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Exosomes are small nanosized biovesicles that form when multivesicular bodies and the plasma membrane fuse and are released into the surrounding body fluids. They are best known for their multifunction in mediating intercellular communication by transferring various biomolecules, including DNA, RNAs, proteins, and lipids, in a short- and long-distance manner and have been identified as health and disease messengers. Importantly, exosomes are necessary for various physiological processes in health and disease. The generation of exosomes depends on the status of the disease, which usually exhibits opposite roles by inducing enhanced cellular stress and damage. Recently, exosome-based nanotechnologies have provided unprecedented opportunities to boost the developments of exosome-related biology, chemistry, pathology, and therapeutics in different diseases based on their unique structural/compositional/morphological characteristics for next-generation nanomedicines. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in exosome nanotechnology research, including their classification, isolation and preparation, constitution, biological function, and nanobiomedical applications in disease treatment and diagnosis. Furthermore, future prospects were also concluded. This review will provide more inspiration for promoting the development of exosome-based advanced theranostic nanoplatforms and nanotechnology.

In addition to using the most up-to-date analytical technique, a thorough preparation phase must come first in order for the biological examination results to be reliable. The pre-analytical phase is this important step. We decided to conduct a prospective and descriptive study within central Laboratory department of the Mohammed VI University Hospital of Oujda with the goal of evaluating the pre-analytical phase in order to take action on the primary causes of pre-analytical nonconformity. In the course of observing 310 samples, we found 214 instances of pre-analytical nonconformities, of which 62 had to do with the prescription sheet, 62 with patient preparation, 31 with equipment preparation, 37 with the sampling procedure, 22 with waste management. Following the identification of these nonconformities in the hospital services under review, a multitude of corrective and preventive measures were taken in order to meet the standards of International Standard ISO15189 and to ensure the best possible patient care. Indeed, these key initiatives include audits, ongoing education, staff awareness and support.