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Tes Kognitif AJT yang dikembangkan oleh Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) merupakan alat asesmen psikologis inovatif yang dirancang khusus untuk mengevaluasi kemampuan kognitif anak-anak Indonesia berusia 5-18 tahun. Meskipun memiliki potensi yang signifikan, penerapan tes ini masih terbatas, sehingga perlu diperluas penggunaannya di berbagai konteks pendidikan dan klinis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas dan tantangan praktis dalam penggunaan Tes Kognitif AJT dari perspektif tester yang telah tersertifikasi, dengan menggunakan desain penelitian kualitatif untuk mendapatkan pemahaman yang mendalam. Data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner dengan pertanyaan terbuka yang diisi oleh 14 tester AJT sehingga memungkinkan pemahaman yang lebih detail mengenai pengalaman dan penilaian mereka. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Tes Kognitif AJT dipandang sebagai alat yang komprehensif dan relevan secara budaya untuk menilai kemampuan kognitif anak-anak Indonesia. Meskipun beberapa peserta mengalami kesulitan awal, terutama terkait dengan pelaksanaan tes, mayoritas berhasil mengatasi tantangan tersebut. Mereka menekankan kemampuan tes ini untuk memberikan analisis mendalam tentang fungsi kognitif dan mengungkap potensi laten anak-anak. Penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya memperluas penggunaan Tes Kognitif AJT untuk meningkatkan asesmen kemampuan kognitif di Indonesia, serta menekankan perlunya pelatihan dan dukungan berkelanjutan bagi para tester.

The genetic variability of important fiber quality traits of cotton such as: uniformity Index (UI); fiber elongation before breaking (Elongation, Elg) and micronaire (Mic) were studied. Qualitative characteristics were tested on the HVI (High Volume Instrument) system, in accordance with the international classification. Local cotton varieties (Agdash-3, AP-317 and Elekberi), Turkish testers (Sezener 76, Naz 07, Ozbek and GSN 12) and 12 incomplete diallelic hybrid combinations were evaluated to determine the potential of parental varieties, F1 and F2 hybrids using effective method - combining ability. Analysis of variance, carried out on the basis of data from all studied combinations, made it possible to identify one local line (AP-317) and two foreign testers (Naz 07 and GSN 12), which had, to varying degrees, positive effects of total combining ability (TCA). This indicates additive types of expression of non-allelic genes responsible for the formation of the studied qualitative properties of cotton fiber. Variations in the SCS of hybrid combinations were generally lower than the effects of the GCS. When assessing second-generation hybrids, we determined that lines and testers with positive effects of GCA and hybrid combinations with their participation were distinguished by high indicators of the fiber quality in the next generation. Consequently, selection of genotypes with improved fiber quality carried out in early generations can be effective, which will accelerate the creation of new promising varieties and lines of cotton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of this research was to evaluate the general and specific combinational ability of inbred winter rye lines in plant height and to identify relatively short-stemmed combinations. The starting material for the crossing was 22 homozygous rye lines carrying sterile cytoplasm of the Pampa type. The male fertile homozygous lines mf H‑1423, mf H‑1247, mf H‑732, and mf H‑842 were used as testers, in which the plant height was 122, 120, 102, and 100 cm, respectively. Test crosses were carried out in isolated plots according to the topcross scheme. A total of 88 simple F1 hybrids were produced. These were tested on plots of 8.0 m2 in three repetitions. The average height of plants in F1 hybrids was 129 cm and ranged from 114 to 145 cm. The hybrids with the mf H‑732 and mf H‑842 testers turned out to be the shortest-stemmed, and the tallest ones were those with the mf H‑1423 tester. Both general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combinational abilities made a significant contribution to the variance of the plant height trait. The genotypes ms H‑422 and ms H‑1179 had a significantly higher GCA compared to other lines, while ms H‑700 and ms H‑1058 had a lower GCA. Among the testers, the high-stemmed mf H‑1423 and mf H‑1247 lines had a significantly high GCA, and the short-stemmed mf H‑732 and mf H‑842 testers had a significantly low GCA. Combinations involving short-stemmed testers made up a group of the shortest-stemmed hybrids, in which plant height varied from 114 to 120 cm. It has been shown that lines with low effects are of great value for practical breeding not only for GCA, but also for SCA. The ms H‑700 line is of interest, which simultaneously combines low GCA and SCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize is a cereal crop essential to fulfill the need for food and support global food security programs. Maize hybrid varieties play a very significant role in increasing maize production. Objectives of the research were to obtain a tester, which is consistent in identifying inbred lines with a high specific combining ability, and to obtain prospective crossed-hybrids that have the potential assembling to be maize hybrid varieties. The grain yield showed that the specific combining ability values ranged from -3682.2 to 5251.7. Crosses that have high and positive specific combining ability included lines of JG-11, JG-18, JG-34, JG-01, JG-40, JG-B0, JG-19, and JG-02 with a tester of JG-T00; lines of JG-20, JG-01, JG-03, JG-42, JG-02, JG-46, and tester of JG-T14; lines of JG-24, JG-08, JG-23, JG-26, JG-21, JG-07, and JG-06 with a tester of JG-T15; lines of JG-38, JG-40, JG-35, JG-36, JG-01, JG-51, JG-17, JG-B0, and JG-08 with tester of JG-T22; and lines of JG-07, JG-01, JG-26, JG-24, and JG-18 with tester of JG-T37. There were combinations of 9 crosses between inbred lines and the best testers, including JG-06XJG-T15, JG-51XJG-T22, JG-49XJG-T22, JG-B0XJG-T22, JG-35XJG-T22, JG-38XJG-T22, JG-17XJG-T22, JG-36XJG-T22, and JG-49XJG-37, which are potential as prospective maize hybrids that have high productivity.

Model evaluation is a cornerstone of scientific research as it represents the findings' accuracy and model performance. A case study is commonly used in evaluating software engineering models. Due to criticism in terms of generalization from a single case study and testers, deciding on the number of case studies used for evaluation and the number of testers has been one of the researchers’ challenges. Multiple case studies with multiple testers can be difficult in some domains, such as penetration testing, due to the complexity and time needed to prepare test cases. This study aims to review the literature and examine the evaluation methods used pertaining to the number of case studies and testers involved. This study is beneficial for researchers, students, and penetration testers as it provides case study design steps that are useful to determine the appropriate number of test cases and testers required. The paper's findings and novelty highlight that a single case study with a single tester is enough to evaluate a model. It also strikes a balance between what is enough for the evaluation and the need to reduce criticisms of a single case study by using two case studies with a single tester. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-03-025 Full Text: PDF

The aim of the study is to quantify the contribution of additive, dominant, and epistatic dispersions to the overall genetic variation of the 1000-grain weight trait to increase the efficiency of breeding heterotic hybrids of winter rye. The experiments were carried out at the experimental base of the Federal Research Center Nemchinovka (Moscow oblast). The starting material was ten male sterile homozygous inbred lines carrying the Pump-type cytoplasm. These lines were crossed with two male fertile test lines: mf H-842 and mf H-1247. Test crosses were carried out in 2019 on two isolated plots according to the topcross scheme. The resulting hybrids and their parent forms were tested in 2020 and 2021 on plots of 8 m2 in twofold repetition. The test for epistasis and decomposition of the genetic varianсе into additive and dominant components was carried out by the method of Jinks, Perkins, and Brees (1969). The data show that the additive interaction of genes, as well as incomplete dominance, plays the main role in determining the trait of granularity. A stable ratio of these interactions was established over the years: the proportion of additive effects varied at the level of 83.9–84.7%, and the proportion of dominant effects at the level of 15.3–16.1%. The indicator of the degree of dominance was less than one and varied slightly over the years. It follows from this that dominant alleles affecting gross grain do not completely suppress the effect of their recessive alleles. For this reason, simple interlinear hybrids inherit an intermediate phenotype compared to the parent forms. The most coarse-grained hybrids were obtained by crossing lines ms H-1054, ms H-649, and ms H-1090 with the coarse-grained tester mf H-1247. It is concluded that, in the synthesis of commercial rye hybrids, it is necessary to strive to ensure that all parent forms are gross-grained. To obtain such lines, it is advisable to use methods of recurrent selection as well as convergent and cumulative breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of the inbred lines perspective for combining abilities of winter rye is an important stage in the hybrid breeding cycle. The objective of the surveys is to evaluate the general and specific combining abilities of the inbred lines of winter rye with a topcross method. Thirty rye homozygous lines carrying the sterility-inducing cytoplasm of the Pampa type served as the maternal inheritance patterns. Four male fertile homozygous lines mfН-1432, mfН-1423, mfН-1147, and mfН-1842 were used as testers. Test crossings were performed on the spatially isolated fields in 2019. Overall, 120 simple interlinear F1 hybrids were produced. Their testing was carried out on the plots of 8.0-m2 area with two field replicates. The Valdai cultivar was used as a standard at the population level. The F1 hybrid crop yields varied from 5.08 to 7.55 t/ha at the parameter average value of 6.27 t/ha within the experiment. The hybrids containing lines msН-1185-1 were considered highest-yielding crops. Their crop yields varied from 6.92 to 7.48 t/ha relative to the tester. Frequency of occurrence of hybrids F1 with reliably high competitive heterosis comprised 20 of 120, or 16.7%. Both the general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining abilities made the essential contribution to dispersion of the crop-related traits. In addition, the portions of the GCA and SCA effects comprised 91.2 and 6.9% of dispersion of the crop-related traits, respectively. A high variance GCA/SCA ratio indicates rather substantial genetic divergence between the inbred lines used in breeding. Rather high GCA is recorded for seven sterile lines, such as msH-1185-1, msH-1185-2, msН-1179, msН-1238, msН-700, msН-48, and msН-1247. The line mfН-1147 was considered best on GCA among the tester lines. Lines msН-451, msН-577, msН-842, msH-1185-2, and msН-1190 and testers mfН-1432 and mfН-1423 showed great SCA effects. The average crop yield of the hybrids containing lines of high GCA was reliably higher than that in the hybrids containing lines of high SCA (6.76 vs. 6.24 t/ha, true T-value Tfact = 3.38 > T05 = 2.22). However, nine sterile lines possessed significantly lower GCA. A positive correlation between the line GCA effects and the levels of their crop yields was revealed (r = 0.59, true T-value Tfact = 2.30 > T05 = 2.22). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study is to estimate the combining ability effects among parents and their crosses in pearl millet, to identify promising cross combinations for grain yield and its component traits. In combining ability analysis, the extent of sca variance was higher than gca variance for all of the characters demonstrating the predominance of non-additive gene action except for panicle length and 1000-grain weight. The estimates of general combining ability suggested that parents, RIB 17 S/109, RIB 16300, RIB 37-40 S/17, RIB 13-16 S/17, ICMA 96666 and ICMA 94111 were good general combiners for yield and its contributing characters. The best hybrid, ICMA 94111 x RIB 16296 involved low x low performing parents which exhibited high positive and significant SCA effect for grain yield and most of the yield contributing and quality traits like protein, iron and zinc. These good combiner lines may be exploited to develop iron and zinc rich hybrids along with grain yield to alleviate malnutrition in people of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase of planting density is a dominant approach for the higher yield of maize. However, the stalks of some varieties are prone to lodging under high density conditions. Much research has been done on the evaluation of maize lodging resistance. But there are few comprehensive reports on the determination of maize lodging resistance in situ without injury under field conditions. This study introduces a non-destructive in situ tester to determine the lodging resistance of the different maize varieties in the field. The force value can be obtained by pulling the stalk to different angles with this instrument, which is used to evaluate the lodging resistance of maize varieties. From 2018 to 2020, a total of 1,172 sample plants from 113 maize varieties were tested for the lodging resistance of plants. The statistical results show that the values of force on maize plants at 45° inclination angles (F45) are appropriate to characterize maize lodging resistance in situ by nondestructive testing in the field. According to the F45 value, the maximum lodging resistance Fmax can be inferred. The formula is: Fmax =1.1354 F45 - 0.3358. The evaluation results of lodging resistance of different varieties of this study are basically consistent with the test results of three-point bending method, moving wind tunnel and other methods. Therefore, the F45 value is the optimal index for nondestructive evaluation of maize stalk-lodging resistance under the fieldplanting conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereal crop cultivated globally. The development of inbred lines and hybrids is among the most widely used breeding strategies in maize. Choice of promising germplasm with good combining ability is a key to the development of high yielding maize varieties. Hence, the study was carried out with the objectives of determining the general and specific combining abilities of maize inbred lines and identifying crosses with higher grain yield and other important characteristics. The experiment consisted of thirty crosses and three popular standard hybrids were laid out in alpha lattice design with two replications during the 2018 cropping season at Adet and the data were analyzed using SAS software. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) among genotypes for all the traits except number of kernels per row and ear length. Mean squares for general combining ability of lines were significantly different at 1% and 5% probability levels for all evaluated traits, whereas specific combining ability was significantly different at 5% probability only for days to maturity, ear height, harvest index and thousand kernel weight. Among the tested inbred lines, L4 was the best combiner followed by L11 for grain yield with the general combining ability effects of 2867.73 and 488.70, respectively. L11 x T2 was the best cross for grain yield with the specific combining ability of 1035.67. Therefore, the crosses (L4 × T1) and (L4 × T2) as well as L11 x T2 can be utilized for developing high yielding hybrid varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stem borer (SB) and more recently, fall armyworm (FAW) are serious economic pests in maize production in sub-Saharan Africa. It is hypothesized that SB-resistant germplasm may confer resistance against FAW. However, the performance of SB-resistant lines in hybrid combinations and the inheritance of FAW-resistant traits under variable FAW infestations have not been reported. This study was conducted to (i) obtain information on the inheritance of agronomic and FAW-resistant traits under variable FAW infestations; (ii) identify hybrids combining high grain yield (GYLD) and stability under FAW infestations; and (iii) determine the effects of FAW damage on GYLD. Three SB-resistant lines (1393, CKSBL10060 and CML 331) as testers and six open-pollinated varieties (OPVs) as lines were crossed in a line tester scheme to generate eighteen test crosses. The test crosses together with two tester × tester crosses and two checks were evaluated under artificial FAW infestation (AI), natural infestation (NI) and pesticide-protected condition (PC) in Nigeria. Additive and non-additive effects were significant for GYLD, most agronomic and FAW-resistant traits under AI and NI, except ear damage (EDAM) scores under NI, whereas only the non-additive effect was significant for GYLD under PC. Two testers (1393 and CKSBL10060) combined significant and positive GCA effects for GYLD with desirable GCA effects for FAW-resistant traits under AI and NI, whereas CML 331 combined significant and negative GCA effects of GYLD with undesirable GCA effects of FAW resistance under the test conditions. Three OPVs (AWR SYN-W2, AMATZBR-WC4 and TZB-SR) had a significantly positive GCA effect for GYLD and a desirable GCA effect for either leaf damage (LDAM) or EDAM score under AI. The FAW LDAM and EDAM significantly reduced GYLD under AI but not under NI. Three test crosses (AMATZBR-WC4 x CKSBL10060, TZB-SR x CKSBL10060 and TZBR Comp 1-WC2 × 1393) combined high yield with stability and FAW tolerance across the test conditions and thus were recommended for further testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precision control of hydraulic equipment is a distinctive feature of modern hydraulic systems. With the help of special diagnostic devices, it is possible to reliably and simply monitor the operation of hydraulic equipment. Diagnostic methods can be very different. The article lists the stages and methods of checking hydraulic equipment malfunctions, as well as describes the principles of operation of diagnostic devices of well‑known world manufacturers HYDAC, MOOG, used in OJSC “BSW – Management Company of the Holding “BMC”. Schematically, the connection of the MOOG tester to the production equipment is presented when checking the servo valve in autonomous and combined mode, without resorting to dismantling the valve. Continuous monitoring of the oil purity with the help of the HYDAC FCU device allowed saving time on assessing its condition and taking fast‑acting corrective measures to clean the oil from contamination.

This study aimed to test the friction coefficient of cryogenic bearing lubrication materials. A ball-on-disc type friction tester was developed in our lab using air bearings that could simulate the movement of cryogenic bearings under sliding-rolling contact. The tester is equipped with a temperature-controlled chamber to provide a minimum −175 °C low-temperature environment. Using air bearings is an important technique to reduce the base friction of the tester measurement system and ensure the accuracy of the friction coefficient measurement. The friction coefficients of the Ag coating and the PTFE coating were measured at different sliding-rolling velocities on this tester, and the results showed that the friction coefficient curves agreed well with the Gupta sliding model. The developed tester will provide important data for the dynamic analysis and life evaluation of the cryogenic bearings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current regulations for tests on construction site for plastic anchors in concrete Tests on construction site in the base material concrete are regulated at the European level and in Germany only for approved plastic anchors. In September 2019 the Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik (DIBt) published the technical rule „Durchführung und Auswertung von Versuchen am Bau für Kunststoffdübel in Beton und Mauerwerk mit ETA ...". The Deutsche Ausschuss für Mauerwerk e.V. (DAfM) puplished in 2020 issue 4 of the series of puplications „(Dübel‐) Versuche am Bauwerk in Mauerwerk – Aktuelle Regelungen für Kunststoffdübel und Metall‐Injektionsanker zur Verankerung im Mauerwerk" for the practical implementation of this technical rule for anchorages in masonry. This article summarizes the essential contents of the DIBt technical rule for anchorages in concrete and shows the slight deviations from the regulations in the base material masonry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical fitness test is a method to determine physical abilities whose results are also very much determined in the measurement process carried out by the tester. This study aimed to determine the difficulty the tester has in meeting certain standards in measuring physical fitness in the Indonesian Air Force. This research method uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach through interviews with 15 testers. This qualitative data were analysed by referring to the phenomenological qualitative research steps of Moustakas and Cresswell. This study indicates difficulties in standardizing the tester in carrying out physical fitness tests in the Indonesian Air Force due to educational backgrounds, both in general education and military education, as well as corps, rank, and experience of different testers. Moreover, it was also found that there was also a lack of understanding of procedural mastery both in administration, measurement process procedures, and procedures for assessment and reporting of physical fitness test results. Continuous training of the tester is required to improve and monitor the tester's ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was aimed to study the combining ability and gene action in parents and hybrids of sunflower for seed yield and components traits. Six female lines were crossed with four male lines by Line x Tester method, to obtain 24 F1s. Data were recorded on ten characters. Among the female parents CMS-108A, CMS-250A and CMS-207A were good general combiners for seed yield and other contributing traits. Among the male parents, IB-22, EC-178178, EC-601957 were identified as the best general combiners for seed yield and other yield contributing traits. The crosses showing high desirable SCA effect have involved one of the parents of high GCA effect and in turn, had high per se performance. The SCA effect of hybrids viz., CMS-207A x IB-22 and CMS-108A x GP-6-116 were highly significant for seed yield/plant (g) and other component traits in a desirable direction, indicating that the high performance of these crosses is due to non-allelic gene action. Non-additive gene action is predominant for all the studied characters except days to 50% flowering, plant height (cm) and hull content (%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We test the effects of Tekster on writing capabilities in large-scale experiments involving 14,400 students and 600 teachers from 172 elementary and secondary schools, a comprehensive strategy-focused writing instruction program, using a switching replication design with three measurement occasions. The researchers formed two groups; Group 1 involved 6900 secondary school children and 310 high school teachers and Group 2 continued with 7500 elementary school children and 290 junior school teachers. The first experiment carried out during initial 18 weeks (between the first and second measurement occasions) in Group 1; while, the second experiment continued during the last 18-week period (between the second and third measurement occasions) in Group 2 implementing Tekster. The results confirm the writing quality of the students shows statistically significant improvements. Current both studies have shown a positive effect on the writing performance of students i.e., ES = 0.63 (Group 1), and ES = 0.75 (Group 2). Finally, the effect size of students completing all 72 Tekster lessons is 0.75. After two phases of eighteen weeks, students in both groups maintained their performance because three genres of writing were evaluated, allowing for generalization across students, classes, and writing assignments. We conclude that an effective way to develop secondary and elementary students' writing capabilities is through a strategy-based writing education tool like Tekster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background To decentralize point-of-care early infant diagnosis (POC EID), task shifting to cadres such as nurses is important. However, this should not compromise quality of testing through generating high rates of internal quality control (IQC) failures and long result turnaround times. We used data from a POC EID project in Zimbabwe to compare IQC rates and result return to caregivers for samples run on a POC EID technology (Alere q HIV 1/2 Detect) between nurses and laboratory-trained personnel to assess effects of task shifting on quality of testing. Methods This cross-sectional retrospective study used data from all 46 sites (10 hub and 36 spoke sites in Zimbabwe that piloted POC EID for routine clinical use from December 2016 to June 2017). IQC failure rates were downloaded from each POC EID platform and exported to excel to analyze IQC failure rates by type of operator. Turnaround time (TAT) from sample collection to issuing of results to caregiver was extracted from the EID test request form and uploaded into a project specific Excel-based database for analysis. Results A total of 1847 tests were conducted by 45 testers (12 laboratory-trained and 33 non-laboratory-trained personnel), including 165 errors. There were no significant differences in IQC failure rates between non-laboratory testers (137 [9.2%] of 14830 tests) and specialized laboratory-trained (28 [7.7%] of 364 tests; p = 0.354). Over time, IQC failure rates for both non-laboratory (χ 2 = 18.5, p < 0.000) and specialized laboratory-trained testers (χ 2 = 8.7, p < 0.003) decreased significantly. There were similar proportions of clients who were issued with results between samples processed by non-laboratory testers (1283 [98.9%] of 1297 tests) and samples processed by specialized laboratory-trained testers (315 [98.7%] of 319 tests; p = 0.790). The overall median turnaround time from sample collection to receipt of results by caregiver for samples run by laboratory-specialized testers was not statistically different from samples run by non-laboratory-specialized testers (1 day [IQR 0–3] versus 0 days [IQR 0–2]; p = 0.583). Conclusions Similar IQC failure rates and TATs between non-laboratory and specialized laboratory-trained operators suggest that non-specialized laboratory-trained personnel can perform POC EID equally well as specialized laboratory personnel.

Five Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS) lines and four restorer lines (tester) were crossed in a line x tester scheme in order to analyze general and specific combining abilities and gene effects on sunflower for some agronomic and physiologic traits. Hybrids were evaluated in a randomized complete block design, with three replications under optimum and limited water conditions. The results of combined analysis of variance for different traits in optimal conditions showed that the mean square, except for the % RWC traits in the limited conditions for plant height, head diameter, number of seeds per head, 1000-seeds weight, proline, catalase enzyme, superoxide dismutase enzyme, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, grain yield, and oil yield were significant. Results of data variance analysis indicated that the general combining ability for lines and tester was significant, as well as the specific combining ability (line x tester) for most traits. Based on the AGHK30 and AGHK44 combining ability, the RGHK25, RGHK50 and RGHK50 x AGHK56 and the RGHK56 x AGHK44 tester were identified as the most suitable line for the hybrid test in both conditions.

A line x tester analysis was carried out involving 11 divergent genotypes (6 lines and 5 testers) and 30 F1 hybrids of China aster for assessing the combining ability for 13 economic traits, during 2017. The genotypes Matsumoto White and Phule Ganesh Violet among lines and testers, showed good general combining ability for most of the economical traits. The cross combinations Matsumoto Scarlet x Phule Ganesh Violet, Matsumoto White x Phule Ganesh Violet and Matsumoto Red x IIHRJ3-2 showed best specific combining ability for various traits. The variance of sca was the highest for all the traits except for plant spread and days to first flowering which indicated the dominance of additive gene effects. Hence, it was inferred that specific combining ability can be exploited for the creation of novel flower colours and phenotypes.

The American oil revolution of 1859 and the invention of a kerosene lamp contributed to the onset of the kerosene era when candle lighting was replaced by kerosene. The side effect of this was the growth of fires and explosions due to the use of unsafe kerosene. There was a need to develop criteria for safe kerosene. The fire (burning) and flash point of kerosene were chosen as such indicators. The first stage of creating instruments to determine these indicators began in 1862 and ended at the beginning of the 20th century. This stage is characterized by the development of apparatuses of various designs, among them were vapor testers. The first naphthometers (Salleron-Urbain, Vander Weyde, Blair, Meusel, Byasson, Geissler, Liebermann, Stoddard, Beilstein, Mack, Bernstein, Braun, Wright, Meyer, Meyer–Hörler, Haass, Abelianz and Bradley–Hale) are considered in the article. These devices have not survived to our days and are undeservedly forgotten, however, the ideas embodied in their principle of operation are being successfully used at present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to test the friction coefficient of cryogenic bearing lubrication materials. A ball-on-disc type friction tester was developed in our lab using air bearings that could simulate the movement of cryogenic bearings under sliding-rolling contact. The tester is equipped with a temperature-controlled chamber to provide a minimum −175 °C low-temperature environment. Using air bearings is an important technique to reduce the base friction of the tester measurement system and ensure the accuracy of the friction coefficient measurement. The friction coefficients of the Ag coating and the PTFE coating were measured at different sliding-rolling velocities on this tester, and the results showed that the friction coefficient curves agreed well with the Gupta sliding model. The developed tester will provide important data for the dynamic analysis and life evaluation of the cryogenic bearings.

The American oil revolution of 1859 and the invention of a kerosene lamp contributed to the onset of the kerosene era when candle lighting was replaced by kerosene. The side effect of this was the growth of fires and explosions due to the use of unsafe kerosene. There was a need to develop criteria for safe kerosene. The fire (burning) and flash point of kerosene were chosen as such indicators. The first stage of creating instruments to determine these indicators began in 1862 and ended at the beginning of the 20th century. This stage is characterized by the development of apparatuses of various designs, one of which were "semiclosed" testers. The first naphthometers (by Smith–Jones, Parrish, Biel, Granier, Tagliabue, Elliott, Wisconsin, Foster, Luchaire, Millspaugh, Skalweit, Parrish-Engler, Engler, Heumann Leybold, Braun, Mann, Saybolt and Ehrenberg) are considered in the article. Many of these devices have not survived to our days and are undeservedly forgotten. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American oil revolution of 1859 and the invention of a kerosene lamp contributed to the onset of the kerosene era when candle lighting was replaced by kerosene. The side effect of this was the growth of fires and explosions due to the use of unsafe kerosene. There was a need to develop criteria for safe kerosene. The fire (burning) and flash point of kerosene were chosen as such indicators. The first stage of creating instruments to determine these indicators began in 1862 and ended at the beginning of the 20th century. This stage is characterized by the development of apparatuses of various designs, one of which were "open cup" testers. The first naphthometers (by Abel, Tag, Pease, Shaw, Saybolt, Pinkney, Squier, Indiana state, Millochau, Ettele, Cleveland, Courtois, Kissling, Brenken, Treumann, Marcusson, Schluter and "Sommer and Runge" company) are considered in the article. Many of these devices have not survived to our days and are undeservedly forgotten. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the discriminatory capacity of tester lines for tropical corn lines converted to supersweet shrunken (sh2) gene, for the development of hybrids adapted to tropical conditions. Lines were used as female parents in crosses with three testers: open-pollinated mixed variety; supersweet line L4; supersweet commercial hybrid Tropical Plus. Four trials were carried out to evaluate topcrosses in Maringá - PR e Sabáudia - PR, Brazil in the main growing season of 2015/16. The following traits were evaluated: total ear weight (TEW, in kg), commercial ear weight (CEW, in kg) and total soluble solids (TSS, in °Brix). The GCA estimates for TEW and CEW were highest for L4. The lines Balu-114 and UEM-25 were selected based on the effects of g ̂ ifor the traits studied and should be used in the establishment of base populations for the breeding of superior lines. The s ̂ ijvalue for TEW was highest for cross BALU-182 x Tropical, while for CEW was the highest value for cross BALU-94 x Mista.

An experiment on combining ability for yield and its contributing traits in wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.)]” was carried out through Line x Tester analysis at Centre for Crop Improvement, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar. Experimental materials comprising twelve parents, thirty-two crosses and one tester, GW 496 as standard check were planted in a randomized block design with two replications during rabi 2012-13 season. The analysis of variance for experimental design revealed that highly significant differences were existed among genotypes, parents and hybrids for most of traits. The analysis of variance for combining ability revealed specific combining ability variances for m x f interaction were highly significant for plant height, number of effective tillers per plant and grain yield per spike. The magnitude of general combining ability variances was higher than the specific combining ability variances for all the characters which indicated preponderance of additive gene action in the inheritance of these traits. This was further supported by high magnitude of σ2 gca / σ2 sca ratios. On the basis of general combining ability (gca) effects none of the parent was good general combiners for all the characters. Among female GW 11 and male GW 322 was found to be good general combiner for grain yield per plant, harvest index and protein content, respectively. Six males showed significant general combining ability effects of which, GW 190 (4.85) and GW 322 (3.13) showed significant positive general combining ability effects for grain yield potential. In case of GW 503 (1.00) exhibited significant positive general combining ability effect for grain yield per plant. The results of specific combining ability effects of different cross revealed that none of the crosses showed significant and negative specific combining ability effects for days to 50 per cent heading, days to maturity and plant height and significant and positive specific combining ability effect were observed for number of effective tillers per plant, length of main spike and grain yield per spike. In case of SCA hybrids viz., GW 11 x GW 273 (0.42), GW 11 x GW 190 (0.35) and GW 173 x GW 438 (0.34) exhibited significant positive specific combining ability effects. Therefore, these crosses are revealed as good general combiner and can be utilized in breeding for improvement in yield and its contributing traits in wheat crop.

The physical fitness test is a form of assessment to determine the level of physical fitness of a person, both general and specific (muscle). The purpose of this study was to assess the correlation among testers on pull-ups, sit-ups, and push-ups for one minute, and to determine the lowest reliability of the three tests. This study uses a sample of five people who are physical fitness testers of the Indonesian Air Force (TNI AU) who are experienced and active in conducting tests. The subjects were 25 males 18-22 years old. All testers assessed each subject by recording the results of the repetition of movements on all three tests. The data obtained were then converted based on the Indonesian Air Force physical fitness technical guidelines book. After analysis with Anova and ICC, it was found that the data produced by the five different testers had the ICC coefficient values that varied the least on the push-up test. Increased reliability of the testers can be accomplished through practice, tester selection, and paying attention to the ability of the tester. Also, the development of assessment tools and the development of alternative forms of testing are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development and selections of appropriate parents’ are perquisites for hybrid variety development and need knowledge of heterotic grouping and combining ability. The research was investigated to identify good general combiner inbred lines and good specific combiner three-way crosses using randomized complete block design with three replications. Sixteen crosses (eight inbred lines crossed with two testers) and three standard checks were evaluated for yield and yield components. Analysis of variance disclosed significant differences among genotypes for most traits indicating existence of variability among genotypes. General combining ability (GCA) for grain yield demonstrated five inbred lines and T2 was good general combiner for grain yield. Specific combining ability (SCA) analysis revealed eight hybrids were good specific combiner for grain yield. Three hybrids explained good correspondence between mean grain yield and SCA. Four inbred lines (L1, L2, L5 and L7) were grouped in to heterotic group A and the remaining four lines were classified in to heterotic group B. Inbred lines from different heterotic group can be used for hybrids development and lines within a heterotic group and good GCA can be used for synthetic varieties development. Crosses with desirable SCA and better yield performance will be tested in multi-location trials.

Background: To decentralize point-of-care early infant diagnosis (POC EID), task shifting to cadres such as nurses is important. However, this should not compromise quality of testing through generating high rates of internal quality control (IQC) failures and long result turnaround times. We used data from a POC EID project in Zimbabwe to compare IQC rates and result return to caregivers for samples run on a POC EID technology (Alere q HIV 1/2 Detect) between nurses and laboratory-trained personnel to assess effects of task shifting on quality of testing.Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study used data from all 46 sites (10 hub and 36 spoke sites in Zimbabwe that piloted POC EID for routine clinical use from December 2016 to June 2017). IQC failure rates were downloaded from each POC EID platform and exported to excel to analyze IQC failure rates by type of operator. Turnaround time (TAT) from sample collection to issuing of results to caregiver was extracted from the EID test request form and uploaded into a project specific Excel-based database for analysis.Results: A total of 1847 tests were conducted by 45 testers (12 laboratory-trained and 33 non-laboratory-trained personnel), including 165 errors. There were no significant differences in IQC failure rates between non-laboratory testers (137 [9.2%] of 14830 tests) and specialized laboratory-trained (28 [7.7%] of 364 tests; p = 0.354). Over time, IQC failure rates for both non-laboratory (χ2 = 18.5, p < 0.000) and specialized laboratory-trained testers (χ2 = 8.7, p < 0.003) decreased significantly. There were similar proportions of clients who were issued with results between samples processed by non-laboratory testers (1283 [98.9%] of 1297 tests) and samples processed by specialized laboratory-trained testers (315 [98.7%] of 319 tests; p = 0.790). The overall median turnaround time from sample collection to receipt of results by caregiver for samples run by laboratory-specialized testers was not statistically different from samples run by non-laboratory-specialized testers (1 day [IQR 0-3] versus 0 days [IQR 0-2]; p = 0.583).Conclusions: Similar IQC failure rates and TATs between non-laboratory and specialized laboratory-trained operators suggest that non-specialized laboratory-trained personnel can perform POC EID equally well as specialized laboratory personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development and selections of appropriate parents' are perquisites for hybrid variety development and need knowledge of heterotic grouping and combining ability. The research was investigated to identify good general combiner inbred lines and good specific combiner three-way crosses using randomized complete block design with three replications. Sixteen crosses (eight inbred lines crossed with two testers) and three standard checks were evaluated for yield and yield components. Analysis of variance disclosed significant differences among genotypes for most traits indicating existence of variability among genotypes. General combining ability (GCA) for grain yield demonstrated five inbred lines and T2 was good general combiner for grain yield. Specific combining ability (SCA) analysis revealed eight hybrids were good specific combiner for grain yield. Three hybrids explained good correspondence between mean grain yield and SCA. Four inbred lines (L1, L2, L5 and L7) were grouped in to heterotic group A and the remaining four lines were classified in to heterotic group B. Inbred lines from different heterotic group can be used for hybrids development and lines within a heterotic group and good GCA can be used for synthetic varieties development. Crosses with desirable SCA and better yield performance will be tested in multi-location trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS) lines and four restorer lines (tester) were crossed in a line x tester scheme in order to analyze general and specific combining abilities and gene effects on sunflower for some agronomic and physiologic traits. Hybrids were evaluated in a randomized complete block design, with three replications under optimum and limited water conditions. The results of combined analysis of variance for different traits in optimal conditions showed that the mean square, except for the % RWC traits in the limited conditions for plant height, head diameter, number of seeds per head, 1000-seeds weight, proline, catalase enzyme, superoxide dismutase enzyme, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, grain yield, and oil yield were significant. Results of data variance analysis indicated that the general combining ability for lines and tester was significant, as well as the specific combining ability (line x tester) for most traits. Based on the AGHK30 and AGHK44 combining ability, the RGHK25, RGHK50 and RGHK50 x AGHK56 and the RGHK56 x AGHK44 tester were identified as the most suitable line for the hybrid test in both conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of inbred lines is a routine activity in hybrid maize breeding program. Understanding the relative importance of general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability effects for different traits of newly developed maize lines is of paramount importance to design future breeding strategies for the development of hybrid. There are several types of mating designs available to study the combining abilities of maize inbred lines, of which line x tester mating scheme is one used to determine the combining abilities and also to categorize the lines into heterotic groups. The objectives of the study were, therefore, to estimate GCA and SCA of newly developed highland maize lines using line x tester mating design, to identify best promising hybrid crosses with desirable traits for further breeding and cultivar development, and to identify the heterotic groups of the lines involved in the crosses. Twelve lines and four testers were involved in the study. A total of 48 testcrosses along with two checks were made available for evaluation across locations. An alpha lattice design (10x5) with two replications at each location was used. Two lines (L6 and L5) showed highly significant and positive GCA effects for grain yield. Besides, L6 also revealed positive GCA effects for the other yield related traits such as number of ears per plant (NEPP), number of rows per ear (NRPE), number of kernels per row (NKPR) and ear diameter (ED). On the other hand, crosses L7XT2, L8xT4, and L9xT1 had positive and significant SCA effects for grain yield. The lines and crosses with positive and significant GCA and SCA effects, respectively; could be selected for use in highland maize hybrid or/and synthetic cultivar development. The testers clearly categorized L3 and L6 into their respective heterotic groups in a similar pattern unlike the other lines which requires the application of molecular markers for further verification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciência Agronômica is the property of Revista Ciencia Agronomica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Applied Technology for Agricultural Science / Revista Brasileira de Tecnologia Aplicada nas Ciências Agrárias is the property of Brazilian Journal of Applied Technology for Agricultural Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Heterosis over better parents was estimated in thirty crosses of China aster involving six lines viz., Matsumoto Pink, Matsumoto Red, Matsumoto Rose, Matsumoto Yellow, Matsumoto Scarlet and Matsumoto White and five testers viz., Phule Ganesh Violet, Phule Ganesh Purple, IIHRJ3-2, IIHRG13 and Local White during 2016-17 at ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru during 2016-17. Results revealed that the cross L6 × T5 exhibited highest positive significant heterobeltiosis at 5% level of significance for plant height (33.85), flower stalk length (73.76), number of flowers per plant (101.18), weight of flowers per plant (47.90) and flower yield per hectare (47.91). The cross L1 x T3 exhibited maximum negative heterobeltiosis for days to first flowering (-47.41). L5 x T4 recorded the maximum positive heterobeltiosis (at 5%) for flower head diameter (26.44) and 100 flower weight (3.41). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A line x tester analysis was carried out involving 11 divergent genotypes (6 lines and 5 testers) and 30 F1 hybrids of China aster for assessing the combining ability for 13 economic traits, during 2017. The genotypes Matsumoto White and Phule Ganesh Violet among lines and testers, showed good general combining ability for most of the economical traits. The cross combinations Matsumoto Scarlet x Phule Ganesh Violet, Matsumoto White x Phule Ganesh Violet and Matsumoto Red x IIHRJ3-2 showed best specific combining ability for various traits. The variance of sca was the highest for all the traits except for plant spread and days to first flowering which indicated the dominance of additive gene effects. Hence, it was inferred that specific combining ability can be exploited for the creation of novel flower colours and phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the authors present a novel closed-loop erosion-corrosion tester designed for the study of wear damage on rotary components, specifically the impellers of centrifugal pumps. This tester improves upon standard slurry pot erosion testers by using a closed loop configuration that allows for the constant use of new particles, thus eliminating the particle blunting limitation faced by these testers. The shape of the sample holder is also altered and allows for better particle distribution and the simultaneous testing of 4 samples at different impingement angles. The tests were carried out on a AISI 1045 carbon steel to verify the repeatability of results. A study on the erosion and erosion-corrosion resistance was then performed on a 304 L stainless steel and a ferritic high chromium cast iron. Results showed that the high chromium cast iron exhibited higher erosion and erosion-corrosion resistance except at 90° angles where its brittle nature made it more vulnerable to erosion and prone to cracking which also affected its corrosion resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of higher yielding maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids adapted to low input small-holder farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa is required. Three-way hybrids (i.e. F1 tester crossed to inbred line) can be produced at lower cost for smallholder farmers, but to achieve this it is crucial for CIMMYT-Zimbabwe maize breeding program to identify new high yielding single cross testers with high combining ability to support the development of new high yielding hybrids for this region. Data collected on the performance of F1 and three-way hybrids from a total of 25 multi-environment trials (METs) located in South Africa (three trials), Zambia (four trials) and Zimbabwe (eighteen trials) grown across two seasons during the period from 2015–2018 to: (i) identify new single cross testers for CIMMYT HG-B maize germplasm; (ii) identify stable and high yielding three-way hybrids. Analyses were conducted using a two-stage approach. Clustering based on yield data, grouped sites into three environment types (ET); low (LY) < 3 t ha−1, medium (MY) 3–6 t ha−1 and high (HY) 6–13 t ha−1 yielding groups. Additive genetic effects of both inbred parents and selected F1 crosses used as parents were more important than non-additive genetic effects for grain yield across ETs. Strong genotype x environment interactions on yield and other traits were observed. It was concluded that F1 hybrids (entry 75, 85, 72 and 28) demonstrated high yield across all environment types, and it is recommended that these be also evaluated as potential three-way hybrids. Single crosses CZL15085/CML566 and CZL15085/CZL13102 from heterotic group B to be used as testers for ET 1 and ET 2 respectively.

The determination of both magnitude and duration of touch voltages is of paramount importance to protect persons against electric shock hazards, such as those caused by basic insulation failure in equipment/appliances, or direct contact with live parts. The magnitude of touch voltages depends on the impedance of the equipment grounding conductor (EGC) (also referred to as protective conductor), which should be therefore properly sized. In the US, the National Electric Code (NEC) provides minimum sizes for the EGC; however, the NEC further clarifies that the EGC selected in the specific NEC table might need be sized larger to provide adequate electrical safety. In this paper, the authors discuss the major specifications that a “new generation” tester applied to NEC based low-voltage receptacles, or live terminals of feeder/branch circuits, should possess to indicate to users if a ground-fault would cause unsafe touch potentials. Such tester should also unequivocally identify improper wiring of the outlet (e.g., phase-neutral swap, EGC-to-neutral bond). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Afield experiment was conducted during in fall season 21 /7/2016 to screen 100 top crosses ,which is represented S3 generation, derived from popcorn population AGR-2, After one cycle of reciprocal recurrent selection (RRS). as The genotypes AGR-2 and Suror used vtesters and evaluated with top crosses with control variexy. The experiment was carried out using 10x10 partial balance lattice design with two replications. Three statistical criteria for screening were used, First, standard error, the second duplicated standard error value and the third standard division value. All the values statistical criteria were added to total mean. The results were showed a significant differences among in top crasses this study. Results of first criteria, were included two groups, the first one consisted of 19 progenies, was well of performance to grain yield and popping expansion, second group was consisted of 10 progenies, which reveled well expansion popping and others traits. The results of second criteria were revealed tow group, first one include10 progenies which had the best of performance for grain yield and expansion popping while, another group include 8 progenies were well performance of popping expansion. The third criteria which is indicated that 14 progenies were best popping expansion and three progenies superior in in grain yield per plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment on combining ability for yield and its contributing traits in wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.)]" was carried out through Line x Tester analysis at Centre for Crop Improvement, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar. Experimental materials comprising twelve parents, thirty-two crosses and one tester, GW 496 as standard check were planted in a randomized block design with two replications during rabi 2012-13 season. The analysis of variance for experimental design revealed that highly significant differences were existed among genotypes, parents and hybrids for most of traits. The analysis of variance for combining ability revealed specific combining ability variances for m x f interaction were highly significant for plant height, number of effective tillers per plant and grain yield per spike. The magnitude of general combining ability variances was higher than the specific combining ability variances for all the characters which indicated preponderance of additive gene action in the inheritance of these traits. This was further supported by high magnitude of σ² gca/σ² sca ratios. On the basis of general combining ability (gca) effects none of the parent was good general combiners for all the characters. Among female GW 11 and male GW 322 was found to be good general combiner for grain yield per plant, harvest index and protein content, respectively. Six males showed significant general combining ability effects of which, GW 190 (4.85) and GW 322 (3.13) showed significant positive general combining ability effects for grain yield potential. In case of GW 503 (1.00) exhibited significant positive general combining ability effect for grain yield per plant. The results of specific combining ability effects of different cross revealed that none of the crosses showed significant and negative specific combining ability effects for days to 50 per cent heading, days to maturity and plant height and significant and positive specific combining ability effect were observed for number of effective tillers per plant, length of main spike and grain yield per spike. In case of SCA hybrids viz., GW 11 x GW 273 (0.42), GW 11 x GW 190 (0.35) and GW 173 x GW 438 (0.34) exhibited significant positive specific combining ability effects. Therefore, these crosses are revealed as good general combiner and can be utilized in breeding for improvement in yield and its contributing traits in wheat crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses the various types of testing in terms of automation of this process, the advantages and disadvantages of automated testing, as well as ways and especially its application to software-hardware data protection.