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To study the resistance of rice husk ash-rubber-fiber reinforced concrete (RRFC) to dry–wet cycle/chloride erosion under a hygrothermal environment, the optimal combination was selected by an orthogonal test. The peak strain, residual strain, and fatigue damage strength of the optimal group of RRFC samples under cyclic loading and unloading after dry–wet cycle/chloride erosion under different environments and temperatures were compared and analyzed. After that, microscopic analysis and anti-erosion mechanism analysis were carried out. The results show that the axial peak and residual strain of RRFC specimens increase continuously during the repeated loading–unloading process, and the increase of axial peak and residual strain in the first five cycles is the most obvious. Among them, RRFC has the most significant increase in axial peak strain after 14 dry–wet cycles, which is 11.73%. The rice husk ash reacted with Ca(OH)2 in the specimen to precipitate C—S—H gel, which improved the specimen’s corrosion resistance and fatigue resistance. The rubber in the specimen has high elasticity, which reduces the fatigue damage of the specimen during cyclic loading and unloading, thus showing higher fatigue failure strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The traditional approach for viewing middle ear structures during ear surgery is still the microscope, which provides both hands' flexibility and binocular vision. The requirement for a clear, direct vision of the working zone is its primary disadvantage. The procedure was modified for the microscope by using an end-aural approach, drilling the bone canal, and then moving the patient and surgeon. However, the microscope has successfully demonstrated that it is the preferred tool for stapedectomy. Objective: To compare endoscopic and microscopic interventions in stapes surgery regarding intraoperative and postoperative outcomes. Patients and methods: The review was a meta-analytic and systematic review that included randomized controlled trials (RCT), case series, and retrospective studies which studied the comparison of microscopic and endoscopic stapes surgery; 15 articles published between 2014 and 2020 were included in our study. Data sources: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for studies published up to 2020. The inclusion criteria comprised randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case–control studies comparing microscopic and endoscopic stapes surgeries. Results: Our results showed that the injury to the chorda tympani nerve was significantly higher in the microscopic group versus the endoscopic group. And also, as regards the operative times, it was significantly longer in the microscopic group versus the endoscopic group. But there is no significant difference as regards pain, dizziness, perforation of the tympanic membrane, delayed conductive hearing and postoperative air–bone gap improvement, and taste disturbance between both groups. Conclusion: Technologically, safely, and promisingly, endoscopic stapes procedures are possible. All things considered, our research shows that both microscopic and endoscopic stapes surgery yields good audiological outcomes. A little amount of data, however, points to a decreased likelihood of chorda tympani injury and taste disturbance when using an endoscope. With comparable side effects to microscopic stapes surgery (pain, tympanic membrane perforation, taste disturbance, dizziness, and delayed conductive hearing), endoscopic stapes surgery seems like a feasible substitute. Endoscopic stapes surgery was found to need shorter operating times. In comparison to endoscopic groups, the postoperative air–bone gap increased considerably in the microscopic group. All of the studies consistently indicated better sight with the endoscope. This meta-analysis of the available data bolsters the application of endoscopic methods in stapes surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the relationship between microscopic hematuria (blood in the urine) and kidney outcomes in patients with C3 glomerulonephritis (C3GN) and immune complex-mediated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (IC-MPGN). The study found that patients who achieved remission of hematuria had better kidney survival compared to those who did not achieve remission. Conversely, patients with persistent microscopic hematuria had worse kidney outcomes. The study suggests that routine assessment of microscopic hematuria could be used as a biomarker of disease activity in clinical practice, but further research is needed to confirm this. [Extracted from the article]

Canine babesiosis, or tick-borne protozoal disease, is prevalent among canines globally and is associated with anemia and potentially fatal illnesses in both dogs and wild animals. This research investigated babesiosis in stray dogs from Erbil Province, Iraq, employing microscopic and molecular detection practices. One hundred forty-two blood samples had been collected from stray dogs brought to private clinics and the Erbil dog shelter. Along with the samples, information regarding age group and gender was recorded. Initially, the blood samples underwent examination using the Giemsa-stained blood smear technique. Subsequently, DNA extraction was performed, and the identification of Babesia spp. was confirmed by amplifying the 18S and 28S rRNA genes. The overall incidence was 6.3% using microscopic techniques and 15.5% using PCR. Common clinical symptoms in infected dogs were fever, pale mucous membranes, anorexia, and depression. Molecular testing revealed a significantly greater prevalence of babesiosis in younger dogs 25.5% and female dogs 20.6% compared to older and male dogs. A significant difference was also found between tick infestation and poor body condition. A Phylogenetic study revealed that the two Babesia spp. from the current research with accession numbers OR896912 and OR896913 B. vogeli and OR896867 and OR896868 B. gibsoni have indicated 98-99% similarity to species isolated in India, China, and Brazil. To summarize, the findings underscore the prevalence of canine babesiosis in the region, potentially offering insights to aid in its control measures.

Abstract To study the resistance of rice husk ash-rubber-fiber reinforced concrete (RRFC) to dry–wet cycle/chloride erosion under a hygrothermal environment, the optimal combination was selected by an orthogonal test. The peak strain, residual strain, and fatigue damage strength of the optimal group of RRFC samples under cyclic loading and unloading after dry–wet cycle/chloride erosion under different environments and temperatures were compared and analyzed. After that, microscopic analysis and anti-erosion mechanism analysis were carried out. The results show that the axial peak and residual strain of RRFC specimens increase continuously during the repeated loading–unloading process, and the increase of axial peak and residual strain in the first five cycles is the most obvious. Among them, RRFC has the most significant increase in axial peak strain after 14 dry–wet cycles, which is 11.73%. The rice husk ash reacted with Ca(OH)2 in the specimen to precipitate C—S—H gel, which improved the specimen’s corrosion resistance and fatigue resistance. The rubber in the specimen has high elasticity, which reduces the fatigue damage of the specimen during cyclic loading and unloading, thus showing higher fatigue failure strength.

Abstract Background The traditional approach for viewing middle ear structures during ear surgery is still the microscope, which provides both hands’ flexibility and binocular vision. The requirement for a clear, direct vision of the working zone is its primary disadvantage. The procedure was modified for the microscope by using an end-aural approach, drilling the bone canal, and then moving the patient and surgeon. However, the microscope has successfully demonstrated that it is the preferred tool for stapedectomy. Objective To compare endoscopic and microscopic interventions in stapes surgery regarding intraoperative and postoperative outcomes. Patients and methods The review was a meta-analytic and systematic review that included randomized controlled trials (RCT), case series, and retrospective studies which studied the comparison of microscopic and endoscopic stapes surgery; 15 articles published between 2014 and 2020 were included in our study. Data sources PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for studies published up to 2020. The inclusion criteria comprised randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case–control studies comparing microscopic and endoscopic stapes surgeries. Results Our results showed that the injury to the chorda tympani nerve was significantly higher in the microscopic group versus the endoscopic group. And also, as regards the operative times, it was significantly longer in the microscopic group versus the endoscopic group. But there is no significant difference as regards pain, dizziness, perforation of the tympanic membrane, delayed conductive hearing and postoperative air–bone gap improvement, and taste disturbance between both groups. Conclusion Technologically, safely, and promisingly, endoscopic stapes procedures are possible. All things considered, our research shows that both microscopic and endoscopic stapes surgery yields good audiological outcomes. A little amount of data, however, points to a decreased likelihood of chorda tympani injury and taste disturbance when using an endoscope. With comparable side effects to microscopic stapes surgery (pain, tympanic membrane perforation, taste disturbance, dizziness, and delayed conductive hearing), endoscopic stapes surgery seems like a feasible substitute. Endoscopic stapes surgery was found to need shorter operating times. In comparison to endoscopic groups, the postoperative air–bone gap increased considerably in the microscopic group. All of the studies consistently indicated better sight with the endoscope. This meta-analysis of the available data bolsters the application of endoscopic methods in stapes surgery.

Fat authentication is strongly required for the reason of religious food ethics, human health, and preferences. This research reported two simple techniques approach for recognizing fat based on the character of microscopic and physicochemical properties of fat extractedusing different polarity solvents. The formation of microcrystals as well as fatty acid composition were investigated by involving variables of four different types of animal fat and three different solvents. Theisolate fats were directly crystallized under incubation at room temperature and observedusing an optical microscope while fatty acid composition was determined by hydrolyzing and trans-esterifying fat samples before analysis using GC-MS. The microscopic structures of the obtained crystals areneedle-basedwitharadial orientation in spherulitic pattern which characteristic to each type of fat. The lard fat crystal was authentically distinguished from its shape of a partially radial fan, whilst the shape of fat crystals from beef, goat, and lamb are needle-shaped with a full radialorientation. Fatty acids obtained from all types of fats and types of solvents show similar types but different abundances, the main saturated fatty acids are palmitate, stearate myristic and the main unsaturated fatty acids are oleic, palmitoleic, and linoleic. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis exhibited that lard composed higher ΣUSFA compared to ΣSFA but other fats (tallow, goat, and lamb) showed converse behavior.

Microscopic tests, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and two-piece healing (TPH) approaches were employed to investigate the interfacial intrinsic healing behavior and mechanisms of graphene-modified asphalt (GMA) binders at different aging levels. A vacuum layer 10-Å thick was injected between two molecules of asphalt binder to resemble a pattern of cracks. The mean squared displacement (MSD), molecular diffusion coefficient (D), and surface free energy (SFE) of asphalt molecules were utilized to evaluate the micro intrinsic healing behavior of asphalt binders. The macro intrinsic healing capacity of asphalt binders was determined using the intrinsic healing function [Rh(t)] developed from the TPH test. The GMA binder had a higher healing efficiency than the base binder in the short-term healing condition according to the density of the MD simulations, the SFE of the sessile drop method, and the initial healing rate (R0) of the TPH experiment. GMA binder had higher potential for instantaneous healing than the base binder because of its greater SFE in general. According to an analysis of parameters MSD, D , and Rh(t) quantified by MD simulations and TPH tests, the GMA binder had a greater capacity for long-term healing than the base binder after a long-term aging process. An R2 of 0.87 was obtained from the regression analysis of R0 against SFE, and an R2 of 0.93 was obtained from the regression analysis of Rh(3,600)−R0 against D. The experimental findings at the macroscopic scale and the simulation outcomes at the microscopic level were mutually supportive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work presents an examination of the concentrations and modes of occurrence of environmentally sensitive elements within lignite deposits, located in Neyveli, within the Cauvery Basin of India. Coal is one of the most complex geologically formed materials, consisting of organic and inorganic matter. The inorganic mineral matter including the crystalline minerals, non-crystalline mineraloids, and elements with non-mineral associations. These lignite samples underwent complete analysis encompassing macroscopic, microscopic and geochemical assessments. The analysis reveals that the total mineral matter (MM) content, comprising significant proportions of sulphides, carbonate and argillaceous components. Geochemical characterization further elucidates the lignite's properties, with proximate analysis yielding values such as ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon and the Ultimate components analysis reveals the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen. Inorganic mineral matters play a significant role in coal utilization, and also such modes of occurrence of elements provide useful geochemical information on coal formation and coal-bearing basin evolution. In this paper, we assess the associations of elements and minerals, as well as the associations of selected elements including environmentally-sensitive (e.g., S, As, U, and Hg), and some major elements (e.g., Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, and Ti) that have largely occurred in non-mineral forms in these low-rank coals. And also, comparative analysis is conducted between the concentrations of elements within the lignite samples and the values reported for World Clarke Brown Coals (WCBC). Particularly, some of these elements exhibit significantly high environmental sensitivity, demanding careful consideration in lignite extraction and utilization practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historical control database of a multinational laboratory services provider was queried for all histopathologic findings in New Zealand White rabbits which were used as control animals during a ten-year period (2011-2020). The query included all evaluated tissues, with or without microscopic findings, in studies conducted for safety testing for regulatory approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Agency (FDA) or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. A second query included studies conducted in the United Kingdom for control rabbits used in studies compliant with the Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) and/or the European Medicines Agency (EMA), which provide regulatory oversight in the United Kingdom and European Union, respectively. Infiltrates of inflammatory (mixed or mononuclear) cells were commonly noted in various organs including heart, digestive tract, muscle, thyroid, kidney, urinary bladder, eyelid, ocular structures, harderian gland, lacrimal gland, and lung. Mineralization was noted in aorta, kidney, urinary bladder, and ovary. Also noted were degeneration/necrosis in the myocardium, and intramuscular injection sites of the skin, degeneration/regeneration of muscle and diaphragm, ectopic tissue in the pancreas and thyroid, basophilic foci in salivary gland, increased/decreased vacuolation in adrenal gland, increased/decreased lymphocytic cellularity of lymph nodes, intrasinusoidal erythrocytes in lymph nodes, thymic atrophy, increased adipocytes in bone marrow, inflammatory cell foci in the liver and gall bladder, lacrimal gland atrophy, renal tubule basophilia, degeneration/regeneration, and dilatation; oviduct cyst; in the testis, degeneration/atrophy, cellular debris, dilatation, decreased sperm and segmental hypoplasia of seminiferous tubules; and squamous metaplasia of the testis and seminal vesicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The microscopic middle ear surgery involves a limited operating space and numerous important anatomical structures in which good visualization is crucial, as even a small amount of bleeding can greatly affect the clarity of surgical field. This study aims to investigate whether intravenous 1 g of tranexamic acid can improve surgical visualization and further shorten the operation time in microscopic middle ear surgery. Methods: This study is a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial conducted from December 2021 to December 2022, enrolling patients who were scheduled for microscopic modified radical mastoidectomy due to chronic otitis media. In addition to standard techniques to optimize the surgical field, participants were randomized into the TXA (tranexamic acid) group (1 g diluted to 20 ml normal saline) and the control group (20 ml normal saline). The primary outcome was assessed based on the clarity of the surgical field using the Modena Bleeding Score. Secondary outcomes included operation time, the surgeon satisfaction with the visual clarity, postoperative 24 h coagulation parameters, and the incidence of adverse events. Student's t-test, χ2 test, and ANOVA of repeated measures were used for statistical analyses. Results: A total of 28 patients were enrolled in each group using a 1:1 randomized allocation with similar demographic characteristics, including 24 male and 32 female individuals, and the mean age is 45.6 ± 11.9 years. The surgical visualization in the TXA group was significantly better than that of the control group (2.29 ± 0.46 vs. 2.89 ± 0.31, P<0.001) as assessed by the Modena Bleeding Score. Furthermore, the TXA group demonstrated a shorter operation time compared to the control group (88.61 ± 10.9 vs. 105.2 ± 15.9, P< 0.001) and higher surgeon satisfaction with surgical field (7.82 ± 0.55 vs. 6.50 ± 0.64, P< 0.001). No statistically significant differences were found in postoperative coagulation parameters in the two groups. No TXA-related adverse events or complications occurred during the 12-month follow-up. Conclusion: Intravenous 1 g of TXA can further significantly improve the visual clarity in the microscopic middle ear surgery and shorten the operation time based on other standard measures implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bassia indica (Wight) A.J. Scott is an Indian origin plant with documented medicinal and nutritional value, but has not been fully characterized yet. The present study was designed to establish pharmacognostic standards for the proper identification of the B. indica plant and its chemical characterization. The plant was standardized with World Health Organization (WHO) standardization tools and chemically characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. Antibacterial potential was assessed by the zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and molecular docking studies were also performed. Pharmacognostic evaluation established the macroscopic and microscopic parameters for the identification of whole plant and its powder. Physicochemical parameters were also set forth while quantitative phytochemical analysis showed that the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest quantity of phenols, flavonoids, and tannins. FTIR analysis showed several functional groups such as phenols, alkanes, and alcohols while 55 phytochemicals were identified in the GC-MS analysis of the crude fraction. The crude extract and other fractions showed marked antibacterial activity, while the ethyl acetate fraction showed the least MIC (1.95–31.25 mg/mL). Phytochemicals identified in the GC-MS showed good molecular docking interactions against the DNA gyrase subunit B of bacteria with binding energies ranging from −4.2 to −9.4 kcal/mol. The current study describes the pharmacognostic characterization and phytochemical profiling of B. indica and provides scientific evidence to support its use in infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Blood parasites pose a significant threat to livestock production in southern Egypt, yet there is a scarcity of information regarding their circulation and epidemiology in sheep in this region. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of blood parasite infections in sheep in Assiut governorate, Upper Egypt. Methods: A total of 400 blood samples were collected from sheep of varying ages and genders. The preliminary screening for the presence of piroplasms, mainly Babesia and Theileria spp., via microscopic examination, followed by investigation of the potential risk factors linked with the exposure to infection. Moreover, molecular identification of both parasites on some of positive samples was performed using PCR targeting Babesia 18S rRNA and Theileria annulata Tams1 gene. Results: The microscopic examination revealed that among the examined sheep, there was an overall prevalence of blood parasites at 44% (176 out of 400), with Babesia spp. observed in 14% (56 out of 400) and Theileria spp. in 30% (120 out of 400). Furthermore, the infection rate was non-significantly higher in young animals (50%) compared to adults (38.5%) (P = 0.246). Male sheep exhibited a significantly higher vulnerability to both parasites’ infection (63.3%) compared to females (35.7%) (P = 0.011). Interestingly, the prevalence of both blood parasites was significantly higher during the cold season (66.1%) compared to the hot season (15.9%) (P = <0.001). The molecular analysis identified the presence of Babesia ovis and Theileria annulata among a subsample of the positive sheep’s bloods films. The identified species were recorded in the GenBankTM databases and assigned specific accession numbers (OQ360720 and OQ360719 for B. ovis), and (OP991838 for T. annulata). Conclusions: Taken together, this study confirms a high prevalence of piroplasmosis and oers epidemiological and molecular insights into blood parasites in sheep from Upper Egypt, highlighting the importance of detecting these parasites in various hosts and their competent vectors (ticks) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The failure of rocks in seasonal frozen areas under freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) is a frequently problem in engineering construction, posing a huge threat to the stability of the engineering. In order to explore the mechanism of rock damage degradation. It is necessary to analyze the damage evolution process of rocks and establish an accurate FTCs rock damage constitutive model. Taking the granite in the seasonal frozen zone of Northeast China as the research object, the macro and meso parameters and microstructure of the FTCs granite were analyzed through indoor tests. A new method is proposed to define damage variables considering mesoscopic parameters to establish a mesoscopic damage constitutive model for rocks, further revealing the damage mechanism and failure law of rocks under freeze–thaw load coupling. The research results indicate that in the early stage of FTCs, 20 cycles contribute significantly to the damage and deterioration of rocks, accounting for about 50% of the 80 cycles. After 20 cycles, the degradation trend of various macroscopic and mesoscopic parameters is relatively slow. The residual strain of the rock accumulates as the number of FTCs increases, the brittleness of the rock weakens, and the plasticity strengthens. Based on the established new method of considering mesoscopic parameter damage variables, the viewpoint of introducing correction coefficients based on statistical constitutive models has been validated. After uniaxial compression test data verification, the model has shown good performance. This model expands the damage model of rock freeze–thaw compression coupling effect, providing reference for research on FTCs related to rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis is routinely treated with spinal decompression surgery, with an increasing trend towards minimally invasive techniques. Endoscopic decompression has emerged as a technique which minimizes approach-related morbidity while achieving similar clinical outcomes to conventional open or microscopic approaches. To assess the safety and efficacy of endoscopic versus microscopic decompression for treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis. Systematic review and meta-analysis. A systematic review on randomized and nonrandomized studies comparing endoscopic versus microscopic decompression was conducted, in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Treatment effects were computed using pairwise random-effects meta-analysis. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk-of-bias and ROBINS-I tools for randomized and nonrandomized trials respectively. Quality of the overall body of evidence was appraised using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. A total of 19 primary references comprising 1,997 patients and 2,132 spinal levels were included. Endoscopic decompression was associated with significantly reduced intraoperative blood-loss (weighted mean differences [WMD]=−33.29 mL, 95% CI:−51.80 to −14.78, p=.0032), shorter duration of hospital stay (WMD=−1.79 days, 95% CI: -2.63 to 0.95, p=.001), rates of incidental durotomy (RR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.43 to 0.91, p=.0184) and surgical site infections (RR=0.23, 95% CI: 0.10 to−0.51, p=.001), and a nonsignificant trend towards less back pain, leg pain, and better functional outcomes compared to its microscopic counterpart up to 2-year follow up. Endoscopic and microscopic decompression are safe and effective techniques for treatment of symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis. Prospective studies of larger power considering medium to long-term outcomes and rates of iatrogenic instability are warranted to compare potential alignment changes and destabilization from either techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Our objective was to perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis comparing the clinical outcomes after endoscopic and microscopic type I tympanoplasty. Study Design: Randomized controlled trials, two‐arm prospective studies, and retrospective studies were included. Setting: Medline, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases were searched until March 1, 2022 using the combinations of search terms: "endoscopic," "microscopic," and "tympanoplasty." Methods: Two independent reviewers utilized the abovementioned search strategy to identify eligible studies. If any uncertainty existed regarding eligibility, a third reviewer was consulted. Primary outcome measures were graft success rate, air‐bone gap (ABG) improvement, and operative time. Secondary outcomes were the rate of need for canalplasty, the proportion of self‐rated excellent cosmetic results, and pain visual analog scale (VAS). Results: Forty‐three studies enrolled a total of 3712 patients who were undergoing type I tympanoplasty and were finally included. The pooled result showed endoscopic approach was significantly associated with shorter operative time (difference in means: −20.021, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −31.431 to −8.611), less need for canalplasty (odds ratio [OR]: 0.065, 95% CI: 0.026‐0.164), more self‐rated excellent cosmetic results (OR: 87.323, 95% CI: 26.750‐285.063), and lower pain VAS (difference in means: −2.513, 95% CI: −4.737 to −0.228). No significant differences in graft success rate or ABG were observed between the two procedures. Conclusion: Endoscopic type I tympanoplasty provides a similar graft success rate, improvement in ABG, and reperforation rate to microscopic tympanoplasty with a shorter operative time, better self‐rated cosmetic results, and less pain. Unless contraindicated, the endoscopic approach should be the procedure of choice in type I tympanoplasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Microscopic, mechanical, physiochemical and colour changes of sufu during fermentation (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 days) were analysed to predict sufu quality objectively and accurately. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the absorption peaks at 702, 1454, 1652, 2926 and 3281 cm−1 increased in intensity, and sufu was altered from a granular colloidal protein structure to a smooth and uniform shape. Analysis of mechanical, physiochemical and colour properties demonstrated the growth of mucor, the addition of salt and dressing mixture had a significant impact on the changes of indexes of sufu with extension of fermentation time. Besides, a random forest (RF) sufu quality prediction model with 90% accuracy was established by selecting forest quality evaluation indicators using RF and setting the model parameters mtry and ntree to 5 and 900, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionBlood parasites pose a significant threat to livestock production in southern Egypt, yet there is a scarcity of information regarding their circulation and epidemiology in sheep in this region. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of blood parasite infections in sheep in Assiut governorate, Upper Egypt.MethodsA total of 400 blood samples were collected from sheep of varying ages and genders. The preliminary screening for the presence of piroplasms, mainly Babesia and Theileria spp., via microscopic examination, followed by investigation of the potential risk factors linked with the exposure to infection. Moreover, molecular identification of both parasites on some of positive samples was performed using PCR targeting Babesia 18S rRNA and Theileria annulata Tams1 gene.ResultsThe microscopic examination revealed that among the examined sheep, there was an overall prevalence of blood parasites at 44% (176 out of 400), with Babesia spp. observed in 14% (56 out of 400) and Theileria spp. in 30% (120 out of 400). Furthermore, the infection rate was non-significantly higher in young animals (50%) compared to adults (38.5%) (P = 0.246). Male sheep exhibited a significantly higher vulnerability to both parasites' infection (63.3%) compared to females (35.7%) (P = 0.011). Interestingly, the prevalence of both blood parasites was significantly higher during the cold season (66.1%) compared to the hot season (15.9%) (P = < 0.001). The molecular analysis identified the presence of Babesia ovis and Theileria annulata among a subsample of the positive sheep's bloods films. The identified species were recorded in the GenBank™ databases and assigned specific accession numbers (OQ360720 and OQ360719 for B. ovis), and (OP991838 for T. annulata).ConclusionsTaken together, this study confirms a high prevalence of piroplasmosis and offers epidemiological and molecular insights into blood parasites in sheep from Upper Egypt, highlighting the importance of detecting these parasites in various hosts and their competent vectors (ticks).

Background and Aim: The breeding of pet animals, especially dogs and cats, in Iraq has increased recently. However, no epidemiological or molecular data exist regarding Giardia duodenalis infection in pet animals, particularly in Babylon Province. Therefore, this study aimed to detect G. duodenalis and its genotypes in pets using microscopic and molecular techniques. Materials and Methods: For microscopic examination, 150 pet fecal samples (dogs = 75, cats = 75) were examined from October 1, 2022, to March 30, 2023. Fourteen isolates of G. duodenalis (7 per host) were genetically characterized using SSUrDNA gene sequencing. Results: Microscopic examination revealed that the rates of G. duodenalis infection was 14.67% (11/75) and 12% (9/75) in dogs and cats, respectively. According to sex, the infection rate in dogs was 22.22% (8/36) for males and 7.69% (3/39) for females. Conversely, the infection rate in cats was 5.56% (2/36) for males and 17.95% (7/39) for females. The highest infection rates were recorded for animals under 6 months of age, with 16.67% (3/18) for dogs and 27.27% (3/11) for cats. In rural areas, the infection rate was higher than that in urban areas, with 17.65% (6/34) in dogs and 13.89% (5/36) in cats. For the molecular diagnosis, 14 isolates of G. duodenalis (7 per host) were genetically characterized using SSUrDNA gene sequencing. In dogs, the findings revealed specific genotypes, with D at 3/7 (42.86%) and C at 2/7 (28.57%). In addition, zoonotic genotype A was found in 2/7 (28.57%) of dogs. In cats, the specific assemblage F was present in 4/7 (57.14%), while zoonotic genotype A was found in 3/7 (42.86%). Conclusion: This study is considered the first in Babylon Province to detect G. duodenalis genotypes in pet animals (dogs and cats), as some have zoonotic genotypes that could transmit infections to humans. The results of this study illustrate the epidemiological importance of this parasite in this region.

The medicinal plant market knows a large expansion, especially for Asiatic species. Material herb-drug can be subjected to unintentional or intentional adulteration. Bupleurum rigidum is a Chinese medicinal plant used in the treatment of hepatitis and intermittent fever. The species is represented in Algeria, where no study has been carried out to date on its quality control. The present study aimed to investigate their pharmacognostic characteristics. Morpho-anatomic studies were performed to record authentication features. Ash content, extractive value, phytochemical composition were evaluated. Bupleurum rigidum revealed a thick root, a branched stem, and lanceolate and ribbon-shaped leaves. The herb-drug has a rancid odour and bitter taste. Anatomy was characterised by the presence of secretory canals in all aerial parts. Palisade tissue in the midrib and on both sides of the lamina. The powder analysis showed the presence of epidermis cells with anisocytic stomata. Preliminary phytochemical tests gave strongly positive reactions with triterpenoids and saponins. TLC profile indicated the presence of important spots in the medium frontal ratio zone. Saponins gave a rate of 10% followed by phenols with 5% content. The results gave valuable data to establish the complete monography of the whole plant. The study act as a platform for the identification and development of quality control parameters of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides an overview of the incidence of parasitic infections in individuals living in rural communities, highlighting the major parasites involved, risk factors, and potential interventions to mitigate the burden. This research work is therefore aimed at determining the incidence of parasitic infections among individuals living in rural areas. This study adopted a propulsive cross-sectional survey design to select fifty (50) individuals ranging from age twelve (12) to fifty-six (56) who met the inclusion criteria for the study which were recruited from rural areas specifically Abraka and its environs in Delta state, Nigeria. Stool samples were collected and brought immediately to the laboratory at the department for processing. The specimens were examined both macroscopically and microscopically for the presence of parasites. Parasitological standard examination methods were followed. Of the 50 stool samples, 22 were male and 28 were female. A total of 19 were positive for at least one parasite. Out of the total positive, Ascaris lumbricoides (78.9%) and Trichuris trichiura (21.1%) were present in stool samples. Parasitic infections were more prevalent in the age group (40-49) at 31.57% and the least prevalent age group (50-57) was 5.26%. It was also more prevalent in females than males at 52.64% respectively at 47.36%. The present study shows 38% parasitic infection which is still an important health problem in our region. Health awareness programs, personal hygiene, hand washing as well as the use of sanitary latrines to reduce the incidence of parasitic infections should be carried out in these communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solanum indicum, also recognized as Vanbhanta or Brihati, holds a significant place in traditional medicinal practices, notably Ayurveda. This review concentrates on a thorough examination of Solanum indicum fruits, encompassing their Pharmacognostical evaluation and potential pharmacological applications. The assessment encompasses various facets such as the plant's morphological traits, microscopic attributes, chemical constituents, and physical constants, offering valuable insights into the plant's quality and purity. Solanum indicum fruits exhibit distinct Pharmacognostical characteristics facilitating their identification and quality assessment. Noteworthy features include the presence of small, spherical berries in shades of yellow to orange, typically measuring 1-2 cm in diameter. The fruit's exterior is smooth, housing numerous small seeds within the inner pulp. Microscopic scrutiny reveals abundant parenchyma cells, vascular bundles, and distinct glandular trichomes. The pharmacological potential spans diverse therapeutic areas, including anticancer, antioxidant, and antipyretic properties, showcasing their versatility as a natural remedy. Research indicates that Solanum indicum fruit extracts may possess antipyretic activity, making them particularly intriguing in regions where they are indigenous. These fruits hold promise in alleviating fever symptoms and contributing to the overall well-being of individuals with febrile conditions. Additionally, preliminary studies suggest that certain compounds within Solanum indicum fruits may exhibit anti-cancer properties by impeding cancer cell growth and inducing apoptosis. Abundant in antioxidants, especially flavonoids and polyphenols, Solanum indicum fruits play a role in scavenging free radicals and shielding cells from oxidative damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The breeding of pet animals, especially dogs and cats, in Iraq has increased recently. However, no epidemiological or molecular data exist regarding Giardia duodenalis infection in pet animals, particularly in Babylon Province. Therefore, this study aimed to detect G. duodenalis and its genotypes in pets using microscopic and molecular techniques. Materials and Methods: For microscopic examination, 150 pet fecal samples (dogs = 75, cats = 75) were examined from October 1, 2022, to March 30, 2023. Fourteen isolates of G. duodenalis (7 per host) were genetically characterized using SSUrDNA gene sequencing. Results: Microscopic examination revealed that the rates of G. duodenalis infection was 14.67% (11/75) and 12% (9/75) in dogs and cats, respectively. According to sex, the infection rate in dogs was 22.22% (8/36) for males and 7.69% (3/39) for females. Conversely, the infection rate in cats was 5.56% (2/36) for males and 17.95% (7/39) for females. The highest infection rates were recorded for animals under 6 months of age, with 16.67% (3/18) for dogs and 27.27% (3/11) for cats. In rural areas, the infection rate was higher than that in urban areas, with 17.65% (6/34) in dogs and 13.89% (5/36) in cats. For the molecular diagnosis, 14 isolates of G. duodenalis (7 per host) were genetically characterized using SSUrDNA gene sequencing. In dogs, the findings revealed specific genotypes, with D at 3/7 (42.86%) and C at 2/7 (28.57%). In addition, zoonotic genotype A was found in 2/7 (28.57%) of dogs. In cats, the specific assemblage F was present in 4/7 (57.14%), while zoonotic genotype A was found in 3/7 (42.86%). Conclusion: This study is considered the first in Babylon Province to detect G. duodenalis genotypes in pet animals (dogs and cats), as some have zoonotic genotypes that could transmit infections to humans. The results of this study illustrate the epidemiological importance of this parasite in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arthrospira platensis (homotypic synonym Spirulina platensis) is a member of the family Microcoleaceae, which was referred to as Spirulina platensis throughout this paper. S. platensis holds a significant nutritional value due to the presence of important secondary metabolites. The current study aimed to analyze the fatty acids, minerals composition, and antimicrobial activities of Spirulina platensis isolated from Qliyasan stream water. For the extracts of S. platensis, two distinct organic solvents, ethanol, and ethyl-acetate, were utilized to achieve this purpose. Furthermore, crude extracts of S. platensis were evaluated in vitro against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillus niger using a well diffusion assay method. According to the findings of this study, nine fatty acids were investigated using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. Results revealed that?- linoleic acid C18:3 (omega 3) constituted the highest percentage (23.734%), followed by oleic acid C18:1 (17.159%). Additionally, the concentrations of 14 types of minerals were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The highest concentration value of magnesium (Mg) was 6548µg/gm, followed by iron (Fe) at 1250µg/gm. The antimicrobial activity of crude extract of S. platensis by ethanol proved to be more efficient than ethyl-acetate against bacterial models. The highest inhibition zone diameter was recorded against E. coli at 16.3mm, while ethyl-acetate extract was more effective against Aspergillus niger with an inhibition zone diameter of 12.3mm, compared to the bacterial pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Urine sediment examination provides numerous information about patient's kidney condition. Flowcytometry and digital imaging system could conduct automatic urine sediment analysis. Therefore, determining the diagnostic performance of the examination is very important in the management carried out by the clinician. This study aims to determine the diagnostic performance of urine flowcytometry and digital imaging sediment examination tools compared to manual microscopes that are standardized as gold standards. Methods: This study is an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional approach on 92 urine samples of patients who attended the Internal Medicine Nephrology Polyclinic of Dr. Soetomo Academic Hospital Surabaya. The performance of flowcytometry and digital imaging methods is assessed by calculating sensitivity and specificity. Analysis of the suitability of each urine sediment parameter used Cohen's kappa. Urine sediment analysis with a light microscope was conducted with the Shih-Yung method as a gold standard. Results: The erythrocyte parameters revealed a very favorable result with the concordance of the flowcytometry with the Shih-Yung method (κ=0.82) and fair results for WBC (κ=0.25), Epithelium (κ=0.57) and Cast (κ=0.27). At the same time, yeast had substantial conformity (κ=0.63). The digital imaging method showed substantive fit for WBC (κ=0.676), RBC (κ=0.621), fair for SEC (κ=0.42) and NSE (κ=0.24), moderate for Yeast (κ=0.45), and slight for Hyaline Cast (κ=0.074) and Path Cast (κ= 0.134) Conclusion: The urine flowcytometry demonstrates better performance compatibility with a standardized manual microscope compared to urine digital imaging. However, pathological samples should still be verified with a manual microscope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the microscopic polycrystalline fatigue crack propagation (MPFCP) model, the MPFCP behaviours of GH4169 alloy under different micro-notch depths and lengths (constraints) were studied from aspects of MPFCP path, MPFCP rate and stress distribution. The influences of the initial crack angle on MPFCP behaviour were further explored. It was observed that the grain boundary, the grain size and the stress state were different during crack propagation under different constraints, resulting in different MPFCP paths. The MPFCP path was straighter under high constraints, and the MPFCP rate was related to the micro-notch size and the loading direction. The crack tip needed more stress accumulation at low constraints than under high constraints to ensure smooth MPFCP behaviour. The influence of the initial crack angle on the MPFCP path was mainly reflected in the grain interior where the initial crack was located. The initial crack angle had a greater influence on the MPFCP rate than on the MPFCP path.

The DC negative corona of needle-plate electrodes can generate atmospheric pressure low-temperature plasma active particles, which have important effects on biological mutagenesis. The DC negative corona discharge of an air needle-plate electrode with effective consideration of NOx particles was simulated and the Trichel pulse current was obtained, focusing on the development of particles and the distribution of active nitrogen oxides (RONS) at four moments in the pulse process. The simulation results indicate that the positive ions (N2+ and O2+) and negative ions (O− and O2−) were closely related to the current changes, and the negative ions (O− and O2−) presented a typical stratification phenomenon. RONS (H2O2, O3, and NO) were approximately uniformly distributed above the level of the plate electrode at the same instant, with H2O2 and O3 except for the area below the needle tip. They trended to a cumulative increase in concentration with time. This study provides a theoretical basis for corona discharge plasma seed treatment technology.

Abstract Background Endoscopic ear surgery is a new, less invasive otologic procedure. Since 1990s, it has been grown in prominence because of anatomical and physiological theories. It offers a view of hidden places, avoids mastoidectomies and endaural vertical and postauricular incisions, and has many other benefits over microscopic surgery. The purpose of this study was to distinguish the difference between the outcomes of microscopic and endoscopic cholesteatoma surgery. Methods Eighty individuals who were diagnosed with cholesteatoma participated in this randomized clinical research. Patients were randomly allocated into two equivalent treatment groups. One group submitted to tympanoplasty via microscopic ear surgery and the other group had exclusive trans-canal endoscopic ear surgery. All patients had preoperative otomicroscopic and radiologic assessment to ensure cholesteatoma diagnosis. Audiological evaluations were also obtained. Results There was no discernible difference in the tested groups’ operational times, air-bone gaps, or air conduction. The endoscopic surgery group healed significantly more quickly than the microscopic surgery group (5.4 0.5 vs 7.7 0.5 weeks, p > 0.001). The frequency of residual lesions (5.0% vs 22.5%, p = 0.023) and recurrence (7.5% vs 27.5%, p = 0.019) was significantly lower in the endoscopic group of patients. Conclusions When comparing healing times, rates of residual disease and rates of recurrence, endoscopic surgery clearly outperforms microscopic surgery. The endoscope encourages visualization and magnification of anatomy while being less invasive thanks to its improved picture quality, lighting, and capacity to “see around the corner.” Additionally, a significant portion of viable mastoid tissues and healthy mucosa were preserved.

Bassia indica (Wight) A.J. Scott is an Indian origin plant with documented medicinal and nutritional value, but has not been fully characterized yet. The present study was designed to establish pharmacognostic standards for the proper identification of the B. indica plant and its chemical characterization. The plant was standardized with World Health Organization (WHO) standardization tools and chemically characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. Antibacterial potential was assessed by the zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and molecular docking studies were also performed. Pharmacognostic evaluation established the macroscopic and microscopic parameters for the identification of whole plant and its powder. Physicochemical parameters were also set forth while quantitative phytochemical analysis showed that the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest quantity of phenols, flavonoids, and tannins. FTIR analysis showed several functional groups such as phenols, alkanes, and alcohols while 55 phytochemicals were identified in the GC-MS analysis of the crude fraction. The crude extract and other fractions showed marked antibacterial activity, while the ethyl acetate fraction showed the least MIC (1.95–31.25 mg/mL). Phytochemicals identified in the GC-MS showed good molecular docking interactions against the DNA gyrase subunit B of bacteria with binding energies ranging from −4.2 to −9.4 kcal/mol. The current study describes the pharmacognostic characterization and phytochemical profiling of B. indica and provides scientific evidence to support its use in infections.

In the present investigation, ninety-three specimens of macro-fungi were collected from different areas of Soygaon Tehsil, District Aurangabad (M.S.) India, from that twenty-seven specimens were identified. Based on morphological and microscopic characteristics which belong to twenty-two genera and twenty-seven species. It was observed that Auricularia mesenterica, Auricularia nigricans, Cellulariella acuta, Coriolopsis brunneoleuca, Daldinia concentrica, Favolus grammocephalus, Favolus roseus, Flavodonf lavus, Earliella scabrosa Hypoxylon haematostroma, Lopharia cinerascens, Naviporus floccosus, Phellinus badius, Schizophyllum commune, Scytinostroma duriusculum, Trametes cingulata, and Truncospora tephropora were most abundantly found while Amylosporus campbellii, Auricularia delicata, Fomitiporia sp.1 Ganoderma mediosinense, Gymnopilus pampeanus, Leucocoprinus cepistipes, Phellinus mori, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Trametes ellipsospora, and Xylaria polymorpha are rarely observed macro-fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: For symptomatic nonsecreting pituitary adenomas (PAs), surgical resection remains the treatment of choice. In this retrospective study, we compare the efficacy of open versus endoscopic and microscopic excision of pituitary adenoma, and to evaluate the merits and demerits of each approach. Material and Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent surgical excision for symptomatic pituitary adenoma in institute of neurosurgery, madras medical college from January 2022 to December 2022. Various parameters were analyzed including the age, sex, type of surgical resection done, duration of surgery, average blood loss, extent of resection of tumors, and intra- and post-operative complication. Results: A total of thirty eight patients with pituitary adenoma were operated from January 2022 to December 2022. Six patients were operated by endonasal endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery and six patients were operated by microscopic transsphenoidal surgery, 26 patients were operated by Pterional craniotomy and excision of tumour. In an endoscopic and microscopic group, complete tumor excision was achieved in 8 patients (66.6%) and in open surgery group, it was achieved in 6 (23.1%) patients. In endoscopic and microscopic group, the mean operative time was 120 ± 25 min (ranged 80-135 min) and in open surgery group, it was 150 ± 15 min (ranged 130--175 min). In endoscopic and microscopic group, mean blood loss was 120 ± 30 ml (80-160 ml), and in open surgery group, it was 200 ± 15 (150-230 ml). Postoperative CSF leak from wound site was present in 1 case in open surgery group. There was no mortality in either group. Duration of hospital stay was 5 days in endoscopic and microscopic group and 14 days for open surgery group. Conclusion: Endoscopic and microscopic approach provides a wide surgical field and broad lateral vision making easier distinction of tumor tissues. Thus, there is less blood loss, less operative time, less postoperative complication, and early discharge from the hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counting cells in a Neubauer chamber on microbiological culture plates is a laborious task that depends on technical experience. As a result, efforts have been made to advance computer vision-based approaches, increasing efficiency and reliability through quantitative analysis of microorganisms and calculation of their characteristics, biomass concentration, and biological activity. However, variability that still persists in these processes poses a challenge that is yet to be overcome. In this work, we propose a solution adopting a YOLOv5 network model for automatic cell recognition and counting in a case study for laboratory cell detection using images from a CytoSMART Exact FL microscope. In this context, a dataset of 21 expert-labeled cell images was created, along with an extra Sperm DetectionV dataset of 1024 images for transfer learning. The dataset was trained using the pretrained YOLOv5 algorithm with the Sperm DetectionV database. A laboratory test was also performed to confirm result's viability. Compared to YOLOv4, the current YOLOv5 model had accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 scores of 92%, 84%, 91%, and 87%, respectively. The YOLOv5 algorithm was also used for cell counting and compared to the current segmentation-based U-Net and OpenCV model that has been implemented. In conclusion, the proposed model successfully recognizes and counts the different types of cells present in the laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Among the transsphenoidal (TSS) approaches to pituitary tumors, the microscopic approach (MA) has historically been the predominant technique with the increasing adoption of the endoscopic approach (EA). This study investigates national trends in TSS approaches and postoperative outcomes for MA and EA through 2021. Methods: The TriNetX database was queried for patients undergoing TSS (MA and EA) between 2010 and 2021. Data were collected on demographics, geographic distribution of surgical centers, postoperative complications, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRT), repeat surgery, and postoperative emergency department (ED) visits. Results: 8644 TSS cases were queried between 2010 and 2021. MA rates were highest until 2013 when rates of EA (52%) surpassed MA (48%) and continued to increase through 2021 (81%). From 2010 to 2015 EA had higher odds of a postoperative CSF leak (OR 3.40) and diabetes insipidus (DI (OR 2.30)) versus MA (p < 0.05); from 2016 to 2021 differences were not significant. Although there was no significant difference among approaches from 2010 to 2015 for syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), hyponatremia, or bacterial meningitis, from 2016 to 2021 EA had lower odds of SIADH (OR 0.54) and hyponatremia (OR 0.71), and higher odds of meningitis (OR 1.79) versus MA (p < 0.05). EA had higher odds of additional surgery (either EA or MA) after initial surgery from 2010 to 2021. From 2010 to 2015 EA had lower odds of postoperative SRT compared to MA, whereas in 2016–2021 there was no statistical difference among approaches. Conclusion: This study demonstrates increasing EA adoption for TSS in the United States since 2013. Complication rates have overall improved for EA compared to MA, potentially as a result of improving surgeon familiarity and experience. Level of Evidence: 4 Laryngoscope, 133:2135–2140, 2023 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endoscopic ear surgery is a new, less invasive otologic procedure. Since 1990s, it has been grown in prominence because of anatomical and physiological theories. It offers a view of hidden places, avoids mastoidectomies and endaural vertical and postauricular incisions, and has many other benefits over microscopic surgery. The purpose of this study was to distinguish the difference between the outcomes of microscopic and endoscopic cholesteatoma surgery. Methods: Eighty individuals who were diagnosed with cholesteatoma participated in this randomized clinical research. Patients were randomly allocated into two equivalent treatment groups. One group submitted to tympanoplasty via microscopic ear surgery and the other group had exclusive trans-canal endoscopic ear surgery. All patients had preoperative otomicroscopic and radiologic assessment to ensure cholesteatoma diagnosis. Audiological evaluations were also obtained. Results: There was no discernible difference in the tested groups' operational times, air-bone gaps, or air conduction. The endoscopic surgery group healed significantly more quickly than the microscopic surgery group (5.4 0.5 vs 7.7 0.5 weeks, p > 0.001). The frequency of residual lesions (5.0% vs 22.5%, p = 0.023) and recurrence (7.5% vs 27.5%, p = 0.019) was significantly lower in the endoscopic group of patients. Conclusions: When comparing healing times, rates of residual disease and rates of recurrence, endoscopic surgery clearly outperforms microscopic surgery. The endoscope encourages visualization and magnification of anatomy while being less invasive thanks to its improved picture quality, lighting, and capacity to "see around the corner." Additionally, a significant portion of viable mastoid tissues and healthy mucosa were preserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fungal pathogen Pseudocercospora fuligena, known to affect tomatoes in the tropics and subtropics, has been reported from temperate climates including the United States and Turkey in recent years. In this study, an isolate from fresh tomatoes and the disease it causes were characterized and infection mechanisms investigated. Macroscopically, both sides of tomato leaves show indistinct effuse patches but prolific production of fuliginous lesions is conspicuous on the abaxial side first but also on the adaxial side later on as infection progressed. Microscopically, fascicles of conidiophores (11–128 μm × 3.5–9 μm) arising from stromata and conidia with up to 12 septations were observed. Molecular characterization of the isolate revealed high homology (99.8%) to other P. fuligena isolated from tomatoes in Turkey. Out of the 10 media tested, P. fuligena grew significantly well and sporulated better on unsealed tomato oatmeal agar and carrot leaf decoction agar, both supplemented with CaCO3. Direct transfer of conidia from profusely sporulating lesions was the easiest and quickest method of isolation for in-vitro studies. Light and scanning electron microscopy on cleared and intact tomato leaves further confirmed stomatal penetration and egress as well as prevalence of primary and secondary infection hyphae. In situ, blocked stomatal aperture areas of 154, 401, and 2,043 μm2 were recorded at 7, 12, and 17 days after inoculation, respectively. With the recent expanded horizon of the pathosystem and its consequential impact, such studies will be useful for a proper diagnosis, identification and management of the disease on tomato worldwide.

Objective: To compare functional outcome of microscopic and endoscopic approach regarding type of ossiculoplasty. Methods: In this retrospective study, cases who had undergone type-II and type-III tympanoplasty between February 2007 to September 2019 were divided into two groups according to the type of approach as microscopic and endoscopic. In cases with type-II reconstruction; Partial Ossicular chain Replacement Prosthesis (PORP), incus interposition and bone cement were used in order of frequency. Whereas in cases with type-III reconstruction, only Total Ossicular chain Replacement Prosthesis (TORP) was used. The average Air Bone Gap (ABG) was determined pre- and post-operatively for the calculation of Air Conductance Gain (ACG). The ACG, pre- and post-operative ABG values of each group were compared with regard to the type of ossiculoplasty. Results: A total of 79 cases consisting of 32 females and 47 males who had undergone type-II and type-III tympanoplasty were enrolled. No statistically significant difference between microscopic and endoscopic approach was found in terms of ACG (p = 0.42), pre-(p = 0.23) and postoperative ABG (p = 0.99). We did not find any significant difference in terms of ACG, pre- and postoperative ABG between two approaches for type-II and type-III reconstructions (p > 0.05). Conclusions: According to the current study, endoscopic approach in type-II and type-III reconstruction is at least reliable as microscopic approach regarding functional outcome. Since both techniques have similar functional results, other factors (anatomic characteristics, habitude of the surgeon and duration of the surgery) should be considered when choosing the technique. Level of evidence: In the current paper we present a retrospective comparative study of two different approaches of a particular type of otologic surgery. Level of evidence corresponds to level III.

The relationship between the thixotropic mechanism and the macroscopic thixotropic strength can be clarified by analyzing the changes in microstructure and pores in the loess thixotropic process. This approach is of significant importance for calculating the strength of compacted loess foundations. In the present study, a representative sample prepared from Xi’an loess was analyzed and eight resting ages were set. The micropore characteristics of the remolded loess and undisturbed loess at different resting ages were obtained using electron microscope observation and nuclear magnetic resonance testing. The results indicate that the thixotropy in the prepared loess samples is significant. It is also found that as the resting age grew, newly formed cements in the remolded loess continuously accumulated and filled in the microcracks between the aggregates. Consequently, the contact area of aggregates increased, thereby decreasing the width and length of the microcracks. The proportion of cementation pore and small microcracks gradually increased, while the proportion of large microcracks gradually decreased, indicating that thixotropy increased the cohesive force and friction force of soil structure at the mesoscale. This phenomenon also explains the increase of thixotropic strength at the macroscopic scale. The mesoscopic mechanism of loess thixotropic strength recovery is that the connection between soil particles is re-established after the break of the clay particle–water–charge system. Moreover, the elastic potential energy of soil particles generated by compression promoted the polymerization of clay particles dispersed in a pore water solution to produce flocculating aggregates during resting dissipation. The continuous consumption of clay particles expanded the processing time and flocs and continuously decreased the strength growth rate.

Background: Choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) is rare and even rarer in infants and young children, and it usually occurs in the ventricles. Due to the physical peculiarities of infants, tumor removal by microscopic or endoscopic surgery alone is difficult. Case Presentation: A 3-month-old patient was found to have an abnormally enlarged head circumference for 7 days. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination revealed a lesion in the third ventricle. The patient underwent combined microscopic and endoscopic "chopstick" technique to remove the tumor. He recovered well after the surgery. Postoperative pathological examination revealed CPP. Postoperative MRI suggested total resection of the tumor. Follow-up for 1 month showed no recurrence or distant metastasis. Conclusions: Combined microscopic and endoscopic "chopstick" technique may be a suitable approach to remove tumors in infant ventricles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tympanic membrane perforation in a common problem that otolaryngologist encounter in day to day practice requiring tympanoplasty or myringoplasty. The cause of tympanic membrane perforation is either trauma, infection, or iatrogenic. The incidence of tympanic perfo ration in United States is 1 to 3% in lifetime. Objective: To compare endoscopic versus microscopic myringoplasty in terms of graft success, operative time, pre and post operative Air bone gap. Material and Methods: To compare the results of myringoplasty using operating microscope (post aural) with endoscopic approach (permeatal). This retrospective comparative study was conducted in department of ENT in DHQAbbottabad after approval from ethical committee for a period of three years from January 2019 till December 2021. A total of 80 patients age group from 18 till 70 with tympanic membrane perforation were included in study. Results: 80 patients were included in study. 40 patients in each group. The mean age in group A was 44.63±13.83 years while in group B it was 46.20±12.09 years. Graft success rate was 95 percent in endoscopic approach while 92.5% percent in microscopic group with a p value of 0.64. The pre-operative mean air bone gap was 24.15 db and 23.08 db, improved to 10.23db in endoscopic group and 9.2 db in microscopic group (p > 0.05). Conclusion: In our study graft success was comparable in both groups. The surgical success rates were 95% in Group A and 92.5% in Group B. No differences in the mean decrease in the air-bone gap between two groups. Significant postoperative hearing improvements were evident in both groups. The mean operative time was lesser in case of endoscopic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic otitis media (COM) is a widespread disease in developing countries. Tympanoplasty is one of the common procedures in otorhinolaryngology for the treatment of COM. It can be done using microscope or endoscope. Present study is a comparison between these two techniques. Aims and Objectives: 1. Comparing the graft take-up rate between endoscopic and microscopic tympanoplasties. 2. Comparing the hearing result in microscopic and endoscopic tympanoplasties. 3. Comparing the operation time and postoperative complications. Materials and Methods: 100 patients were studied, out of which 50 were operated with microscope and 50 with endoscope. Patients were selected randomly from the ENT department. Results: Study shows that 50 patients were operated with endoscope and 50 were with microscope. The graft take-up rate is slightly higher in the endoscopic group in comparison to the microscopic group, i.e., 94% in the microscopic group and 96% in the endoscopic group. The endoscopic group has hearing improvement of average 17.4 dB as compared to the microscopic group (average 15.57 dB) postoperatively. A paired t-test shows P = 0.0001 (significant). Postoperative pain is more with the microscopic group. Clarity of vision is good with the endoscopic group. Conclusion: Hence, in our study, endoscopic tympanoplasty is better than microscopic tympanoplasty. But further study has to be done to identify the fact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the oil recovery efficiency of ASP (alkali-surfactant-polymer) flooding, lipopeptide surfactant was added into ASP to form a new system (LASP). Core flooding experiments and field pilots suggested that LASP can achieve better oil recovery with lower costs. To determine the synergistic effects of the LASP system, a series of pore-scale flooding experiments were performed to quantify the displacement and sweep efficiencies of the LASP system and its main components independently. The results suggested that the petroleum sulfonate tends to improve displacement efficiency (by 21.1%) and the polymer tends to widen the effective sweep area (by 14.2%). While lipopeptide improved both oil displacement efficiency (31.2%) and sweep efficiency (10.2%) depending on the oil emulsification. Their mixture, that is; LASP, reached a higher displacement (42.1%) and sweep efficiency (12.9%) that depended on synergistic effects between the components. For instance, the bio- and chemical surfactants and the polymer synergistically improved the stability and deformability of oil emulsion, which reduce flow resistance and then improve displacement efficiency. However, the throat-blocking mechanism, which expanded sweep area during lipopeptide flooding, no longer existed in the LASP system. Nevertheless, the LASP system can depend on high viscosity of polymer to effectively expand sweep area. Oil recovery in the LASP system is more than the sum of the mechanism of each component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the mechanical properties of rubber concrete (RC) with different rubber particle sizes after dry–wet cycles in a sulfate environment, apparent morphology analysis, mass loss analysis, relative dynamic elastic modulus analysis, compressive strength loss analysis, internal microscopic characteristics and deterioration degree analysis of ordinary concrete (NC) and rubber concrete after dry–wet cycles were compared and analyzed. The results show that with the increase in the number of dry–wet cycles, the surface caves of rubber concrete increase, the internal microcracks develop and penetrate, and the macroscopic strength increases first and then decreases significantly. The high elasticity of rubber effectively improves the expansion force caused by sulfate attack and the dry–wet cycle. The deterioration degree of RC in each dry–wet cycle stage is obviously better than that of NC. When the rubber particle size is 0.85 mm, the performance of the sample is the best. After 120 days of dry–wet cycle, the compressive strength is reduced by 37.4%, and the compressive strength of concrete with a rubber particle size of 0.85 mm is reduced by 11.2%. After cyclic loading, the deterioration degree of concrete is 5.1% lower than that of ordinary concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the mechanical properties of rice husk ash–rubber–fiber concrete (RRFC) under hygrothermal environment, the optimal group was selected by orthogonal test. The mass loss, relative dynamic elastic modulus analysis, strength analysis, degradation degree analysis after cyclic loading and internal microstructure analysis of the optimal group of RRFC samples after dry–wet cycles under different environments and temperatures were compared and analyzed. The results show that the large specific surface area of rice husk ash optimizes the particle size distribution of RRFC specimens, reacts to form C-S-H gel, enhances the compactness of concrete, and forms a dense structure as a whole. The presence of rubber particles and PVA fibers effectively improves the mechanical properties and fatigue resistance of RRFC. The comprehensive mechanical properties of RRFC with rubber particle size of 1–3 mm, PVA fiber content of 1.2 kg·m−3 and rice husk ash content of 15% are the best. The compressive strength of the specimens after dry–wet cycles in different environments generally increased first and then decreased, reaching a peak at the seventh dry–wet cycle, and the compressive strength of the specimens under chloride salt solution decreased more than that under clear water solution. Thes provided new concrete materials for the construction of highways and tunnels in coastal areas. Under the premise of ensuring the strength and durability of concrete, it is of great practical significance to explore new roads for energy conservation and emission reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The protozoan Haemoproteus belongs to the Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Sporozoa, and Order Haemosporina. Avian haemosporidian are protozoan parasites that use birds as hosts around the world. Many species of wild and domestic doves are natural hosts of different species of Haemoproteus. Blood-sucking arthropods are the main vectors of these blood parasites. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was the microscopic and molecular investigation of the protozoan Haemoproteus columbae in the blood of infected pigeons in Torkaman County, Iran. METHODS: Blood samples and tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) anticoagulant were collected from 96 domestic pigeons randomly from 14 pigeon lofts and different parts of Torkaman County. Pigeons were also inspected for infection with the host-vector Pseudolynchia canariensis. In the next step, blood smears were stained with Giemsa and examined microscopically. Also, blood tubes containing EDTA were tested by PCR method on the cytochrome b gene. RESULTS: Microscopic and molecular examination of peripheral blood showed that 62 (64.58 %) and 73 (76.04 %) of the investigated pigeons were contaminated, respectively. Of the 62 infected pigeons infected with the Haemoproteus, 28 pigeons (66.66 %) were male, and 34 (62.96 %) were female. Also, the infestation with Pseudolynchia canariensis was observed in 4 (28.57 %) pigeon lofts. CONCLUSIONS: The preliminary investigation shows the high rate of Haemoproteus infection in pigeons in Torkaman County. Further studies to determine the prevalence and accurate identification of the species infecting pigeons in this region require PCR testing and sequencing of infected blood samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endoscopes are increasingly being used in middle ear surgery as an adjunct to or replacement for the operative microscope. The superior visualization of hidden areas and a minimally invasive transcanal approach to the pathology are some of the endoscope's advantages. The aim of this review is to compare the surgical outcomes of a totally endoscopic transcanal approach with a conventional microscopic approach for type 1 tympanoplasty in patients with chronic otitis media (COM) in order to establish if endoscopic myringoplasty (EM) could be a better alternative to microscopic myringoplasty (MM). A literature review was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis recommendations. The selected articles were identified by searching PubMed Central, PubMed, MEDLINE and Embase databases for the relevant publications. Only studies where the same surgeon in the department performed both endoscopic and microscopic myringoplasty have been included in the review. The results suggest that with an endoscopic approach, minimally invasive myringoplasty can be achieved with a similar graft success rate and postoperative air–bone gap (ABG) improvement, a shorter operative time and less postoperative complications compared to a microscopic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problem that it is difficult to quantify the microscopic remaining oil distribution in reservoirs, this study elucidates the principle and method of microscopic remaining oil quantitative characterization experiment. The experimental scheme is designed on the basis of the main controlling factors of remaining oil. The multi-information fusion of micro-CT scanning, electron microscopy scanning, QEMScan scanning and core displacement improves the recognition accuracy of pore space from micron level to nanometer level, and realizes the quantitative extraction of micro pores of clay cement. A new high-precision quantitative characterization method based on high-precision identification of pores and micro classification of remaining oil is developed, which accurately divides the reservoir spaces such as pores, oil and water in the reservoir, subdivides the micro remaining oil into six occurrence types, realizes the quantitative characterization of micro remaining oil in different types of reservoirs. Taking the complex fault block lithologie-structural reservoir in the south of Dawangzhuang Oilfield in Raoyang Sag as an example, it points out the direction for the comprehensive adjustment and management of the reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Otologic surgeries previously used microscopes, requiring large incisions. Recent advances in medical optical resolutiosn allows the introduction of the otologic endoscope as a less invasive alternative, providing better visualization and accessibility. Endoscopic surgery is now preferred for type 1 tympanoplasty and cholesteatoma treatment. Objectives: This study aims to compare the outcomes between patients who underwent endoscopic tympanoplasty and those who underwent microscopic tympanoplasty without ossiculoplasty or mastoidectomy. Methods: We retrospectively examined the data of 191 patients (201 ears) who underwent tympanoplasty without ossiculoplasty or mastoidectomy using either an endoscope or a microscope in the Department of Otolaryngology, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, from July 1, 2014 to June 30, 2019. We compared the surgical and functional outcomes between the two approaches. We also analyzed the relationship between the two approaches and the size of the perforated tympanic membrane. Results: Endoscopic and microscopic tympanoplasties were performed in 67 and 134 ears, respectively. The preoperative pure tone average or air-bone gap values between the two groups were not statistically significant. The tympanic membrane healing rates for the four subgroups were classified according to the perforation size (Q1 : ≤ 25%, Q2 : > 25% & ≤ 50%, Q3 : > 50% & ≤ 75%, and Q4 : > 75% & ≤ 100%) were 90.9%, 94.1%, 95.0%, and 87.5% (P = 0.893), respectively, for the endoscopic group, and 97.0%, 86.4%, 97.1%, and 72.7% (P = 0.011), respectively, for the microscopic group. The postoperative improvement in the air-bone gap and pure tone average values between the two groups was not statistically significant. When considering the perforation size, the improvement in air-bone gap values was significantly different among the endoscopic groups (−1.0, −11.1, −3.9, and −7.8 dB, P = 0.002 for Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4, respectively). Additionally, the procedure was markedly shorter in cases that underwent endoscopic surgeries for tympanic membrane perforation size of

Background and Aims: The preponderance of microscopic colitis (MC) in females may be associated with postmenopausal increased risk of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of atherosclerotic diseases in adults with MC. Methods: Retrospective observational study of patients with a diagnosis of MC or incomplete MC at our institution from 2008 to 2018. We performed a chart review and extracted data on demographics, comorbidities, medications, diagnosis, imaging, and endoscopy. Data were analyzed descriptively. Logistic regression was used to estimate the unadjusted effects of different variables on MC. Results: Of 269 patients, 265 had a MC diagnosis; 236 (89.06%) had collagenous colitis or lymphocytic colitis; and 29 (10.94%) were diagnosed with incomplete MC. Majority were female (79.55%), ≥ 65 years (59.11%), and white (88.81%). Majority had the following risk factors for atherosclerosis, smoking (52.04%), hypertension (58.21%), and hyperlipidemia (59.5%). The prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) was 16.79% (12.32, 21.27), 8.58% (5.23–11.94), and 7.49% (4.33–10.65), respectively. There was no difference in the prevalence of CAD and CVD after adjusting for sex. Females with MC had reduced odds of PAD compared with males. Conclusion: The prevalence of CAD, PAD, and CVD was 16.79%, 8.58%, and 7.49%, respectively. Similar to the general population, smoking, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia are risk factors for atherosclerosis in MC.