı tarihlerdeki imdâdiyye uygulamalarından anlaşıldığı kadarıyla genellikle ekonomik durumu iyi olanlardan “istikraz” adı altında para toplanmıştır. Kaynaklara göre 1683 Viyana kuşatmasıyla başlayan ve birkaç cephede devam eden savaş masrafları için tüm ülkeyi kapsayan bir imdâdiyye uygulaması gündeme gelmiştir. 1687 tarihinde gerçekleşen bu imdâdiyyenin Trabzon’da da uygulandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda eldeki arşiv malzemesinden özellikle Trabzon Kadı Sicillerinden hareketle bu konu değerlendirmeye tabi tutulacaktır.

Landslides are one of the leading natural disasters in the Black Sea Region of Türkiye. Trabzon is the province where the most landslides occurred in the country. Landslide susceptibility maps should be prepared in order to predetermine the areas with high landslide susceptibility in order to minimize the losses due to landslides. In this study, landslide susceptibility analysis is performed, and landslide susceptibility maps are produced to reveal the areas with high landslide susceptibility within the boundaries of Akçaabat and Düzköy districts of Trabzon province using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Frequency Ratio (FR) methods. ArcGIS for Desktop, one of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) platforms, is used for landslide susceptibility analysis. Geographical data are obtained from public institutions and open access online sources. The data are spatially organized according to the study area and purpose by various GIS tools. A total of 13 criteria which are respectively; slope, curvature, lithology, precipitation, aspect, topographic wetness index (TWI), distance to rivers, distance to highways, distance to fault lines, land use, soil type, elevation and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for landslide susceptibility are evaluated as effective to cause landslides as a result of the literature review. Pairwise comparisons are made to determine the importance of the effects of each criterion on landslide formation and the weights between the criteria by using the AHP method. Then a landslide susceptibility map is produced according to the AHP method. In addition, a landslide susceptibility map was produced according to the FR method using the landslide inventory records obtained from responsible institutes of the country. It is noticed that the FR method produced more realistic results than the AHP method in terms of determining the locations of the landslides observed in the study area when the maps produced by both methods are compared.

The main purpose of Agricultural Credit Cooperatives is to meet the credit needs of their partners. In addition to this purpose, meeting the input and home consumption requirements of the partners and marketing the various products grown by the partners are among the objectives. The ability of these cooperatives to perform the expected functions more effectively is directly related to the participation of their members in their activities, and the determination of their expectations and suggestions. For this reason, in this study, it is aimed to determine and comparatively evaluate the expectations and satisfaction of its members regarding the functions and activities of Agricultural Credit Cooperatives. The primary data used in the study were compiled by a survey study conducted with 93 randomly selected partners from 3 Agricultural Credit unit cooperatives in Trabzon. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was used to statistically test the extent to which the expectations of the partners were met. Most of the surveyed partners care about the attitudes and behavior of the cooperatives towards their members, their following the innovations, their activities on issues such as agricultural input supply, input quality, price policy and extension. The partners generally find Agricultural Credit Cooperatives successful in their activities. However, when a comparative analysis is made with the expectations, it is concluded that the expectations are not fully satisfied.

Copyright of Online Journal of Art & Design is the property of Online Journal of Art & Design and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, it is aimed to reveal the quantitative adequacy of the lighting in urban park areas and the effects of the users on the usage situations of the spaces. In this direction, both quantitative and qualitative methods were used and analyzes were made by developing a different perspective in the study. In the study, in which fieldwork, measurements and observation technique were used together, Meydan Park and Atapark, which are two parks on the same transportation axis, were selected as the study areas and a pilot study was conducted in Trabzon. Of these two parks, Meydan Park is illuminated using the latest lighting types and techniques suitable for today's technology, while Atapark has older types and techniques. As a result, it was seen that these modern and classical lighting differences did not have the expected positive effect on modern techniques. In addition, when lighting techniques are evaluated based on the literature in terms of different spatial components and elements of parks, it has been concluded that the feasibility of different activities is related to lighting. With the observations made at different times, the changing user densities and the continuity of activity day and night were examined. The results showed that the day-night activity continuity changed in parallel with the lighting situation for both parks and the lighting types and techniques were not compatible with the current uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Düzce University Journal of Forestry / Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi is the property of Duzce University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Kentsel alanlarda yaşayan nüfusun yaklaşık olarak yarısını kadınlar oluşturmaktadır. Buna karşılık kadınlar, genellikle özel alanla sınırlandırılıp kenti ilgilendiren konularda karar alma ve uygulama süreçlerinde ikinci planda kalmaktadır. Söz konusu durumun ortadan kaldırılmasına ve kentsel alanların daha eşitlikçi bir yapıya kavuşturulmasına yönelik ihtiyaç, “Kadın Dostu Kentler Projesi”nin hayata geçirilmesinde etkili olmuştur. Buradan hareketle araştırmanın amacı, kadın-kent ilişkisinin Trabzon özelinde incelenmesi ve kentin, kadın dostu olma hedefine ulaşıp ulaşmadığının değerlendirilmesidir. Bu bağlamda, Trabzon’da kadın-kent ilişkisini konu edinen akademik çalışmalarda literatür incelemesi, Yerel Eşitlik Eylem Planı (YEEP) metninde ise doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca çalışma kapsamında Yüksek Seçim Kurulu (YSK), Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) ve Trabzon Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler İl Müdürlüğü’nden veriler alınıp yorumlanmıştır. İnceleme sonucunda, Kadın Dostu Kentler Projesi bağlamında Trabzon’da çeşitli uygulamaların hayata geçirildiği ancak kentin kadın dostu olma noktasında önemli eksikliklerinin bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Being a woman in Muslim or other religious societies does not include a process in which only religious rules are in effect. Instead, the experiences of women are determined by political, social, and economic conditions, and reflect the cultural precedents created by past societies, whether Muslim or not. Hence, the way women are described in a society they belong in emerges as a cultural reflection that bears each and every element in that particular society. Therefore, it is not possible to consider apart from this circumstance the descriptions of women in Ottoman Trabzon Sharīʿa court records. In this study, the definitions of women who lived in Ottoman Trabzon over their gender and, occasionally, their sexuality, reflected in the discourses of Sharīʿa courts are discussed, and the social and legal status of such women is examined. This investigation is placed within the framework of religious and cultural conditions which impacted such definitions and descriptions. This study has been based on evidence available in early seventeenth-century Ottoman Trabzon Sharīʿa court records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lichenological survey carried out in 83 different localities of Giresun, Trabzon, and Rize provinces of Turkey yielded a total of 399 lichen taxa and 23 lichenicolous fungi. Briancoppinsia cytospora is new to Turkey. Three hundred and seven lichens and 19 lichenicolous fungi were collected in Giresun, 110 lichens and one lichenicolous fungus in Rize, and 223 lichens and eight lichenicolous fungi in Trabzon. Ninety-one lichens and 14 lichenicolous fungi are new for Giresun, 42 lichens and four lichenicolous fungi for Trabzon, and 53 lichens and one lichenicolous fungus for Rize. For each taxon, the substratum and the collecting locality numbers are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The city of Trabzon, which has been one of the most important settlements in Anatolia since the ancient eras, contains the traces of political, economic, and social mobility observed throughout its long history in its urban texture. The study focuses on the urban texture of Trabzon after the Ottoman conquest and focuses on the period between the 17th and 20th centuries, which is seen as an important deficiency in the literature. In this context, archival documents kept during the Ottoman period, especially through the records of the kadı court of Trabzon; the main backbone of the study is the determination of the mahalles (quarters) that are newly established, whose names have changed and merged, as well as examining where these mahalles are located on the city topography and discussing the dimensions of urban growth seen in 17-20. Century period.

Trabzon province attracts foreign tourists from Arab countries, and forest recreation areas are used extensively. This study aimed to determine the consumer profile, recreational use of forest resources, user and recreational demand characteristics for recreational areas, and consumer preferences and expectations of Arab tourists coming to Trabzon. In the study, a face-to-face survey was conducted with the random sampling method for 400 Arab tourists using 10 forest recreation areas in Trabzon. In the survey, questions such as visitor characteristics of foreign tourists, use of forest resources, recreational suitability, deficiencies, and reasons for site preference were included. The obtained data were evaluated with descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and the Duncan test. According to the analyzes and evaluations, it was found that approximately 83% of Arab tourists coming to Trabzon for forest recreation tourism came from Kuwait, Jordan, United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Iraq. The most common activities in forest recreation areas were determined as walking on forest roads, chilling, watching the scenery, taking fresh air, and taking pictures. The reasons considered very important for the preference of forest recreation areas by Arab tourists were determined natural and aesthetic values, the beauty of forests, and clean and cold water to drink, respectively. The most important variables affecting the utilization of forest recreation areas are inadequate facilities and services (4 points), environmental pollution (3.41 points), crowdedness (3.38 points), adverse weather conditions (3.34 points), noise pollution (3,12 points), security (2.86 points), transportation problem (2.59 points), and inadequate pandemic measures (1.35 points). In addition, the demand for forest recreation areas differs at 95% confidence level according to age, gender, education, family size, natural and aesthetic values, clean and cold water, the beauty of forests, tour program, friend recommendation, desire to be alone with nature, pandemic measures, lack of another place to go around the city, pollution situation, promotion and facility, and service adequacy. In the study, some suggestions were made for the sustainable management of forest recreation areas, increasing the quality of recreational services, tourist satisfaction, and tourism development for Arab tourists.

Osmanlı Devleti’nde zimmî statüsündeki gayrimüslimlerin evlenme, boşanma, nafaka, miras gibi ahval-i şahsiye adı verilen davalarını kendi hukuklarına göre cemaat mahkemelerinde çözme imkânı vardı. Buna karşılık bahsedilen davaları için kadı mahkemesine başvuru hakları da bulunmaktaydı. Osmanlı Devleti’nde zimmiler daha çok evlilik, boşanma, mihr, nafaka, çocuk velayeti, miras gibi toplumsal konularda kadı mahkemesine başvurmuştur. Osmanlı tarihinde kadı mahkemesinde görülen davaların kayıtlarını ihtiva eden ve toplumsal hayat, ekonomi, hukuk ve benzeri konularda ana kaynak mahiyetindeki kadı sicillerinin önemi herkesin malumudur. Bu çalışmada ana kaynak olarak kullanılan Trabzon mahkemesine ait şer‘iyye sicil defterleri günümüze seri hâlde ulaşmıştır. Şer‘iyye sicillerine göre evlenme, boşanma, miras, kefalet, nafaka, alım-satım, alacak-verecek gibi pek çok konuda zimmi kadın ve erkeğin kadı mahkemesine başvurduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bu makalede Müslüman ve gayrimüslim nüfusun bir arada yaşadığı Trabzon’da zimmilerin kadı mahkemesini kullanma pratiği ele alınmıştır. Zimmilerin özel hukuk alanına giren davaları için kendi hukuk normlarına göre cemaat mahkemelerine başvurmak yerine kadı mahkemesini kullanma nedenleri izah edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti’nde zimmiler “ahval-i şahsiye” olarak ifade edilen konularda, kendi cemaat mahkemesine başvurma hakkı vardı. Buna karşılık zimmilerin, İslâm hukukuna tabi olarak evlenme, boşanma, borç ilişkisine girme, taşınır ve taşınmaz mal edinme, mirasçı olma gibi hakları da bulunmaktaydı. İslam hukuku zimmi tebaaya bazı konularda kendi dinî hukuklarının uygulanması olanağını sağlarken, onların kadı mahkemelerine başvurabilmeleri yolunu da açık tutmuştur. Zimmiler daha çok evlilik, boşanma, çocuk velayeti, miras gibi toplumsal konularda kadı mahkemesine başvurmuştur. Bu çalışmada Trabzon’un XVIII. yüzyılın ilk yarısındaki şer’iyye sicilleri kullanılarak özel hukuk alanına giren konularda gayrimüslimlerin kadı mahkemesine yaptıkları başvurular incelenmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti’nde kişiler hukuki meselelerini çözmek üzere doğrudan kendileri mahkemeye başvurabildiği gibi kimi zaman mahkemede vekilleri aracılığıyla da temsil edilme hakkına sahip idi. Farklı nedenlerle mahkemeye gelmeyen veya gelemeyenler başvurularını vekiller aracılığı ile yapıyordu. Mahkemede vekil aracılığıyla temsil edilme konusunda herhangi bir sınırlama yoktu. Osmanlı Devleti’nde klasik dönemde Müslümanların evlenme sözleşmelerini kadı huzurunda ya da kadı izni ile bir din görevlisi tarafından gerçekleştirilmesi uygulaması vardı. Zimmiler için resmi olarak atanan gayrimüslim din adamlarına evlilik işlemlerini gerçekleştirme yetkisi tanınmıştır. Ancak tanınan bu ayrıcalığa rağmen zimmiler nikâh işlemlerini bazen kadı mahkemesinde gerçekleştirmekteydi. Evlilikten ziyade boşanma hususunda zimmilerin kadı mahkemesini kullanma nedenleri nelerdir? Bu soruya zamana ve mekâna göre farklı cevaplar verilebilir. En başta şunu söylemek gerekir ki kadı mahkemesinde anlaşmalı boşanmak çok kolaydı. Hristiyanlıkta evliliğe kutsallık atfedilmesi boşanmayı zorlaştırmaktaydı. Hristiyan hukuk normlarının boşanma hususundaki katı ve tutucu tavrı zimmileri kadı mahkemesine yöneltmiş olmalıdır. Zimmiler kendi aralarındaki sözleşmelerde İslam hukuku kurallarına tabi değillerdir. Ancak bu tip sözleşmelerden kaynaklanan anlaşmazlıkları kadı mahkemesine getirme hakları vardır. Mülk satışı ya da gayrimenkul kiralama işlemlerinde zimmiler, kadı mahkemesini sık sık kullanmışlardır. Zimmiler özel hukuk alanı olmasına rağmen miras paylaşımı için kadı mahkemesini zaman zaman kullanmışlardır. Zimmilerin miras davalarında kadı mahkemesini tercih etmeleri İslam miras hukukunun kendileri için daha avantajlı (özellikle kadınlar için) olmasından dolayıdır. Nafaka konusunda da zimmiler kadı mahkemesini kullanmışlardır. Babası ölen çocukların nafaka ihtiyaçları için babalarından kalan mirastan ödenmek şartıyla nafaka takdiri mahkemede yapılmaktaydı. Zimmilerin mahkemeyi kullanma nedenlerinden birisi de vakıf konuları ile ilgilidir. Gayrimüslimlerin kadı mahkemesini kullanma sebeplerinden birisi de ihtidadır. Yeni din olarak İslâmı seçenler kadı mahkemesine başvurarak bu durumu tescil ettiriyorlardı. Bu konuda belgelere yansıyan pek çok kayıt yer almaktadır.

The city of Trabzon has no site classification map or site-specific analyses representing the assessment earthquake hazard so far, although Trabzon had been influenced and damaged due to earthquakes that occurred particularly in the North Anatolian Fault zone both in the recent and distant past. This paper presents the site classification and analyzes the site-specific pseudo-spectral acceleration (PSA) for densely populated areas of Trabzon. The coastline and the east and west edges of the city demonstrate minimum Vs30 in the overall study area from 175 to 396 m/s, respectively, which falls CD to DE class in NEHRP, and ZC to ZE in TBDY. The Vs30 of the remaining areas vary between 347 and 851 m/s, representing CD to BC in NEHRP and ZD to ZB in Turkish Building Regulation. The wide range of Vs30 is mostly due to the depth of the volcanic main rock, altered and agglomerated settings of dominant formation. The estimated PSA curves along the coast side of Trabzon including the lowest Vs30 demonstrate significantly greater spectral acceleration values than the design spectrum, particularly in TA–TB range that was used for almost whole constructions in the study area. Also, PSAs of the neighborhoods mostly classified as ZC in TDBY indicate overlapping with design spectrums and peak values are pretty close to limits. As a result, the proposed paper demonstrates that the earthquake hazard should not be underestimated, in particular considering the high possibility of well-known frequent ruptures on the east side of the North Anatolian Fault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is obvious today that a new era of communication and interaction has been started through social media networks. For this reason, corporate social media networks and their contents are one of the correct and effective promotional tools that can be used in destination promotion. Based on this situation, the main purpose of the study is to examine the use of social media networks by central and local governments in Trabzon destination, specifically for destination promotion. Within the framework of this purpose, the corporate Facebook, Instagram and Twitter social media accounts of Trabzon destination center and local governments are analyzed with the quantitative content analysis method. As a result of the study, it is determined that Trabzon destination center and local governments do not use social media networks effectively for destination promotion. Additionally, it is concluded that the majority of the promotion-oriented posts on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter accounts are made by the Trabzon Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The starting point of this study is the problematic perspective of focusing only on the final product in spatial planning, while ignoring the planning process, and a lack of certain standards/criteria of the evaluation stage for the internal and external consistencies of spatial plans. Although it has recently attracted significant interest in the field, the methodological use of evaluation is not widespread in planning practice. Evaluation, which is considered to be a simple checking duty in the Turkish planning system (TPS), is not considered in the related literature and legislation. Focusing on the “evaluation stage” of spatial planning, this paper aims to demonstrate the contribution of the previously developed Guideline for Evaluation of Spatial Plans (GESP) in testing and ensuring the consistency of different scale and types of plans prior to their approval. The first phase of the study focuses on the concept of evaluation, reviews a series of related literature for the evaluation of plans, and discusses the evaluation stage in the TPS. In the second phase, the consistency of the selected case area plansafter addition of new resources that comply with the input of the previously developed evaluation framework GESPis examined. This guideline, which is an analytical method proposal, is applied over the selected cases, involving the upper-scale plans that cover Trabzon province and lower-scale plans for some settlements that were selected from within this province. Consistencies of all the plan components (plan sheets, plan report, plan notes, plan legend) of plans with different scales for the case area were tested in terms of the criteria of the developed guideline. Most of these plans were found to be inconsistent, both internally and externally. In the study, it was determined that the plans in fact contained many inconsistencies on their approval without being subjected to such evaluation. Although the study did not focus on the frequency of evaluation of spatial plans, the parties that will make those evaluations, and how to use their output, it provides basis for future studies. The “evaluation stage”, an important theoretical issue in the international literature, is exemplified for both how it would be handled and tested in practice. Identifying the needs, processes, and problems related to the evaluation stage, mainly for its ex-ante stage, will allow the TPS to intervene in the preparation of plans before their approval. This may have a positive impact on the production of final plans that are more comprehensive, and do not require continuous changes during the planning process. The introduced use of the guideline will contribute to the limited number of studies, concerning the evaluation stage of the spatial plans in Türkiye, besides guiding the related possible legal regulations regarding the TP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article builds on data and field work notes from two ethnographic studies conducted in two cities: Istanbul and Trabzon, Turkey. It examines the socio-political dynamics behind the prevalence and impact of conspiratorial narratives. We explore the emergence, circulation, and effects of these narratives and how they shape political orientations and mobilisation. We raise methodological questions about these narratives and propose researchers closely scrutinise them rather than dismissing them as illogical or incoherent. Our research reveals three novel relational and methodological insights derived from conspiratorial narratives. First, these narratives serve as sense-making tools during times of uncertainty. They provide accessible explanations for abrupt changes, and they rely and draw upon 'cultural repertoires'. Second, by challenging the mainstream narratives, they shape subjectivities; empowering narrators to act as agents. Third, how conspiratorial narratives circulate has implications for the dynamics of state-public relationships, often following the neoliberal logic, they portray political leaders as central figures in navigating complex decision-making processes. Our case studies demonstrate that actors, even in less powerful positions, may not necessarily antagonise the state. We underscore the methodological significance of these narratives for researchers, to examine actors' agency, group dynamics, and responses to everyday injustices., (© 2024 London School of Economics and Political Science.)

The starting point of this study is the problematic perspective of focusing only on the final product in spatial planning, while ignoring the planning process, and a lack of certain standards/criteria of the evaluation stage for the internal and external consistencies of spatial plans. Although it has recently attracted significant interest in the field, the methodological use of evaluation is not widespread in planning practice. Evaluation, which is considered to be a simple checking duty in the Turkish planning system (TPS), is not considered in the related literature and legislation. Focusing on the “evaluation stage” of spatial planning, this paper aims to demonstrate the contribution of the previously developed Guideline for Evaluation of Spatial Plans (GESP) in testing and ensuring the consistency of different scale and types of plans prior to their approval. The first phase of the study focuses on the concept of evaluation, reviews a series of related literature for the evaluation of plans, and discusses the evaluation stage in the TPS. In the second phase, the consistency of the selected case area plansafter addition of new resources that comply with the input of the previously developed evaluation framework GESPis examined. This guideline, which is an analytical method proposal, is applied over the selected cases, involving the upper-scale plans that cover Trabzon province and lower-scale plans for some settlements that were selected from within this province. Consistencies of all the plan components (plan sheets, plan report, plan notes, plan legend) of plans with different scales for the case area were tested in terms of the criteria of the developed guideline. Most of these plans were found to be inconsistent, both internally and externally. In the study, it was determined that the plans in fact contained many inconsistencies on their approval without being subjected to such evaluation. Although the study did not focus on the frequency of evaluation of spatial plans, the parties that will make those evaluations, and how to use their output, it provides basis for future studies. The “evaluation stage”, an important theoretical issue in the international literature, is exemplified for both how it would be handled and tested in practice. Identifying the needs, processes, and problems related to the evaluation stage, mainly for its ex-ante stage, will allow the TPS to intervene in the preparation of plans before their approval. This may have a positive impact on the production of final plans that are more comprehensive, and do not require continuous changes during the planning process. The introduced use of the guideline will contribute to the limited number of studies, concerning the evaluation stage of the spatial plans in Türkiye, besides guiding the related possible legal regulations regarding the TP.

Copyright of Pasos: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural is the property of Universidad de La Laguna, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Near Architecture is the property of Journal of Near East Architecture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Trabzon Archaeological Survey Project was initiated in 2018 with the aim of researching the pre-Classical Period in the Southeastern Black Sea region. This is a period which had not received much attention previously from researchers. In the first two years of the field researches, some archaeological sites (Kalecik/Mile Castle, Konakdüzü area, ruins in the Horhor and Sumaha hills) within the boundaries of the Maçka district have been discovered, and they were attributed to an early period. These archaeological sites and some of the material remains obtained here are thought to belong to the local peoples of the region mentioned in ancient Greek and Roman texts. The survey project reveals some significant results in compare of descriptions about the local peoples in ancient texts and archaeological evidence of the contemporary neighboring cultures. Thus, it can be said that for the first time, archaeological evidence about the ancient peoples in the region has been obtained.

Objective: The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM) and prediabetes, and to evaluate the associated risk factors in a sample of adult Turkish population.Methods: A total of 4000 eligible study subjects, aged 20 years or older, chosen by multistage sampling on a field were considered. Of those 3721 subjects (2139 women and 1582 men) participated in the study.Results: The prevalence of prediabetes and DM were found to be as 6.4% and 10.4% (3.6% being newly diagnosed by this study), respectively. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, advanced age (OR:26.7, p < 0.0005 in the group 70 years and over), marriage (OR:2.05, p = 0.047), housewives (OR:1.34, p = 0.003), family history of diabetes (OR:2.84, p < 0.0005), overweight (OR:1.61, p = 0.026), obesity (OR:2.25, p < 0.0005), hypertension (OR:1.42, p = 0.007) and dyslipidemia (OR:1.38, p = 0.028) were independent risk factors for being diabetic.Conclusions: DM is an important health problem in the adult population of Trabzon city. Newly diagnosed diabetic patients who were unaware of their status are at high risk. To control DM and associated risk factors, effective public health education and taking urgent steps are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) can successfully image the buried archaeological findings depending on changes in the electromagnetic features of the researched materials. The GPR survey in the Akçakale (Kordyle) castle built in the 13th century was presented in this study. The castle is located at Akçakale district of Trabzon province on the Eastern Black Sea Coast of Turkey. The key focus of this research is to investigate whether there are archaeological findings in the inner area of the castle with GPR. For this purpose, GPR data were collected by using 250 and 500 MHz antennas at 95 transects within grid lengths ranging 30-50m in the study area. Anomalies considered to be important by evaluating the filtered data were marked on a sketch where the measurement lines are located. On this sketch, the overlapping areas of the anomalies obtained from the data in different directions on the measurement lines were shown by ellipses with red-cut as priority possible anomaly areas. Possible archaeological structures were been successfully determined from 2D and 3D images obtained GPR data in the study area. As a result, it has been suggested that archaeological excavations which will be planned in the study area should be conducted by considering these areas. After the excavations, archaeological findings which are compatible with anomalies were found in the studied area. Thus, it was seen that successful results were obtained with the GPR method in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bryophytes are terrestrial plants and they contain many important medical aspects. In this study, six different bryophytes (Polytrichastrum formosum, Plagiomnium cuspidatum, Hypnum jutlandicum, Sphagnum palustre, Rhizomnium punctatum and Pellia epiphylla) were collected from Trabzon, Türkiye. The effect of the extract of these bryophytes on some human pathogenic microorganisms especially causing skin diseases (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Candida albicans) was investigated. The highest antimicrobial activity was obtained by P. formosum extract against S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, and S. epidermidis. P. epiphylla was also effective towards S. aureus, B. cereus, and S. epidermidis. No activity was obtained for C. albicans. MIC values of P. formosum, P. cuspidatum, R. punctatum, and P. epiphylla plant extracts were determined by using S. aureus, B. cereus, and S. epidermidis microorganisms. Because the plant with the lowest MIC values was P. epiphylla, soap and cream formulations were prepared using the extract of this plant. Antimicrobial properties of suspended soap/cream samples were determined against B. cereus, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis microorganisms. It was observed that both soap and cream samples containing plant extract inhibited bacterial growth more than control samples of soap and cream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competition is a key factor for firms to hold on in the markets, and the key to this lock is innovation. The basis of innovation is knowledge and learning. Knowledge and learning skills builds through a cumulative processes. Clusters serve as a pool for this accumulation, and are the production base of knowledge and learning.Our study aims to determine the knowledge channels and learning processes required for innovation activities of firms. For this, it was chosen the symbolic knowledge-based Trabzon jewelry cluster that have a natural cluster property. In addition, it is another aim of the study to determine difference between these channels with the innovation level of firms. The data obtained through surveys were analyzed both descriptively and statistically with SPSS. According to the results, firms in the clustering perform their innovation processes through local and non-local connections. The importance of these connections varies according to the level of innovation of firms. Firms with a high level of innovation use local knowledge more often. The study target to contribute to the literature, analyzing the local and non-local connections of knowledge and learning processes in a traditional cluster.

Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun başkenti Konstantinopolis’in 1204’te Latinler tarafından işgali, devletin yeni bir merkezden idare edilmesi zorunluluğunu doğurmuştu. Bu merkezlerden biri olan Trabzon’da, Komnenos hanedanlığından Aleksios ve David tarafından yeni bir devletin temeli atıldı. Kentte 13. yüzyılda süren imar faaliyetinde duvar resimleri, taş süslemeler ve yer mozaikleriyle zengin dekorasyona sahip birkaç kilise inşa edildi. Bu yapılar ve dekorasyonları Konstantinopolis’in mimari ve sanatsal üslubunun devamıdır. Trabzon yapılarının döşemelerinde, başkent ve başkent etkisini yansıtan yapılarda benzerlerini gördüğümüz geometrik kompozisyonlar yer alır. Bu bağlamda, Ayasofya Kilisesi’nin döşemeleri başkent üslubunu yansıtan iyi bir örnektir. Döşeme kilisenin naosunda, ana kubbeyi taşıyan dört sütun arasındaki 6.20 metrekarelik bölümde yer alır. Döşemenin merkezinde daire biçimli bir omphalion bulunmaktaydı. Levha 1860’larda yerinden sökülerek bir süre Kromni’deki Meryem’in Doğumu Kilisesi’nde tutulmuştu. 1924’te Karadeniz bölgesinden ayrılan Rumlar tarafından omphalion Selanik’e götürüldü. Aziz Georgios Rotondu’nun arkeolojik koleksiyonunda korunan eser, sonradan bugünkü yerine, Selanik’teki Bizans Kültürü Müzesi’ne taşındı. Bu çalışmanın amacı omphalionun kayıp olmayıp, yerinden söküldüğünü bilim dünyasına duyurmak ve Bizans yer döşemelerinde benzerini başka yerde görmediğimiz, omphaliondaki “tavşan avlayan kartal” tasvirinin ikonografisi ve köken sorununu ele almaktır. Bu bağlamda çalışmamızda, Antik Çağdan ve Bizans Dönemi’nden farklı eser gruplarındaki kartal, avcı kartal konulu paralel tasvirler yardımıyla genel bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the water quality characteristics of Karadere River. For this purpose, physical parameters, major anion-cation and trace element analyzes were carried out by performing surface water sampling in Karadere River. In order to determine the hydrochemical properties, two periods of surface water sampling were carried out in October-2020 and April-2021. The physical properties, major anion and cation analysis results of the water samples were evaluated according to the World Health Organization WHO, TS266 (Regulation on Water Intended for Human Consumption) and Water Pollution Control Regulation. Water types in Karadere surface water were determined as Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Na-HCO3. It has been determined that Karadere surface water is suitable for drinking water in terms of this physical parameters and major anions-cations according to WHO and TS266 Regulation on Water Intended for Human Consumption. According to the Water Pollution Control Regulation, all parameters were determined to be in I and II water class. When examined in terms of pollution, it is seen that Karadere surface water is in IV class water class according to NO2 content. It has been determined that the Al and Fe values of the rainy period in terms of trace element contents are above the limit values defined in the TS266 Regulation on Water Intended for Human Consumption. It has been determined that Karadere surface water can be used in agricultural activities in all plants except for plants that are sensitive to sodium and in plants that need moderate salt.

Trabzon-Değirmendere Valley is the third holy place for the Orthodox after Jerusalem and Hagion Oros (the Holy mountain). This study intends, through a field work, to trace and document the places of worship built by non-Muslims in Hamsiköy Valley, which is a branch of Değirmendere Valley that had the densest non-Muslim population, not included in the current literature or not made subject to comprehensive determinations and analyses. On-site determination and documentation studies were carried out in the study by tracing down the Non-Muslim places of worship situated in Hamsiköy Valley. Coordinates of these buildings were established, measurements were conducted whether the building/remnant was existing, schematic plans were drawn and photographs were taken. Inventory forms were generated in accordance with the information obtained. The building/remnants were processed on maps and their locations/positions were documented and their interrelations and the topography of the area was exhibited. A total number of 47 non-Muslim worship places were identified in Hamsiköy Valley in the current literature. Only 14 of these 47 buildings were located during the land study and 19 more buildings that could not be matched with the 47 buildings in the literature were identified during the field work. Hamsiköy Valley which is a branch of Değirmendere Valley, extending from the center of Maçka to Zigana in the south defines the spatial boundaries of the research. While the beginning of the period in question commences with conquest of Trabzon by the Ottoman, the temporal boundary of the study is drawn by the 19th century when extensive rights were granted to non-Muslims and then Turkish-Greek population exchange that took in 1923. This study was conducted for tracing down the places of worship built by non-Muslims in the past in Hamsiköy Valley in Trabzon. These non-Muslim buildings, for which there is not enough information about their current situation despite references in the literature, were identified on site, their coordinates were determined, their sketches were drawn, photographed and taken into inventory.

Destination is one of the most important elements of tourism. The fact that quality, price and diversity of the goods and services produced and offered by a destination are at a high level indicates the competitiveness and position of this destination in comparison with other destinations. Comparative advantage of a region is one of the main reasons for visitors to a destination. Destination superiority consists of elements such as the natural resources of the destination, cultural resources, infrastructure and superstructure. The development of a destination depends on the coordination of tourism stakeholders. A destination can increase tourist satisfaction by providing its supply resources to tourists at a qualified level, and thus the number of tourists increases. This study aims to create an information system for destination management by referring to the comparison method. The destination comparison provides concrete information, and therefore it can also provide clear information for the planning of cities. In relation to this, this study provides a comparison of the provinces of Gümüşhane and Trabzon. The data obtained with secondary data sources were systematized and tabulated, and the elements constituting the destination were classified into six headings. By interpreting the classified data, it was aimed to determine the state of the two destinations. For the tourism development of Gümüşhane, promotion activities should be emphasized with an organization to be created with the participation of all stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spaces must be designed in accordance with certain design principles for people to feel comfortable. In accordance with that, building ventilation is particularly important during hot periods to ensure thermal comfort. In this study, the effect of ventilation realized using a wind tower on the thermal quality of a classroom was investigated. In the study, two popular models (unidirectional and multidirectional wind tower) were studied, and the model that provided more ergonomic ventilation to sitting users based on climate conditions of the province of Trabzon (Turkey) during the month of August was determined. The more efficient model was studied further. Some dimensional changes in width, height, and shelf height were applied to it to find a model that provided more comfort for the used thermal conditions. The models were modelled and simulated using ANSYS FLUENT. Velocity distributions were generated to ease the interpretation of the results. With the calculated average wind speeds in different regions in the classroom, the thermal sensation in the space was evaluated. Furthermore, the thermal perception of users of the retained model was evaluated by entering thermal comfort parameter values calculated for the relevant region into the CBE thermal comfort tool available online. The change in the dimensional features of the wind tower had an impact on wind tower performance. Ventilation provided by wind towers under the thermal conditions of Trabzon in August often caused thermal discomfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pontus Rum İmparatoru II. Aleksios Komnenos (1297-1330) tarafından desteklenen George Chioniades, İstanbul’dan Trabzon’a gelerek bilimsel ve kültürel çalışmalara katılmıştır. Astronomi alanında bilgisini artırmak için 1295 yılında İlhanlıların başkenti olan Tebrîz’e gitmiş ve Şemseddîn el-Vâbkanavî el-Buharî’nin ders halkasına katılmıştır. İki yıl Tebrîz’de kalmış ve el-Vâbkanavî’den astronomi dersleri almıştır. Tebrîz’de kaldığı sırada Arapça ve Farsçayı öğrenmiştir. 1299 (veya 1300) yılında astronomi içerikli eserler ile birlikte Trabzon’a ve daha sonra İstanbul’a geri dönmüştür. Chioniades’in Tebrîz’den getirerek Rumcaya çevirdiği eserlerin başında Abdurrahman el-Hâzinî’ye ait Zîc-i Sencerî, Nasîrüddîn et-Tûsî’nin koordinatörlüğünde yazılan Zîc-i İlhanî, Abdülkerim el-Fahhad’ın yazdığı Zîc-i ‘Alâ’i (Tablolarla Alâ’î’nin Astronomik El Kitabı) adlı eseri ve Şemseddîn el-Vâbkanavî el-Buharî’nin usturlaba ilişkin risalesi bulunmaktadır. 1310-1314 yılları arasında piskopos olarak Tebrîz’e ikinci kez giden Chioniades, İlhanlıların İslamiyet’i kabulü sonrasında geri dönmek zorunda kalmıştır. İlhanlı astronomisinin Bizans ve Avrupa astronomisini etkilemesinde önemli bir rolü oynamıştır. Özellikle ‘Tûsî Çifti’ni’ Bizans ve Venedik üzerinden Avrupa’ya Nikolas Kopernik’e ulaştırması Güneş merkezli yeni evren modelinin oluşmasına ortam oluşturmuştur.