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This article analyses various mint varieties cultivated in Morocco, focusing on their nutritional, flavour, and antioxidant properties. A questionnaire was administered to 220 participants to assess consumption trends and consumer preferences. Physicochemical studies reveal that El Brouj Mint is particularly aromatic due to its high menthol content (67.70%). Meknassi Mint is distinguished by its high vitamin C content, which contributes to immune system support. Additionally, the significant antioxidant activity of Flouenia Mint enhances its suitability for natural treatments. The results indicate the health benefits and economic potential of diverse mint varieties, offering opportunities for producers and supporting the preservation of local biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bronze coins, starting to be used in the Eastern Zhou period (770 − 221 BC) in China, were produced in ceramic piece molds, a predominant technique for bronze casting in the Chinese Bronze Age. This study examined coin-casting molds unearthed at the Ju Mint and the Linzi Mint in the Qi state, dating to the Eastern Zhou period, to investigate the specialization of early Chinese coin production. The material characteristics, repair and reuse were examined using analytical techniques including SEM-EDS, DIL, FTIR, p-XRF, XRD and specific gravity balance. A simulation experiment was conducted to rebuild the mold production process. The dimensions of both the molds and their cavities were measured. The results showed that the material characteristics of these coin-casting molds significantly differ from those of other types of bronze-casting molds. The coin-casting mold was most likely modified from the conventional bronze-casting molds to increase their lifespan in coin-casting. Moreover, the high degree of uniformity in the material characteristics, the dimensions of molds as well as the cavities, on one hand, indicates a standardization of coin production under unified government control; on the other hand, the differences in minor and trace elements between the coin-casting molds from the two mints suggest that the molds may have been produced independently at each mint using local materials. This paper offers a novel perspective in understanding China’s early monetary system and technical history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the static and time-varying cointegration between Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey (MINT), and developed stock markets in USA and Japan by applying conventional cointegration methodology and rolling multivariate trace statistics over the period of 10 years. Overall, the findings of bivariate cointegration test suggested that MINT stock markets do not have significant long running relationship with Japan stock market. Hence, the scope of diversification exists accordingly. However, rolling trace statistics revealed the time-varying nature of integration between the markets considered in the study. The varying degree of cointegration is more likely to be caused by major economic, financial, and political events. Hence, the presence of equilibrium relationship among the markets in the sub-periods may limit the potential portfolio diversification benefits. Thus, lack of consistency in the findings of the static and dynamic cointegration analysis highlights the limitation of the static assessment. On the short-term linkage, the examination of dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) for each MINT-developed market pair suggested that Indonesia exhibits least correlation with USA and Japan and hence, offering highest portfolio avenues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of different light qualities on the growth, photosynthesis, transcriptome, and metabolome of mint, three treatments were designed: (1) 7R3B (70% red light and 30% blue light, CK); (2) 7R3B+ far-red light (FR); (3) 7R3B+ ultraviolet light A (UVA). The results showed that supplemental FR significantly promoted the growth and photosynthesis of mint, as evidenced by the increase in plant height, plant width, biomass, effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv'/Fm'), maximal quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), and performance index (PI). UVA and CK exhibited minimal differences. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis indicated that a total of 788 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 2291 differential accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified under FR treatment, mainly related to plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis. FR also promoted the accumulation of phenylalanine, sinapyl alcohol, methylchavicol, and anethole in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, and increased the levels of luteolin and leucocyanidin in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, which may perhaps be applied in practical production to promote the natural antibacterial and antioxidant properties of mint. An appropriate increase in FR radiation might alter transcript reprogramming and redirect metabolic flux in mint, subsequently regulating its growth and secondary metabolism. Our study uncovered the regulation of FR and UVA treatments on mint in terms of growth, physiology, transcriptome, and metabolome, providing reference for the cultivation of mint and other horticultural plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To measure and model concentrations of the analgesic L-carvone, a natural component of spearmint, over time when administered IM to sheep and to characterize L-carvone's effects on CBCs and clinical biochemistry panels. METHODS: L-carvone formulated as a 50% solution (v/v) in ethanol and propylene glycol was administered at 71.6 mg/kg IM, split between each semitendinosus muscle in 6 sheep. Venous blood was sampled over 24 hours, and plasma was separated by centrifugation. Additional blood was collected for CBC and serum biochemical analysis, and tissues were sampled after euthanasia. L-carvone concentrations in plasma and tissue homogenates were measured using HPLC-MS-MS. Plasma pharmacokinetic data were described using a nonlinear mixed effects model. Complete blood count and biochemistry data were compared to baseline values using repeated-measures ANOVA and Holm-Šidák tests (P < .05). RESULTS: Maximum plasma concentrations ranged from 0.28 to 1.93 µg/mL and occurred within 9 to 15 minutes after injection. Pharmacokinetics were best described using 2 compartments. Elimination half-life was 33.7 minutes and 390.2 minutes in the central and peripheral compartments, respectively. Mild increases in neutrophil count and significant increases in creatinine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase were associated with injection site myonecrosis. No physical examination, behavioral, or other clinically significant laboratory changes were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Intramuscular L-carvone exhibits rapid time to peak concentration, relatively slow plasma elimination, and low tissue concentrations after 24 hours. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: L-carvone exhibits a favorable pharmacokinetic profile for an analgesic drug. A new L-carvone formulation or administration route is needed to reduce inflammation and necrosis at the injection site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was designed to develop functional cucumber and pomegranate based ready-to-serve (RTS) drink as thirst quencher. To boost antioxidant activity and to add natural preservation to the drink, microwave-assisted extracts of herbs and spices; mint, lemongrass, ginger, cinnamon were incorporated either individually or collective, at an equivalent dose of 2% for comparison. In this regard, ginger extract incorporated drink maintained its storage quality owing to highest free radical scavenging potential (49 to 67%) in relevance to highest polyphenol and flavonoid contents (1203 ± 64 mg GAE/L and 178 ± 8 mg TE/L, respectively). Whereas, ascorbic acid was maximally recorded in lemongrass-based drink 22 ± 1 mg/100 mL. During 30 days storage under refrigeration, significant decrease was recorded in pH of the RTS drink along with considerable increase in acidity and browning index however, total soluble solids demonstrated non-significant pattern. Sedimentation showed an inclining trend (p˂.05) with progression in storage but comparatively less sedimentation was attributed to lemongrass incorporated drink followed by cinnamon containing drink. Turbidity also indicated significant changes but showed inverse pattern with respect to sedimentation. Additionally, ginger-based drink expressed considerably low total plate count as 2.3 ±.1 log CFU/mL with nil yeast and mold growth by all the extracts throughout storage. Further, ginger portrayed highest rate for odor, taste and consistency though, mixed herbs and spices based drink attained the best color score. Conclusively, ginger-based drink portrayed maximum antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peppermint, Mentha × piperita L. is a hexaploid (2 n = 6 x = 72) and the predominant cultivar of commercial mint oil production in the US. This cultivar is threatened because of high susceptibility to the fungal disease verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae. This report details the first draft polyploid chromosome-level genome assembly for this mint species. The "Mitcham" genome resource will broaden comparative studies of disease resistance, essential oil biosynthesis, and hybridization events within the genus Mentha. It will also be a valuable contribution to the body of phylogenetic studies involving Mentha and other genera that contain species with varying ploidy levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common sage (Salvia officinalis L.), the type species of the genus Salvia, is a historically acknowledged medicinal and aromatic plant that is utilized in several different industries for manufacturing diverse end products, including food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, personal hygiene products and insect repellants. The medical uses of sage essential oil terpenoids have made these secondary metabolites a focus of medical/pharmaceutical chemistry research. In the present work, the common sage genome was resequenced and assembled, and the protein-encoding gene content was annotated. The terpenoid biosynthesis gene repertoire, which includes 75 terpene synthase and 67 terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway genes, was predicted and located on assembly scaffolds, revealing tandem duplication blocks on the chromosomes. Variant analysis identified 188 variable single-nucleotide loci in the coding sequences of sage terpenoid biosynthesis genes. A total of 24,570 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in the common sage total exome, representing a database of potential variable loci for targeted genotyping research. Given that terpene synthase activity is highly prone to modulation by point mutations and that the genotype plays an important role in the complex traits of terpenoid composition, single-nucleotide polymorphisms located in coding sequences constitute candidate functional markers that can be associated with terpenoid compositional traits in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: This NMR-based analytical method for pulegone detection could help food safety laboratories rapidly screen mint-flavored products and essential oils for compliance with regulatory limits. The approach is particularly valuable for quality control in the food and flavoring industry, where fast and reliable pulegone quantification is essential to ensure consumer safety, especially given pulegone's classification as a possible human carcinogen. Pulegone is a monoterpene ketone found in a variety of mint species. It has been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). In previous studies, pulegone in food was analyzed exclusively via GC-MS, while 1H NMR methods were limited to essential oils. The aim of this study was to develop an NMR method for the detection and quantification of pulegone in essential oils and foods. A mixture of methanol-d4/chloroform-d1 in a 1:1 ratio (v/v) was identified as the most effective solvent for separating pulegone signals. The essential oils were subjected to analysis at this solvent-mixture ratio. The extraction of pulegone was required for food analysis, and the steam distillation method proved to be more effective than the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method. The highest pulegone concentrations were identified in pennyroyal oil and muña oil, whereas lower levels were observed in other matrices, including corn mint oil and select food items. A toxicological assessment showed that the amount consumed did not exert any adverse effects on human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mint (Mentha L.), basil, (Ocimum basilicum) and Melissa (Melissa officinalis L.) are herbaceous plants from the Lamiaceae family. They have a wide range of health benefits and flavour properties which are highly valued around the world. Alternative methods of growing plants to minimise greenhouse gas emissions during autumn and winter are being sought in the face of increasing climate change. One way to achieve this is to switch from HPS to LED lighting. LED lighting has a longer lifespan and higher efficiency while using less energy and better matching the colour of the light to the needs of the herbs. This study tested the hypothesis that the type of illumination (solar, HPS, and LED) significantly impacts the antioxidant and nutritional qualities of herbs. The results indicated that LED lighting enhanced biochemical properties, supporting its adoption for sustainable plant cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mentha spp. are commonly used for the production of tea and for the extraction of essential oils (EOs). The key factor of mint quality is the content and composition of the EO. Health-promoting compounds such as menthol are desirable, whereas the presence of potentially health-damaging compounds such as menthofuran should be avoided. This study examines the effect of shading on the EO content and composition of three Mentha genotypes (Mentha × piperita 'Multimentha', Mentha × piperita 'Fränkische Blaue' and Mentha rotundifolia 'Apfelminze'). The Mentha genotypes were cultivated in field trials for two years (2022–2023). Each genotype was shaded with a shading net (50% photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) reduction), and a control without shading was prepared. EO content was determined by steam distillation and EO composition was characterized by GC-MS analysis. Furthermore, biomass, vegetation indices (VIs) and the electron transport rate (ETR) were analyzed. While shading led to higher plant heights, higher EO content and a slightly reduced amount of undesired EO compounds, the unshaded control yielded a higher biomass accumulation. Significant genotypic differences were determined. In conclusion, the benefits of shading depend on the intended use and genotype selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drying of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) is one of the main preservation methods for these products that can prolong their shelf life, if performed properly. The current study aimed to examine the effects of different drying conditions (sun, shade, and oven drying at 42 °C) on the quality characteristics of Thymus capitatus, Mentha piperita, and Sideritis cypria; their essential oil (EO) yield; and their biological properties (antioxidant and antibacterial activities). According to the results of the current study, oven drying resulted in faster moisture loss for all investigated species and slightly darker products. For T. capitatus, sun drying resulted in higher EO carvacrol content, whereas EOs obtained from shade and oven drying (at 42 °C) presented high total phenolic content and great antimicrobial activity. For M. piperita, shade drying resulted in a higher EO yield and higher iso-menthone content, whilst the EO obtained from oven-dried mint plants presented great antibacterial activity against the investigated foodborne pathogens. S. cypria plants dried in an air-ventilated oven produced an EO rich in β-caryophyllene and α-pinene, which also presented great antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The findings of the current study indicate that traditional drying methods, such as sun and shade, can result in good-quality dried MAPs that can yield EOs with significant biological activities, along with minimum energy consumption and lower carbon dioxide production (lower environmental carbon footprint), as opposed to oven drying. However, the drying-process duration could be a limitation at the industrial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, kombucha is produced by the fermentation of black or green tea infusions with the use of SCOBY (Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeasts). However, SCOBY exhibits the ability to ferment other substrates as well, which can be used to create novel products with new sensory and health-promoting properties. This paper investigates the antioxidant activity, chemical composition, and sensory properties of mint, nettle, and blackcurrant leaf-based kombucha analogs. It has been demonstrated that the fermentation process with SCOBY significantly influenced (p ≤ 0.05) sugar, organic acids, and mineral contents, with the increase in iron, magnesium, and calcium amounts in all tested herbal kombucha. The study shows that the type of herb infusion has a significant influence on the parameters associated with antioxidant potential. The fermentation with SCOBY resulted in an increase in antioxidant activity as measured by the superoxide anion radical (O2•−) inhibition of all three tested herbal infusions, with the greatest changes observed in nettle kombucha. Herbal kombucha was characterized by significantly increased total phenolic content as determined by Folin's reagent and a changed phenolic compound profile by LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry) in comparison to nonfermented infusions. Very high sensory scores were achieved for fermented mint and blackcurrant-based kombucha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study compares the performance of two quick lexical tests, the Multilingual Naming Test (MINT) and the Lexical Test for Advanced Learners of English (LexTALE), to evaluate their suitability to serve as proxies for English proficiency in second language learners. Specifically, it investigates how well these tests' results align with those of the Quick Placement Test (QPT), an objective placement test employed in previous validations of the LexTALE. Considering recent findings by Puig-Mayenco et al. (2023) suggesting the LexTALE is apt for measuring advanced proficiencies but is less reliable with lower ones, our study aims to test the performance of both the LexTALE and MINT across different proficiencies. Two hundred nineteen Chinese learners of English, spanning both higher and lower proficiency levels, participated in the study. The results showed that the relationship between the MINT and QPT was similar to that between the LexTALE and QPT. However, the MINT demonstrated better performance than the LexTALE in assessing lower proficiency levels. These results underscore the MINT's potential to serve as a quick and valid proxy for proficiency across all levels, particularly in research contexts where the use of longer and more comprehensive assessment tools is not possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives Mint oil is used in various commercial applications world-wide. Mint oil is typically harvested from commercial clones of peppermint or spearmints. Spearmints are the product of a cross between two diploid species: Mentha longifolia (horse mint) and Mentha suaveolens (apple mint). Peppermints are the product of an additional hybridization step between spearmint and an octoploid Mentha aquatica (water mint). Here, we present a chromosome-scale assembly of the genome of a clone of M. suaveolens. Together with the previously assembled genome of M. longifolia, these assemblies are instrumental in addressing questions regarding the origins of spearmint and peppermint oil and the genomic composition of commercial spearmints, and to start elaborating strategies for mint cultivar improvement. Data description A Falcon assembly of the genome of M. suaveolens was generated from 103X coverage of PacBio long reads. Additional scaffolding was conducted by Dovetail Genomics, using a Chicago library, and a HiC library. The resulting assembly had an N50 of 44.7 Mb, and 98.45% of the 536 Mb of the assembly were contained within 12 large superscaffolds. Finally, a genetic map was applied to correct persistent misjoins. Illumina RNA-Seq libraries from a variety of tissues were used to annotate the genome.

Mint is one of the most valuable herbs, and has multiple benefits and uses. The effect of cultivation methods on the biometric parameters of mint plants was determined by comparing a hydroponic system involving moveable flood tables with plastic covers and a raised-bed growing system in an open field. The morphometric parameters of mint plants may vary depending on species and cultivation method. An interaction between both factors was observed for plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and the number of leaves. Spearmint and apple mint grown under field conditions were characterized by higher average values of plant height and width and a higher number of branches than hydroponically grown plants. In the hydroponic system, the number of branched stems decreased by up to 80% with increased plant height. Leaf width was correlated with the total number of leaves. An increase in the number of leaves per plant induced a decrease in leaf width (up to 61%). Field-grown mint is usually characterized by higher marketable and total yields than hydroponically grown mint. However, the marketable yield of apple mint was approximately 50% higher in the hydroponic system than in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of democracy and corruption on the economic growth of Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey over the 1975–2022 period. Utilizing the Fractional Frequency Flexible Fourier Panel Cointegration and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares coefficient estimator, two models are employed to test hypotheses regarding economic growth. The findings reveal that democracy plays an upgrading role in the economic growth of all MINT countries, while the effect of corruption varies. In Indonesia and Mexico, corruption has a positive impact on growth, reflecting the effect of democracy, whereas Nigeria and Turkey experience a negative impact. The democracy model supports the compatibility hypothesis for all countries, asserting a positive link between democracy and economic growth. However, the corruption model yields divergent results, with Nigeria and Turkey aligning with the “grease in the wheels” hypothesis, implying that corruption can facilitate economic growth by bypassing bureaucratic obstacles, while Indonesia and Mexico support the "sand in the wheels" hypothesis, indicating that corruption hinders economic growth. This highlights the need for governments to strengthen institutions through transparency, accountability, and credibility via robust oversight and governance mechanisms. Therefore, democratic advancement, streamlined bureaucracy, and anti-corruption policies are imperative for sustainable economic growth and welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In agriculture, water and fertilizer are two limiting elements of plant growth. Indeed, the lack or the excess of one of them disturbs the yields in terms of quality and quantity. Optimal irrigation/fertilization and precisely dosed nutrient supply allow fast-growing plants to reach their full potential, offering much larger and better quality yields. To monitor agricultural crop characteristics, Hyperspectral remote sensing provides an opportunity for an efficient nondestructive method. In this paper, we present a method for smart management of water irrigation and fertilizer using remote sensing. For this purpose, a protocol has been developed to detect the effects of nitrogen nutriments and water supply on potted mint by using UV-PIR field spectroscopy. Results suggest hyperspectral remote sensing has great promise to perfect smart agriculture. In fact, with this method, the effect of nutriments and water supply have been clearly detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation aimed to identify the most favorable cultivar based on plant metabolites for potential targeted cultivation in the pharmaceutical industry. The analysis revealed the presence of 19 individual phenolics and 80 individual volatiles across the cultivars, a breadth of data not previously explored to such an extent. Flavones emerged as the predominant phenolic group in all mint-scented cultivars, except for peppermint, where hydroxycinnamic acids dominated. Peppermint exhibited high concentrations of phenolic acids, particularly caffeic acid derivatives and rosmarinic acid, which are known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Luteolin-rich concentrations were found in several mint varieties, known for their antioxidative, antitumor, and cardio-protective properties. Swiss mint and spearmint stood out with elevated levels of flavanones, particularly eriocitrin, akin to citrus fruits. Monoterpene volatiles, including menthol, camphor, limonene, and carvone, were identified across all cultivars, with Swiss mint and spearmint exhibiting the highest amounts. The study underscores the potential for targeted cultivation to enhance volatile yields and reduce agricultural land use. Notably, chocolate mint demonstrated promise for volatile content, while apple mint excelled in phenolics, suggesting their potential for broader agricultural, pharmaceutical, and food industry production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iran has different environmental conditions due to specific geographical. Therefore, exploring essential oil and flavonoids components among different medicinal may be caused discoveries about valuable components. The present study aimed to study flavonoids profile and essential oils composition of four Lamiaceae species i.e. Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl, Teucrium polium L., Thymus daenensis Čelak., and Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. from Oshtorankoh located on Zagros Mountains, Iran. The plants were collected during 2014-2015 and were identified using available references. A chemical study using two-dimensional paper chromatography (2-DPC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) showed that the four studied species contained flavone C and C-/O glucosides and flavonoid sulfates. The result of the present study revealed that T. polium had high levels of many flavonoids such as apigenin, genistein, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, quercetin, rutin, andvitexin compared to the other studied plants. According to the results of GC/MS analysis, S. lavandulifolia was rich in α-pinene (21.16%) and 1,8-cineol (16.95%), T. polium in α-pinene (12.21%) and sabinene (9.55%), T. daenensis in γ-Terpinene (36.98%) and p-Cymene (26.87%), and Z.clinopodioides in piperitone (16.84%) and 1,8-cineol (16.11%) components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SARS-CoV-2 infects the oral mucosa and is shed in salivary fluids. Traditionally, tea has been used by various cultures to treat respiratory ailments. The objective of this study was to identify commercially available teas that can rapidly inactivate infectious SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. Initially, tea (n = 24) was prepared as 40 mg/mL infusions and incubated with SARS-CoV-2 resuspended in water, for 5 min at 37 °C. Then, five teas that showed >3 log reduction in virus infectivity were further investigated at 40 and 10 mg/mL infusions for 60 and 10 s contact time with SARS-CoV-2 resuspended in saliva. Tea polyphenols were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. SARS-CoV-2 infectivity was quantified on Vero-E6 cell line using TCID50 assay. At 10 mg/mL infusion, black tea showed the highest reduction (3 log, i.e., 99.9%) of infectious SARS-CoV-2 within 10 s. Green, mint medley, eucalyptus-mint, and raspberry zinger teas showed similar inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 (1.5–2 log, i.e., 96–99% reduction). At 40 mg/mL infusions, all five teas showed >3 log reduction in virus infectivity within 10 s. Tea polyphenol but not pH was significantly correlated to virus reduction. Time-of-addition assay revealed that the five teas displayed preventive effects (0.5–1 log, i.e., 68–90% reduction) against SARS-CoV-2 infection of Vero-E6 cells as well as during post-virus infection (1.2–1.9 log, i.e., 94–98%). However, the highest inhibitory effect was observed when the teas were added at the time of virus infection (2–3 log, i.e., 99–99.9%). Our results provide insights into a rapid at-home intervention (tea drinking or gargling) to reduce infectious SARS-CoV-2 load in the oral cavity which might also mitigate infection of the oral mucosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Um den technologischen und gesellschaftlichen Herausforderungen der Gegenwart gerecht zu werden, bedürfen die MINT-Disziplinen dringend eines kritisch-reflexiven, diversitätssensiblen Korrektivs. Die vorliegende qualitative Studie liefert eine umfassende Bestandsaufnahme des Ist-Zustandes im Bereich Gender Studies in MINT und schlägt Maßnahmen für eine nachhaltige Integration von gender- und diversitätsrelevanten Inhalten in den MINT-Disziplinen vor. Sie identifiziert drei Desiderata: eine bessere Verankerung und Akzeptanz der Geschlechterforschung in MINT auf institutioneller Ebene, einen Stellenausbau für Professuren mit der Denomination Gender Studies in MINT und die Eröffnung langfristiger Perspektiven für Stelleninhaber*innen in diesem Bereich.

Objectives: Mint oil is used in various commercial applications world-wide. Mint oil is typically harvested from commercial clones of peppermint or spearmints. Spearmints are the product of a cross between two diploid species: Mentha longifolia (horse mint) and Mentha suaveolens (apple mint). Peppermints are the product of an additional hybridization step between spearmint and an octoploid Mentha aquatica (water mint). Here, we present a chromosome-scale assembly of the genome of a clone of M. suaveolens. Together with the previously assembled genome of M. longifolia, these assemblies are instrumental in addressing questions regarding the origins of spearmint and peppermint oil and the genomic composition of commercial spearmints, and to start elaborating strategies for mint cultivar improvement. Data description: A Falcon assembly of the genome of M. suaveolens was generated from 103X coverage of PacBio long reads. Additional scaffolding was conducted by Dovetail Genomics, using a Chicago library, and a HiC library. The resulting assembly had an N50 of 44.7 Mb, and 98.45% of the 536 Mb of the assembly were contained within 12 large superscaffolds. Finally, a genetic map was applied to correct persistent misjoins. Illumina RNA-Seq libraries from a variety of tissues were used to annotate the genome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of different light qualities on the growth, photosynthesis, transcriptome, and metabolome of mint, three treatments were designed: (1) 7R3B (70% red light and 30% blue light, CK); (2) 7R3B+ far-red light (FR); (3) 7R3B+ ultraviolet light A (UVA). The results showed that supplemental FR significantly promoted the growth and photosynthesis of mint, as evidenced by the increase in plant height, plant width, biomass, effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv’/Fm’), maximal quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), and performance index (PI). UVA and CK exhibited minimal differences. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis indicated that a total of 788 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 2291 differential accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified under FR treatment, mainly related to plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis. FR also promoted the accumulation of phenylalanine, sinapyl alcohol, methylchavicol, and anethole in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, and increased the levels of luteolin and leucocyanidin in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, which may perhaps be applied in practical production to promote the natural antibacterial and antioxidant properties of mint. An appropriate increase in FR radiation might alter transcript reprogramming and redirect metabolic flux in mint, subsequently regulating its growth and secondary metabolism. Our study uncovered the regulation of FR and UVA treatments on mint in terms of growth, physiology, transcriptome, and metabolome, providing reference for the cultivation of mint and other horticultural plants.

Mint (Mentha L.), basil, (Ocimum basilicum) and Melissa (Melissa officinalis L.) are herbaceous plants from the Lamiaceae family. They have a wide range of health benefits and flavour properties which are highly valued around the world. Alternative methods of growing plants to minimise greenhouse gas emissions during autumn and winter are being sought in the face of increasing climate change. One way to achieve this is to switch from HPS to LED lighting. LED lighting has a longer lifespan and higher efficiency while using less energy and better matching the colour of the light to the needs of the herbs. This study tested the hypothesis that the type of illumination (solar, HPS, and LED) significantly impacts the antioxidant and nutritional qualities of herbs. The results indicated that LED lighting enhanced biochemical properties, supporting its adoption for sustainable plant cultivation.

Infections with phytoplasma present one of the most significant biotic stresses influencing plant health, growth, and production. The phytoplasma 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' infects a variety of plant species. This pathogen impacts the physiological and morphological characteristics of plants causing stunting, yellowing, leaf curling, and other symptoms that can lead to significant economic losses. The aim of this study was to determine biochemical changes in peony (Paeonia tenuifolia L.), mint (Mentha × piperita L.), and dill (Anethum graveolens L.) induced by 'Ca. Phytoplasma solani' in Serbia as well as to predict the impact of the biotic stress using artificial neural network (ANN) modeling. The phylogenetic position of the Serbian 'Ca. Phytoplasma solani' strains originated from the tested hosts using 16S rRNA (peony and carrot strains) and plsC (mint and dill strains) sequences indicated by their genetic homogeneity despite the host of origin. Biochemical parameters significantly differed in asymptomatic and symptomatic plants, except for total anthocyanidins contents in dill and the capacity of peony and mint extracts to neutralize superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, respectively. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed a correlation between different chemical parameters and revealed a clear separation among the samples. Based on the ANN performance, the optimal number of hidden neurons for the calculation of TS, RG, PAL, LP, NBT, •OH, TP, TT, Tflav, Tpro, Tant, DPPH, and Car was nine (using MLP 8-9-13), as it produced high r2 values (1.000 during the training period) and low SOS values. Developing an effective early warning system for the detection of plant diseases in different plant species is critical for improving crop yield and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present experiment was conducted at Poultry Experimental Station, Department of Poultry Husbandry, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam. Three hundred (300) day old Hubbard broilers were equally distributed in 4 groups each having 75 chicks and 3 replicates with15 chicks each. Group A kept as control group - basal diet; Group B fed on basal diet + Mint leaves (1% of total feed composition by weight); Group C fed on basal diet + enzyme (recommended concentration 1.01 gm/kg of feed); Group D fed on basal diet + mint leaves + enzyme (combination of 1% mint leaves and 1.01 gm/kg of the enzyme). The trial was ended up to 42 days. The growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler were determined. Results showed that fed intake was non-significant (P>0.05) between the A, B and C groups, while significant (P<0.05) among group D and A, B, C groups. Slightly higher feed intake (3785.0g/b) was noted in D group followed by C group (3771.0g/b), B group (3765.0g/b) and A group (3723.7g/b), respectively. Significantly (P<0.05) maximum live body weight (2306.7g/b) was noted in D group followed by C group (2217.7g/b), B group (2198.7g/b) and A group (2092.3g/b), respectively. Significantly (P<0.05) carcass weight was noted high in D group (1606.7g/b) followed by C group (1517.7g/b), B group (1498.7g/b) and A group (1492.3g/b), respectively. Significantly (P<0.05) dressing was noted high in A group (71.32%) followed by D group (69.65%), C group (68.43%) and B group (68.16%), respectively. Better FCR (1.64) was noted in D group followed by C group (1.70), B group (1.71) and A group (1.77), respectively. FCR was non-significant (P>0.05) between the A, B and C groups, while significant (P<0.05) among group D and A, B, C groups. Maximum Water Holding Capacity (56.71%) was noted in D group followed by C group (51.74%), B group (47.13%) and A group (41.64%), respectively. Maximum cooking loss (20.32%) was noted in A group followed by B group (17.99%), C group (17.63%) and D group (17.60%), respectively. Maximum drip loss (23.62%) was noted in A group followed by B group (19.55%), C group (19.40%) and D group (18.63%), respectively. Maximum fat content (4.36%) was noted in D group followed by C group (3.72%), B group (3.32%) and A group (2.19%), respectively. Maximum glycogen content (1.32%) was noted in D group followed by C group (1.05%), B group (0.88%) and A group (0.45%), respectively. In conclusion, the supplementation of mint leaves and enzymes (Group D) significantly improved various performance parameters and carcass characteristics of broilers, including feed intake, live body weight, carcass weight, FCR, WHC, and reduced cooking and drip losses. The combination of mint leaves and enzymes in the diet of broilers proves to be beneficial for enhancing overall growth performance and meat quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Inadvertently introduced plant pathogens that infect invasive plant species might be effective weed biological control agents if developed for redistribution or augmentation of naturally occurring populations. Colletotrichum shisoi is likely an inadvertent introduction to the United States where it causes disease on invasive perilla mint (Perilla frutescens). This study reports on the development and application of C. shisoi as a biological control agent. The effects of dew period on infection probability and of inoculum concentration on perilla biomass production were determined to identify a threshold dose and dew period required for effective biological control activity. Under controlled conditions, application of the pathogen reduced perilla biomass, flower production, and interspecific competitive ability. In a replicated field trial, both the introduction and augmentation of C. shisoi populations caused high perilla mortality and moderate changes in plant community composition over one growing season. Additionally, a series of experiments were performed to evaluate methods for the production and preservation of C. shisoi spores. Overall, the pathogen was found to be an effective antagonist of perilla mint when applied inundatively under appropriate conditions. It may be possible to produce the pathogen in mass for redistribution across the invaded range of perilla in North America, but further research is needed for adequate preservation of inoculum during transport and application.

The global financial crisis of 2007 gave a major boost to the debt-investment nexus debate given the astronomical growth in external debt and its associated debt servicing burdens, which constrain the fiscal space of many developed and emerging economies. Hence, this study examined the effect of external debt and debt servicing on investment in MINT countries for the period, 1990-2021 using the FMOLS estimation technique. The results show that external debt adversely affects investment in Indonesia but stimulates investment in Türkiye while debt servicing has a catastrophic effect on investment in Indonesia and Türkiye but enhances investment in Nigeria. Overall, the effect of external debt and debt servicing on investment in MINT countries are mixed. Hence, the policymakers in each country need to put measures in place to foster debt sustainability, ensure effective domestic resource mobilisation for investment purposes and promote debt transparency by adopting effective debt management practices.

Pulegone is a monoterpene ketone found in a variety of mint species. It has been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). In previous studies, pulegone in food was analyzed exclusively via GC-MS, while 1H NMR methods were limited to essential oils. The aim of this study was to develop an NMR method for the detection and quantification of pulegone in essential oils and foods. A mixture of methanol-d4/chloroform-d1 in a 1:1 ratio (v/v) was identified as the most effective solvent for separating pulegone signals. The essential oils were subjected to analysis at this solvent-mixture ratio. The extraction of pulegone was required for food analysis, and the steam distillation method proved to be more effective than the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method. The highest pulegone concentrations were identified in pennyroyal oil and muña oil, whereas lower levels were observed in other matrices, including corn mint oil and select food items. A toxicological assessment showed that the amount consumed did not exert any adverse effects on human health.

The drying of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) is one of the main preservation methods for these products that can prolong their shelf life, if performed properly. The current study aimed to examine the effects of different drying conditions (sun, shade, and oven drying at 42 °C) on the quality characteristics of Thymus capitatus, Mentha piperita, and Sideritis cypria; their essential oil (EO) yield; and their biological properties (antioxidant and antibacterial activities). According to the results of the current study, oven drying resulted in faster moisture loss for all investigated species and slightly darker products. For T. capitatus, sun drying resulted in higher EO carvacrol content, whereas EOs obtained from shade and oven drying (at 42 °C) presented high total phenolic content and great antimicrobial activity. For M. piperita, shade drying resulted in a higher EO yield and higher iso-menthone content, whilst the EO obtained from oven-dried mint plants presented great antibacterial activity against the investigated foodborne pathogens. S. cypria plants dried in an air-ventilated oven produced an EO rich in β-caryophyllene and α-pinene, which also presented great antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The findings of the current study indicate that traditional drying methods, such as sun and shade, can result in good-quality dried MAPs that can yield EOs with significant biological activities, along with minimum energy consumption and lower carbon dioxide production (lower environmental carbon footprint), as opposed to oven drying. However, the drying-process duration could be a limitation at the industrial scale.

Mentha spp. are commonly used for the production of tea and for the extraction of essential oils (EOs). The key factor of mint quality is the content and composition of the EO. Health-promoting compounds such as menthol are desirable, whereas the presence of potentially health-damaging compounds such as menthofuran should be avoided. This study examines the effect of shading on the EO content and composition of three Mentha genotypes (Mentha × piperita ‘Multimentha’, Mentha × piperita ‘Fränkische Blaue’ and Mentha rotundifolia ‘Apfelminze’). The Mentha genotypes were cultivated in field trials for two years (2022–2023). Each genotype was shaded with a shading net (50% photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) reduction), and a control without shading was prepared. EO content was determined by steam distillation and EO composition was characterized by GC-MS analysis. Furthermore, biomass, vegetation indices (VIs) and the electron transport rate (ETR) were analyzed. While shading led to higher plant heights, higher EO content and a slightly reduced amount of undesired EO compounds, the unshaded control yielded a higher biomass accumulation. Significant genotypic differences were determined. In conclusion, the benefits of shading depend on the intended use and genotype selection.

Traditionally, kombucha is produced by the fermentation of black or green tea infusions with the use of SCOBY (Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeasts). However, SCOBY exhibits the ability to ferment other substrates as well, which can be used to create novel products with new sensory and health-promoting properties. This paper investigates the antioxidant activity, chemical composition, and sensory properties of mint, nettle, and blackcurrant leaf-based kombucha analogs. It has been demonstrated that the fermentation process with SCOBY significantly influenced (p ≤ 0.05) sugar, organic acids, and mineral contents, with the increase in iron, magnesium, and calcium amounts in all tested herbal kombucha. The study shows that the type of herb infusion has a significant influence on the parameters associated with antioxidant potential. The fermentation with SCOBY resulted in an increase in antioxidant activity as measured by the superoxide anion radical (O2•−) inhibition of all three tested herbal infusions, with the greatest changes observed in nettle kombucha. Herbal kombucha was characterized by significantly increased total phenolic content as determined by Folin’s reagent and a changed phenolic compound profile by LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry) in comparison to nonfermented infusions. Very high sensory scores were achieved for fermented mint and blackcurrant-based kombucha.

This paper aims to study the impact of both bank performance and economic growth on bank profitability in 8 middle-income countries from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and MINT countries using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) model. Bank profitability is measured by return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE), net interest margin (NIM) is measured by CAMEL model, and economic growth is measured by gross domestic product (GDP) growth. The sample period ranges from 2000 to 2020, and data are extracted from the World Bank financial indicators and database. This paper is supported by the financial intermediation theory. By comparing both MINT and MENA regions, the results show that in the MINT region, ROA is affected most by both asset management and capital adequacy ratio (CAR), while NIM is affected by asset management, liquidity, and management. Regarding the MENA region, ROA and NIM are affected by CAR only. No relationship was found between ROE and any of the CAMEL determinants in both regions. The results show superior performance for MINT than MENA; strong and active capital, increment in assets, credits, and deposits, and enhancement in bank profitability that is reflected in economic growth progress. Both MENA and MINT regions’ profitability (ROA and ROE) is affected by GDP, so their economies are restructuring very well and their banking industries are expected to grow rapidly.

Herein AgNPs has been prepared by a phytomediated green synthetic method by using extract of Mentha asiatica (mint) leaves. Mint possesses medicinal and therapeutic effects. The UV–vis spectrum of the AgNPs exhibited a broad absorption peak around 400–500 nm with λmax at 450 nm. The particles size of 29 ± 2 nm was measured by SEM. They possessed crystalline nature as confirmed through XRD. The functional groups of the capping and functionalizing proteins were analyzed through FTIR that revealed broad peaks of amine groups around 3300 cm−1 and sharp peaks at 1700 cm−1corresponding to carbonyl groups. Silver is the major constituent in the sample that is confirmed through its corresponding intense peak in the EDX spectrum. AgNPs showed significant antioxidant potential (EC50 29.3 µM), cytotoxicity against brine shrimps (IC50 43.9 µM) and antiproliferative behavior against MCF7 cancer cell lines (IC50 of 11.8 µM) as compared to plant extract (EC50 35.9 µM, IC50 for brine shrimps 54 µM, and IC50 for MCF7 cell line 20 µM). This is the first report presenting the antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of AgNPs of M. asiatica leaf extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollinators are critical to ecosystem health and agricultural productivity. Endemic bee diversity and abundance among different crops has not been extensively studied, especially among perennial crops in Washington state. The goals of this study were to characterize bee genera diversity in south central Washington state, determine the abundance and diversity of bees among crop types, and determine if farming practices influence abundance and diversity by comparing bee diversity in managed agricultural sites to adjacent unmanaged, natural sites. This study investigated bee genera diversity and abundance in blueberry fields produced under organic certification programs, conventionally produced Concord juice and wine grape vineyards, conventionally produced spearmint and peppermint fields, and conventionally produced hopyards. The majority of bees found in the study were ground-nesting. Mint fields had the highest pollinator abundance and richness. In general, there was a greater abundance, diversity, and richness of bees found in unmanaged compared with managed sites. This indicates that areas of high agricultural intensity have relatively low bee genera abundance and diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Contact allergy to the mint‐tasting flavour carvone has been observed in patients with oral lichenoid lesions (OLL). Mint‐flavoured products such as toothpaste frequently contain carvone. Snuff is a smokeless tobacco product that is chewed or placed in the mouth rather than smoked. In Sweden, the use of snuff and its flavoured versions is extremely common. Objectives: To investigate whether the consumption of mint‐flavoured snuff is associated with contact allergy to carvone and subsequently plays a role in the aetiology of OLL. Methods: Regarding the two patients, patch testing with snuff pouches was performed. High‐performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis were used for identification of carvone in different snuff samples. Results: Two patients with OLL were contacted allergic to carvone when patch tested. Both were using mint‐flavoured snuffs several hours a day for many years. One patient was contacted allergic to the snuff pouch tested as is. Carvone was detected in the snuff samples of both patients. Conclusions: The patients were recommended to avoid the use of mint‐flavoured snuffs, toothpaste and foodstuffs. At follow‐up 3 months later, the patients had a dramatic clinical improvement of the OLL and oral symptoms. Exposure to mint‐flavoured snuffs can be overlooked as a possible aggravating/provoking factor in OLL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cactus (prickly pear) is a nutrient-rich fruit with numerous medicinal and health benefits, including essential minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, and anti-diabetic and anti-cancer properties, while mint enhances flavor and boosts health benefits. Tisanes, popular for their antioxidant properties due to phenols, are gaining popularity in the herbal tea market. In this study, cactus fruits were dried in a hot air dryer, with the drying temperature optimized at 50°C to achieve minimum drying time, maximum betalain content, and maximum antioxidant activity. Mint leaves were dried using shade drying at 30±2°C until a moisture content of 7% was achieved. Various cactus-mint ratios were tested to formulate the cactus fruit-based tisane, with the optimal ratio determined by overall acceptability, antioxidant activity, and color a* value. The tisane infusion was prepared by steeping a tea bag containing 2 grams of dried material in 100 mL of hot water (95±2°C) for 2 minutes. Statistical analysis revealed that the best cactus fruit-mint ratio for the tisane was 85:15. The infusion contained 10.92 mg/100g of total betalain content, 0.89 mg/100g of vitamin C, and 12.19 mM/100g of total antioxidant activity. Microbial analysis showed that the total plate count was within acceptable limits, and yeast and mold counts were zero. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the capacity of peppermint essential oil to improve the physical performance of runners in running protocol until exhaustion. Methods: In a clinical, randomized, double-blind, cross-over and controlled study, fourteen male recreational runners (37.1 ± 2.0 years; 24 ± 1.1 kg/m2; 53.1 ± 1.7 mL kg min) performed two runs to exhaustion at 70% of VO2max, after intake of 500 mL of water added with 0.05 mL of peppermint essential oil (PEO) or placebo (PLA), plus 400 mL of the drink during the initial part of the exercise. Records were made of body temperature (BT), thermal sensation (TS), thermal comfort (TC), subjective perception of effort (SPE), sweat rate (SR), and urine volume and density. Results: Time to exhaustion was 109.9 ± 6.9 min in PEO and 98.5 ± 6.2 min in PLA (p = 0.009; effect size: 0.826). No significant changes were observed in the values of BT, TS, TC, SPE, SR, lost body mass, and urine volume and density (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Peppermint essential oil added to water before and during a race significantly increases the time to exhaustion of recreational runners but without altering BT, TS, TC, or hydration status, so the mechanisms involved were not clarified in this study. Brazilian registry of clinical trials (ReBEC): RBR-75zt25z. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryptosporidiosis is a serious intestinal disease affecting mal-nourished children and immunocompromised individuals with severe fatal diarrhea. Our present work was done to evaluate the possible curative effects of different essential oils (Mint, Thyme, Chamomile and Basil) on Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) in vivo compared with nitazoxanide (NTZ). Seventy immunosuppressed white Albino male mice were allocated in 7 groups as follows: group I infected and not treated (Positive control), group II (GII) treated with NTZ, group III (GIII) treated with Mint essential oil, group IV (GIV) treated with Thyme essential oil, group V (GV) treated with Chamomile essential oil, group VI (GVI) treated with Basil essential oil and group VII (GVII) naïve not infected mice (Negative control). Evaluation was done using parasitological, histopatholgical, serological as well as biochemical methods. All study groups revealed significant reduction (P value < 0.01) in the mean number of C. parvum oocysts in stool. Results of GII were the best with 87.7% reduction in the oocysts count followed by GIII (77.9%), GIV (74.7%), GVI (68.2%) and lastly GV (67.2%). Improvement of the histopathological damage in the small intestine was shown in treated groups. All treated mice showed significant upregulation in the interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels, significant reduction in the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels (P value < 0.0001). It is concluded that Mint, Thyme, Chamomile and Basil oils showed promising anti-cryptosporidial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finance has been one of the most valuable source of life for many decades. This article compares monetary units of account between countries at different times. Moreover, the article examines the emergence and role of coins in commodity-money relations. The question of the possibility of using barter relations is also demonstrated in the following article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]