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Context: Stress responses in athletes can be attributed to training and competition, where increased physiological and psychological stress may negatively affect performance and recovery. Purpose: To examine the relationship between training load (TL) and salivary biomarkers immunoglobulin A (IgA), alpha-amylase (AA), and cortisol across a 16-wk preparation phase and 10-d competition phase in Paralympic swimmers. Methods: Four Paralympic swimmers provided biweekly saliva samples during 3 training phases—(1) normal training, (2) intensified training, and (3) taper—as well as daily saliva samples in the 10-d Paralympic competition (2016 Paralympic Games). TL was measured using session rating of perceived exertion. Results: Multilevel analysis identified a significant increase in salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA: 94.98 [27.69] μg·mL−1), salivary alpha-amylase (sAA: 45.78 [19.07] μg·mL−1), and salivary cortisol (7.92 [2.17] nM) during intensified training concurrent with a 38.3% increase in TL. During the taper phase, a 49.5% decrease in TL from the intensified training phase resulted in a decrease in sIgA, sAA, and salivary cortisol; however, all 3 remained higher than baseline levels. A further significant increase was observed during competition in sIgA (168.69 [24.19] μg·mL−1), sAA (35.86 [16.67] μg·mL−1), and salivary cortisol (10.49 [1.89] nM) despite a continued decrease (77.8%) in TL from the taper phase. Conclusions: Results demonstrate that performance in major competition such as Paralympic games, despite a noticeable reduction in TL, induces a stress response in athletes. Because of the elevated stress response observed, modifications to individual postrace recovery protocols may be required to enable athletes to maximize performance across all 10 d of competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute systemic topiramate administration on anxiety index and freezing time, plasma estrogen and progesterone levels, and salivary gland immunoglobulin A in a post-traumatic stress disorder rat model. Materials and Methods: A total of eighteen female Wistar rats used in the study were exposed to predatory odor stress. One week later, saline was administered to the control group and 15 µM and 30 µM topiramate to the treatment groups, after which the animals were exposed to the trauma reminder and their behavior was monitored in the elevated plus maze. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken, animals were sacrificed, salivary glands were removed immediately after. Results: Topiramate suppressed anxiety index and freezing time in rats with post-traumatic stress disorder at both 15 µM and 30 µM doses compared to the control group. A positive correlation was observed between plasma estrogen level and anxiety index in the control group, and topiramate suppressed this correlation in a dose-dependent manner. Topiramate did not change the plasma progesterone level, but suppressed the salivary gland immunoglobulin A level at the low dose. Conclusion: These findings obtained in our study indicate that topiramate may be effective in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder.

Phase change cooling garments (PCCGs) can effectively alleviate the heat stress of manual workers in high-temperature environments. The PCCGs bring about cold stimuli to users, which not only affect the thermal perception and thermoregulation of the human body, but also could have some influence on the nervous and endocrine system, and even on the immune system. This study explores the effects of PCCGs on thermal comfort and respiratory mucosal immune function. Experiments were conducted in a climate chamber at 33 °C with a relative humidity of 50 %. Twenty participants were recruited and experienced three experimental conditions (NG, normal garments; PCCGs with a cooling temperature of 21 °C, PCCGs-21 and 17 °C, PCCGs-17). Subjects took packing activity with a metabolic rate of around 2.7 met. Subjective questionnaires (thermal sensation votes, thermal comfort votes) were collected, and physiological parameters (skin temperature, core temperature) were tested. Besides, the salivary samples were gathered to measure the Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) concentrations using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that the use of PCCGs affected the S-IgA concentration significantly. Compared with the NG condition, the S-IgA concentrations increased by 55.9 % and 46.4 % in the PCCGs-21 and PCCGs-17 conditions, respectively. Additionally, the S-IgA concentrations were the highest when participants felt slightly warm or comfortable. The S-IgA concentration of the comfortable state was 98.5 % higher than that of the intolerable state. The S-IgA concentrations were also found to be negatively correlated with local skin temperatures of the back and chest (p < 0.001). The use of PCCGs has a positive influence on improving thermal comfort and S-IgA concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the scientific evidence to the question: does physical exercise influence the concentration of salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in athletes? Methods: Searches were conducted in Medline via Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs via Virtual Health Library, and through manual search and gray literature. Eligibility criteria were outlined based on PECOS: Population—athletes older than 14 years old; Exposition—sport activity, considering the duration and intensity of the exercise; Comparison—saliva collection before, during and, after training/competition; Outcome—standardized mean difference in sIgA concentration level; Study design—observational studies. Two reviewers (kappa 0.90) applied the eligibility criteria, extracted the qualitative data, assessed methodological quality/risk of bias and assessed the certainty of the evidence (GRADE). For quantitative data, a meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 software. Results: A total of 2,981 articles were found and 22 were included, 20 obtained moderate methodological quality and 19 were with risk of bias. Six studies showed no change, 4 increased and 12 decreased the sIgA concentration. Meta-analysis considering concentration levels of sIgA before and after sports activity did not present statistical significance (p = 0.13; CI − 0.46 [− 1.07, 0.14]) with very low certainty of evidence. Conclusion: Physical exercise showed no difference in sIgA concentration in athletes. However, due to the risk of bias and to very low certainty of the evidence, further studies with better methodologies are needed (#CRD42018085367). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) have been implicated to play a role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare P. gingivalis in subgingival plaque samples and salivary (immunoglobulin A [IgA]) antibodies against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of P. gingivalis in periodontal health and disease. Materials and Methods: Totally sixty subjects were included, thirty subjects in healthy group and thirty subjects in chronic periodontitis group. Subgingival plaque and unstimulated saliva samples were obtained from each study subject. P. gingivalis (colony-forming units [CFUs]) were detected using culture method, and salivary IgA levels were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Comparisons between the healthy and chronic periodontitis groups were done for P. gingivalis CFUs/ml (CFUs/milliliter) as well as for salivary IgA levels using Mann–Whitney U-test. Correlation between CFUs/ml of P. gingivalis and salivary IgA levels was also assessed in both the groups. Results: Although P. gingivalis CFUs/ml count was more in the chronic periodontitis group, difference was not statistically significant. Salivary IgA levels were significantly higher in the chronic periodontitis group compared to the healthy group. No correlation was observed between CFUs/ml of P. gingivalis and salivary IgA levels in the healthy group as well as the chronic periodontitis group. Conclusions: Increased levels of specific salivary antibodies (IgA) against LPS from P. gingivalis are associated with periodontal disease. Salivary IgA level against LPS from P. gingivalis can be a promising indicator in the serological diagnosis of periodontal disease.

Introduction: To evaluate the effect of Swarnamrithaprashana on immunity (Bala) and general health status in children. Methods: The present study was a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled interventional prospective clinical trial wherein 221 healthy children within the age group of 6–12 years were enrolled from the schools of Hassan town. Registered children received one soft gel capsule in trial group – Swarnamrithaprashana (containing 2 mg of swarnabhasma) and in control group – sugar syrup, in morning empty stomach along with luke warm water for a duration of 30 days. Assessment of the effect of treatment was done by observing the changes seen in serum immunoglobulin G and salivary immunoglobulin A after 60 days of initiation of treatment as primary outcome parameter and changes in anthropometrical parameters, dehabala, agnibala, and manobala as secondary outcome measures. Renal function test (RFT) and liver function tests (LFTs) were done before and after treatment for assuring safety of the formulation. Results: The trial group showed better decrease in serum and salivary immunoglobulin levels, indicating a decrease in immunoglobulin recruitment in circulation, but the changes were not statistically significant at P = 0.05. The trial group showed better improvement in parameters suggesting Dehabala, Agnibala, and Manobala, which were statistically significant at P = 0.05. There were no significant changes seen in RFT and LFT values done before and after the treatment. Conclusion: Though the changes observed in the levels of immunoglobulins were not statistically significant in the present study setup, Swarnamrithaprashana helps in improving immunity at the level of immunoglobulins. Swarnamrithaprashana was found to be effective in the promotion of immunity in children reflected by improvements in parameters representing dehabala, manobala, and agnibala in children. The formulation was found to be safe as there were no signs of hepato and nephrotoxicity in RFT and LFT.

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of oral application of mother's own milk (OMOM) on clinical outcomes in preterm infants of 260/7–306/7 wk gestation. Methods: In this placebo-controlled randomized trial, subjects received either OMOM or sterile water, beginning at 24–72 h of life, until the infant reached 32 wk postmenstrual age or spoon-feeds were initiated, whichever was earlier. The primary outcome was a composite adverse health outcome, defined as the occurrence of either mortality, late-onset sepsis (LOS), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), or retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Antibiotic usage and time to full enteral feed were secondary outcomes. Salivary IgA (sIgA) levels at baseline and after 7 d of application in a subset of infants were also compared. Results: A total of 133 neonates (66 colostrum and 67 placebo) were analyzed for the primary outcome. OMOM group had lower incidence of composite adverse health outcome (43.9% vs. 61.2%, RR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.50–0.99, p = 0.046) and LOS (22.7% vs. 43.3%, RR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.57–0.93; p = 0.012). There were no significant differences in mortality, NEC, IVH, BPD, ROP, and time to full feeds. The effects were more pronounced in the 290/7–306/7 wk subgroup, in whom the colostrum group also achieved full feeds earlier. There were no differences in the change of sIgA levels from baseline to the seventh day of the application. No adverse effects related to the OMOM application were found. Conclusions: OMOM decreases the incidence of late-onset sepsis in preterm neonates (260/7–306/7 wk) and is safe. Trial Registration: Clinical Trials Registry-India CTRI/2017/03/008031 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cukurova Medical Journal / Çukurova Üniversitesi Tip Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Cukurova University, Faculty of Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Human breasts are larger and more enduring than reproductively necessary. It is thus unclear why this costly, yet conspicuous phenotype has been selected for, or what information they might convey about the underlying quality of the female. Following previous research on fluctuating asymmetry, we postulated that breast symmetry would predict a marker of mucosal immunity (salivary immunoglobulin-A; sIgA). Anthropometric breast measurements were provided by 97 young women. Controlling for Body Mass Index (BMI), breast size, and volume, results demonstrated that breast asymmetry predicted lower sIgA, whereas size and volume did not. Results support the hypothesis that symmetrical female breasts are a cue to underlying immunocompetence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) have been implicated to play a role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare P. gingivalis in subgingival plaque samples and salivary (immunoglobulin A [IgA]) antibodies against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of P. gingivalis in periodontal health and disease. Materials and Methods: Totally sixty subjects were included, thirty subjects in healthy group and thirty subjects in chronic periodontitis group. Subgingival plaque and unstimulated saliva samples were obtained from each study subject. P. gingivalis (colony-forming units [CFUs]) were detected using culture method, and salivary IgA levels were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Comparisons between the healthy and chronic periodontitis groups were done for P. gingivalis CFUs/ml (CFUs/milliliter) as well as for salivary IgA levels using Mann–Whitney U-test. Correlation between CFUs/ml of P. gingivalis and salivary IgA levels was also assessed in both the groups. Results: Although P. gingivalis CFUs/ml count was more in the chronic periodontitis group, difference was not statistically significant. Salivary IgA levels were significantly higher in the chronic periodontitis group compared to the healthy group. No correlation was observed between CFUs/ml of P. gingivalis and salivary IgA levels in the healthy group as well as the chronic periodontitis group. Conclusions: Increased levels of specific salivary antibodies (IgA) against LPS from P. gingivalis are associated with periodontal disease. Salivary IgA level against LPS from P. gingivalis can be a promising indicator in the serological diagnosis of periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Saliva is an exocrine clear oral fluid predominantly secreted by salivary glands both major and minor. It consists of many constituents, mainly water and others are electrolytes, enzymes, immunoglobulins and other antimicrobial factors. Saliva plays an important role in the oral health, the level of its components change with age, and that has direct effect on teeth and periodontal tissue, because saliva plays a critical role in the development of dental caries and periodontal diseases. The objective of this study to estimate salivary changes by investigation the level of alpha- amylase and MMP-8 enzymes, sIgA, and salivary minerals (Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphorus) in relation to age. Materials and Methods: Ninety persons were chosen from different age groups (60) males and (30) females, the age ranged between 20 up to 50, and divided into three subgroups. ELISA technique was used to evaluate the level of salivary alpha-amylase, MMP-8, and sIgA. Salivary electrolytes were evaluated according to their kits. Results: Results showed that the level of sIgA significantly decreased with the age, salivary alpha –amylase decreased with the age but not significant statistically, and MMP-8 increased with age but not significant statistically. Regarding salivary minerals (Ca, P, and Mg) results showed that calcium and magnesium levels significantly increased with age, while phosphorus level increased with age also but not significant statistically. Conclusion: Decrease in the level of sIgA and alpha-amylase with age, while increase in the level of MMP8 and salivary minerals (Ca, P and Mg) with age, may indicate decrease in the incidence of dental caries and increase in the incidence of periodontal disease with age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of physical fitness level (Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 [Yo-Yo IR 1]) and initial stress level (salivary cortisol [SC]) on salivary immunoglobulin A secretion rate (SIgA rate), and the influence of physical fitness on accelerations (external training load; eTL) and training impulse (TRIMP; internal training load; iTL), in 20 elite youth male basketball players (14.5 ± 0.5 years; height, 177 ± 10 cm; body mass, 69 ± 13 kg) following a short-term training stress (two daily consecutive basketball-training sessions). Saliva samples were collected before and after the experimental period. A multiple linear regression analysis was conducted using the Yo-Yo IR 1 and SC as independent variables, and changes in SIgA rate as dependent variable. The Yo-Yo IR 1 was the only statistically significant variable (R = 0.73; P = 0.001). Participants were divided a posteriori into high fitness (HFG) and low fitness (LFG) groups according to the median-split technique, taking the Yo-Yo IR 1 performance into account, to compare the eTL and iTL. HFG performed a higher total eTL (34 ± 13 vs. 17 ± 7 accelerations; t = 3.4; P = 0.003) but no difference between fitness groups was observed for TRIMP (t = 0.33; P = 0.74). The results suggest that physical fitness level may play a role on mucosal immunity responses from short-term training stress in youth basketball players. Players with greater level of physical fitness are likely to perform a higher training load without inducing higher stress levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of video modeling with that of the visual pedagogical module in reducing stress levels during dental treatment in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This clinical experimental study comprised 20 children (age, 6-10 years) with ASD who had been diagnosed with ASD by a pediatrician or psychiatrist. The subjects were divided into two groups: video modeling and the PV-BDG module intervention groups (n = 10 each). Saliva was collected from the subjects before and after the interventions to measure the salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels. Data analysis was performed using the Shapiro--Wilk normality test and independent t-test to compare differences in stress reduction between the two groups. A decrease in sIgA levels was observed after the PV-BDG module intervention. The average levels of sIgA after the video modeling and visual pedagogical module interventions were -15.06 ±23 23.85 and 34.46 ± 9.83. However, no significant difference in Δ sIgA levels was noted between the two groups. Video modeling and visual pedagogical modules can effectively reduce the stress levels of children with ASD during dental care as measured by changes in the sIgA levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An association between diabetes mellitus (DM) type II and alterations in the levels of Salivary secretory IgA (SIgA) in patients with chronic periodontitis before and after non-surgical periodontal treatment. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 50 males with an age range from 35 to 45 year’s old who were grouped into three groups: The first group (control group) composed from 25 subjects with healthy gingival. The second group (baseline group) composed from 25 subjects had DM type II with chronic periodontitis. The subjects in the second group treated periodontally by nonsurgical periodontal treatment which represent to post-treatment group (third group). The clinical parameters, plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) have been recorded for the periodontitis group at the baseline and after 2 weeks following the non-surgical treatment. While for the control group, only PI, GI, and SIgA were recorded. After unstimulated saliva collections were completed, the levels of salivary IgA were estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: There was a significant reduction in salivary IgA levels, PI, GI, and PPD after non-surgical periodontal therapy, whereas a decrease in the level of CAL after periodontal therapy was not statistically significant correlation of SIgA with the clinical parameters before and after treatment showed that PI was significantly and negatively associated with SIgA post-treatment. However, PPD and CAL showed positive and significant association with reduction of SIgA level after treatment. Conclusion: Our study showed increased levels of salivary IgA in diabetic patients with periodontal disease compared with the healthy controls. The less severe the periodontal involvement, the more dependable was the reduction in IgA concentration following non-surgical periodontal therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of a fed or fasted state on the salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) response to prolonged cycling. Using a randomized, crossover design, 16 active adults (8 men and 8 women) performed 2 hr of cycling on a stationary ergometer at 65% of maximal oxygen uptake on 1 occasion after an overnight fast (FAST) and on another occasion 2 hr after consuming a 2.2-MJ high-carbohydrate meal (FED). Timed, unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected immediately before ingestion of the meal, immediately preexercise, 5 min before cessation of exercise, immediately postexercise, and 1 hr postexercise. The samples were analyzed for s-IgA concentration, osmolality, and cortisol, and saliva flow rates were determined to calculate s-IgA secretion rate. Saliva flow rate decreased by 50% during exercise (p < .05), and s-IgA concentration increased by 42% (p < .05), but s-IgA secretion rate remained unchanged. There was a 37% reduction in s-IgA:osmolality postexercise (p <.05), and salivary cortisol increased by 68% (p < .05). There was no effect of FED vs. FAST on these salivary responses. The s-IgA concentration, secretion rate, and osmolality were found to be significantly lower in women than in men throughout the exercise protocol (p < .05); however, there was no difference between genders in saliva flow rate, s-IgA:osmolality ratio, or cortisol. These data demonstrate that a fed or fasted state 2 hr before exercise does not influence resting s-IgA or the response to prolonged cycling. Furthermore, these results show lower levels of s-IgA and osmolality in women than in men at rest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple sclerosis: chronic degenerative autoimmune disease of the central nervous system marked by patchy destruction of the myelin sheath that surrounds the nerve fibers. The gingival or oral changes that associated with multiple sclerosis might be related to disease itself or as sequel of medications that used for treatment. Aims;-to determine the gingival index and assess the SIgA, SFR and PH in MS patients in compare to control group as well as analyses theses parameters according to age group, gender and type of MS. 36 patients with proven diagnosis of MS were selected randomly between 1st Nov.2016-1st nov.2017 from MS center. Medical city .Baghdad. Iraq. Oral examination was done to measure the gingival index as well as saliva was taken to assess the salivary IgA level, salivary flow rate and PH of saliva, in addition 20 subjects who are free of MS or any others autoimmune disease were selected as control group. The GI of patients group was significantly higher than control group(3.4,1.4) respectively while the SIgA,SFR and PH of saliva was significantly lower with patients group in compare to control group510,0.56,6.6 for patients group) 941.8,1.7,7.1 for control group [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• FimH-S.T induces the maturation of DC2.4 by upregulating the cell surface molecules. • FimH-S.T provokes the production and release of cytokines via TLR4 signaling pathway. • FimH-S.T plus antigen enhances antibodies response and splenocyte proliferation. • FimH-S.T mixed with PAc decreases the caries lesions formation in rats. To investigate whether the recombinant FimH-S.T protein could modulate immune response to anti-caries vaccine in vitro and in vivo. Recombinant FimH protein derived from Salmonella was constructed and purified. The expression of dendritic cell maturation markers and cytokines release were performed by flow cytometry, Real-time PCR and ELISA. In addition, BALB/c mice were administered with anti-caries PAc vaccine plus FimH-S.T, antibody responses were evaluated by ELISA. Splenocytes of immunized mice were detected for their proliferative ability in response to in vitro retreatment with PAc antigen by flow cytometry. Caries protection against dental caries formation was also investigated. The purified FimH-S.T induced phenotypic maturation of DC2.4 by up-regulating the expression of costimulatory molecules and MHC II, provoked the production and secretion of cytokines via TLR4-dependent signaling pathway in vitro. Furthermore, the mice immunized with the mixture of FimH-S.T and PAc significantly enhanced the PAc-specific antibodies in the serum along with saliva and promoted splenocyte proliferation. Our results also confirmed that PAc+FimH-S.T decreased the caries lesions formation which provided high protective efficacy against dental caries. Our study demonstrates that recombinant FimH-S.T could enhance specific IgA responses and protection of anti-caries vaccine, possessing mucosal adjuvant ability by activating DC2.4 via TLR4 signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Orofacial Pain is the property of Quintessence Publishing Company Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) is an important factor in the oral defense mechanism. SIgA levels in infants have shown to vary widely. Mode of delivery may influence SIgA levels. The present study was conducted to evaluate levels of SIgA in infants at different ages, and to compare it with the mode of delivery. Methodology: The study group consisted of 279 healthy neonates and infants up to the age of 9 months. They were divided according to age: Group I: 6–10 days; Group II: 6–8 weeks; Group III: 6 months, and Group IV: 9 months. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from the floor of the mouth and buccal sulcii by means of sterile polyethylene pipettes. Saliva was collected 1 h after feeding. All salivary samples were collected in disposable sterile vials and transferred suitably to a laboratory for estimation of SIgA level using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: There were 146 infants that were delivered by cesarean section and 133 vaginally delivered infants. There was a significant difference in the SIgA levels between vaginal delivery and cesarean section infants (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Mode of delivery appears to have influence on the levels of SIgA in saliva of neonates and infants.

Background and Objectives: Early childhood caries (ECC) remains one of the most prevalent diseases mutilating the primary dentition. It is a multifactorial disease that severely affects the quality of life of affected children. One of the risk indicators reported in the literature is the presence of viable mutans streptococci (MS) and protective factors such as salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA). Hence, it is important to identify such risks and protective factors associated with ECC using simple yet reliable methods supported by advanced technology and a fully automated platform to improve the results., Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was done on 40 children who were divided into two groups: group I (experimental) and group II (control). Group I comprised 30 healthy children who were further divided into three subgroups of 10 children each. Group IA with decayed, missing, filled teeth/decayed, extracted, filled teeth (dmft/deft) = 1-2, group IB with dmft/deft = 3-4, group IC with dmft/deft ≥5, and group II, comprising 10 healthy children having no caries by using World Health Organization (WHO) 2013 Oral Health Survey criteria. Unstimulated saliva was collected by drooling saliva into a sterile container. The samples were transported to the central research laboratory for SIgA by the immunoturbidimetry method by a fully automated Abbott Architect c system. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis., Results: On comparison of SIgA in between varying severities of dental caries and caries-free children between age-group of 3 and 6 years, it was found to be below the grand median 0.20 mg/mL for subgroups IA and control group II. A significant negative statistical correlation ( r = -0.948) was present between the SIgA and varying severities of ECC and the control group., Interpretation and Conclusion: The low dmft/deft group was found to be relatively closer to the caries-free groups as their mean dmft was 1.50, standard deviation (SD) ± 0.53. A slight change in dmft/deft score and SIgA could be used as a potential biomarker for assessing the severity of ECC in children between age-group of 3 and 6 years., How to Cite This Article: Sharma V, Bagchi A, Dutta B, et al. Evaluation of Salivary Immunoglobulin A Level and Its Correlation with Severity of Early Childhood Caries: An Original Research. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(3):316-320., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: NoneConflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2024; The Author(s).)

Background and Objectives: Early childhood caries (ECC) is the most common chronic disease of childhood in many developing countries, which is associated with local, systemic, psychological, and social consequences. Multiple variables are shown to be associated with an increased risk of ECC. The knowledge regarding the role of saliva in the pathophysiological process of ECC still remains controversial and unexplored. Scanty studies focused on probing the role of salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in unstimulated whole saliva of children with ECC and children without ECC., Aim: To assess the salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, and sIgA levels in children with ECC and caries-free children and to evaluate their role in caries risk assessment.Materials and Methods: The study was carried out among 64 children aged between 24 and 71 months. Clinical examinations were carried out according to the criteria by the World Health Organization, and carious status was recorded. Subjects were categorized as group I with ECC (dmfs-Decayed, Missing or Filled Surfaces (Deciduous dentition) of ≥5), and group II included children without ECC (dmfs = 0). Unstimulated whole salivary samples were collected in a sterile vial and stored at -70°C by draining. Estimations of salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, and sIgA levels were done. Digital pH meters were used for the estimation of pH and buffering capacity. A human IgA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit was used to estimate sIgA levels. Statistical software IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) statistics 20.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, New York, United States of America) was used to analyze the data., Results: The mean salivary flow rate decreased in group I children with ECC (0.15 ± 0.05) when compared to group II children without ECC (0.67 ± 0.14), which was statistically significant. In caries active children, no statistically significant correlation was found between salivary flow rate and the dmfs scores [ r -value (-0.247)] and p -value (0.147). The mean level of salivary pH is decreased in group I children with ECC (4.65 ± 0.4) when compared to group II children without ECC (7.28 ± 0.18). In the caries active group, the levels of salivary pH decrease as the dmfs scores increase, and this correlation is found to be statistically significant ( r -value of 0.547 and p -value of 0.002). The mean level of buffering capacity is decreased for caries-active children (5.45 ± 0.49) when compared to caries-free children (8.94 ± 0.42). In caries active children, as the dmfs scores increase, the salivary buffering capacity decreases, and this correlation is found to be not statistically significant ( r -value of -0.334 and p -value of 0.161). The mean levels of sIgA in group I children with ECC were higher (10.61 ± 0.90) than that in group II children without ECC (6.11 ± 1.22). In the caries-active group, the salivary sIgA levels were comparatively higher than in the caries-free children. As the dmfs scores increase, the level of the sIgA increases in caries-active children, and this correlation is noted to be highly statistically significant ( r -value of 0.769 and p -value 0.008)., Conclusion: Children with ECC showed decreased salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, and increased sIgA levels, while children without ECC showed increased salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, and decreased sIgA levels. The salivary parameters, such as salivary flow rate and buffering capacity, showed no correlation with the dmfs score, while salivary pH and sIgA levels have a positive correlation in caries-active children., How to Cite This Article: Sivakumar A, Narayanan R. Comparison of Salivary Flow Rate, Ph, Buffering Capacity, and Secretory Immunoglobulin A Levels between Children with Early Childhood Caries and Caries-free Children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(3):334-340., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: NoneConflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2024; The Author(s).)

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact globally. Healthcare workers (HCWs) were forced to work with uncertainties about the virus, extended working hours, and increasing cases. It is known that stress causes immunosuppression, and salivary IgA (sIgA) is the immune marker most strongly related to work stress. However, the relationship between stress level, COVID-19 fear, and immunosuppression was unknown. The study investigated the relationship between COVID-19-related fear and stress of the sIgA level. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 109 staff nurses in SASMEC, Kuantan, Pahang. Stratified randomised sampling was done for selection of participants. The PSS-10 and FCV -19S-M Questionnaires were administered to objectively assess stress and fear, followed by non-invasive saliva sample collection. Quantitative measurement of IgA level was done using an Enzyme- linked Immunosorbent Assay Kit (ELISA) for sIgA. Pearson correlation test and coefficient of determination (R2) were applied. 86% of participants were female, 83% were aged between 26-45 years old, 75% were married, 95% had worked for more than 1 year, and 68% worked in high-risk stations. The majority of the participants scored moderate severity in terms of perceived stress (84%) and fear level (61%), and the mean sIgA level was 3.96ng/mL. Further analysis showed no linear correlation between stress and fear with salivary IgA levels. Conclusion: HCWs are inevitably exposed to high stress, especially during the pandemic, not just work-related stress and COVID exposure but also other demographic and situational factors. Though the current study revealed moderate stress and fear levels among the staff nurses with no significant association between salivary IgA and stress and fear, further study should examine other factors such as coping skills, working environment, and protective factors that may modify perceived stress and, subsequently, immunological response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A major challenge in clinical periodontics is to find a reliable molecular marker of periodontal tissue destruction. Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess, whether any correlation exists between salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) level against lipopolysaccharide of Porphyromonas gingivalis and clinical periodontal parameters (probing depth and clinical attachment loss). Materials and Methods: Totally, 30 patients with chronic periodontitis were included for the study based on clinical examination. Unstimulated saliva was collected from each study subject. Probing depth and clinical attachment loss were recorded in all selected subjects using University of North Carolina-15 periodontal probe. Extraction and purification of lipopolysaccharide were done from the standard strain of P. gingivalis (ATCC 33277). Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the level of IgA antibodies against lipopolysaccharide of P. gingivalis in the saliva of each subject by coating wells of ELISA kit with extracted lipopolysaccharide antigen. Statistical Analysis: The correlation between salivary IgA and clinical periodontal parameters was checked using Karl Pearson′s correlation coefficient method and regression analysis. Results: The significant correlation was observed between salivary IgA level and clinical periodontal parameters in chronic periodontitis patients. Conclusion: A significant strong correlation was observed between salivary IgA against lipopolysaccharide of P. gingivalis and clinical periodontal parameters which suggest that salivary IgA level against lipopolysaccharide of P. gingivalis can be used to predict the severity of periodontal destruction in chronic periodontitis patients.

AimsBiological and lifestyle factors, such as daily rhythm, caffeine ingestion, recent infection, and antibiotic intake, have been shown to influence measurements of salivary cortisol (SC) and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). Current methodology in unsynchronized, field-based biomarker studies does not take these effects into account. Moreover, very little is known about the combined effects of biological and lifestyle factors on SC and sIgA. This study supports development of a protocol for measuring biomarkers from saliva collected in field studies by examining the individual and combined effects of these factors on SC and sIgA.MethodAt three time points (start of the pre-season; start of playing season; and end of playing season), saliva samples were collected from the entire squad of 45 male players of an elite Australian Football club (mean age 22.8 ± 3.5 years). At each time, point daily rhythm and lifestyle factors were determined via a questionnaire, and concentrations of both SC and sIgA via an enzyme linked immuno-sorbent (ELISA) assay of saliva samples. In addition, player times to produce 0.5 mL of saliva were recorded.ResultsAnalysis of covariance of the data across the three time points showed that daily rhythm had a more consistent effect than the lifestyle factors of caffeine ingestion, recent infection, and antibiotic intake on SC, but not on sIgA. Data for sIgA and SC concentrations were then adjusted for the effects of daily rhythm and lifestyle factors, and correlational analysis of the pooled data was used to examine the relative effects of these two sources of influence on sIgA and SC. With the exception of time to produce saliva, the biological measures of stress were affected by players’ daily rhythms. When daily rhythm was taken into account the group of lifestyle factors did not have an additional effect.DiscussionIt is recommended that future studies measuring SC and sIgA make additional adjustments for the daily rhythm, in particular time since first sight of daylight, as small measurement errors of biomarkers can confound discrimination among study participants.

Objectives: Based on existing psychoneuroimmunological insights, the present study aimed at investigating possible effects of a single-session group mantra-meditation on salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) and affective states.Materials and Methods: A controlled pretest-posttest study enrolled 30 healthy women (mean age 44 ± 3 years) through a multi-stage random sampling method from yoga clubs in Shiraz (Feb-Dec, 2016). Subjects were randomly assigned to experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. Participants in both the groups attended a structured introductory lecture about mantra-meditation after which those in the experimental group meditated for 20min. Saliva samples were collected after the intervention, and the participants' affective states were examined by a qualified clinical psychologist blinded to the intervention using the positive and negative affect schedule questionnaire at sequential time-points, i.e., baseline, post-meditation, and one hour later. Similar assessments were done for the control group subjects. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to test saliva samples for the IgA titer. The s-IgA and the positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS) test results were statistically evaluated using an analysis of variance.Result: The mean s-IgA titer in the experimental group at 'post-meditation' and '1-hour later' time-points were found to be statistically different from those of the control group (P < .05). In addition, results indicated a significant change in affect among experimental group subjects as compared to controls (P < .05).Conclusion: Our findings suggest that "group mantra-meditation" training even for a single session may positively influence some immunological components and improve affective states. As a simple and low-cost psychoneurobehavioral intervention, this method may offer mental-health benefits at nursing homes as well as group-therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Biological and lifestyle factors, such as daily rhythm, caffeine ingestion, recent infection, and antibiotic intake, have been shown to influence measurements of salivary cortisol (SC) and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). Current methodology in unsynchronized, field-based biomarker studies does not take these effects into account. Moreover, very little is known about the combined effects of biological and lifestyle factors on SC and sIgA. This study supports development of a protocol for measuring biomarkers from saliva collected in field studies by examining the individual and combined effects of these factors on SC and sIgA. Method: At three time points (start of the pre-season; start of playing season; and end of playing season), saliva samples were collected from the entire squad of 45 male players of an elite Australian Football club (mean age 22.8 ± 3.5 years). At each time, point daily rhythm and lifestyle factors were determined via a questionnaire, and concentrations of both SC and sIgA via an enzyme linked immuno-sorbent (ELISA) assay of saliva samples. In addition, player times to produce 0.5 mL of saliva were recorded. Results: Analysis of covariance of the data across the three time points showed that daily rhythm had a more consistent effect than the lifestyle factors of caffeine ingestion, recent infection, and antibiotic intake on SC, but not on sIgA. Data for sIgA and SC concentrations were then adjusted for the effects of daily rhythm and lifestyle factors, and correlational analysis of the pooled data was used to examine the relative effects of these two sources of influence on sIgA and SC. With the exception of time to produce saliva, the biological measures of stress were affected by players' daily rhythms. When daily rhythm was taken into account the group of lifestyle factors did not have an additional effect. Discussion: It is recommended that future studies measuring SC and sIgA make additional adjustments for the daily rhythm, in particular time since first sight of daylight, as small measurement errors of biomarkers can confound discrimination among study participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considerable scientific evidence has been published on the effectiveness of massage in different conditions, but it remains unclear whether this effectiveness is modulated by the profile of patients. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a 21-min myofascial therapy protocol on stress responders and nonresponders stressed in the laboratory with a cold pressor test. Dependent variables included heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure, and salivary markers such as flow rate, cortisol, immunoglobulin A (IgA), and α-amylase activity. A controlled, repeated measures, single-blind trial was conducted in 30 Caucasian students with a mean (SD) age of 20.70 (4.50) years. We found no significant between-group differences in descriptive characteristics or in any preintervention outcome measure. Analysis of covariance revealed significant increases in HRV index (F = 0.18, p = .01), salivary flow rate (F = 0.16, p = .02), and salivary IgA concentration (F = 4.36, p = .04) and significant decreases in the low-frequency domain (F = 0.18, p = .04) and LF–high-frequency ratio (F = 0.18, p = .01) in the stress responder group in comparison to the nonresponder group. In conclusion, a better response to massage was observed in stress responders than in nonresponders across various HRV parameters and salivary measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A major challenge in clinical periodontics is to find a reliable molecular marker of periodontal tissue destruction. Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess, whether any correlation exists between salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) level against lipopolysaccharide of Porphyromonas gingivalis and clinical periodontal parameters (probing depth and clinical attachment loss). Materials and Methods: Totally, 30 patients with chronic periodontitis were included for the study based on clinical examination. Unstimulated saliva was collected from each study subject. Probing depth and clinical attachment loss were recorded in all selected subjects using University of North Carolina-15 periodontal probe. Extraction and purification of lipopolysaccharide were done from the standard strain of P. gingivalis (ATCC 33277). Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the level of IgA antibodies against lipopolysaccharide of P. gingivalis in the saliva of each subject by coating wells of ELISA kit with extracted lipopolysaccharide antigen. Statistical Analysis: The correlation between salivary IgA and clinical periodontal parameters was checked using Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient method and regression analysis. Results: The significant correlation was observed between salivary IgA level and clinical periodontal parameters in chronic periodontitis patients. Conclusion: A significant strong correlation was observed between salivary IgA against lipopolysaccharide of P. gingivalis and clinical periodontal parameters which suggest that salivary IgA level against lipopolysaccharide of P. gingivalis can be used to predict the severity of periodontal destruction in chronic periodontitis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rugby union is a sport involving high force and frequency impacts making the likelihood of injury a significant risk. The aim of this study was to measure and report the individual and group acute and cumulative physiological stress response during 3 professional rugby games through non-invasive sampling. 24 professional rugby players volunteered for the study. Urine and saliva samples were collected pre and post 3 matches. Myoglobin, salivary immunoglobulin A, cortisol, neopterin and total neopterin (neopterin+7,8-dihydroneopterin) were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography or enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Significant increases in cortisol, myoglobin, neopterin and total neopterin when urine volume was corrected with specific gravity were observed (p < 0.05). Significant decreases in salivary immunoglobulin A concentration were observed for games 1 and 2 while secretion rate decreased after games 2 and 3. Significant decreases were seen with the percent of 7,8-dihydroneopterin being converted to neopterin following games 2 and 3. The intensity of 3 professional rugby games was sufficient to elicit significant changes in the physiological markers selected for our study. Furthermore, results suggest the selected markers not only provide a means for analysing the stress encountered during a single game of rugby but also highlight the unique pattern of response for each individual player. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rugby union is a sport governed by the impacts of high force and high frequency. Analysis of physiological markers following a game can provide an understanding of the physiological response of an individual and the time course changes in response to recovery. Urine and saliva were collected from 11 elite amateur rugby players 24 h before, immediately after, and at 17, 25, 38, 62 and 86 h post-game. Myoglobin, salivary immunoglobulin A and cortisol were analysed by ELISA, whereas neopterin and total neopterin were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. There was a significant post-game increase of all four markers. The increases were cortisol 4-fold, myoglobin 2.85-fold, neopterin 1.75-fold and total neopterin 2.3-fold when corrected with specific gravity. All significant changes occurred post-game only, with markers returning to and remaining at baseline within 17 h. The intensity of the game caused significant changes in key physiological markers of stress. They provide an understanding of the stress experienced during a single game of rugby and the time course changes associated with player recovery. Neopterin provides a new marker of detecting an acute inflammatory response in physical exercise, while specific gravity should be considered for urine volume correction post-exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Reduction of functioning minor salivary glands may contribute to emergence of mucosal infections, mucosal ulceration, and possibly dental caries. A study was, therefore, designed to understand the exact role of minor salivary gland secretions over dental caries. Methodology: We studied the average labial distribution of functional minor salivary glands using various pre-defined locations, counted the minor salivary gland secretion imprints, and correlated the decayed missing filledlevels in subjects. The functional level and amount of secretion of minor salivary gland were evaluated. The radial immunodiffusion was performed by Diffu-Plate kit and the dimensions of the ring were correlated with the amount of immunoglobulin A in saliva. Results: The mean number of functional labial minor salivary glands, amount of secretion, level of glycoprotein secretion, and immunoglobulin A secretion levels could very well dictate the functional status and role of minor salivary glands over caries assessment. Conclusion: The above-mentioned tests could be of major significance in routine diagnosis of the most common oral disease, i.e., dental caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Salivary immunoglobulin A ( SIg A) together with innate defenses such as α-amylase, provides the 'first line of defense' against pathogens present at mucosal surfaces. This study aimed to evaluate salivary α-amylase and immunoglobulin A ( IgA) in whole saliva of spastic cerebral palsy ( CP) individuals. Methods Whole saliva was collected from 22 CP and 24 sibling volunteers with no neurological damage control groups ( CG) (aged 7-14 years). The salivary flow rate, total protein and SIg A concentrations, and α-amylase activity were determined. Results The CP group presented higher salivary flow rate (35%) and lower total protein concentration (18%) compared with the CG ( P ≤ 0.05). CPG had higher absolute (68%, μg SIgA/ml) and relative (55%, μg SIgA/mg prot and 108%, μg SIgA/min) concentrations of IgA compared with the CG ( P ≤ 0.05). CPG had lower relative α-amylase activity (15% mg malt/mg prot and 33%, mg malt/min) compared with the CG ( P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion This study concluded that CP individuals presented alterations in the profile of salivary proteins involved in the defense system of the oral cavity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate and compare the effect of dental treatment on the salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels of children with and without dental caries. Materials and Methods: The study involved 30 children, among which 15 had caries and the other 15 were without caries. Salivary sample collection was done for all the children before dental treatment, and for the children with caries, the sampling was repeated 3-4 weeks after the dental treatment. The salivary IgA quantitation was done by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using Human IgA ELISA Quantitation kit, and the results were statistically analyzed by independent sample "t" test. Results: The salivary IgA level was significantly more in children with caries (13.07 ± 1.55 mg/100 ml) than in caries-free children (11.90 ± 1.58 mg/100 ml) in the pre-treatment phase. The salivary IgA level in children with caries was 13.52 ± 1.68 mg/100 ml in the post-treatment phase and it was not statistically different from the pre-treatment value. Conclusion: Mere quantitation of salivary IgA levels might have no reflection on the functional antibodies involved in caries process, and successful dental treatment alone does not alter the salivary IgA levels, suggesting a multifaceted approach to combat the cariogenic challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the possible relationships between stress tolerance, training load, banal infections and salivary parameters during 4 weeks of regular training in fifteen basketball players. The Daily Analysis of Life Demands for Athletes' questionnaire (sources and symptoms of stress) and the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey were used on a weekly basis. Salivary cortisol and salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) were collected at the beginning (before) and after the study, and measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Ratings of perceived exertion (training load) were also obtained. The results from ANOVA with repeated measures showed greater training loads, number of upper respiratory tract infection episodes and negative sensation to both symptoms and sources of stress, at week 2 ( p < 0.05). Significant increases in cortisol levels and decreases in SIgA secretion rate were noted (before to after). Negative sensations to symptoms of stress at week 4 were inversely and significantly correlated with SIgA secretion rate. A positive and significant relationship between sources and symptoms of stress at week 4 and cortisol levels were verified. In summary, an approach incorporating in conjunction psychometric tools and salivary biomarkers could be an efficient means of monitoring reaction to stress in sport. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to examine the Streptococcus mutans biofilm cellular proteins recognized by immunoglobulin A (IgA) in saliva from various caries-defined populations. Methods: Biofilm and planktonic S. mutans UA159 cells were prepared. The proteins were extracted, separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, transferred to blotting membranes, and probed for IgA using individual saliva samples from three groups of subjects; those who developed 0 caries (no active caries), 5–9 caries (medium), or more than 10 caries (severe) over a 12-month interval. Results: Several proteins were recognized by salivary IgA in all groups of saliva but spot distribution and intensity varied greatly between the groups, and some proteins were recognized more strongly in biofilm cells than in planktonic culture, and vice versa. Furthermore, 15 proteins were only recognized by saliva from the ‘no active caries’ group, and four proteins were recognized by saliva samples from subjects in all three groups. Specifically, antigen I/II was recognized less in biofilm cells by caries-free saliva compared with planktonic cells. However, salivary IgA antibody to antigen I/II was absent in blots using saliva from the ‘medium caries’ and ‘severe caries’ groups. Conclusion: The bacterial molecules recognized by caries-free saliva are significant factors for S. mutans caries formation, and their inhibition could be a therapeutic target. In addition, saliva of caries-free subjects includes significant IgA antibody against antigen I/II of S. mutans, indicating a protective mechanism. However, microorganisms may protect themselves from host immune attack by forming biofilms and decreasing expression of antigen I/II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to identify salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) directed to oral microbial GroEL in patients with periodontitis and to demonstrate their potential protective role through a reduction of inflammatory cytokine production induced by microbial GroEL. Using five different proteins belonging to the heat-shock protein 60 family, Western immunoblot analysis of salivary IgA from 63 subjects revealed immunoreactivities with Campylobacter rectus GroEL and Porphyromonas gingivalis GroEL in subjects with periodontitis ( P < 0.05) compared to control subjects. Using the BIACORE 1000 to measure the salivary IgA titers directed towards C. rectus GroEL, high resonance unit (RU) values were observed in the saliva samples from patients with periodontitis ( P < 0.01). Furthermore, the number of teeth with deep pocket depth (≥5 mm) showed a high correlation coefficient with the RU value ( r = 0.50, P < 0.01). C. rectus GroEL possessed the ability to stimulate the production of interleukin-6 by gingival fibroblasts. Interestingly, salivary IgA antibody directed to C. rectus GroEL caused a partial inhibition of interleukin-6 production. This study showed a relationship between high levels of salivary IgA directed to GroEL and periodontal disease severity. Although additional investigations are required, salivary IgA to GroEL may have a protective role by reducing the inflammatory response induced by GroEL derived from periodontopathogenic bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the acute effects of relaxation training on salivary cortisol and salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA). Members of age- and gender-matched undergraduate student pairs were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. Forty-one experimental subjects were led through Abbreviated Progressive Relaxation Training (APRT) during a 1-h laboratory session; 14 control subjects merely sat quietly in the laboratory for an equal amount of time. All subjects provided pre- and post-intervention saliva samples and self-report data on state anxiety, perceived stress, and relaxation levels. Heart rate was also monitored immediately before and after APRT or quiet sitting. Results indicated that a brief relaxation exercise led to experimental subjects having significantly lower levels of post-intervention salivary cortisol ( p = .036) and significantly higher levels of post-intervention sIgA concentration ( p < .001) and secretion rate ( p < .001) than control subjects. The data suggest that relaxation training may play a role in immunoenhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess the difference in self-perceived stress before and after an academic assessment and its association with the marks scored and to study the association of salivary cortisol, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and chromogranin A (CgA) with stress levels before and after the assessment. Thirty-one third-year dental undergraduates indicated how stressed they felt on a 5-point rating scale just prior to and immediately after a one-hour written test. Five-minute unstimulated whole saliva samples were also collected at those times to measure salivary cortisol, IgA, and CgA. Students rated significantly higher stress scores before (median [inter quartile range]: 3[1]), compared to after the test (2[2]) (p = 0.015). Higher cortisol levels (mean: 6.32 nmol/l) were observed before than after the exam (mean: 5.16 nmol/l) (p = 0.015). No significant differences were noted between the pre- and post-test saliva samples for salivary IgA and CgA levels. A negative correlation was seen between post-test stress scores and test marks (Spearman's r = -0.325, p = 0.07). Dental students perceived a higher level of stress prior to the test, which declined after that. Pre-test stress scores were associated with raised salivary cortisol, but not IgA or CgA. Students who perceived higher levels of stress after the test generally had poorer results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]