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Background: The decline in wheat output in Ethiopia is widely attributed to pests, which has led to a rise in the usage of pesticides to boost productivity. The degree of pesticides sorption and degradation which influence the likelihood of environmental contamination from pesticides seeping into water bodies from soil has not yet been published for Ethiopian soils. The study aimed at to quantify the levels of pesticide residues, assess glyphosate's adsorption capabilities and degradation rate in the soils. Materials and methods: QuEChERS method of extraction was employed to determine the concentration of the respective pesticides. The adsorption capacities of glyphosate in agricultural soils of Cheha and Dinsho districts were measured using batch adsorption techniques. Results: Six pesticide residues were found in 12 soil samples at varied quantities. Glyphosate (24.00-219.31 µg kg−1), s-metolachlor (23.67-220.67 µg kg−1), chlorpyrifos (27.74 202.67 µg kg−1), pyroxulam (14.67-50.65 µg kg−1), florasulam (78.00-250.67 µg kg−1), malathion (15.00-49.67 µg kg−1). The experimental results showed that glyphosate was slightly sorbed at SD10 soil (18.91 μg−1−n mLn g−1) in comparison to SC1 soil (114.66 μg−1−n mLn g−1). Organic matter and clay content proving to be the principal factors influencing the process. According to adsorption experimental data, chemisorption is the major process in glyphosate adsorption, with the pseudo-second order kinetic model providing the best fit (R 2 =.99). The soils in the study area exhibit notable variations in glyphosate rate of degradation (0.0076-0.0221 week−1). The findings show that the main soil variables affecting the half-life (glyphosate degradation) were clay concentrations (R 2 =.48; P =.013), pH (R 2 =.55; P =.0055), Organic matter (R 2 =.74; P =.00027), Feox (R 2 =.50; P =.0105), and Alox (R 2 =.73; P =.00046). Conclusion: The weak glyphosate adsorption capabilities of soils can be a good indicator that the pesticide residues in the soil are poised to endanger soil organisms and contaminate nearby water bodies through runoff and leaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide residues are the major concern for environment and human health. Unregulated applications of pesticide compounds on crops resulting accumulation of pesticide residues in soil and crop at extreme levels. Monitoring of these residues level is crucial for environment protection and also for wellness of living beings. Most of the research aims at targeted screening of pesticide residues which misses the chance of analysing any other unwanted pesticide residues in environment samples. We have conducted our research in 18 villages of Amroha district, Uttar Pradesh, India. In this research, we have performed non-targeted analysis of pesticide residues during pre-monsoon season in soil and crop of rabi season that is wheat in our study. Study was conducted on 36 samples of soil and wheat together from same field. QuEChERs has been used for the extraction of analytes from soil and wheat samples. 7000D Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer of Agilent Technologies has been used for the non-targeted analysis of pesticide residues with the help of extensive library search of Agilent MassHunter. Total 6 pesticide residues of various categories have been identified with their concentrations. The mean concentration of all the compounds were exceeding the permissible limit that is an alarming situation for environment. The major lethal pesticide residue detected in soil and wheat was 2-Imidazolidinone with the mean concentration of 0.3618 mg/g. Other major pesticide residues detected in samples of soil and wheat were Trimethyl dihydroquinoline, meta-Dichlorobenzene, 2,4- Dimethylbenzaldehyde, m-Xylene and Ethylbenzene. Most of the pesticides belongs to herbicides category and also, they are the environmental transformation metabolites of some lethal and highly toxic pesticides that persist in ecosystem for too long. This research aimed at analysis of number of pesticide residues present in the samples of soil and wheat of Amroha district along with their concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of pesticide residues in soybean and chickpea grains has been evaluated, in a two-year field experiment carried out in North Italy. Different herbicides, fungicides, insecticides and acaricides active ingredients (A.I), belonging to the most diffused chemical classes labelled for the considered crops, were applied at their maximum label rate according to a full factorial design which considered for each A.I. the effect of the year, the cropping system (only for soybean, by comparing the sowing as main crop or intercrop) and the timing of application. For each crop, herbicides were applied before sowing, at pre- and post-emergence growth stages; while fungicides, insecticides and acaricides were applied at different reproductive growth stages, from flowering to ripening.The European Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) and the zero-residue claim (contamination

In this study, we assessed health risk posed by oral exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), mycotoxins (MTs), and pesticides residues in coffee samples collected from Iran market, using a probabilistic model. Levels of contaminants in 150 imported coffee samples were determined using Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry with triple quadrupole and ion trap. The maximum and minimum mean levels of PAHs were found in samples from country A (20.78 ± 3.11 µg/kg dry mass (dm)) and F (13.00 ± 2.21 µg/kg dm), respectively. For pesticides, the lowest and highest levels were found in samples from country A (322.90 ± 11.05 µg/kg dm) and F (501.20 ± 14.73 µg/kg dm), respectively. Concerning MTs, samples from countries F showed the highest (56.43 ± 5.80 µg/kg dm) while those from country C showed the lowest (41.10 ± 4.31 µg/kg dm) mean concentrations. Carcinogenic risk assessment in terms of incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) and margins of exposure (MoEs) indicated that at the 50th, 75th and 95th centiles, PAHs posed no risks to Iranian consumers' health. Our % Tolerable daily intake (TDI) calculation showed that at the 50th, 75th, and 95th centiles, oral exposure to MTs residue through coffee consumption may lead to a small (<1%) daily intake of ochratoxin, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, patulin, fumonisin B1, and fumonisin B2; however, for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 a % TDI >1 was observed at these centiles. The hazard index (HIs) values for pesticides residue indicated de minimis risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides are of immense importance in agriculture, but they might contaminate bees' products. In this study, samples of honey, pollen, and beeswax were collected, seasonally, from apiaries in Toshka (Aswan), El-Noubariya (El-Beheira), and Ismailia (Ismailia) cities in Egypt. The pesticide residues were analyzed using the GC-MS after being extracted and cleaned using the QuEChERS method. Results showed that samples from El-Noubariya had great content of residues followed by Ismailia, and finally Toshka. Samples collected during fall and winter had the highest pesticide residue contents. Specifically, the phenylconazole fungicide group was repeatedly detected in all the examined samples along with organophosphate insecticides. Beeswax samples had the greatest amounts of pesticide residues followed by pollen and then honey samples. Chlorpyrifos (0.07–39.16 ng/g) and profenofos (1.94–17.00 ng/g) were detected in honey samples and their products. Pyriproxyfen (57.12 ng/g) and chlorpyrifos-methyl (39.16 ng/g) were detected in great amounts in beeswax samples from Ismailia and El-Noubariya, respectively. Yet, according to health hazard and quotient studies, the amounts of pesticides detected in honey do not pose any health threats to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncontrolled use of pesticides could result in contamination of air, water, food, and ecosystems. This study aimed to determine pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables collected from selected farmlands of southwest Ethiopia from the end of April 2019 until mid of May 2019. The samples were extracted using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction and clean-up method. Quantitative analysis of four organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) and seven organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. All the fruit and vegetable samples obtained from all sampling sites were contaminated with one or more pesticide residues. Chloroflurenol-methyl was the most predominantly detected OPPs residue in all crop samples obtained from different sampling sites, with a maximum concentration of 0.402 mg kg−1 in potato samples obtained from the Gurafarda site and a minimum value of 0.049 mg kg−1 in onion samples obtained from the South Bench site. Dibutyl chlorendate was the predominant OCPs in all samples, with the minimum value of 0.498 mg kg−1, which was detected in tomato samples collected from the Jamo site, and the maximum concentration of 1.003 mg kg−1 detected in pineapple samples obtained from the North Bench site. Dimethoate concentrations in tomato samples (0.045–0.084 mg kg−1) were above the maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by the European Union (EU) guidelines (0.01 mg kg−1) but were below the MRLs established by Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) guidelines (0.5 mg kg−1). Relatively high residue concentrations of dibutyl chlorendate and chloroflurenol-methyl were detected in all the samples obtained from all sampling sites. There is widespread use of pesticides for agriculture by the producers in the study area and there is a need for the regular monitoring of pesticide residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the importance of cocoa beans and its products, it is imperative to know whether the levels of pesticides residues are kept below the recommended levels to minimize the risk to human health. This study investigates the incidence and levels of organochlorinated pesticide residues in cocoa beans from eighteen selected cocoa farms in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Method 3550C of USEPA was employed to extract the pesticides from the samples, while a Gas Chromatography coupled with Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) was used for pesticides identification and quantification after careful extraction and clean-up on silica gel. The mean OCPs concentrations ranged from 0.0003 μg/g (α-BHC) to 0.163 μg/g (endosulfan sulphate) with α-BHC as the most frequently found pesticide residue. The concentration levels of lindane, α-BHC, p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDD, heptachlor, heptachlor-epoxide and endosulfan II were below the maximum residual limit (MRL) in food as reported by European Union, while 0.92%, 2.78%, and 4.6% of endosulfan I, (β-BHC and δ-BHC) and (aldrin and dieldrin) respectively were above the MRL. The detectable levels of OCPs in the beans make it inevitable to conduct regular monitoring so as to ensure that the levels remains below prescribed limits by national and international standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Two thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods have been developed for the determination of pesticides residues of imidacloprid (IMD) and deltamethrin (DLM) in thyme and guava leaves. In the two methods, the used stationary phase was silica gel 60 F254 plates impregnated in chitosan nanoparticles (ChTNPs) 0.5% to improve separation using a green developing system consists of isopropyl alcohol for IMD and n-hexane-toluene-ethylacetate for DLM. The two pesticides were determined quantitatively, after TLC separation, at wavelengths 270.0 nm for IMD and 230.0 nm for DLM. Validation of both approaches was carried out in agreement with the guidelines of International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) and found to be selective, reliable and reproducible. Limits of detection of IMD and DLM were 0.002 and 0.00116 μg/spot, respectively. The newly developed TLC methods were used to monitor the pre-harvest interval estimation. Analytical eco-scaling depending on penalty points for IMD was calculated and showed that this method was eco-friendlier than the reported one. Graphical Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to help with the scientific management of leek food safety in Hunan Province. Methods: 24 kinds of pesticides and 5 kinds of heavy metals in 690 leek samples from Hunan Province were detected. Results: ① Pesticide residues were detected in 23.19% of the 690 samples, and the top three pesticides were determined to be carbendazim, procymidone and cypermethrin. The exceeding rate of pesticide residues was 5.80%, and the highest exceeding rate was 2.61% of procymidone. ② The detection rate of heavy metal elements was 77.68%, and the exceeding rate was 3.62%. The highest detection rate and exceeding rate of heavy metal elements was Cd. Conclusion: High pesticide residues in leek were confirmed, and the detection rate of heavy metal elements in leeks is much higher than that of pesticide residues. Among them, pesticide procymidone and heavy metal Cd are the main over-standard items of leeks. It is suggested to strengthen the continuous monitoring of pesticide residues and heavy metal pollution in leeks.

During the last decades, plant-based milk has become very appreciated by consumers, becoming a staple ingredient, especially for alternative breakfasts. Milk contains lactose, which is a sugar hydrolysed by the lactase enzyme. Lactose intolerance and lactose malabsorption are very common food intolerances among individuals. However, a lot of consumers consider themselves as lactose intolerant on the basis of self-reported intolerance and start to avoid dairy products, ignoring that plant-based milk alternatives are not nutritionally comparable to animal milk, especially in terms of protein intake. The aim of this study is to grow folder knowledge of the security of plant-based drinks, helping competent authorities to issue a risk assessment and to apply national plans about consumer safety. Results show that proper sanitary practices, such as pasteurization, are necessary in plant-based milk alternatives as well as in dairy milk. Chemical analysis has highlighted that there are no pesticide risks for consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods have been developed for the determination of pesticides residues of imidacloprid (IMD) and deltamethrin (DLM) in thyme and guava leaves. In the two methods, the used stationary phase was silica gel 60 F254 plates impregnated in chitosan nanoparticles (ChTNPs) 0.5% to improve separation using a green developing system consists of isopropyl alcohol for IMD and n-hexane-toluene-ethylacetate for DLM. The two pesticides were determined quantitatively, after TLC separation, at wavelengths 270.0 nm for IMD and 230.0 nm for DLM. Validation of both approaches was carried out in agreement with the guidelines of International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) and found to be selective, reliable and reproducible. Limits of detection of IMD and DLM were 0.002 and 0.00116 μg/spot, respectively. The newly developed TLC methods were used to monitor the pre-harvest interval estimation. Analytical eco-scaling depending on penalty points for IMD was calculated and showed that this method was eco-friendlier than the reported one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) incidence is rising worldwide, especially in France. The evolution of known risk factors such as tobacco smoking, obesity, type 2 diabetes, chronic pancreatitis, or constitutional mutations is not sufficient to explain this trend. Pesticides are known risk factors in other malignancies. Previous studies have outlined pesticides' influence in PA, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane as plausible risk factors. The general population is directly or indirectly exposed to pesticides through air, food or water. Some of these chemicals may accumulate in the body all along lifetime and may harm carriers. The toxic mixing effects of these chemicals are not well documented. Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain how pesticides can induce indirect (fatty pancreas, induced diabetes) or direct (oxidative stress, cell damage) carcinogenesis in pancreatic cells through inflammation. A strong corpus exists acknowledging pesticides as a PA risk factor. However, published studies do not provide a sufficient level of evidence to prove causality and current prospective case-control studies are still ongoing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean is widely used in the food industry because of its high fatty acid and protein content. However, the increased use of pesticides to control pests during cultivation, in addition to being a public health concern, may influence the nutritional quality of soybeans. This study aimed to assess the nutritional quality of soybeans with respect to fatty acid profile and pesticide residue contamination. The levels of fatty acids and pesticides in soybean varieties G196 and G197 were determined by gas chromatography and by the QuEChERS method, respectively. The results showed a significant variation in the quantitative and qualitative fatty acid composition of the two varieties, with 18.03 g/100 g and 4 fatty acids detected for the G196 variety and 21.35 g/100 g and 7 fatty acids for the G197 variety, respectively. In addition, 12 active pesticide compounds were found, and among them, imazalil, quintozene, cyfluthrin and lindane exceeded their maximum limits. The G197 variety had a better nutritional profile compared to G196. The profile of fatty acids and the content of pesticide residues were used as important determinants for soybean utilization in human nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues was requested by the European Commission, to conclude based upon available evidence if metabolites 3‐phenoxybenzoic acid (PBA) and 3‐(4′‐hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid (PBA(OH)), common to several pyrethroid compounds, have genotoxic properties, if they share the (neuro)toxicity profile of their parent compounds, and if evidence allows to conclude on their health‐based guidance values. Available body of evidence consisted of studies from regulatory dossiers submissions, as well as from public literature. In addition, the data gap for short‐term toxicity profile of PBA was addressed by read‐across. Assessment revealed that PBA and PBA(OH) do not raise a concern with respect to genotoxicity. As regards general toxicity, PBA and PBA(OH) have different qualitative (no neurotoxic mechanism) and quantitative (higher NOAELs) toxicity compared to the parent pyrethroid compounds. For both metabolites, acceptable daily intake (ADI) and acute reference dose (ARfD) values were derived at 0.1 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day and 1 mg/kg bw, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has already been well established that long exposure to low doses of pesticides is linked to consumer risks. So, this study purposed to investigate the amounts of pesticide residues and potential health risks associated with them. The risk assessment was determined by two methods: 1. Pesticide toxicity index (PTI) depending on the maximum residue limit (MRL) to calculate the hazard quotient (HQ); 2. Health risk assessment (HR) using acceptable daily intake (ADI) and estimated daily intake (EDI) to calculate the health index (HI). Pesticide residues were estimated in 176 samples of the most popularly consumed vegetables collected from major retailers and markets in Dakahlia, Egypt (during 2018). There were 111 samples contaminated with pesticide residues (63.1%), of which 29 samples (16.48%) were higher than the maximum residue limits (MRL). Residues of 23 compounds were found in the analyzed samples, of which chlorpyrifos was the most frequent in 33 samples (18.75%); while cypermethrin was the lowest (detected in one sample). According to WHO toxicity classification, 12 of the detected pesticides were moderately hazardous (class II), seven pesticides belonged to class III (slightly hazardous), three compounds were found in class U (unlikely to pose an acute hazard with normal use), while carbofuran is a highly toxic compound (class Ib). Also, the obtained data revealed that, the HI’s for the individual pesticides ranged from 0.0018 to 64.0% of ADI indicates no risk of adverse effects following exposure to the individual pesticides. The cumulative exposure amounts (PTI values) ranged from 1.58 in snake cucumber to 128.44 in potato tubers, indicating that, the combined risk index of pesticide residues was a significant health risk for consumers according to the individual risk index. It can be concluded that there is a need for strict regulation and regular monitoring of pesticide residues in foodstuff for consumers’ health protection.

Introduction: Pesticides are increasingly used in agriculture to protect crops against diseases, insect pests, weeds, etc. Pesticides leave residues and chemical active material, which can affect the health of consumers. Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated a link between pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables and disease infestations in humans and problems related to sterility, allergies, and even carcinogenic diseases. Consumer awareness and the application of strict legislation about the application of pesticides in agriculture remain as a good alternative to face this issue. Methods: This survey was carried out in the region of Nador, North-East of Morocco. It is a quantitative study of a representative sample made up of 100 consumers and 50 farmers in relation to fruit and vegetables and the use of pesticides. Results: Most consumers are not aware of the danger of pesticides and residues in fruits and vegetables. In addition, the survey revealed that potato, tomato, apples, and bananas are the most consumed. These foods are usually characterized by a high rate of application of pesticides and with a higher rate of pesticides residues. In addition, surveys carried out in farmers, revealed that they consider the economic and agronomic interest of the application of these pesticides without considering the residual effects on health. Moreover, a high rate of sterility was observed among these surveyed farmers (31%). Conclusions: The consumers are less aware of the danger of pesticides. The choices of farmers are only accentuated on the aspect of economic use of these products and not on the health and environment.

Abstract Excessive pesticide residues in crops directly threaten human life and health, so rapid screening and effective measurements of agricultural pesticides residues have important application significance in the field of food safety. It is imperative to detect different pesticide residue types in actual complex crop samples cause mixture analysis can provide more information than individual components. However, the accuracy of mixture analysis can be obviously affected by the impurities and noise disturbances. Purification and denoising will cost a lot of algorithm time. In this work, we used the problem transformation method to convert pesticide residues prediction into multi-label classification problem. In addition, a new convolutional neural network structure Pesticide Residues Neural Network (PRNet) was proposed to solve the problem of multi-label organophosphate pesticide residue prediction. The method of binary correlation and label energy set was used to adapt 35 pesticide residues labels. The Cross Entropy were used as loss functions for PRNet. The comprehensive comparison performances (e.g. 97% optimal accuracy rate) of PRNet is better than the other four models. By comparing the ROC curves of the five models, PRNet performs the best. The PRNet can separate the independent mass spectrometry data by different collision energy applied to phosphorus pesticide compounds through a three-channel structure. No complicated data preprocessing is required, the PRNet can extract the characteristics of different compounds more efficiently and presents high detecting accuracy and good model performance of multi-label mass spectrometry data classification. By inputting MS data of different instruments and adding more offset MS data, the model will be more transplantable and could lay the foundation for the wide application of PRNet model in rapid, on-site, accurate and broad-spectrum screening of pesticide residues in the future.

In Thailand, pesticides containing organophosphates (OP) are frequently applied to crops to suppress insects. School children can be exposed to OPs on a daily basis, from food consumption to breathing and touching pesticides drifted near classrooms. Living in an agricultural area can also be one of the causes. As a result, it is important to monitor OPs residues in the food chain and biomarkers of exposure. The Gas Chromatography–Flame Photometric Detector method was employed to examine the relationship between OPs residue and DAPs (Diakly phosphate) in four targeted locations in Thailand, as well as to examine the residues of OPs in vegetable samples and DAPs in 395 school children's urine samples. Vegetables were found to contain at least one OP, with chlorpyrifos being the most prevalent. The OPs detected frequencies for Sakon Nakhon, Chiang Mai, Phang Nga, and Pathum Thani are 96.1%, 94%, 91.7%, and 83.3%, respectively. The overall centration level of OPs showed 0.3261 mg/kg, 0.0636 mg/kg, 0.0023 mg/kg, 0.0150 mg/kg, 0.2003 mg/kg, 0.0295 mg/kg, and 0.0034 mg/kg for diazinon, dimethoate, pirimiphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, ethion, and triazophos, respectively. Nearly 98% of school children were detected with at least one DAP. The overall level of dimethyl phosphate metabolites (5.258 µmole/mole creatinine) in urine samples is higher than diethyl phosphate metabolites (2.884 µmole/mole creatinine), especially in the case of Pathum Thani. Our findings show a consistent relationship between OPs in vegetables from wet markets and DAPs in urine samples of school children in various parts of Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The horticultural sector is a key contributor to Kenya's gross domestic product through the export of fresh-cut flowers, fruits and vegetables to various niche markets. It employs over 350,000 people, while about six million depend on it. However, the sector is constrained by the strict technical and phytosanitary quality requirements set by the export markets. The phytosanitary concerns include the presence of pests and microbial contaminants, while the presence of chemical residues constitute the major technical challenge. These constraints cause the interception and rejection of produce at the export destinations. The fresh produce should be free of quarantine and regulated non-quarantine pests, pest damage, pesticides above the stipulated maximum residue levels (MRLs) and phytosanitary certification. This review discusses the following four-tiered approach to compliance with phytosanitary and pesticide residue requirements: (i) use of alternative pest management approaches, including biocontrol options, cultural and physical practices; (ii) collaboration among regulatory agencies, institutions, producers and regional countries in the enforcement of standards; (iii) investment in research and the adoption of innovative technologies; (iv) awareness creation and training of actors along the fresh vegetable value chain. It is envisaged that this approach will contribute to sustainable fresh vegetable value chains, leading to improved access to export markets, and increased export volumes and income to smallholder farmers and other actors in the fresh vegetable value chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field trials were conducted in Guangzhou, Nanning, and Nanjing in two consecutive years to evaluate the terminal residue levels and dissipation trend of pymetrozine and chlorpyrifos in rice ecosystem. Analyses were carried out by high-performance-liquid-chromatography for pymetrozine and gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry for chlorpyrifos, achieved good linear relationship over range from 0.01 to 5.0 mg·kg−1 for both (r > 0.9998). Average recoveries were 86.0% to 106.0% for pymetrozine, and 79.7% to 102.3% for chlorpyrifos at the spiking levels of 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg·kg−1. Half-lives of pymetrozine in paddy water, paddy soil and rice plant were 0.35–2.81, 2.69–6.95 and 1.22–3.70 days, while that of chlorpyrifos were 0.86–1.88, 3.09–6.86 and 0.58–2.84 days. Final residues of pymetrozine and chlorpyrifos in brown rice ranged from less than 0.6 to 26.0 μg·kg−1 and 14.3 to 191.6 μg·kg−1, respectively. It is recommended that 25% pymetrozine and chlorpyrifos suspension be sprayed twice at the intervals of 10 days with dosages ranging from 375 (maximum recommended dosage) to 562.5 g a.i.·ha−1 (1.5 times of the maximum recommended dosage). The rice can be harvested safely 15 days after the last application of pymetrozine and chlorpyrifos. The research results help ensures the safe application of pymetrozine and chlorpyrifos in rice ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the testicular function of Mugil cephalus that inhabit Wadi El-Rayan lakes. Testes of fish inhabiting the upper lake (site 2) and the lower lake (site 3) of Wadi El-Rayan showed significant decreases in gonadosomatic index, high accumulation levels of six metals, and eight organochlorine pesticide residues. Compared to reference fish, high percentages of histological alterations as testicular degeneration, germ cell reduction, testicular inflammation, vacuolization, and loss of tubular arrangement were observed in sites 2 and 3. Moreover, endocrine disruption signs were recorded based on the percentage of ovotestis appearance and the ovotestis severity index values. The maximum defective testicular antioxidant mechanisms were recorded in site 3 as indicated by sharp decreases in catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reduced levels, and high thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Finally, long-term exposure to Wadi El-Rayan water may impair the reproductive health of fish via testicular oxidative damage and endocrine disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to detect pesticide residues in the honey produced by the stingless bee Melipona subnitida. A total of thirty-five samples of honey from M. subnitida were collected from twelve municipalities of the semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte state, northeastern Brazil. Of these thirty-five samples, fourteen were from colonies raised in an urban area, while the other twenty-one were from the countryside. The pesticides in the samples were extracted using a modified QuEChERS method. The simultaneous analysis of 116 analytes in the honey samples was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Twenty-five samples (71.4% of samples) were contaminated by some amount of pesticide, and of them twenty-four had just one pesticide and one had three. The detected compounds included organophosphate pesticides (OPP) monocrotophos (24 samples), trichlorfon (6 samples) and chlorpyrifos-methyl (2 samples). In conclusion, the honey produced by the stingless bee M. subnitida may be contaminated by pesticides, which emphasizes the need for food monitoring before commercialization.

Contamination of aquatic systems with pesticides occurs frequently. This study aimed to detect the levels of some pesticides: organochlorines, organophosphorus, pyrethroids, and carbamates groups in imported frozen and local fresh fish in Jordan. A total of 218 samples were randomly collected (194 imported frozen fish). Samples were analyzed using Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/Ms/Ms). Results showed that 23 different pesticides were found in this study. All 218 fish samples were contaminated with at least 4 compounds and maximally 12 pesticides. In terms of contamination rate, no significant differences between local and imported types were observed. Up to 65.2% of pesticides were detected at concentration higher than the maximum residue limit set by the WHO (10 ppb) in 215 samples (98.6%). These samples concluded heavy contaminations with different pesticides for either imported or locally raised products. Therefore, routine monitoring of pesticides in fish and their environment are officially required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile, economic, and portable test kit based on target-responsive hydrogel with smartphone detection was fabricated for the accurate determination of dichlorvos in tap water and food samples. Carbon dots (CDs) and CdTe quantum dots (QDs) embedded hydrogel were employed as indicator, and fluorescence of CdTe QDs (645 nm) was dynamically quenched by Cu2+ while that of CDs (490 nm) were non-response for Cu2+, em erging a typical ratiometric fluorescence signal. Acetylcholinesterase hydrolyzed acetylthiocholine to generate thiocholine that bound with Cu2+ strongly via S-Cu-S bond. Dichlorvos as competitive inhibitor for acetylcholinesterase prevented the generation of thiocholine, which blocked the formation of Cu-thiocholine complex and changed the ratiometric fluorescence signal. The signal of the test kit, which was recorded by smartphone's camera, was transduced by ImageJ software into the color parameter that was linearly proportional to the logarithm of dichlorvos concentration. This portable test kit showed wide linear range of 1 to 40 ppb and low detection limit of 0.38 ppb for dichlorvos. This test kit exhibited rapid sample-to-answer detection time (50 min) of dichlorvos in tap water and food samples, and the recoveries were in the range 81.3 to 111% with relative standard deviations of less than 9.1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • PDDA functionalized AuNPs@p-COFs nanocomposite was successfully synthesized by a facile strategy. • The biosensor was fabricated by taking full advantage of the synergistic effect of nanocomposite. • The fabricated biosensor displayed excellent performance for MP detection. • The study provides insights into design of multifunctional sensing platform. Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) residues in agricultural products such as vegetables, fruits, and grains pose a threat to food safety and human health. In this work, a novel and highly sensitive electrochemical biosensor was developed for OPs residues detection in real sample, based on the immobilization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by electrostatic adsorption on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with composite nanomaterials of porphyrin-based covalent organic frameworks (p-COFs) loaded by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA). Due to the synergistic effect of p-COFs, AuNPs and PDDA, the fabricated biosensor displayed the remarkable properties with the high electrocataytic activity, and excellent biocompatibility, resulting in a significant signal amplification of as-prepared biosensor. Under optimized conditions, the biosensor showed excellent sensing performances for the detection of methyl parathion (MP), with wide linear ranges from 1.9 × 10−9–3.8 × 10−5 M and a low detection limit as low as 2.3 × 10−10 M, as well as the satisfactory selectivity, excellent reproducibility, anti-interference properties and good stability. It was also successfully applied to the monitoring of MP content in vegetables and fruits, which may be explore a new opportunity for the potential utilization in analysis field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides are used extensively especially in developing countries like Egypt to control pest either in animal or in agriculture, which may lead to harmful residues in foods of animal origin. The current study was conducted to estimate the residue level of OC and pyrethroid in 320 beef and sheep samples (160each) collected from different shops at Beni-Suef governorate during summer and winter season. The collected samples were liver, muscle, kidney, and fat (80 each; 4o from each animal species).Among fourteen organochlorine compound examined, only Alpha HCH was detected in samples of cattle and sheep collected through winter season in a level below the MRL, while through summer season, only Alpha HCH and Delta HCH were detected in sheep samples in a level below the MRL. Pyrethroid pesticides residues represented by cypermethrin, deltamethrin, Es-fenvalerate, permethrin were not detected through winter season, while they were detected in muscles of cattle and fat of sheep through summer season, while Labdacyhalothrin, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, Meothrin were detected in most of examined samples from different species through winter and summer seasons, most of these results revealed higher mean level than the maximum residue limits . From these results most of OC could not be detected may be due to these compounds not used science 1970, on other hand pyrethroid it still used nowadays in Egypt either in agriculture or as spray in animals to control ectoparasites spatially in summer season.

It has already been well established that long exposure to low doses of pesticides is linked to consumer risks. So, this study purposed to investigate the amounts of pesticide residues and potential health risks associated with them. The risk assessment was determined by two methods: 1. Pesticide toxicity index (PTI) depending on the maximum residue limit (MRL) to calculate the hazard quotient (HQ); 2. Health risk assessment (HR) using acceptable daily intake (ADI) and estimated daily intake (EDI) to calculate the health index (HI). Pesticide residues were estimated in 176 samples of the most popularly consumed vegetables collected from major retailers and markets in Dakahlia, Egypt (during 2018). There were 111 samples contaminated with pesticide residues (63.1%), of which 29 samples (16.48%) were higher than the maximum residue limits (MRL). Residues of 23 compounds were found in the analyzed samples, of which chlorpyrifos was the most frequent in 33 samples (18.75%); while cypermethrin was the lowest (detected in one sample). According to WHO toxicity classification, 12 of the detected pesticides were moderately hazardous (class II), seven pesticides belonged to class III (slightly hazardous), three compounds were found in class U (unlikely to pose an acute hazard with normal use), while carbofuran is a highly toxic compound (class Ib). Also, the obtained data revealed that, the HI's for the individual pesticides ranged from 0.0018 to 64.0% of ADI indicates no risk of adverse effects following exposure to the individual pesticides. The cumulative exposure amounts (PTI values) ranged from 1.58 in snake cucumber to 128.44 in potato tubers, indicating that, the combined risk index of pesticide residues was a significant health risk for consumers according to the individual risk index. It can be concluded that there is a need for strict regulation and regular monitoring of pesticide residues in foodstuff for consumers' health protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred and twenty samples of breast milk were collected from five northern governorates and districts in Jordan in 2019 and 2020 to monitor results for organochlorine pesticides as organic contaminants. The results showed that 36 samples (30%) of total 120 analyzed samples were contaminated as follows: 16 samples (13.3%) were contaminated with dieldrin, 4 samples (3.3%) with p,p′-DDE, 4 samples (3.3%) with p,p′-DDD, 8 samples (6.7%) with p,p′-DDT and 4 samples (3.3%) with o,p′-DDE. Comparing results of the current study with those of 2015 study, no residues for the HCHs in 2019/2020 study have been detected, an increase in the DDTs occurred and an increase in the cyclodiens in the 2019/2020 compared to the 2015 study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Thailand, pesticides containing organophosphates (OP) are frequently applied to crops to suppress insects. School children can be exposed to OPs on a daily basis, from food consumption to breathing and touching pesticides drifted near classrooms. Living in an agricultural area can also be one of the causes. As a result, it is important to monitor OPs residues in the food chain and biomarkers of exposure. The Gas Chromatography–Flame Photometric Detector method was employed to examine the relationship between OPs residue and DAPs (Diakly phosphate) in four targeted locations in Thailand, as well as to examine the residues of OPs in vegetable samples and DAPs in 395 school children’s urine samples. Vegetables were found to contain at least one OP, with chlorpyrifos being the most prevalent. The OPs detected frequencies for Sakon Nakhon, Chiang Mai, Phang Nga, and Pathum Thani are 96.1%, 94%, 91.7%, and 83.3%, respectively. The overall centration level of OPs showed 0.3261 mg/kg, 0.0636 mg/kg, 0.0023 mg/kg, 0.0150 mg/kg, 0.2003 mg/kg, 0.0295 mg/kg, and 0.0034 mg/kg for diazinon, dimethoate, pirimiphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, ethion, and triazophos, respectively. Nearly 98% of school children were detected with at least one DAP. The overall level of dimethyl phosphate metabolites (5.258 µmole/mole creatinine) in urine samples is higher than diethyl phosphate metabolites (2.884 µmole/mole creatinine), especially in the case of Pathum Thani. Our findings show a consistent relationship between OPs in vegetables from wet markets and DAPs in urine samples of school children in various parts of Thailand.

The guidance document on risk assessment for birds and mammals (GD) provides generic residue values of pesticides on potential diet items for use in wildlife risk assessments. For most diet items, these values are based on a large number of residue studies. However, the default residues per unit dose (RUD; standardized for application of 1 kg substance per hectare) values for fruits were taken from a few literature trials of unclear relevance for regulatory purposes. These trials were conducted according to neither current European Union (EU) agricultural practice nor to recommendations given in the GD about how to conduct wildlife-relevant residue studies. Therefore, field study data on fruit residue levels from applications of pesticides in fruiting crops were compiled and evaluated. Corresponding studies had been conducted during the last 26 y in the EU. In the final data set, 291 studies provided 1002 residue values in different fruits, including grapes, berries (currants, raspberries, gooseberries), fruits from orchards (apple, peach, pear, lemon, mandarin, orange, apricot, cherry, plum), gourds (pumpkins, cucumbers, squash, melons), and strawberries. This data set provides a basis for revising registration-relevant RUD values for fruits as potential diet items for birds and mammals in environmental wildlife risk assessments. The objective of this study was to estimate the resulting residue levels in different fruits determined under field conditions following the application of pesticides across their growing areas within the EU in diverse climatic areas that can be used directly in wildlife risk assessments. The large data set of usually about more than 100 residue values per "fruit group," all evaluated at EU member state level, revealed significantly lower RUDs compared to the current default RUDs presented in the GD. These new RUD values for fruits should be considered for use as default values in future bird and mammal risk assessments and in respective guidance documents. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:552-561. © 2020 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology Chemistry (SETAC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred forty samples from local and imported animal products were analyzed for residues of organochlorine pesticides in Royal Scientific Society and supervised by the Ministry of Environment of Jordan in 2019 and 2020. Results of milk products showed that there were no residues detected in all 36 collected milk product samples. Results of table eggs samples showed that there were three farm egg samples out of the 40 analyzed egg samples, contained pesticides residues but less than the maximum residue limits (MRL). In addition, two collected Balady eggs contained residues but less than the MRL. In general, 44% of contaminated samples contained dieldrin, 40% p,p'-DDT, 16% p,p '-DDD, 8% o,p'- DDE and 4% o,p '-DDD. In conclusion, the application of pesticides on forage crops and farm animals, and the misuse of the used pesticides should be minimized to avoid animal products contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to compare the dynamics of the degradation of herbicides commonly used in brassica vegetables. Series of plot field experiments were carried out in planting cauliflower in 2012-2014. The amount of herbicide residues with the maximum residue level (MRL) determined by the Regulation (EC) No. 396/2005 and with requirements of non-residue production (up to 10 µg/kg of active ingredient in harvested product) was compared. Napropamide, clomazone and dimethachlor were applied before planting and pendimethalin, S-metolachlor, pyridate, ethametsulfuron, dimethenamid, metazachlor, quinmerac, picloram, clopyralid, cycloxydim, fluazifop, propaquizafop and quizalofop were applied after planting the cauliflower. Besides fluazifop and quizalofop, all tested herbicides showed a fast degradation and can be recommended for non-residue production. The amount of fluazifop residues did not fall below the MRL even 6 weeks after application. Residues of post-emergently applied quizalofop were detected in cauliflower 10-44 days after application in most of the samples at concentration 9-73 µg/kg(below the MRL).

Aim: The present study was aimed to estimate deltamethrin residues in cow's and goat's environment over a certain period of time post-application, to identify the role of both feed and water as a source of pesticides, and to conduct some trials to reduce their levels in milk. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 water and feed samples (40 of each) and 120 milk samples (80 cow's milk and 40 goat's milk) were collected. Fresh milk samples were collected directly from the udder as well as from feed and water before application and 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 7th, 15th, 21st, and 35th days after insecticide application. Results: Deltamethrin residues were detected after its application in both water and feed at different levels up to the first 3 days and in all cow's and goat's milk samples at 35th day. The highest levels were detected in milk samples at the 2nd day then at the 7th day followed at the 15th day after application as such levels were above the maximum residual limits. By microwaving the polluted cow's milk samples, deltamethrin residues were not detected without influencing the chemical composition of the milk. However, on freezing of milk, the deltamethrin residues reached 12.6±3.24 μg/L in association with a significant decline in the concentration of fat. Conclusion: Microwaving of milk is an effective method to decline deltamethrin concentration in milk.

Fifteen lactating Zaraibi does were assigned to study the effect of EM ability to prevent the probably toxicology effect of the residues of pesticides remained in tomato haulms (TH). Animals were fed ad libitum fresh TH (T1), TH silage (T2) and TH silage treated with EM (T3) and concentrate feed mixture (CFM). Treatment with EM (T3) was resulted in less concentrations of pesticides residues compared to T1 and T2. Higher milk yield, milk composition and 4% FCM were followed EM treatment; T1 had less milk fat content than T2 and T3. All pesticides concentrations residues in milk were higher in T1, but it had less degree in T2 and not detected for T3 Treatment TH with EM (T3) had higher concentrations of TVFA's, acetate, gas production, total count of cellulosic bacteria and less protozoa. T1 had higher concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, creatinine, AST, ALT and less glucose, albumin and globulin than those for T2 and T3. So, biological (EM) treatment could be advisable to overcome the harmful effect of feeding TH exposure to pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A GC-MS/MS method with low solvent consumption and easy operation was developed to simultaneously determine ten new-generation pesticides, namely fenobucarb, acetochlor, pretilachlor, fipronil, trifloxystrobin, fluazifop-p-butyl, isoprothiolane, tebuconazole, cypermethrin and difenoconazole in leafy vegetables. Influences from ultrasonic sample extraction and the clean-up steps to reduce matrix effects were investigated. Under suitable conditions, good linearity (deviation of back calculated concentration from true concentration lower than 20%) was achieved for all studied pesticides; the method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 1.4 to 3.6 ng g−1 wet weight. For mustard green and green onion the method yielded good recoveries at two spiking levels (201 and 100 ng g−1) ranging from 80% to 111% (n = 5). The repeatability, expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), was lower than 11% (n = 5). The method was successfully used to quantify pesticide residues in 207 vegetable samples (green onions, mustard greens, and lettuce) collected in Thua Thien Hue and Quang Binh Provinces, Central Vietnam. The insecticide cypermethrin was found at critical levels in 98% of the vegetable samples. Green onions had high pesticide residues with a significant number of samples containing pesticides at concentrations exceeding the maximum residue levels (MRLs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The threat from pesticide trifluralin residues to ecological environment and public health is becoming a growing problem. Thus, rapid and sensitive detection, particularly a simple and portable detected platform for trifluralin residues, are highly desired. Here, a small organic aggregation-induced emission (AIE) molecule (TPETPy) is facilely synthesized and applied to detect trifluralin both in lab and in actual water systems. Based on the photo-induced electron transfer (PET) mechanism, the emissive peak of TPETPy located at 475 nm in tetrahydrofuran (THF)/water mixture (ƒ w = 90 %) under the excitation of 340 nm, decreases dramatically upon trace trifluralin addition and exhibits ultra-fast response (3 s), high sensitivity and selectivity, and good anti-interference ability. The fluorescence sensing correlation with the concentration of trifluralin shows good linearity in the range of 20–90 μg L−1 with the limit of detection of 6.28 μg L−1. Moreover, a portable smartphone-integrated detected platform based on fluorescent pattern Red/Green/Blue (RGB) values is first employed to realize the real-time and on-site quantitative fluorescent detection of trifluralin in actual water sources, featuring good accuracy and reproducibility. Hereby, this work provides not only a highly efficient trifluralin residues fluorescent probe but also a portable and straightforward operating platform to detect trifluralin pesticides quantitatively. [Display omitted] • The probe shows ultra-fast response (3 s) and low LOD (6.28 μg/L) for trifluralin. • Efficient detect trifluralin in aqueous-phase without pre-treatment or assistance. • The first portable platform realizes real-time & on-site quantitative detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livestock is an important sub-sector of agriculture that plays a key role in economy of a country by contributing to GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and in total export. Pakistan is the 5th largest milk producer in the world with a total milk production of about 46.44 billion liters per anum. Almost 68% milk is produced by buffalo and 27% by cow. Pesticides used in agriculture sector may transfer to animal bodies through feed and fodder. A pesticide found in water is another source of residues in milk through drinking water. External control of parasites on animal body, insect control in cattle yard and sheds are direct sources of pesticides exposure for dairy animals. Due to its nutritional and supplementary value, milk is being consumed by people of different age groups therefore, issue of pesticide residues attain the immediate attention of researcher. Pesticide residues levels in raw dairy milk are discussed here in few selected developing and developed countries. It is concluded that human health is associated with exposure to organo phosphorus (OPPs), organo chlorine (OCPs), pyrethroids and carbamate (CB) pesticides via milk or milk products and this issue deserve more attention. Different classes of pesticides OPPs, OCPs, pyrethroids and CBs etc. were reported in raw dairy milk in different countries and also in Pakistan. The results of this review demonstrate the need to establish pesticide residue monitoring programs for milk analysis for human consumption to improve food safety and decrease exposure risks to consumers.

In the last twenty years, pesticide use in Chile has increased more than 160%, generating a greater risk of water resources pollution. The objective of this study was to assess the presence of 22 pesticides and 12 degradation products in surface water samples from the Cachapoal River basin, Central Chile, an area characterized by intense agricultural activity. Pesticide concentrations in the dissolved phase (DP) and particulate phase (PP) in samples collected in the dry season and after precipitation events was assessed. The solid-phase extraction technique was used to preconcentrate the samples and GC/MS and LC/MS were used to detect pesticides. The results present spatio-temporal variations in the proportion and concentration of pesticides and their degradation products in both the DP and PP for each site and sampling period. The most ubiquitous compounds in the dissolved phase were atrazine, atrazine-2-hydroxy (HA), cyprodinil, pyrimethanil, and tebuconazole, while in the particulate phase HA, imidacloprid, diazinon and pyrimidinol were detected. The results presented in this study make up the first record of pesticides in the dissolved and particulate phases in surface water in Chile. They show that the problem of pesticide contamination undoubtedly affects the quality of bodies of water in agricultural areas in Chile and support the need for a proper assessment of the water quality of the Cachapoal River in the future. Image 1 • First study in Chile that reveals the occurrence of pesticides in the particulate phase of aqueous samples. • Acephate, DIHA, diuron and pyrimethanil, highest concentrations in dissolved phase. • Triazine-derived degradation products, highest concentrations in particulate phase. • Increase in number of detected pesticides in dissolved phase from upper to lower area of Cachapoal River basin. • It is necessary evaluate the possible pollution of groundwater because can it be used for domestic purposes. The occurrence of pesticides in the dissolved and particulate phase of aqueous samples in the main agricultural region of Chile was revealed. Water samples of Cachapoal River basin were evaluated in the dry season and after precipitation events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The objective of the current study was to examine the awareness of employees, students, and community at The University of Jordan about pesticides residue in food and whether they are interested to learn more about it. A questionnaire consisted of 28 questions in three sections was designed and included questions about the demographic characteristics and about the knowledge of the participants about pesticides and their residual limit. Results showed that young respondents with ages between 19–35 years old and with higher educational levels and scientific background were more knowledgeable in many aspects regarding pesticides and their residues, however, this study should be expanded to include higher numbers of respondents, from different universities in Jordan, and among different school backgrounds in order to be able to generalize the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, the production and consumption of organic food have increased steadily worldwide, despite the lower productivity of organic crops. Indeed, the population attributes healthier properties to organic food. Although scientific evidence is still scarce, organic agriculture seems to contribute to maintaining an optimal health status and decreases the risk of developing chronic diseases. This may be due to the higher content of bioactive compounds and lower content of unhealthy substances such as cadmium and synthetic fertilizers and pesticides in organic foods of plant origin compared to conventional agricultural products. Thus, large long-term intervention studies are needed to determine whether an organic diet is healthier than a diet including conventionally grown food products. This review provides an update of the present knowledge of the impact of an organic versus a conventional food diet on health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants have a long history of use in therapy throughout the world and still make an important part of traditional medicine. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 65%–80% of the world's populations depend on the herbal products as their primary form of health care. This review is conducted to provide a general idea about chemical contaminants such as heavy metals and pesticide residues as major common contaminants of the herbal medicine, which impose serious health risks to human health. Additionally, we aim to provide different analytical methods for analysis of heavy metals and pesticide residues in the herbal medicine.

Abstract Currently used pesticides (CUPs) represent one of the largest intentional inputs of potentially hazardous compounds into agricultural soils. Subsequently, pesticide residues (PRs) and their transformation products (TPs) persist in agricultural soils, occurring in diverse mixtures of compounds in various concentrations. In this study, measured environmental concentrations (MECs) of CUP residues and TPs, originated from previous growing seasons in agricultural soils of the Czech Republic, were used to characterize the environmental risk for agroecosystems. Toxicity exposure ratios (TERs) were calculated using predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) and MECs in order to identify single pesticide residues risk to in-soil invertebrates and microorganisms. Ecological risk assessment (ERA) for the mixtures of pesticide residues at each monitored site was assessed using a risk quotient (RQ) method and considering concentration addition among components in the mixtures. The compilation of ecotoxicity data to derived PNECs for in-soil organisms clearly showed data gaps mainly for triazine and chloroacetanilide TPs. In addition, chronic toxicity data for in-soil invertebrates at different trophic levels are not available for 30% of monitored CUPs. The ERA revealed that pesticide residues in soil pose a risk at 35% of the sites (RQ ≥ 1). Among measured pesticides, epoxiconazole, atrazine-2-hydroxy, carbendazim, dimoxystrobin, terbuthylazine and difenoconazole were the main contributors to the overall pesticide mixture toxicity. The measured levels of epoxiconazole together with the frequent presence in soils represent a risk for the agroecosystems. Further assessment of higher tiers of ERA should be considered and prioritized in the pesticides risk management. Highlights • The ecological risk assessment of pesticides residues in soil was assessed. • Chronic data are not available for 30% of pesticides and transformation products. • Pesticide residues in soil pose a risk at 35% of the sites. • Triazines and conazole fungicides are main contributors to mixture toxicity at sites. • The levels of epoxiconazole represent a risk and a further assessment should be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to compare the dynamics of the degradation of herbicides commonly used in brassica vegetables. Series of plot field experiments were carried out in planting cauliflower in 2012-2014. The amount of herbicide residues with the maximum residue level (MRL) determined by the Regulation (EC) No. 396/2005 and with requirements of non-residue production (up to 10 μg/kg of active ingredient in harvested product) was compared. Napropamide, clomazone and dimethachlor were applied before planting and pendimethalin, S-metolachlor, pyridate, ethametsulfuron, dimethenamid, metazachlor, quinmerac, picloram, clopyralid, cycloxydim, fluazifop, propaquizafop and quizalofop were applied after planting the cauliflower. Besides fluazifop and quizalofop, all tested herbicides showed a fast degradation and can be recommended for non-residue production. The amount of fluazifop residues did not fall below the MRL even 6 weeks after application. Residues of post-emergently applied quizalofop were detected in cauliflower 10-44 days after application in most of the samples at concentration 9-73 μg/kg (below the MRL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, 327 pesticide residues in 666 brined vine leaves collected from the Aegean Region in Turkey during 2014-2016 were quantitatively analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after a multiresidue extraction procedure, named the QuEChERS method. The obtained results were evaluated according to maximum residue limits (MRLs) for each pesticides by the Turkish Food Codex (TFC) and European Commission (EU) MRLs. 173 of the samples contained detectable residues at, above, or below TFC MRLs, and 124 of the samples contained pesticide residues above TFC MRLs. Azoxystrobin, boscalid, cypermethrin, difenoconazole, imidacloprid, metalaxyl, metrafenone, myclobutanyl, penconazole, pyraclostrobin, pyrimethanil and triadimenol were mostly found. Azoxystrobin was the residue that most exceeded the TFC MRLs, and metalaxyl was the most frequently found residue in brined vine leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]