Search

Marketing scholars have extensively studied marketing's effect on firm value and have developed metrics and dashboards to help establish marketing accountability. However, empirical evidence of marketing accountability's specific outcomes is scarce and mainly derived from surveys. It also lacks consideration of outcomes beyond the marketing function's standing in the firm, thus overlooking possible downsides and outcomes with regard to external stakeholders such as investors. Using a natural experiment—Australia's change from a nonrestrictive to a restrictive accounting regime—this study investigates how accountability for the financial value of marketing assets (marketing asset accountability) affects a firm's marketing management focus on short-term vis-à-vis long-term marketing efficiency, its cost of capital, and the degree to which its stock price reflects actual future performance (i.e., stock price informativeness). The results show that marketing asset accountability improves long-term marketing efficiency, reduces cost of equity, and improves stock price informativeness, but does not consistently affect short-term marketing efficiency and cost of debt. Moreover, although marketing-intensive firms are commonly assumed to benefit most from marketing asset accountability, this is not the case. These results have implications for researchers, managers, and public policy decision makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to explore the economic and marketing dynamics of tomatoes and to highlight constraints confronted by cultivators in the production and marketing of tomato crop under polyhouse farming within three districts (Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur) of Kathmandu valley of Nepal. A pre-tested interview schedule was employed to survey 174 randomly selected respondents from different levels of marketing functionaries of tomato value chain. The overall cost (Cost C3) of tomato production under poly-house was observed highest in Kathmandu district (NRs. 1893130.63 per hectare) followed by Bhaktapur and Lalitpur which was found NRs. 1787896.50 and NRs. 1672117.91 per hectare, respectively. In terms of total production in kg per hectare, Kathmandu averages 79091.78, Lalitpur stands at 62267.78 and Bhaktapur records 64941.10. The B-C ratio was found to be 2.82 of Kathmandu, 2.32 of Lalitpur, 2.49 of Bhaktapur. Marketing efficiency of channel I, II, III and IV of Kathmandu district was found 708.5, 2.46, 1.90 and 1.62, respectively for Lalitpur, it was found 685.5, 2.23, 1.69 and 1.41 and for Bhaktapur the marketing efficiency was found 749, 2.12, 1.53 and 1.31 for respective channels. Construction material not being timely available was found to be major constraint faced by farmers in construction of polyhouse with a mean score of 66.2 and high infestation of disease and pest was found to be most significant problemstated by cultivators in production and marketing of polyhouse tomatoes followed by low quality of seed, fluctuation in market price which was the other constraints faced by cultivators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas(L) Lam.] plays a significant role in ensuring food security and incomes for local communities, Hence, the objective of this paper was to assess the Profitability of Sweet Potato (Ipeoma batatas) Marketing in Toro Local Government Area of Bauchi State, Nigeria using 116 respondents from the three markets studied (Magama-Gumau, Tilde-Fulani, and Toro) using structured questionnaires. The findings of the study revealed that sweet potato marketing was profitable with a gross margin of N67.14/kg and a return on investment of 17 kobo for every Naira invested. The marketing efficiency was 86%. Five factors were found to be statistically significant in affecting sweet potato profitability. The quality of product, selling price, storage costs, and years of experience were positive and statistically significant (p<0.01). The cost of purchasing sweet potato was negative and statistically significant (p<0.05). Inadequate and high cost of burrowing was ranked first among the eight challenges of sweet potato marketing in the area. The study recommended among others that, the government and lending institutions should develop more policies and conditions that are burrower-friendly to enable marketers easily access marketing credit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted in the district of Goalpara, Assam to examine the economics of marketing in the district covering a total sample size of 258 banana growers. The banana growers were stratified into five groups based on land holding viz., Marginal (Below 4.0 ha), Small (4.0-8.0 ha), Semi-Medium (8.0-16.0 ha), Medium (16.0-40.0 ha) and Large (40.0 ha and above). The study mainly based on primary and data were collected through pre-tested survey schedule through personal interview method of sampling. The Shepherd formula for marketing efficiency was used to analyze the data. The results revealed that Jahaji Banana, Seni-Champa Banana and Malbhog Banana were banan varieties grown in the study area. The banana growers used four marketing channels in the district. Results revealed that for marketing of Jahaji Banana, Seni-Champa Banana and Malbhog Banana, the marketing Channel I, Channel IV and for Channel I were most efficient Channel for marketing of banana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was conducted in Banyumas Regency, with the objectives of studying 1) beef marketing channels, 2) beef marketing margins, and 3) beef marketing efficiency. To achieve this goal, a survey research method was used, with the research targets being beef cattle wholesellers, beef marketing institutions, and beef consumers. Slaughterhouses (RPH) were selected using a purposive sampling method; they were RPH Purwokerto and RPH Ajibarang. From each RPH, eight beef cattle whole sellers were selected as respondents, from which five retailers were selected. By using the accidental sampling method, two buyers were selected from each retailer. Therefore, there were 96 respondents from each RPH, or 192 in total. The data analysis used included descriptive analysis and marketing analysis, including costs, profits, and marketing margins. The results obtained were that there were two marketing channels, namely: (1) RPH/butcher → wholesalers → stall traders? consumers; (2) RPH/butcher → wholesalers → consumers. The marketing margins were IDR 34,346 and IDR 26,845, and the marketing efficiency was 4.04% and 2.86% in marketing channel 1 and marketing channel 2, respectively. It can be concluded that the beef marketing channel is simple, with quite high marketing efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assessed the smoked marine fish markets along the Central-Ashanti region trade corridor of Ghana by adopting the structure-conduct-performance framework. Through a multi-stage sampling technique, 158 fish smokers, 100 wholesalers, and 120 retailers were sampled for primary data collection. Using the market concentration ratio and Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, the smoked marine fish market was found to be very competitive during the major season and weakly oligopolistic during the minor season, regardless of the fish type traded. The conduct of key market players was done in an open environment devoid of interference or collusion, with minimal entry barriers, if any. Consistent with a priori expectations, the smoked marine fish market performed much better at the retail node than at the processing and wholesale nodes of the chain. However, the most popular marketing channel through which smoked marine fish flows from fish smokers to final consumers via wholesalers and retailers was identified as the least efficient in terms of performance, irrespective of the fish type traded and the season within which the trading occurred.

Sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam.] plays a significant role in ensuring food security and incomes for local communities, Hence, the objective of this paper was to assess the Profitability of Sweet Potato (Ipeoma batatas) Marketing in Toro Local Government Area of Bauchi State, Nigeria using 116 respondents from the three markets studied (Magama-Gumau, Tilde-Fulani, and Toro) using structured questionnaires. The findings of the study revealed that sweet potato marketing was profitable with a gross margin of N67.14/kg and a return on investment of 17 kobo for every Naira invested. The marketing efficiency was 86%. Five factors were found to be statistically significant in affecting sweet potato profitability. The quality of product, selling price, storage costs, and years of experience were positive and statistically significant (p

Purpose. This study aims to introduce a new method for assessing the efficiency of agricultural marketing channels. This innovative method rectifies the deficiencies inherent in earlier methods by encircling all channel participants in evaluating marketing efficiency, thereby delivering a more detailed assessment. Methodology / approach. The present study first identified the shortcomings of the old methods based on a literature review and then attempted to propose a new method for calculating marketing efficiency by overcoming these issues. The efficiency of marketing channels is calculated based on primary data collected from two randomly selected agriculture markets in Delhi, marketing cooperative societies operating in Delhi, and their respective intermediaries, flour mills, and consumers in the channel. The study’s sample size is 179 respondents, including all the channel members. After that, a comparison is made between traditional methods and the proposed method. Results. Results of this study show that the proposed method gives a better idea of the efficiency of marketing channels than the old methods, namely the Acharya’s approach, the Shepard’s method and the input-output approach. These methods ignore the crucial role of producers, focusing on overall margins and costs. They can call a channel efficient even if producers receive minimal benefits, necessitating a revised approach. The proposed method has two parts: (1) the ratio of overall channel benefit to cost, excluding consumers, to avoid misleading results, indicating higher benefits for channel members; (2) the ratio of the net price received by farmers to the price paid by consumers, reflecting farmer earnings. By separating marketing margins and costs, the proposed method simplifies previous complexities. Using the channel benefit-to-cost ratio and the farmer’s price-to-consumer price ratio, this method offers an accurate and comprehensive assessment, addressing flaws in Acharya’s approach. Originality / scientific novelty. The proposed method is the only method that takes care of every channel member rather than just focusing on producers / farmers. This method considers factors such as the price received by farmers (gross and net), marketing margins, marketing costs, and the price paid by consumers. Unlike old methods, this method focuses on adding value per channel, not on the number of intermediaries. Practical value / implications. The proposed method facilitates an effortless comparison of marketing efficiency for all channel members, especially farmers. Its simplicity makes it a valuable tool for policymakers to formulate effective strategies for enhancing overall channel efficiency. Researchers can also use this method in efficiency-focused studies related to agriculture and its products, gaining a comprehensive understanding of agricultural marketing channels.

The issue of marketing efficiency, or how to better transform inputs into outputs within a marketing system, has always occupied a special place in the macromarketing literature. The concept of marketing efficiency has not been studied in closed and isolated systems that exhibit distinctive behavioral patterns compared to conventional open systems and can explain important and understudied marketing phenomena, including autarky. This study challenges some of the conventional premises of marketing systems by defining autarky as a closed marketing system that 1) operates with the specific purpose of propaganda in a relatively predictable and efficient manner; 2) has minimal, though not entirely absent, interaction with the international environment; and 3) involves participants (actors) who do not engage in voluntary exchanges with one another but rather collectively, as well as individually, adhere consistently to the self-reliance ideology. We demonstrate how a classical thermodynamic model (i.e., the Carnot cycle for maximum energy efficiency) can be metaphorically associated with the behavior of the North Korean autarkic system to better understand the long-term efficiency of its propaganda machine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to develop a holistic metaphorical framework for exploring the efficiency of an autarkic system and to establish common criteria for measuring relationships between autarkic properties and autarkic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to measure the profitability of spice crops, their marketing channels, marketing efficiency, and price spread effects. The study was based on a field survey of 320 spice farmers of Haryana state in India carried out between 2020 and 2021. The authors presented analytical purposes, compound growth rate, cost–benefit ratio, marketing channels, marketing efficiency and price spread effect. The growth of area and production of spice crops is not very strong compared to the profitability of spice crops. Cost–benefit ratio shows that spice crops are more profitable than traditional crops for farmers. However, due to high cost of cultivation, volatile prices, and fear of crop failure, area under spices cultivation is very small. Price spread effect is very high in channel I and II. The majority of farmers adopted inefficient marketing channel (low price for producer and high price for consumer) due to lack of storage facility and weak financial health. The role of government is important for protecting the rights of producers as well as consumers. Mediators' role should be minimized by government policy in the marketing of spice crops in Haryana so that farmers can charge the right price for their spice crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the marketing efficiency of two crucial fish species in Egypt, the Nile tilapia (Balti) and mullet (Bouri), contributing 73.4% to the nation's total fish production. Utilizing data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the variable returns to scale model, marketing efficiency for the Nile tilapia ranged from approximately 62.4 to 100%, with an average of 87.5%, while mullet fish exhibited a range of 36.2 to 100%, averaging 83.4%. The findings suggest a marketing efficiency deficit of 12.5% for the Nile tilapia and 16.6% for mullet fish, attributable to factors not considered in the model. To enhance efficiency, increasing marketing margins or fish production is recommended. Scale efficiency analysis revealed that some fishers failed to achieve an optimal production efficiency. The Nile tilapia could increase productivity by 24.1%, through optimization at the minimum point on the average total cost curve (MC = AC). Similarly, mullet fish could increase productivity by 27.4%, using the same approach. Furthermore, 70% of the Nile tilapia volume demonstrated increasing returns to scale (IRS), while 25% exhibited decreasing returns to scale (DRS). For mullet, 80% demonstrated IRS, and 10% exhibited DRS. Identified marketing challenges included high summer temperatures causing significant losses, financial constraints, insufficient liquidity, high labor costs, lack of marketing information, and elevated taxes. Recommendations include providing comprehensive marketing information, ensuring well-equipped transportation, attempting to enhance liquidity through lending, and supporting energy to reduce costs for fishing-related activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study analyzed yam value chain among small holder farmers in South South Nigeria, with specific objectives of estimating the profit margin and examining the factors that affect the profit margin of the yam value chain actors. Gross and marketing margins, marketing efficiency and multiple regression analyses were used to realize the objectives. Data from eighty, fifty and sixty yam producers, processors and marketers, respectively were collected with the use of questionnaires. Results of analyses showed that the gross margin of yam producers was ₦554,133.3/ha and 35% of which went into operating expenses. That of processors was ₦154, 877.58 with 47% operating expenses and ₦96,0752.68 with 66% operating expenses for marketers respectively. Marketing margin of yam processors was estimated to be 0.332 (33.2%) and a marketing efficiency of 58.65%, which meant that the yam processors gained ₦58.65 kobo for every naira spent on processed yam. The marketing margin of yam marketers was estimated as 42.1% and a marketing efficiency of 54% meaning that yam marketers gained ₦0.546 (54.6 kobo) for every naira spent on marketing yam in the area. Factors that affected the profit margin of the yam producers were age, household size, education, farm size and access to credit. Age, level of education and processing experience influenced the profit margin of yam processors, while household size, level of education, marketing experience and membership of association influenced the profit margin of yam marketers. Nonetheless, the yam value chain actors made appreciable profit. Following the results, the following are recommended: because of the good profit margins of the actors, more people should be encouraged to become actors in the yam value chain and education of yam value actors should be encouraged to give them more capacity to use innovation in their business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Karnataka's arecanut-growing regions, small and medium-scale enterprises have started manufacturing arecanut leaf plates and bowls, leveraging the plentiful availability of areca leaf sheaths and growing awareness of eco-friendly products. This research, conducted in 2023 in Davanagere district, Karnataka, India, involved data collection from 10 areca leaf plate and bowl producers, 30 arecanut farmers, 30 wholesalers, and 30 retailers. The study revealed that farmers received net returns of ₹11,400 per acre from areca leaf sheaths, valued at ₹1.90 per sheath. The manufacturing of areca leaf plates and bowls generated an employment potential of 1,825 man-days annually. Larger arecanut leaf plates had higher marketing margins and costs, which led to higher retail prices, while smaller sizes incurred lower marketing expenses and margins, making them more affordable for consumers. The producer's share was highest for the 10-inch plate at 73.68%, followed by the 12- inch plate at 72.73%, with both the 8-inch plate and 5.5-inch bowl each at 66.67%. Price spreads were greater for the 12-inch and 10-inch plates (₹1.50 and ₹1.25, respectively) compared to the 8-inch plate (₹1.00) and the 5.5-inch bowl (₹0.75). Marketing efficiency was highest for the 10-inch plates at 2.80, followed by the 12-inch plates at 2.67, while the 8-inch plate and 5.5-inch bowl each had an efficiency of 2.00. Entrepreneurs in the arecanut leaf plate and bowl sector faced several challenges, including power outages during the day, shortages of leaf sheaths, low-quality supplies, and restricted access to export markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high marketing margin and low marketing efficiency of apricots in Salah al-Din Governorate was the main goal of studying this crop, as well as estimating marketing costs and measuring marketing efficiency. A random sample was chosen in this research, consisting of (75) farmers in Al-Alam District, and the total number was (22) Questionnaire., and retail stores (46). The results showed that the retailer’s profits came in first place, reaching on average for the year (2022) about (296.900) dinars. The results also showed the total production costs per dunum and per ton for the apricot crop (389.000, 572.000) dinars respectively, and marketing efficiency was measured in the study area. The study showed poor performance of the marketing system for the apricot crop along the marketing channels, which is low when compared with the marketing systems of the rest of the countries of the world. The most important variables affecting marketing efficiency, as the results that could be obtained indicate that the linear formula The independent variables are the best according to economic and statistical standards, and it can be noted that (the costs of boxes and packing bags, the costs of packing and loading, the costs of transportation, and the distance of the marketing center) are linked to the amount of marketing efficiency in an inverse relationship. Either production costs and the variable of experience in agriculture are linked to a direct relationship with the amount of marketing efficiency, and this is consistent with the logic of economic theory. This study continued to open new wholesale outlets and expand wholesale offices, as the study showed that there is scarcity and scarcity in wholesale markets, and this in turn leads to many wholesalers monopolizing apricot fruits and selling them at prices that suit them.

Copyright of Journal of Kirkuk University for Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents a study conducted in the Sultanpur district of Uttar Pradesh, focusing on the marketing of bitter gourd in the selected area. The research employed a multistage stratified purposive cum random sampling technique to select the district, block, villages, and respondents. From the population, 100 growers were randomly chosen, comprising 66 marginal, 23 small, and 11 medium farmers during the period of 2021-2022, using the proportionate allocation technique. Primary data were collected through face-toface interviews using a survey schedule. Three distinct marketing channels for bitter gourd were identified: Channel-I (producer to consumer), Channel-II (producer to retailer to consumer) and Channel-III (producer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer). The study revealed that Channel-I exhibited the highest marketing efficiency (29.15), followed by Channel-II (5.47) and Channel-III showed the lowest efficiency (2.96). Notably, different groups of farms predominantly sold bitter gourd through Channel-III. The research also shed light on the challenges faced by bitter gourd growers, including issues related to perishability, price fluctuations, and inadequate storage facilities. The paper emphasizes the significance of policymakers and stakeholders addressing these challenges and developing effective strategies and interventions to support the bitter gourd farming community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is 1) To find out how much income hydroponic spinach farming is in Percut Sei Tuan District; 2) To determine the feasibility of hydroponic spinach farming in Percut Sei Tuan District; 3) To find out the marketing efficiency of hydroponic spinach farming in Percut Sei Tuan District. This research was conducted in Percut Sei Tuan District, Deli Serdang Regency, in December 2022. With a sample of 23 respondents, 8 owned hydroponic businesses, three collectors, five wholesalers, and seven consumers. The data used are primary data from interviews with questionnaires to find the 1st objective by the R/C ratio business feasibility analysis; the share margin analyzed for the 3rd objective. Based on the research, the results obtained: 1) the average income of hydroponic spinach vegetable farmers is IDR. 13,393,328 per planting period with an average land area of 294.50; 2) Farming is feasible with R/C Ratio >1, which is 3.08, Volume BEP Value = 347,98 kg, BEP price value = IDR 8,237, Payback Period (PP) value = 0,33; 3) the three marketing channels are considered efficient, where the efficiency value is < 50%. Channel I is worth 1,47%, Channel II is 1,51%, and Channel III is 1,1%.

This study aims to determine the marketing channel model of ginger, analyze the marketing efficiency of ginger and analyze the added value resulting from the innovation of ginger products into ginger powder in Sidenreng Rappang Regency. This goal is based on several problems encountered when conducting the initial survey, such as ginger farmers only getting a small profit because they only market their products in the form of raw or unprocessed ginger so there is a significant difference in selling prices at the farmer level. This research's data analysis method consists of qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis was used to identify marketing channels for ginger in Sidenreng Rappang Regency. In contrast, quantitative analysis was used to determine marketing efficiency and the amount of added value resulting from the innovation of ginger products into ginger powder using the Hayami method. The results showed that the marketing channel for ginger in Panca Lautang District, Sidenreng Rapppang Regency consisted of Farmers - Collectors - Retailers - Consumers. From these results, there are two marketing institutions in the ginger marketing channel, namely collectors and retailers. The value of the marketing margin obtained through the ginger marketing channel which is the difference between the price paid by consumers and the price received by farmers is Rp. 8,500. The value of a farmer's share in the ginger marketing channel is based on the price received by farmers from the final consumer price of 66% with a profit ratio of 6.9 which indicates that the ginger marketing channel in Panca Lautang District, Sidenreng Rapppang Regency can be said to be efficient. The added value of processing ginger into powdered ginger is Rp. 79,000/kg with a value-added ratio of 39.50% and a profit of Rp. 74,000 or 37%. The large percentage of processing profits indicates that selling powdered ginger processing products is more profitable than selling fresh products.

Several patterns of pig marketing channels were found on the Mainland of East Flores Regency (MEFR) which had an impact on transaction costs, farmers' share, marketing margins, and marketing efficiency. Objective: To analyze the pattern of marketing channels and market performance of pigs. Method: The study used a survey method where data was collected through observation, interviews and document search. Purposive determination of three sub-districts and nine sample villages; while sample traders using the snowball sampling method, and 135 sample farmers randomly proportional. The data is analyzed using market display analysis. Results and discussion: There are three patterns of pig marketing channels, namely: Marketing Channel I: farmers sell directly to consumers (51%); Channel II: farmers sell to local traders (35%); and Channel III: farmers sell to inter-district traders (14%). The marketing margin for local traders is IDR 1,125,000, and traders between districts are IDR 1,700,000. The average marketing cost for local traders is IDR 100,000, while traders between districts are IDR 322,000. Farmer's share in Channel I is 100%, Channel II is 81.64%, and Channel III is 77.33%. The marketing efficiency of Channel I is 0%, Channel II is 11.25%, and Channel III is 17.1%. Conclusion: Three marketing channels for pigs were found in the MEFR related to marketing costs, marketing margins, farmer's share, and marketing efficiency. The highest marketing costs and the highest marketing margins occur at the trader level between districts (Channel III). The largest farmer's share is received by farmers (Channel I). The marketing system for pigs is efficient in all channels (Channels I, II and III). The choice of channel depends on the actual conditions of the farmers and traders involved in marketing.

Apple crop is the predominant temperate fruit in the high hills of Himachal Pradesh (HP), India, primarily due to the ideal temperate climate of the region characterized by high altitude and significant snowfall. This study aims to examine the marketing aspects of apple crops in the high hills of HP, taking into account the complex nature of its marketing patterns. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining a cautious approach within the marketing channel, as any oversight can reduce prices and profits. Additionally, the study examines the arrival trends of apples in the Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee of HP. The findings reveal that the retail channel demonstrated the highest marketing efficiency, followed by the commission agent's channel, suggesting that reducing the intermediaries in the channel contributes to enhanced marketing efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiding developing nations like Bangladesh in their pursuit of food security requires careful analysis of marketing costs and margins as well as farmer profitability. Therefore, this study delves into the profitability and marketing intricacies of four prominent fish species in Bangladesh's aquaculture sector namely rohu (Labeo rohita), catla (Catla catla), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica), and pangas (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Through extensive face-to-face survey involving 200 fish farmers and 212 market actors in aquaculture-rich districts, the research uncovers valuable insights. The findings unveil varying profitability, with catla fish emerging as the most lucrative, boasting a substantial benefitcost ratio (BCR) of 2.77, while Nile tilapia trails with a BCR of 1.08. The highest expense was incurred for feed, followed by fingerlings. The study highlights the existence of multiple routes for transferring fish from producers to consumers, notably direct sales to middlemen and the active involvement of intermediaries like wholesalers, and facilitators. Farmers sell 41% of their fish directly to middlemen. With facilitator's commission standing out as the most important cost component, wholesalers bear an excessive portion of the marketing expenses. Efficiency in fish marketing is meticulously assessed, with catla fish emerging as the most efficiently supplied species. The study underlines the considerable potential for bolstering fish productivity and enhancing the value chain-a promising avenue that promises financial benefits to both fish farmers and market actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study looked into the dynamics of Dashehari mango value chain in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. A survey of 120 farmers from the Malihabad and Mall blocks of Lucknow was used to collect data. The total cultivation cost per hectare was determined to be Rs. 1,79,469, with variable costs accounting for 53%. Farmers reported an average yield of 11.3 tons per hectare, which falls short of Uttar Pradesh's state productivity for mango. The net return over variable costs was calculated to be Rs. 1,57,050 per hectare. Athorough mapping of the mango value chain in the study area was carried out, followed by a constraint analysis. Harvesting and postharvest losses totaled 13.2%, with retailers bearing the brunt. Pre-harvest contracts were the most common method of mango marketing, with 60-65% of farmers using them. Producers' shares of the consumer rupee varied, ranging from 24% in pre-harvest contract channels to 87% and 62.5%, respectively, in direct marketing and marketing through Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs). Farmers in the mango value chain faced challenges such as pest management, low shelflife, senile orchards, poor price realization, a lack ofprocessing facilities, and a lack of crop insurance schemes. The study emphasizes the importance of long-term interventions to improve the orchard ecosystem and nutrient management, thereby improving farmers' livelihoods. To address these challenges, promoting the widespread adoption of good agricultural practices, canopy management, integrated pest, disease, nutrient management and advanced harvesting techniques is necessary. Furthermore, the study emphasizes FPOs' critical role in establishing a strong and interconnected network within the agricultural community. By implementing these strategies, the mango-producing region of Uttar Pradesh has the potential to foster a sustainable and thriving industry, contributing to farmer prosperity and the community's overall economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmers distribute curcuma through several marketing agencies to the sringanis plantation processing industry. It impacts farmers' income, so the research aims to determine the pattern of Curcuma marketing channels as a raw material for the medicinal plant processing industry, the value of efficiency indicators, and the level of efficiency of each marketing channel--methods of data collection using purposive sampling and snowball sampling. Respondents are farmers, middlemen, and managers of the sringanis plantation processing industry. The analytical approach uses quantitative analysis, namely analysis of marketing channels, marketing margins, farmer share, and marketing efficiency. The results showed that there were two patterns of Curcuma marketing channels, namely marketing Channel I, which included farmers and the sringanis plantation processing industry, and marketing Channel II which had farmers, intermediaries, wholesalers, and the sringanis processing industry. The marketing functions performed by all marketing agencies are exchange functions, physical functions, and facility functions. Farmer share obtained by marketing Channel I is more significant than Channel II, so marketing Channel I is more efficient than Channel II. The implication that farmers and the sringanis garden industry can apply is to enter into a cooperation contract where every profit and risk obtained has been adjusted by mutual agreement. Distance constraints for farmers who use marketing Channel II can be overcome by selling a portion of Curcuma produce to intermediaries with a proportion of 60%, and the remaining 30% is sold directly to the sringanis plantation processing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catfish marketing plays a significant role in Nigeria's economy in terms of GDP and job creation, though its potential has not been fully exploited. This investigation assessed the determinants of profitability of fresh catfish marketing in the Uvwie Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. The study focused on profitability (costs and returns), variables affecting profitability, and marketing efficiency of catfish marketing in the study area as its specific objectives. A two-stage sampling technique was employed in selecting the sample size for the study. In Stage 1, three towns in the Uvwie Local Government Area of Delta state were selected. Stage 2 involved the simple random selection of 25% of each of the active registered fresh catfish marketers from the three towns selected. There were eighty-three (83) marketers from Ekpan, 46 from Effurun, and 42 from Ugboroke, which gave a sample size of 171. A well-structured questionnaire was used in order to obtain data from the marketers. This data was analyzed using the multiple linear regression model, budgetary models, and marketing efficiency model. Budgetary model results revealed that the average total revenue (TR) obtained was ₦74,484.44/45.3 per day, net income ₦5,800, gross margin ₦14,279.8, and ROI 0.084. Regression outcome on variables affecting the profitability of fresh catfish marketing noted that age was negatively significant at 5%, and educational level, marketing experience, selling price and sales volume were found to be positively significant at 5%, 10%, 1%, 1% and 1%, respectively, while household size was not significant. Based on the results of the analysis, it was recommended that marketers should organize themselves to form a cooperative society in order to gain easy access to nongovernmental and governmental credit facilities. The government should make provisions for a catfish marketing budget to attract unemployed youths. The study also recommends that the factors that significantly affected the profitability of catfish marketing should not be left out in policy formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Management & Agribusiness / Jurnal Manajemen & Agribisnis is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Limited marketing information sometimes becomes an obstacle for farmers in marketing their products, so that farmers fail to get a fairer farmer share. This research was carried out by the survey method and aimed to determine the efficiency of the tuber marketing system by the community around the forest in Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta. Data was collected by interviewing 31 tuber farmers selected by the purposive method and five traders selected by the snowball method. There are two tubers commodities, namely cassava, and cocoyam, that have been marketed by the community around the forest in fresh cassava, dry cassava, and fresh cocoyam. The tuber trading system was carried out through two trading system channels involving three intermediate traders, including village collectors, regency collectors, and retailers. Cassava trading arrangements are carried out through two trading channels are channel 1: farmers sell cassava to village collectors, who sell it to district collectors, then finally distribute it to the consumer. Channel 2: farmers sell fresh cassava to village collector, who sells it to regency collector (tapioca flour industry) and finally to consumers. While in cocoyam trading, two trading channels are also formed, among others. Channel 1: farmers sell fresh cocoyam to village collectors, then sell again to retailers who distribute it to consumers. Channel 2: the farmer sells fresh cocoyam directly to food processing producers than consumers. Cassava and cocoyam trading via channel 1 are more efficient than trading system two because they have a lower trading margin, greater farmers' share value, and less technical efficiency.

The research dealt with the topic of interactive marketing in its dimensions (trust, commitment, interaction, two-way communication, quality of service, speed of response) and its impact on marketing efficiency in its dimensions (customer satisfaction, marketing costs, marketing research and development). The researchers sought to present a theoretical framework based on rooting Intellectual and making a modest contribution with regard to the variables and dimensions of the research, which was conducted in the Asia Cell Company for Mobile Communications, Holy Karbala Branch. And information, and a set of statistical methods were used in order to process data and information, namely: the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Cronbach alpha test, coefficient of variation, Pearson correlation coefficient, interpretation coefficient, test (T), test (F), and in conclusion, the research reached A set of conclusions, the most important of which are: - The employees of Asia Cell Company realize the importance of building a long-term trust relationship with customers for the purpose of enhancing the company's marketing efficiency. As well as all the correlations were positive and moral, which means that the company can benefit from the dimensions of interactive marketing to enhance marketing efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to assess the efficiency of beef cattle markets in the Republic of Benin. Primary data were collected from face-to-face surveys of a random sample of 600 respondents consisting of 300 beef cattle farmers and 300 beef cattle traders participating in self-managed beef cattle markets (MBA) and traditional beef cattle markets (MT). Different marketing channels were identified in the selected beef cattle markets: Channel I, FarmerSlaughterhouse/Butchery; Channel II, Farmer-Collector-Wholesaler-Slaughterhouse/Butchery; Channel III, Farmer-Collector-Slaughterhouse/Butchery; and Channel IV, Farmer-WholesalerSlaughterhouse/Butchery. Channel I appears to be the most efficient in both markets with a marketing efficiency of 2.57 in MBA markets and 1.23 in MT markets. The average marketing efficiencies are 1.25 and 0.97 in MBA and MT markets, respectively. The marketing efficiency analysis showed that MBA markets are more efficient than MT markets. To increase the marketing efficiency of farmers, MT markets should be converted into MBA markets. Facilitating transportation and access to market information are critical factors for increasing farmers' marketing efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Being a geographical indication certified fruit, Tezpur litchi enjoys the consumer price difference of Indian Rupees 10 per litchi from the common varieties of litchi. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the different aspects of price spread which will make a way out to provide maximum benefit to the litchi growers. With this motive, this study aimed to analyse the price spread and identify the pattern of marketing channels that would be feasible and give profitable returns to the litchi growers. Research Method: The empirical data were collected from 218 samples that included four channel members i.e., litchi growers, pre-harvesting contractors, retailers and final consumers who are mainly involved in the marketing and consumption of Tezpur litchi. The data were analysed using specific formulas of price spread, the share of channel members in consumer's price and marketing efficiency. Findings: Four patterns of marketing channels were identified for Tezpur litchi. Channel III which included litchi growers, retailers and final consumers was found the most feasible in the study area where 79% of litchi growers directly sell to retailers instead of pre-harvesting contractors. It was observed that price spread, the share of channel members in consumer's price and marketing efficiency shared an inverse relationship with the number of mediators in the marketing channel. However, from the practical point of view, channel III is suggested to the litchi growers for a feasible and profitable return. Research Limitations: Exact information on the distribution of Tezpur Litchi to the other states and countries was not available. Therefore, the geographical scope of the study is limited to Assam. Originality/ Value: Understanding price spread is considered very important to cognise the efficiency of the marketing channels operating for a product. An effective marketing channel not only meets the demand of the consumers but also creates a favourable environment for the growers and intermediaries to increase production and add value to the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small-scale pig farming is crucial for the economic and social structure of tribal households in North-east India. While pig production is the major source of their livelihood, the industry is still facing issues such as the reccurrence of diseases that affect the costs of the pig farmers and low-level efficiencies. With this background, the objectives of the study are to understand the socio-economic structures of the pig farmers, key factors influencing the cost structure of small pig farmers and identify the efficient marketing channel in Assam, Meghalaya and Nagaland. The study also aims to identify the waste management practices followed by the farmers. For this purpose, a primary survey was conducted on three thousand households selected randomly. The methodologies used include descriptive analysis, multiple regression, and Acharya Modified Marketing index. The results indicate that though most farmers had knowledge of classical swine fever, less than twenty-five percent of the farmers had their pigs vaccinated. The primary cost contributing factors for backyard farmers are the stock purchase of pigs and feed cost. The marketing efficiency came out to be 1.5, 1.48 and 2.13 for Assam, Meghalaya and Nagaland. The study suggests that awareness and training on sustainable pig production methods and digital marketing can lead to an improved productivity which can eventually achieve the target of doubling farmers' income. Further, given that the current waste management includes burning pigs leading to environmental pollution, the study suggests launching waste disposal training drives for farmers for enabling them to practice efficient waste management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effect of gender on marketing efficiency among maize producing households using data collected in the Dawuro zone, southern Ethiopia. Results indicate that the amount of maize assigned to the first ranked (most efficient) channel for male, female and joint decision-making households is significantly larger than that of the second, third, and fourth ranked channels, respectively. Significant results vary across gender categories at the same stage of marketing channel. Female decision-making households receive a lower producer price, as well as cover higher marketing costs and margins of middlemen, as compared to male and joint decision-makers at the same stage of the marketing channel. This study also found a limited financial ability for local institutions to establish maize storages in the study area. There is a need for an integrated agricultural marketing information system that would help female decision-making maize producers to better engage in available market opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the peculiarities of organization of monitoring the status and efficiency of the use of the marketing potential of enterprise in the conditions of changeable economic policy. It is identified that the main task of carrying out a set of procedures for monitoring the marketing potential of enterprise is to form a proper information provision for the process of strategic management of the enterprise’s marketing activity on the basis of modeling possible alternatives to development and timely identification of the need for changes in economic activity. The main elements of the system of monitoring the marketing potential of enterprise are a certain sum of approaches to determining the essence of this system, methods and methodology of its development, as well as the implementation of measures for its introduction. During the monitoring, the actual financial and economic status is analyzed, the value and trends of deviations from the forecasts that constitute the basis for the plans of economic activity of the enterprise in the formation of competitive advantages are defined. In the future, in accordance with the previously identified patterns and specific dependencies, the consequences of changes for the implementation of the process of monitoring the marketing potential of the enterprise are determined. The results of identifying flaws and shortcomings in the monitoring process are used to assess the level of its organization and determine the efficiency. Errors and shortcomings should be corrected during the next cycle of preparation and use of the monitoring system at the enterprise. To do this, at the end of the accounting period, the main directions of improvement of this system are established, a set of measures is developed to eliminate the identified shortcomings.

Fuelwood continues to be the leading energy source for rural and urban dwellers, creating competition between domestic and commercial fuelwood users in Ghana. This competition has carved a market niche for people to engage in the fuelwood trade as a source of livelihood. The study aimed to describe the marketing outlets of fuelwood, determine the most efficient fuelwood marketing channel outlets, and examine the factors influencing the choice of fuelwood marketing outlets in the Dormaa Municipality of Ghana. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire administered to a sample of 200 fuelwood harvesters drawn from eight communities that harvest fuelwood for sale using the multistage sampling method. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logit regression were used in analysing the data. The study revealed that open forest is the main source of fuelwood for trade. Further, selling fuelwood directly to the end-users (outlet I) is the most efficient marketing outlet among the four marketing outlets identified in the study. The significant variables influencing the choice of fuelwood marketing outlets were level of education, processing of fuelwood before sales, cost of transporting fuelwood, the quantity of fuelwood harvested weekly, and the nature of the road. These findings provide immense guidance to fuelwood market actors in terms of market outlet selection decisions and the need for rural infrastructure improvement. It is recommended that fuelwood traders should endeavour to own the splitting and cutting tools to minimise processing costs and maximise profit since splitting and cutting costs constitute the highest marketing cost. The marketing of fuelwood should be formalised by the Forest Service Division (FSD) in collaboration with the Municipal Assembly and encouraged to establish woodlots for fuelwood. This will forestall any future invasion of the forest reserves for fuelwood for marketing.

In the tropics, okra is an important vegetable crop and its production is a viable livelihood activity; however, several factors affect its marketing and margins derivable thereof. Therefore, this study analyzed the determinants of market margins among okra traders in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. Primary data collected via multistage sampling were analyzed using descriptive statistics, market performance and regression analysis. The results revealed that the estimated market margin and market efficiency index were ₦1900/bag (100kg) and 0.35, respectively. Channel 4 (27%) had the highest percentage of commodity sales volume. The coefficient of multiple determination (R2) was 0.826; hence, 83% variation in the market margin was accounted for by variables in the regression model. Moreover, coefficients of the variables including age (0.873), education (0.696), market experience (0.571), cost price (-0.598), quantity sold (0.576), marketing cost (-0.72) and income level (0.98) were significant determinants of okra market margins. They identified constraints affecting okra marketing in the study area. This study recommends the provision of incentives, policy adoption to mitigate income inequality and improve market performance; regulation of commodity prices, agent exploitation and marketing costs; adoption of modern communication tools and technologies, market channel diversification; provision of market infrastructures and interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this research were to calculate marketing efficiency and to identify the information sources of cattle farmers who select direct or indirect channel of cattle selling. This study used a descriptive research design. Respondents in this research were determined by quota and judgmental sampling methods. Data were collected through observation and in-depth interviews. Data collected were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that 66.67% and 33.33% of farmers selected indirect channel and direct channel, respectively. Among the latter, all the farmers sold to butcher, inter-island traders, or end consumers on Muslim religious ceremony. Indirect channel farmers obtained 83.72% of producer’s share, while in the direct selling method farmers obtained the entire share. However, marketing efficiency of indirect marketing channel was better with 20.22 than the direct marketing channel with 29.70. Furthermore, in the direct marketing channel, most farmers received information from buyers (25.86%) and farmers in the indirect marketing channel received from family members (20.29%). All farmers obtained similar impersonal information from televised media. In conclusion, farmers in direct channel received more income but indirect marketing channel gave a better marketing efficiency. Lastly, majority of farmers in both channels received information from personal sources.

This study aims to examine the marketing channel optionsavailable for corn producers in South Sulawesi, the production center in Indonesia, as well as impact of such a choice on their income level. The target group was corn producers and corn traders. The total sample comprised 150 people, consisting of 120 corn producers and 30 corn intermediary traders within South Sulawesi Province. The results showed that three marketing channels accessed by producers are zero-level, one-level, and two-level channels. The net profit margin obtained by intermediary traders per kg is different by types for each marketing channel due to different marketing activities leading to different costs spent. The most efficient marketing channel is the zero-level channel that conducts direct selling to breeders. It followed by the one-level channel (from farmers to collectors and consumers). Finally, the two-level channel (from producers to merchant traders) showed the lowest efficiency. It should be mentioned that the zero-level channel offers a slight price increase for producers compared to other channels. Its consumers only buy limited number of products so that it does not have a wide impact on producer’s welfare. The study also found high input costs spent to cultivate corn due to land rent, fertilizers, and pesticides. AcknowledgmentThe welfare of corn producers and marketing channel choice is part of an internal research grant project from Hasanuddin University. The research involves the regional government at village and sub-district level, and farmer groups in villages within the Province of South Sulawesi.

Copyright of Journal of Indonesian Agribusiness / Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study examined the marketing and uses of two species of Giant African Land Snails (Archachatina marginata and Achatina achatina) in four (4) different market locations in Ibadan Oyo state, Nigeria. The data were collected using a structured and validated questionnaire administered interpersonally to 160 snail marketers in four randomly selected markets in selected Local Government Area (LGA) situated in Ibadan. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools; these include frequencies, mean, median, mode and multiple regression. Findings from the socioeconomic characteristics revealed that majority (98.1 %) of the respondents were female and only 1.9 % were male. Majority (91.9 %) of marketers were married with 27.5 % in the 31–40 years age group. Majority (89.4 %) raised their capital through personal savings and had over 16 years of marketing experience. All respondents (100 %) were involved in wholesale marketing of different species of snail whereas 65 % of them were into both wholesale and retail marketing. Also, 88.8 % were engaged in marketing of both species only. Most (70 %) of the respondents’ generated income per year was between ₦10,000–₦49,999 ($26–$130). All marketers ascertained that the major purpose of snail is for consumption. Also, the budgetary analysis (costs and returns) revealed that marketing of Archachatina marginata and Achatina achatina is a profitable business among the marketers with a high rate of return on investment. The most efficient market for both snail species was Sango market with efficiency values 1.77 and 1.82 for A. achatina and A. marginata, respectively. The coefficient of multiple determination, R2 value of 0.689 indicated that 68.9 % of the variation in the marketing price of snail is explained by transportation cost, cost price of snail and market tariff. The marketing efficiency was greater than one in all markets which showed that the markets were efficient in the marketing of Archachatina marginata and Achatina achatina. The study concluded that snail marketing is profitable given the market efficiencies and rate of returns on investment. Policy recommendation towards reduction in cost of transportation and market tariff is suggested as this would bring about improved market efficiencies and more returns.

The tomato crop is one of the most important daily consumer food crops that enters the consumer basket and its importance called for necessity Study it through a random sample consisting of (145) questionnaires, of which (75) are intended for farmers and (35) are designated for each of the wholesalers and (35) for retailers in the governorate Salah al-Din, and it is necessary to refer to the average number of dunams planted with the crop for the research sample (5.2) dunams, as the production of one dunam amounted to an average of (4.8) tons / dunam, and the average prices of the crop for the producer, wholesaler and retailer amounted to (382-504.4-701.7) dinars/ kg, respectively, the average absolute marketing margin between wholesaler - producer, retailer - wholesaler, retailer - producer amounted to (81.86 - 197.3 - 319) dina / kg, respectively, while the relative marketing margin between wholesaler - farms, wholesaler The retailer, the retailer-farmer (producer) amounted to (19.50%, 26.11%, 42.37%) respectively, and the profits of the retailer from the absolute marketing margin ranked first, while the profits of the wholesaler ranked second, and the marketing efficiency was measured, amounting to The average marketing efficiency according to the three laws of scale (1) amounted to (59.93%), For scale (2) it reached (65.41 %, 43.95%, 32.66%), and for scale (3) it reached (63.16%), it was concluded that it is low when compared with the marketing systems of the rest of the world. (319) dinars, while the profits of the wholesaler from the marketing margin averaged (197.3) dinars. The reason for this is attributed to the ability of the retailer to bargain without providing marketing services. There is scarcity and shortage in wholesale markets, and this in turn leads to many wholesalers monopolizing the crop and selling it at prices that suit them, as well as the necessity for the owners of wholesale offices to perform the necessary marketing functions (sorting, grading, classifying and packing) This study recommended opening new outlets for wholesale sales and expanding wholesale offices, as the study showed that there is a scarcity and shortage in wholesale markets, and this in turn leads to many wholesalers monopolizing the crop and selling it at prices that suit them

The study aimed to measure the impact of local variables, which are represented by the events of January 25 and the liberalisation of the exchange rate and the consequent increase in energy prices, on the production and economic and marketing indicators of the potato crop. The study period was divided into two periods, the first (2001-2010) representing before January 25 and the liberalisation of the exchange rate, and the second period (2011-2019) representing after January 25 and the liberalisation of the exchange rate. Potatoes show an increase in the cultivated area, acre productivity, total production available for consumption, and total losses of the potato crop in the period after January 25 and the liberalisation of the exchange rate, with an increase rate of about 51.5%, 5.31%, 39.19%, 82.54%, and 168.83% than it was in a certain period. before January 25 and liberalise the exchange rate for each, respectively. By using the dummy variables method to measure the impact of the events of January 25 and the liberalisation of the exchange rate on the variables, it was found that there was a statistically significant increasing effect of the events on the cultivated area and the total production of the potato crop, while the statistical significance of the coefficients of the feddan productivity, the available for total consumption, and the total loss of the potato crop was not proven. The study of the impact of local variables on the economic indicators of the potato crop revealed an increase in production costs, farm price, and net yield of the potato crop after January 25th and the liberalisation of the exchange rate, with increases of 129.85%, 134.49%, and 191.78%, respectively, compared to the period prior to January 25th and the liberalisation of the exchange rate. It was also clear that there was a statistically significant increasing effect of the events of the second period, as it was found that in the period after January 25 and the liberalisation of the exchange rate, there was a greater boom in the net yield per feddan, the cost of the unit produced, and the agricultural price than in its counterpart in the period before January 25 and the liberalisation of the exchange rate. As for the marketing indicators of the potato crop, it was found that there had been an increase in both the wholesale and retail prices, and the rate of increase was about 235.52%, or 240.56 percent of what it was in the period before January 25 and the liberalisation of the exchange rate. By examining the impact of local variables on the marketing efficiency of the potato crop, it was found that there was a decrease in the marketing efficiency in the period after January 25 and the liberalisation of the exchange rate at a rate of about 12.7% compared to the period before January 25 and the liberalisation of the exchange rate. By studying the simple matrix between the different price levels of the potato crop, it was found that there is a positive significant correlation between the farm price and both the wholesale price and the retail price. It was also found that there is a very strong correlation between the wholesale price and the retail price. By estimating the marketing efficiency functions, it was found that when the farm price increased by 1%, it increased the marketing efficiency by 0.06%. It also appears that when the cost of production per tonne increases by one pound, it leads to an increase in marketing efficiency of 0.21%. While it was found that when the retail price decreased by 1%, it led to an increase in marketing efficiency of 0.28%, while remaining low. It was found from the study of the retail function that when the farm price increased by 1%, it led to an increase in the retail price by 0.78%. It was also clear that when the wholesale price increased by one pound, it increased the retail price by 0.27%. It was also found from the study of the cost function that about 73% of the changes in production costs are due to the change in feddan productivity, while the rest of the changes are due to unmeasured factors in the function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. This study estimated the efficiency of cereal marketing and effect of transportation cost on gross receipts of traded grains in a typical rural Nigeria. A total of 120 cereal marketers were selected through a simple random method. A structured questionnaire was used for collection of data which was complemented by oral interview and group discussion for a period of one month (24th July – 23rd August 2019). Descriptive statistics, Marketing efficiency, and Multiple Regression were employed in making data analysis. Results indicated that most of the respondents were males (70.85%), married (66.67%) with a household size of 6-10 persons, and within the age range of 40-49 years (51.67%) with a larger proportion (41.67%) having had secondary education. The majority (54.17%) had cereal marketing as their main occupation and sourced business capital from personal savings. The most prioritized method of transportation among the marketers was the use of motor vehicles, and maize was ranked as the most traded staple among the respondents. Regression results revealed coefficients of 0.3758 and 0.5296 for transportation cost and miscellaneous services which were both significant at p

This study aims to analyze the management of corn production and farming, analyze the corn value chain, analyze the difference in marketing margins between the corn commodity value chain actors, and analyze the marketing efficiency among value chain actors. The study was conducted in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia by taking six sub-districts as samples, namely Samboja, Sebulu, Tenggarong, Tenggarong Seberang, Marangkayu, and Muara Badak Sub-Districts. The number of samples for farmers is 240 respondents using the random sampling method and the channel informant is determined by the snowball method. The results showed that the corn farm production management function was good, only the production control function showed that corn production was still low. The results of the analysis for corn farming from 240 respondents with an area of 352 ha totalling 653,290 kg with an average of 1,855.94 kg per hectare. The price of corn at the time of the study was an average of IDR 4,267 per kg. The total farm income per planting season is IDR 4,938,016,750. The total cost is IDR 1,747,582,947 per planting season. Income of IDR 3,190,433,803 per planting season. R/C ratio obtained 2.82 means that corn farming is feasible to be cultivated. The main actors in the corn value chain are farmers, village / sub-district collectors, district collectors, retailers and consumers. Corn supply chain channels are channel 0, channel 1A, 1B, channel 2, and channel 3. The margin received by village (sub-district) collectors on channel 1A is IDR 3,281, channel 2 is IDR 2,200, and channel 3 is IDR 1,875. The margin received by district collectors on channel 3 is IDR 1,250. The margin received by retailers in the IB channel is IDR 3,750, - on channel 2, it is IDR 1,800, and on channel 3, it is IDR 1,750, -. The efficiency value of all marketing institutions involved in corn marketing activities in Kutai Kartanegara Regency is

The use of potential results to further develop efficiency of marketing services for learning in SCS (Second Change Schools) is the main purpose of this paper work. An overview of the marketing function in education is necessary at first, as part of the empirical research that will follow, examining whether the tools used in this phase to view the structures that are considered effective. That means that through these structures attraction for the people participating is achieved, for whom those studies would be beneficial. SCS aim to transform schools from a place of knowledge to a place where knowledge is produced. This request is geared to learning methods that add learners to their direct and active engagement in the learning process. Therefore, marketing helps educational organizations to identify the people’s needs, to create and promote the right products / services that meet the above needs, to advertise the offered goods and develop their public relations and, finally, coordinate and control all actions required to achieve their goals. Since education relations with development in this work are studied at atomic level, manuscript explores whether these relationships can be affected by marketing policies.

Introduction: Tawangargo Village, Karangploso District, Malang Regency is the largest sweet corn producing region in Karangploso District with a business base on developing vegetables that lead to special environmentally friendly products in Leban Hamlet. Quality assurance for fresh food with excellent certification requirements. The resulting product is safe for consumption or safe for pesticides. Sweet corn marketing system helps marketing institutions related to farmers in accessing consumers, making the price of sweet corn at the farm level with the price of corn accessed by different consumers. This research tries to analyze the market structure, study the market and improve the sweet corn market in Leban Hamlet, Tawangargo Village. Method: The basic method of research is analytical descriptive. Determining the location of research carried out intentionally or intentionally. Farmer sampling method using census method, with a total sample of 9 respondents. The sampling method used by traders uses the snowball sampling method with the number of broker 1 respondent and 1 respondent village collector. Data were analyzed by SCP (Structure, conduct, and performance) methods. Results: The results showed the structure of the sweet corn market in Leban Hamlet, Tawangargo Village has a tendency in imperfectly competitive markets namely the oligopsonistic market. This structure is completed inefficient markets. Market behavior discusses the marketing activities of sweet corn in Leban Hamlet. While the market performance (market performance) is 50%. Conclusion: This shows that the marketing of sweet corn in Leban Hamlet is included in the efficient category.

The study analyzed the determinants of profit efficiency among catfish marketers in Lagos state, Nigeria. Multistage sampling procedure was used to select 120 catfish marketers, data were collected with the aid of a structured questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed with the use of descriptive statistics, enterprise budgetary technique, Shephered-Futrell method and stochastic profit frontier analysis (SPFA) model. The result of the gross ratio and net return on investment reveals that catfish marketing was a profitable and bankable enterprise. About 76.72% of sales revenue was taken up by the costs. The SPFA reveals that cost of catfish purchased and depreciation cost had positive (p