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Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no Projeto de Assentamento São Pedro, localizado no município de Paranaíta, ao norte do Mato Grosso. O nosso objetivo foi compreender algumas das vulnerabilidades da agricultura familiar e as ameaças geradas pelo avanço das lavouras de soja em direção ao assentamento. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, observação participante e construção de linhas do tempo. Os resultados indicam que, ao longo do tempo, a estabilização econômica das famílias foi sempre temporária, tendo sido afetada por uma histórica falta de estrutura e políticas agrícolas adequadas, que prejudicaram a continuidade das atividades agrícolas. Assim, a pecuária bovina substituiu a lavoura de grãos no início dos anos 2000. A atual expansão de grandes propriedades produtoras de soja, no entorno do assentamento, expõe os agricultores à ameaça da comercialização ou arrendamento das terras, tendo em vista, sobretudo, a degradação das pastagens em muitas propriedades. No contexto atual, a obtenção do título da terra e o acesso ao crédito agrícola são elementos necessários ao fortalecimento da agricultura familiar no assentamento. This work was developed in the São Pedro land reform settlement project, located in the municipality of Paranaíta, Brazilian Midwest. Our objective was to understand some of the vulnerabilities of family farming and the threats generated by the advance of soybean crops towards settlement. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, participant observation and construction of timelines. The results indicate that, over time, the economic stabilization of families has always been temporary, having been affected by a historical lack of structure and adequate agricultural policies, which have hindered the continuity of agricultural activities. Thus, cattle ranching replaced grain crops in the early 2000s. The current expansion of large soybean-producing properties in the vicinity of the settlement exposes farmers to the threat of commercialization or leasing of land, especially in view of the degradation of pastures on many properties. In the current context, obtaining land title and access to agricultural credit are necessary elements for strengthening family farming in the settlement. Ces travaux ont été développés dans le cadre du projet de “assentamento” de la réforme agraire São Pedro, situé dans la municipalité de Paranaíta, région du Midwest du Brésil. Notre objectif était de comprendre des vulnérabilités de l'agriculture familiale et les menaces générées par l'avancée des cultures de soja vers le projet de “assentamento”. Les données ont été recueillies au moyen d'entrevues semi-structurées, d'observation des participants et de construction de chronologies. Les résultats indiquent qu'au fil du temps, la stabilisation économique des familles a toujours été temporaire, affectée par un manque historique de structure et de politiques agricoles adéquates, qui a entravé la continuité des activités agricoles. Ainsi, l'élevage de bétail a remplacé les cultures céréalières au début des années 2000. L'expansion actuelle de grandes propriétés productrices de soja à proximité de le “assentamento” expose les agriculteurs à la menace de la commercialisation ou de la location de terres, en particulier compte tenu de la dégradation des pâturages sur de nombreuses propriétés. Dans le contexte actuel, l'obtention du titre foncier et l'accès au crédit agricole sont des éléments nécessaires au renforcement de l'agriculture familiale dans le “assentamento”.

Nesse estudo descrevemos a dinâmica de cobertura da terra e de estoques e emissões brutas de carbono (C) em 55 assentamentos na Amazônia Legal, situados em 22 municípios do norte de Mato Grosso, entre julho de 2008 e julho de 2016 e discutimos suas implicações para políticas de mudanças climáticas. A estimativa de C foi baseada na mudança da cobertura da terra, obtida por processamento de imagens Spot, Sentinel e Landsat e visitas de campo, e dados secundários de valores médios de carbono por classe de vegetação. Considerando a cobertura potencial da vegetação, ou seja, a cobertura hipotética antes da ação antrópica na área, estimada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, os 55 assentamentos eram originalmente cobertos por 685 mil ha de vegetação nativa (103 Teragrama (Tg) de C). O desmatamento até 2016 (ocorrido antes e depois de 2008) foi superior a 65% da área de cobertura nativa. A maior parte dele (77%) ocorreu até 2008. Embora a restauração de áreas consolidadas (desmatadas antes de julho de 2008) não seja obrigatória, ela pode gerar receita com créditos de carbono, cotas de reserva ambiental, manejo florestal e agrosilvicultura. A área desmatada por assentamento até 2008 teve forte relação com a taxa de desmatamento por assentamento entre 2008 e 2016. Isso sugere que, os que desmataram muito até 2008 tendem a continuar a desmatar. A taxa de desmatamento anual entre 2008 e 2016 foi de 12,7 mil hectares (ha). Caso permaneça a mesma, toda a vegetação nativa da área terá sido suprimida em menos de duas décadas. Em geral, os assentamentos da modalidade de Projetos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável tiveram menor desmatamento, o que indica que é possível associar reforma agrária e desenvolvimento econômico e social com a conservação da floresta amazônica. Contudo, é preciso fortalecer as políticas voltadas para o pagamento de serviços ambientais e para os produtos da floresta em pé (manejo florestal de baixo impacto e de recursos não madeireiros). Para isso, é essencial a integração de esforços do governo federal, estadual, municipal e do mercado. Dans cette étude, nous décrivons la dynamique de la couverture terrestre et de stocks et les émissions brutes de carbone (C) dans 55 colonies en Amazonie Légale situées dans le nord du Mato Grosso, entre 2008 et 2016, et nous discutons leurs implications pour les politiques de lutte contre le changement climatique. L'estimation de C fut basée sur le changement de la couverture terrestre, obtenue par le traitement des images Spot, Sentinel et Landsat et par des visites sur le terrain, ainsi que sur des données secondaires des valeurs moyennes de carbone par classe de végétation. Les 55 colonies étaient à l’origine couvertes de 685 000 ha de végétation native (103 Tg C). La déforestation jusqu’en 2016 a été supérieure à 65%. La plupart de celle-ci ayant eu lieu (77%) en 2008. Bien que la restauration des zones consolidées (déboisées avant juillet 2008) ne soit pas obligatoire, elle peut générer des revenus provenant de crédits de carbone, de quotas de réserves environnementales, de gestion forestière et d'agroforesterie. La zone déboisée par peuplement jusqu'en 2008 avait une relation étroite avec le taux de déforestation par peuplement entre 2008 et 2016. Cela suggère que ceux qui ont beaucoup déboisé jusqu'en 2008 ont tendance à continuer de le faire par la suite. Le taux annuel de déforestation entre 2008 et 2016 étaient de 12 700 hectares/an, respectivement. Si le taux de déforestation reste le même, toute la végétation native aura été supprimée en moins de deux décennies. En règle générale, les colonies de la modalité du Projet de Développement Durable ont présenté moins de déforestation, ce qui indique qu'il est possible d'associer réforme agraire et développement économique et social à la conservation de la forêt amazonienne. Cependant, les politiques visant à payer les services écosystémiques et les produits forestiers sur pied (gestion forestière à faible impact et ressources non ligneuses) doivent être renforcées. Pour cela, l’intégration des efforts du gouvernement fédéral, des États, et local et du marché est essentielle. In this study, we described the dynamics of land-cover and gross carbon stocks and emissions (C) in 55 settlements in Legal Amazon, located in northern Mato Grosso state, between 2008 and 2016 and discussed their implications for climate change policies. C estimates were based on land-cover changes, obtained with Spot, Sentinel and Landsat image processing and field visits, and secondary data of mean carbon values ​​per vegetation class. The 55 settlements were originally covered by 685,000 ha of native vegetation (103 Tg C). Deforestation by 2016 was over 65%. Most of it (77%) occurred by 2008. Although restoration of consolidated areas (areas deforested before July 2008) is not mandatory, it can generate revenue from carbon credits, environmental reserve quotas, forest management and agroforestry. The deforested area per settlement by 2008 was strongly related to the deforestation per settlement between 2008 and 2016. This suggests that those who deforested a lot until 2008 tend to continue to do so until 2016. The annual deforestation rate between 2008 and 2016 was 12.7 thousand ha /year. If it remains the same, all native vegetation will have been suppressed in less than two decades. In general, the Sustainable-Development-Project settlements had less deforestation, which indicates that it is possible to associate agrarian reform and economic and social development with the conservation of the Amazon rainforest. However, it is necessary to strengthen policies toward payment for ecosystem services and forest management products (low-impact forest management and non-timber forest products). In order to do so, the integration of federal, state and local governments and market efforts is paramount.

Este artigo analisa a construção de políticas públicas para a agroecologia no Brasil focalizando: (a) o contexto econômico, político e institucional e os processos de organização social que possibilitaram a emergência dessa agenda pública; (b) a constituição de redes de promoção da agroecologia e sua capacidade de influenciar a ação pública; (c) a incorporação do enfoque agroecológico nas políticas públicas considerando a coexistência de distintas concepções de agroecologia. Os resultados são provenientes de uma pesquisa interinstitucional que envolveu diversos pesquisadores e organizações vinculadas à Rede Políticas Públicas e Desenvolvimento Rural na América Latina (PP-AL). Os mesmos apontam que a construção de políticas a favor da agroecologia ganhou espaço a partir de 2002, quando a eleição do presidente Lula levou para dentro da estrutura do Estado atores com interface direta com movimentos sociais e sindicais. Na ampla coalizão política que se formou no novo governo e, sobretudo, no Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário (MDA), predominaram movimentos agrários com suas tradicionais pautas em torno do crédito rural e da reforma agrária. No entanto, eles passaram a conviver com um movimento agroecológico cada vez mais expressivo e organizado, o que levou à incorporação gradual de referenciais socioambientais nas políticas agrícolas diferenciadas. Além disso, esta convergência foi potencializada pela agenda da segurança alimentar e nutricional, a qual cumpriu um papel decisivo na disseminação da agroecologia como referencial de política pública. This article analyzes the construction of public policies for agroecology in Brazil focusing on: (a) the economic, political and institutional context and the processes of social organization that enabled the emergence of this public agenda; (b) the creation of networks to promote agroecology with capacity to influence public action; (c) the incorporation of the agroecological approach in public policies considering the coexistence of different conceptions of agroecology. Results come from an interinstitutional research that involved several researchers and organizations linked to the Public Policy and Rural Development Network in Latin America (PP-AL). They point out that the construction of policies in favor of agroecology gained space after 2002, when the election of President Lula took to the structure of the State actors with direct interface with social movements and unions. In the broad political coalition that was formed in the new government and especially in the Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA), agrarian movements predominated, as well as their traditional demands of rural credit and agrarian reform. However, they faced an increasingly expressive and organized agroecological movement, which forced the gradual incorporation of socio-environmental references in differentiated agricultural policies for rural development. In addition, this convergence was strengthened by the food and nutritional security agenda, which played a decisive role in the dissemination of agroecology as a reference for public policy. Este artículo analiza la construcción de políticas públicas para la agroecología en Brasil enfocando: (a) el contexto económico, político e institucional y los procesos de organización social que posibilitaran la emergencia de esa agenda pública; (b) la constitución de redes de promoción de la agroecología y su capacidad de influir en la acción pública; (c) la incorporación del enfoque agroecológico en las políticas públicas considerando la coexistencia de distintas concepciones de agroecología. Los resultados provienen de una investigación interinstitucional que involucró a diversos investigadores y organizaciones vinculadas a la Red Políticas Públicas y Desarrollo Rural en América Latina (PP-AL). Los mismos apuntan que la construcción de políticas a favor de la agroecología ganó espacio a partir de 2002, cuando la elección del presidente Lula llevó a dentro de la estructura del Estado actores con interfaces directas con movimientos sociales y sindicales. En la amplia coalición política que se formó en el nuevo gobierno y, sobre todo, en el Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario (MDA), predominaron movimientos agrarios con sus tradicionales pautas en torno al crédito rural y la reforma agraria. Sin embargo, estos pasaron a convivir con un movimiento agroecológico cada vez más expresivo y organizado, lo que llevó a la incorporación gradual de referencias socioambientales en las políticas agrícolas diferenciadas. Además, esta convergencia fue potenciada por la agenda de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional, la cual cumplió un papel decisivo en la diseminación de la agroecología como referencial de política pública.

Inclusive business is hailed as a win-win scenario for the development of poor communities; yet there is little insight into how these inclusive businesses work and, more importantly, for whom. This book aims for a thorough understanding of the range of inclusive businesses in agriculture by examining: the structures they implement, the actors involved, and whether they are effectively inclusive of smallholders. It presents a range of case studies and is therefore empirically based and practically oriented. By offering a critical assessment of inclusive businesses overall, it allows for a better perception of what works where, and under which conditions. It provides useful insights that will benefit smallholders, agri-businesses, support groups, policy makers and investors who are willing to promote more inclusive businesses, that foster a better integration of smallholders into commercial value-chains and a more equitable and sustainable agricultural sector.

Between December 2000 and January 2005, the Syrian Ba'th party and government promulgated a series of political decisions (taqarir) and decrees that aimed at privatising all State Farms in Syria. The main one, decision number 83 of 16 December 2000, parcelled out the land in shares of 3 ha for irrigated land and 8 ha for non-irrigated land. It called for land to be distributed to, in order of priority, the former owners, the farm workers, and employes of the General Administration of the Euphrates Basin (GADEB). In January 2005, 12 500 beneficaries received 38 500 ha. Half of them were former owners or land reform recipients ; a third were sharecroppers with exploitation contracts and a fifth were workers and GADEB employees. The paper explores the legislative principles of this decision and its impact on agrarian structures and social hierarchies in the Syrian Jazîra. I analyse this process as a case of counter-revolution that markes the end of the socialist ba`thist ideology. The primary beneficiaries of the reform process are not the traditional rural constituents of the Ba'th party, but a re-emergent class of latifundists tied to central state and traditional power structures., L'article analyse le processus de démentèlement des fermes d'Etat syriennes en cours depuis décembre 2000. Selon une décision politique émise par le Parti Ba`th, l'ensemble des fermes d'Etat a été distribuée, dans l'ordre, aux anciens propriétaires expropriés lors des réformes agraires de 1958, 1963 et 1966 ; aux ouvriers agricoles ; ainsi qu'aux fonctionnaires disposés à prendre leur retraite. Mais l'imprécision légale de cette décision politique a entraîné plusieurs mouvements de pétition (chakua) de la part de propriétaires et de fonctionnaires s'estimant lésées. Le démentèlement des fermes d'Etat constitue une « contre-réforme » agraire dans la mesure où elle permet à des entrepreneurs châwaya de se constituer de riches domaines privés au sein des anciens projets étatiques où l'irrigation est fortement subventionnée.

Alternative agricultural systems, such as organic farming (OF), are promising options to sustain both agriculture productivity and environmental health. However, the adoption of OF by farmers is occurring more slowly than is advocated. A key factor limiting farmers is an inability to predict socio-economic consequences of converting to OF. To overcome this, we developed a novel method of integrated assessment of agricultural systems (IAAS) and applied it to scenarios of development of OF in the Camargue region, South of France. In collaboration with the local stakeholders, we characterized the agricultural systems at different spatial scales and defined scenario related to the future of agriculture and to OF. We then used agent-based modeling with farmers and bio-economic modeling with local stakeholders for scenario assessment. We examined the effects on the development of OF systems of key factors such as the ongoing reform in the European Common Agricultural Policy and the effects of regulations for decreased use of pesticides. The policy reform implied trends towards a diversification of crops and greater possibility for conversion to OF. Development of OF at the regional level led to improved environmental performance, but caused a decrease in profitability of the rice supply chains. In light of the observed trade-off between rice production and OF development, objectives and options towards more sustainable agricultural systems were discussed with farmers and local stakeholders. Stakeholders' assessment of the framework provided insights on the positive and specific aspects of the IAAS methodology requiring improvement. The complementarities of agent-based and bio-economic modeling provide stakeholders with a better-informed assessment of diverse scenarios, for the development of more sustainable agricultural systems.

International audience

International audience; On the one hand, the previous chapters have shown the significant diversity of existing agricultural production systems structuring the agricultural sector in today's South Africa. On the other hand, as this diversity still in many ways follows racial lines, these chapters also emphasise the strong legacy of the country's socioeconomic and political systems. Changes did occur, however, and were often related to predominantly the land, as well as some agrarian, reform programmes implemented over almost two decades. The extent of these changes, however, requires further analysis to assess the effectiveness of South Africa's agrarian transformation. Have the country's transformations allowed for more equitable access to productive resources and distribution of revenues and wealth created by agriculture? This chapter will dig deeper into the land reform projects and agrarian reform cases from the different regions assessed within the framework of this book. The analyses will focus on the structural changes embedded in the country's broader agrarian transformation. As such, based on the case studies presented (Chapters 4 to 9), they will not present another evaluation of land reform projects, but will complement the land reform literature (presented in Chapter 3) by embedding them within broader agrarian assessments.

International audience

Based on an in-depth analysis of several contrasting agricultural regions, this book aims to assess South Africa's on-going agrarian reform and the country's agrarian dynamics. The conclusion is without doubt: Twenty years after the first democratic elections, the country's land pattern remains almost unchanged, and primary agriculture and its broader value-chains are more concentrated than ever. Without fundamentally questioning the highly specialised, fossil energy and synthetic input dependent, oligopolistic entrepreneurial agricultural production model, which is presently structuring the sector and is guiding the reforms, a more equitable redistribution of resources and value-addition will by no means be possible. This book examines and contributes to the structural questions that underpin the current stagnation of South Africa's agrarian reform. Presenting fresh approaches in analysing agrarian issues and tools to assess farming systems and agricultural development, this incisive study will be an important resource to policy makers, academics and those with an interest in agrarian reform.

Tesis (Ph. D.) -- CATIE. Escuela de Posgrado. Turrialba (Costa Rica), 2014 The focus of this dissertation is to understand the process and implications of capitalistincorporation and agrarian change in the frontier region of Northern Costa Rica within the San Juan-La Selva Biological Corridor. Within this larger narrative the analysis focuses on three major themes: agricultural intensification, migration dynamics and family farmers. Data utilized in this analysis includes: community workshops, 35 interviews with government officials, agribusinesses, producer organizations and large landholders, a randomized household survey of 139 households, grey literature, census data and extended participant observation. Key findings are as follows: Structural adjustment reforms have driven a trend of agricultural intensification through the expansion of pineapple, which has led to homogenization of the agricultural matrix’s land cover. Pineapple expansion has also increased regional economic dependency on large agribusinesses, created incentives for land turnover, and has drawn labor migrants. These parallel social-ecological changes caused by the expansion of pineapple, undermine the biodiversity of the agricultural matrix and do not facilitate development of the agricultural sector in a way that is inclusive of the diversity of farmers present in the study region. Migrants to this region are largely marginalized populations with low socio-economic indicators of wealth and quality of life. International and internal migrants have come in two general waves; early migrants were seeking land and later migrants were seeking labor opportunities. The earliest migrants in the eldest life stage are faring the worst on the frontier and have not been able to capitalize on their land resources to tangibly improve their quality of life. The family farmer is in peril in this landscape and is primarily participating in traditional domestic markets. Collective organization and state help are critical factors that allow family farmers to persist and prosper in the political economic and eco-regional context of the frontier. This dissertation provides a model to inform future analysis of coupled human-ecological systems that accounts for social, political and ecological change as coupled parallel processes.

L’article présente et analyse les changements de l’usage du sol en périphérie urbaine de Meknès au Maroc, dans un contexte de consommation de terres agricoles pourtant réputées fertiles et productives. La question de la préservation des terres agricoles situées à proximité du front d’urbanisation, si elle a été identifiée par les pouvoirs publics au Maroc, qu’ils soient nationaux ou locaux, n’est pas une préoccupation première de l’action publique, davantage centrée sur le développement économique et le logement des plus démunis. À Meknès, dans un contexte foncier complexe, la croissance urbaine s’opère sur des terres de haute qualité agronomique, au sein d’un marché très spéculatif. En guise d’illustration, l’article présente le cas particulier de la coopérative de la réforme agraire Naïji et des stratégies foncières de ses agriculteurs., This paper presents and analyses land use changes in the periurban areas of Meknes, Morocco, focusing on disappearing fertile and productive farmland. Although identified by the Moroccan public policies, the concern for periurban farmland protection is not the government's first priority. It remains behind economic development and housing of low-incomes. In Meknes, where land tenure remains very complex, urban growth is impacting high-quality-soil farmland while the land market is characterised by increasing farmland values and weak public policy regulation. As an example, this paper focuses on the case study of the Naiji cooperative stemming from the land reform and on the land strategies of the farmers.

Comment « sauver » la Macédoine des Bulgares ? Le consul de Grèce à Serrès, Sachtouris, voit là, en 1909, un problème autant agraire que national. À cette question qui obsède les politiques grecs de son temps, il croit trouver une solution : acheter des tchifliks qui seraient ensuite partagés entre des paysans que les propriétaires hellènes se chargeraient « d’helléniser ». Conjoncture difficile, hausse des prix, manque de volonté des financiers, son plan reste inappliqué, en revanche les Jeunes-Turcs achèteront des terres pour « turquifier »... la Macédoine.How to « save » Macedonia from Bulgarians? The Greek consul at Serres, Sachtouris, sees in that question, in 1909, a problem that is national as much as it is agrarian. To this particular question, that obsesses Greek politician of his time, he believes that he has found a solution: buy tchifliks which would be then shared among farmers that the Greek owners would then try to turn into Hellenes. Due to the difficult economic situation, the rising prices, the lack of willingness on behalf of the financial contributors, his plans was never implemented, quite the contrary, it was the Young Turks who bought land in order to turn Macedonia...into a Turkish territory.Πώς να « σωθεί » η Μακεδονία από τους Βουλγάρους ; Ο πρόξενος της Ελλάδας στις Σέρρες, Σαχτούρης, το 1909 εντοπίζει ένα πρόβλημα τόσο αγροτικό όσο και εθνικό. Σ’αυτό το ερώτημα που βασανίζει τους έλληνες πολιτικούς της εποχής, πιστεύει ότι βρήκε τη λύση : την αγορά τσιφλικιών που κατόπιν θα μοιράζονταν σε αγρότες που οι έλληνες ιδιοκτήτες τους θα « εξελλήνιζαν ». Οι δύσκολες περιστάσεις, η αύξηση των τιμών, έλλειψη θέλησης από μέρους των χρηματιστών δεν επιτρέπουν την πραγματοποίηση του σχεδίου. Αντίθετα, οι Νεότουρκοι, θα αγοράσουν γη για να « εκτουρκίσουν » αυτοί τη Μακεδονία.

International audience; The Malagasy land reform, ongoing since 2005, belongs to the new generation of land reforms. It promotes the legal recognition of existing landholders’ rights (through certification) and the decentralization of land management. Despite the change of paradigm underlying this new wave of reforms, premises and expectations remain unchanged: a) rights legalization is justified by large tenure insecurity and b) rights formalization is a prerequisite to reduce conflicts over land rights, improve access to credit, boost productive investments and stimulate land markets. But before analyzing economic impacts, the relations between land reform and tenure security need to be explored. In this line, the paper first explores the determinant of the sense of tenure insecurity and underlines the complementary role of certification to informal and existing modes of rights validation (petits papiers). It shows then that decentralization of land management (through the creation of local land offices) offers a better and a more equitable access to legal information, land administration institutions, legalization of rights and devices of conflict resolution. But it also underlines that this ongoing process of legal empowerment still need to be more inclusive for the poor and discusses the ways to reinforce this process without denying the reality of local/customary land practices.

This paper investigated the farm level diversity in operation and farm performances under two different governance situations in irrigation systems of Punjab Province of Pakistan: Farmer-Managed (FMIS) and Government-Managed Irrigation Scheme (GMIS). Questionnaire surveys and multivariate analyses were conducted. Farms typology was developed based on farm size. Results reveal a water-land-farming strategy nexus. Larger farms perform better in both schemes. Wheat cropping is a strategic choice, specialized, and exclusive, with low input, and low income. Conversely, maize and rice cropping fit well in diversification and intensification strategies, leading to higher farm income. Also poor financial basis and extension services for smaller farms do not support intensification and diversification. The paper shows that productivity of production factors, level of intensification, farm size are closely interlocked, in a general context of poor performances and institutional reforms. Groundwater access is also a key to success, since canal irrigation only cannot sustain an intensification-diversification process. The paper concludes that transfer of canal irrigation management to farmers will not solve all issues, and yet remains probably the only long-term solution. Areas for public intervention on, inter alia, land, finance, extension, markets remain necessary in FMIS and towards smaller farms.

International audience

South Africa's celebrated transformation from apartheid to bastion of non-racial democracy has earned it an international reputation as a site of political plurality and market stability, underwritten by a liberal constitution. And yet, with the most biased land distribution in the region, South Africa is arguably the country with the most pressing land question and in many ways the one which is most intractable. Land reform was one of the main components of the ANC's agenda during its ascension to power. By stating that 'Restrictions of land ownership on a racial basis shall be ended, and all the land re-divided amongst those who work it to banish famine and land hunger', the Freedom charter presented land reform not only as a decisive element of South Africa's ideological transition, it is also seen as one of the conditions of political, economical and social stabilisation of the country. These motivations have however faded. Despite the high profile officially accorded to land and agrarian reforms by the 'new' South African government, little has been done to achieve the stated objectives. Not only was a less-extreme 'willing seller - willing buyer' land reform approach adopted, an overall lack of attention to the countries' land question(s) is patent. The latter did not manifest as a political challenge for the new government until the outbreak of violence in Zimbabwe. These events, coupled to the growing discontent amongst the growing ranks of unemployed and rural poor, pinpoint the ANC's policy lassitude and bureaucratic disarray, which could give way to a more forthright commitment to agrarian reform. This discussion paper analyses the politics of land in South Africa. It examines how South Africa's present leaders, who were claiming for the nationalization of land in the Freedom Charter during the liberation struggle, are presently supporting a cautious approach regarding land reform. It does so through a historical and regional political economy lens, enabling the analysis to scrutinize South Africa's contradictory position with regards to Zimbabwe within a framework of failed land reform and potential destabilizing popular discontentment. The intimate links between the established political economy of settler colonialism, transition to democracy and the concurrent fashioning of a liberal constitutional regime, all of which hold tremendously important implications for attempts to embark on agrarian reform, provides a framework for understanding the volatility inherent in the politics of land and, with that, the political structure of post-apartheid South Africa. The power of narratives and the changing discourses regarding South Africa's land issue - drawn from the settler state era, the liberation struggle itself and implicit in neoliberal policies pursued after democracy (and the results related to the latter) - shape the preferences and perspectives among elites, social groups and the wider population regarding land reform in the country.

Entre 1988 et 2008, les Philippines ont mis en oeuvre le Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) qui visait à redistribuer 9 million d‟hectares de terres agricoles aux paysans sans terre. En dépit des échappatoires du programme et d‟une structure sociale très inégale qui freinent sa mise en oeuvre, ce modèle de réforme agraire présente des résultats surprenants alors que 82% des terres ont été redistribuées. Concernant les terres plus litigieuses appartenant à des intérêts privés, Borras soutient que le succès surprenant de plusieurs cas de luttes agraires s‟explique par l‟utilisation de la stratégie bibingka qui consiste à appliquer de la pression par le bas et par le haut afin de forcer la redistribution. Sa théorie cependant ne donne que peu de détails concernant les éléments qui rendent un cas plus ou moins litigieux. Elle ne traite pas non plus de la manière dont les éléments structurels et l‟action collective interagissent pour influencer le résultat des luttes agraires. Dans ce mémoire, nous nous attardons d‟abord à la manière dont certains éléments structurels – le type de récolte et le type de relation de production - influencent le degré de résistance des propriétaires terriens face aux processus du CARP, contribuant ainsi à rendre les cas plus ou moins litigieux. Ensuite nous analysons l‟influence du contexte structurel et des stratégies paysannes sur le résultat de la mise en oeuvre du programme de réforme agraire. Pour répondre à nos deux questions de recherche, nous présentons quatre études de cas situés dans la province de Cebu., Between 1988 and 2008, the Philippines have been implementing the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) which aimed at redistributing 9 million hectares of agricultural land to landless peasants. Despite the loopholes of the program and the highly unequal social structure which constrain the implementation, this land reform program shows a positively surprising rate of accomplishment of 82% after 20 years. On the more contentious private agricultural land, Borras has argued that the unexpected successful outcome of various land struggles can be explained by the peasants reliance on the bibingka strategy which consists in applying pressure from below and from above to push for land redistribution. His theory however does not go into details about what makes a case more or less contentious, and on how agency and structure interact to influence the outcome of particular land struggles. In this thesis, we first look at how structural features – namely the type of crop produced and the tenurial status of farmers – influence the strength of landowner resistance to key CARP processes of land reform, thus contributing to make a case more or less contentious. Then we analyze the combined influence of the structural setting of the case and of the strategy used by peasants on the implementation outcome of land reform. To address our two main research questions, we present four case studies from the province of Cebu.

Even though the primary sector in Chad is dominated by the crude oil exploitation (64.6% of the sector added value) agriculture with cotton remains important. In cotton growing areas, 80% of the farmers in Savannah zone grow cotton (338 500 farm holdings out of 423 000). About 2 millions peoples depend on cotton income. For several years, the cotton sector viability is at stake but the liberalization policy, as it is advocated by the World Bank is not yet materializing because of two major facts: Chad is a land-locked country and its cotton company is financially very weak. The modalities of the privatization of the cotton company are not determined; several scenarios are proposed but none is attractive enough to gain consensus. Cotton producers clearly show reluctance to embark into the liberalization process. This is the outcome of a study implemented mainly, but not exclusively, in two villages (Ngoko and Nguétté). The current productivity is restrained by the lack of equipment and use of chemicals. Farmers express the need to be supported to move forward more intensified production, but the required subsidies appear to be little compatible with the liberalization orientation. The technical backstopping to cotton growers, as well as research implementation has somehow vanished but these issues are not really addressed by the proposed policy. So, the outcome of the reform process will be at beat uncertain.

Durante muito tempo, o debate sobre as causas das migrações foi pensado a partir de uma oposição entre migração causada por um evento exterior (guerra, pobreza, etc.) e migração decidida por estratégias internas ao quadro familiar. Há mais de dez anos, vem-se tentando construir relações entre esses pontos de vista. A abordagem pelas histórias de vida se encaixa nessas tentativas: uma forma quantitativa de realizar essas pontes se desenvolveu em demografia pela análise dos itinerários biográficos. Mas muitas vezes, busca-se uma razão única ou uma combinação de razões para explicar os comportamentos de todos os membros da população estudada. O nosso objetivo neste artigo é aplicar uma metodologia baseada na realização de tipologias de itinerários biográficos para descrever os diferentes perfis migratórios dos assim chamados assentados da reforma agrária do sudeste do Pará. Baseada em uma amostra de 350 assentados, nossa análise mostra e qualifica a heterogeneidade dos itinerários biográficos, tentando também propor pistas para explicá-la.Alors que depuis longtemps la grande majorité des travaux sur les dynamiques migratoires s’est organisée autour de débats sur les facteurs externes des migrations et sur les stratégies familiales migratoires, la présente recherche s’intéresse aux liens entre ces deux dynamiques en associant l’analyse spatiale de la mobilité et l’étude des trajectoires de vie des individus. L’approche biographique d’analyse des histoires de vie développée en démographie, au cœur de cette étude, permet d’apporter de nouveaux éléments explicatifs à l’interaction entre les facteurs de mobilité et les dynamiques familiales. Grâce à la construction de typologies de parcours migratoires, ce travail permet de rendre compte de la diversité des dynamiques de mobilité et de l’hétérogénéité des profils de migrants. Le front pionnier Amazonien représente un lieu d’étude approprié à une telle thématique. Comme l’ont montré de nombreux travaux dans cette région du Brésil, les mouvements migratoires, très nombreux, sont fortement liés aux processus de déforestation. Fondée sur l’analyse de 350 histoires de vie de colons récemment installés en Amazonie orientale, l’étude présentée dans cet article nuance l’apparente homogénéité des profils de ces colons en mettant en évidence la diversité des itinéraires migratoires et des logiques de mobilité.Even if the studies on migration have been organised from a long time around a debate between migrations caused by external events and family-based migration strategies, current research is seeking to establish the link between these two dynamic processes. The demographical life event history approach provided a statistical basis to bridge the gap between those two streams of research. But many explanations are still looking for a single explanation of many migrations. Our aim in this paper is to combine a spatial analysis to a life event history approach to build typologies of migrants. The Amazonian frontier is an adapted context for this problematic, since all its inhabitants are migrants. Their migrations are closely linked with the deforestations dynamics. That’s the reason why many researchers try to explain the reasons of their migration, but most of the time considering that the populations behave in a homogeneous manner. Based on a sample of 350 settlers encountered in recent colonised areas, our analysis shows the apparent homogeneity of the settler’s migrations, but stresses the diversity of their routes and of their logics of mobility – diversity which brings us to build a typology of those migrants based on their trajectories.

En matière d'agriculture et de développement rural, le président Luis Ignacio Lula da Silva a été élu sur la base d'un important programme de réforme agraire, de défense de l'agriculture familiare et de lutte contre la pauvreté. Paradoxalement, l'appui à la réforma agraire semble plafonné en dépit des pouvoirs concédés aux mouvements de défense des sans terre. Comment expliquer ce qui apparaît à première vue comme une contradiction et surtout à quels débats ont correspondu ces positions au sein du gouvernement fédéral ? Cet article analyse les tensions, débats, progrès et impasses des dix dernières années de politique de réforme agraire au Brésil, en termes d'interactions entre mouvements sociaux et politiques publiques.

International audience

L’Amazonie est connue pour ses taux alarmants de déforestation. Le plus dramatique est que la forêt laisse place à des systèmes extensifs répondant le plus souvent à une stratégie essentiellement foncière. Cette stratégie à un coût. Les terres dégradées, abandonnées, ou sous-utilisées atteignent maintenant 25% des espaces défrichés. Alors que les méthodes classiques de contrôle de la déforestation n’ont montré aucune efficacité, paradoxalement, la récupération et l’intensification de ces terres dégradées, mais proches des villes et bien desservies par un réseau de communication que s’est progressivement tissé, représente une nouvelle aubaine pour freiner la frontière agricole et notamment pour sédentariser les périmètres de réforme agraire qui sont un des fers de lance de cette déforestation.A Amazônia é famosa pelas suas inquietantes taxas de desflorestamento. O mais dramático é que está sendo substituída por sistemas produtivos extensivos que respondem principalmente a uma estratégia fundiária. Essa estratégia tem um custo. As terras degradadas ou sub-utilizadas chegam agora a 25% das terras alteradas. Enquanto os métodos clássicos de controle do desmatamento mostraram-se ineficazes, contraditoriamente, a recuperação e a intensificação das terras degradadas, mas próximas às cidades e com uma boa rede de vias de comunicação, apresenta uma nova oportunidade para controlar a fronteira agrícola e, sobretudo, para estabilizar os assentamentos de reforma agrária, que são uma das causas do processo de desflorestamento.Amazon is famous for its alarming deforestation rates. The more dramatic is that the forest is substituted for extensive production systems that consist only of land appropriation strategies. These strategies have a cost. Degraded and sub-utilized lands reach right now 25% of deforested spaces. Since traditional methods of deforestation control have demonstrated their inefficiency, paradoxically recuperation and intensification use of degraded lands, that offer new opportunities for communication and commercialization organization, present a new alternative to manage agrarian frontier and in particular to reinforce agrarian reform projects that are the first cause of deforestation.

In 1804 Albrecht Daniel Thaer (1752-1828) followed an invitation to establish his domicile and his activities in the Prussian kingdom. He purchased the manor of Möglin in the Eastern part of what is nowadays the Federal State of Brandenburg. At Möglin he was able to develop his concept of rational agriculture, managed both economically and sustainably, and based on crop rotation, soil improvement by marling, increased field forage, stable feeding, extension of grassland by man-made alluvial pastures, and sheep breeding, and management. He contributed actively to designing the Prussian agrarian reforms. Many components of the actual German soil bonitation are based on Thaer’s ideas. In 1806, Thaer founded an agricultural school at Möglin, which became the Royal Prussian Academy of Agriculture, and lasted up to 1862. Many of Thaer’s ideas are still relevant. In autumn 2004, the Promoter Association Albrecht Daniel Thaer marked the 200th anniversary of Thaer’s purchase of Möglin by an international congress. En 1804, Albrecht Daniel Thaer (1759-1852) suivit une invitation à transférer son domicile et ses activités au royaume de Prusse. Il acquit alors le domaine de Möglin dans la partie orientale de l’actuel État fédéral du Brandebourg. À Möglin, il put développer son concept d’agriculture rationnelle, gérée de manière à la fois économique et durable et basée sur rotation des cultures, amélioration des sols, augmentation de la production fourragère, de l’élevage en étable, du pâturage et de l’élevage d’ovins. Il contribua activement à formuler les réformes agraires prussiennes et plusieurs des critères encore utilisés pour l’évaluation des sols en Allemagne sont basés sur des idées de Thaer. En 1806, Thaer fonda une école d’agriculture à Möglin, qui allait devenir Académie agricole royale de Prusse jusqu’en 1862. Bien des idées de Thaer ont toujours cours aujourd’hui. À l’automne 1804, l’Association A.D. Thaer a célébré le 200e anniversaire de l’achat du domaine de Möglin en organisant un congrès international.

International audience; The public policy of agrarian reform in Brazil still gives priority to collective organization of the settlement, of the services and even of the agricultural production. This collective logic is promoted and institutionalized both by the State and the agrarian reform movements. Paradoxically, the settlement is based on the concession of individual land plots to a public formed mostly by former wage-earners, in the context of the promotion of family-based economic enterprises. This paper analyzes the origins and consequences of the interaction between these logics, focusing the case of land reform settlements of the municipality of Unaí, in the state of Minas Gerais. There is a tension between the individual interest of "the new land-owner", the logic of the family and the collective logic dependent on the modalities of public policy. The obligation of familiar or communitarian solidarity is fed by the precariousness of the settlement process and by the unifying ideology and human values. The results in Unaí teach us that: a) the budgets and the instruments of public policy for agrarian reform are not adapted or suitable, and may become contradictory and lead to conflicts; b) in spite of such conditions and institutional environment, tools and methods for social construction of partnerships allow for a synergy between individual, familiar and collective logics; c) at the local level, the educational effort is indispensable in order to strengthen the dignity and identity of the settlers, but it will be efficient only on medium or long term.

International audience; Despite the turning point reached for democracy in Benin between 1989 and 1991, the current situation is still in some respects one of transition, particularly relating to land policy - decentralization has still not been achieved, rural land legislation has not yet been voted and there is no urban land legislation. Land information is obviously adversely affected by this situation, in particular with relation to the taxation System, legal validation, land protection, regional planning and economic development. This article sets out the legal framework and the legal procedures relating to the production of land information in Benin. It then deals with the complex methods of knowledge, recognition and translation of rights in the rural (rural land plan) and urban (urban land register) environments, and concludes by considering the current issues, in particular those relating to political and administrative decentralization.; A pesar del punto de inflexión alcanzado por la democracia en Bénin en 1989–91, la situación actual es todavía, en algunos aspectos, la de una transición, en especial en materia de política agraria, ya que no se ha conseguido la descentralización, no se ha votado todavía la legislación territorial rural y no existe una legislación territorial urbana. La información agraria sufre necesariamente los efectos de esta situación, tanto a nivel del sistema tributario, como de la ratificación légal, de la protección territorial, de la planificación regional y del desarrollo económico. El presente artículo presenta primeramente el marco y los procedimientos jurídicos relativos a la producción de la información territorial en Bénin; se tratan enseguida los complejos métodos de conocimiento, reconocimiento y traducción de los derechos en los entornos rurales (plan territorial rural) y urbano (registro territorial urbano), y se concluye con las cuestiones actuales, especialmente las vinculadas a la descentralización política y administrativa.; Malgré le tournant démocratique qu'a connu le Bénin entre 1989 et 1991, la situation actuelle est encore, à certains égards, une situation de transition, en particulier en ce qui concerne la politique agraire: la décentralisation est encore inachevée, la loi foncière rurale n'a pas encore été votée, et il n'existe pas de loi foncière urbaine. L'information foncière subit forcément les conséquences de cette situation en particulier au niveau des procédures de fiscalité, validation légale, protection territoriale, planification régionale et développement économique. Le présent article présente tout d'abord le cadre et les formes juridiques relatifs à la production de l'information foncière au Bénin. Il aborde ensuite les modalités complexes de connaissance, reconnaissance et traduction des droits en milieu rural (plan foncier rural) et urbain (registre foncier urbain), et se termine par les enjeux actuels, particulièrement liés à la décentralisation politique et administrative.

International audience