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This debate article explores the potential of urban manufacturing to rejuvenate Italian cities through the productive reuse of disused industrial heritage. It emphasizes the need for transformative placemaking approaches that integrate diverse activities, fostering economic and functional diversity within ecosystems. The paper addresses key policy considerations and the impact of dedicated spaces or hubs in engaging specialized communities of workers. It acknowledges the emergence of new professional demands due to Industry 4.0 and highlights potential polarization toward highly skilled profiles. The ongoing pandemic crisis and the rise of gig and platform economies also pose challenges to traditional services and lower-skilled professionals. The paper raises questions regarding attracting makers and their contribution to urban employment growth. It underscores the importance of inclusive learning and shared prosperity by promoting the hybridization of technical, cultural, and social functions within productive-cultural sectors. The governance of hubs and innovation ecosystems necessitates a shared vision and responsibility, fostering partnerships with stakeholders at national and international levels. The examples of BASE and the Technopole of Bologna demonstrate placemaking practices that prioritize the construction of proximate relationships, extending beyond physical improvements. These practices are applied in industrial settings, research, cultural production, and education, with low barriers to entry and targeted approaches to diverse user groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the little-studied technological practice of instrument making in South India, where the introduction of bovine hide brought new musical possibilities to a community of musicians. It narrates the animal-human relationship embedded in the everyday technology of making and maintaining sound instruments between 1930 and 2010 and how various actors sought to reduce the sound of bovine instruments. Based on fieldwork and historical sources, this article contributes to the discussion of nonlinear chronology in the history of technology, showing how technological processes are centered around local time, seasons, and animal-human (professional) life cycle rather than global standardized time. This micro-history describes how makers combined animals and technology to achieve better sounding instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Conservar Património is the property of Associacao Profissional de Conservadores-Restauradores de Portugal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this article is to determine the potential for constructive social change that can reach the communities of technology enthusiasts in Russian universities, and to identify possible directions for such changes. University communities of technology enthusiasts and the sites where they work are chosen as the object of research: fab labs, CMITs, circles. The basic conceptual framework of the research is the theory of fields, which asserts that society is a system of embedded social fields. Social changes in this theory are referred to as the transformation of existing social fields or the emergence of new ones. The term “practice of the future” is first introduced, and understood as a group of people united by common interests in advanced technological and social solutions sharing common activities and knowledge (sharing), but not included in a sustainable social field. The hypothesis of the present study is that communities of practice of the future have the capacity for social change and the directions of such changes can be identified through the analysis of strategies that are consistently applied in these communities. The semi-structured in-depth interviews of leaders and participants of university student technological centers are used as the material for the study. The article concludes that the two most obvious social fields in which communities of technology enthusiasts of Russian universities are capable of producing changes are the field of technological entrepreneurship and the field of educational innovation. In the first of these fields, the strategies of technology enthusiasts (initiative, project orientation, diversity and meritocracy) give advantages over players who do not employ these strategies. In the second field (educational innovation) these strategies can give the direction of changes, bringing together enthusiasts of relevant educational technologies. Social changes of the techno-optimistic type generated by the university communities of technology enthusiasts is not yet directed to a specific social field. However, examples of large-scale country-wide projects show that such a field is beginning to form. It is quite possible that modern university communities of technology enthusiasts are able to generate a social field no less powerful than their predecessors – the movement of technological kruzhoks – at the begining of the 20th century.

Open design and distributed production present potentials for empowering individuals and communities to create, share, access and produce diverse, sustainable designs that can meet their own local needs and the needs of future generations. The literature on distributed production and value creation deploys various sustainable future visions, along with matching assumptions on the roles of various stakeholders who can engage in these open and distributed processes of design, production, and post-use, who operate at varying scales (i.e., individual, local, regional, and global) and with different intentions for creating and recapturing value (i.e., for self and for others). This paper presents the outcomes of a survey conducted as part of a research project on exploring open design-led business models that can establish resilient and adaptive distributed value creation networks and localised circular economy loops, with a particular focus on electrical household appliances. The survey aimed to understand the varying roles stakeholders can take, their existing capabilities, and the kinds of knowledge, skills, and resources they would require to actively participate in such distributed production and value creation networks in Turkey. The results provide comprehensive insights into the types of stakeholders involved in the process, the knowledge, skills, and resources required, and the gaps in accessing them in Turkey. The paper identifies various directions for future research, including exploring secondary raw materials for individual fabrication, individualised post-use practices of reuse, refurbishing and recycling, and codesigning post-use.

This paper critically examines how capitalist, alternative capitalist and non-capitalist ontologies and relations are negotiated in a hybrid makerspace that hosts both for-profit and non-profit entities and integrates community and commercial aspects. Despite a growing body of knowledge on the distinct characteristics of non-commercial makerspaces, few scholars have analysed them in relation to capitalism. This applies even more to commercial or hybrid makerspaces that remain so far under-researched in diverse economies literature. These spaces, however, can be of increasing interest given what we know about makerspaces as hubs of budding entrepreneurship and that some makers avidly pursue entrepreneurial objectives while others are reluctant to even consider commercialising their projects. In this paper, I employ an extended framework of diverse economies that understands capitalism as not only a form of socio-economic organisation but also a cultural and political architecture. Followed by an overview of existing literature that sheds light on beyond-capitalist dimensions of makerspaces, I explore a case study of the Keilewerf, a hybrid makerspace situated in Makers District in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, disentangling how capitalist, alternative capitalist and non-capitalist ontologies of sustainability-oriented makers co-exist and conflict with economic relations, knowledge production and relations with the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. National Institute of Health (NIH) 3D Print Exchange is a public, open-source repository for 3D printable medical device designs with contributions from clinicians, expert-amateur makers, and people from industry and academia. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the NIH formed a collection to foster submissions of low-cost, locally manufacturable personal protective equipment (PPE). We evaluated the 623 submissions in this collection to understand: what makers contributed, how they were made, who made them, and key characteristics of their designs. We found an immediate design convergence to manufacturingfocused remixes of a few initial designs affiliated with NIH partners and major for-profit groups. The NIH worked to review safe, effective designs but was overloaded by manufacturing-focused design adaptations. Our work contributes insights into: the outcomes of distributed, community-based medical making; the features that the community accepted as “safe” making; and how platforms can support regulated maker activities in high-risk domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we identify new relationships between technologies and people in the context of digital fabrication. Our research applies a postphenomenological lens to understand and identify such relationships by using the concept of intentionality, an idea that relates to how humans and technologies, in their corporeal sense, direct themselves at the world rather than their purpose of action. We conducted a study wherein we first modified four 3D printers that highlight technological intentionality by either reducing, redirecting, reshaping, or redistributing the CAD model and filament of a given print. Next, experienced makers were invited to print models with one of four printers and reflect upon the effects of the coupling between their intentionality and that of the 3D printer. We contribute descriptions for new ways to frame human-technology relationships within the context of digital fabrication and highlight three relationships with machines: anticipatory, itineration and resistance, and their implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Técnica Industrial: Revista Cuatrimestral de Ingeniería, Industria e Innovación is the property of Fundacion Tecnica Industrial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is an important food crop; however, its production is affected by salt stress. Salt stress can inhibit seed germination, promote senescence, and modify cell wall biosynthesis, assembly, and architecture. Melatonin, an indole heterocycle, has been demonstrated to greatly impact cell wall structure, composition, and regulation in plants under stress. However, the molecular basis for such assumptions is still unclear. In this study, a common bean variety, "Naihua" was treated with water (W), 70 mmol/L NaCl solution (S), and 100 mmol/L melatonin supplemented with salt solution (M+S) to determine the response of common bean to exogenous melatonin and explore regulatory mechanism of melatonin against salt stress. The results showed that exogenous melatonin treatment alleviated salt stress-induced growth inhibition of the common bean by increasing the length, surface area, volume, and diameter of common bean sprouts. Moreover, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) indicated that the cell wall regulation pathway was involved in the salt stress tolerance of the common bean enhanced by melatonin. Screening of 120 germplasm resources revealed that melatonin treatment improved the salt tolerance of more than 65% of the common bean germplasm materials. Melatonin also up-regulated cell wall pathway genes by at least 46%. Furthermore, we analyzed the response of the common bean germplasm materials to melatonin treatment under salt stress using the key genes associated with the synthesis of the common bean cell wall as the molecular markers. The results showed that two pairs of markers were significantly associated with melatonin, and these could be used as candidate markers to predict whether common bean respond to exogenous melatonin and then enhance salt tolerance at the sprouting stage. This study shows that cell wall can respond to exogenous melatonin and enhance the salt tolerance of common bean. The makers identified in this study can be used to select common bean varieties that can respond to melatonin under stress. Overall, the study found that cell wall could response melatonin and enhance the salt tolerance and developed the makers for predicting varieties fit for melatonin under stress in common bean, which may be applied in the selection or development of common bean varieties with abiotic stress tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to behavioural approaches that attempt to explain creativity, social practice theories commonly emphasize aspects of the material world that shape and reproduce how people engage with them. How might social practice theory clarify how making affects millions of hobbyist creators – and what makes making matter to them? This article examines the theoretical work tying creativity to social practice. It then reports on a project in which small groups of everyday creators in the United Kingdom (n = 95) gathered in workshops to discuss their experiences and opinions regarding the materials, meanings, and competences of making. A model-making research method instigated peer discussion revealing both individual and shared accounts of practice. The data indicated that participants, regardless of practice, experienced creating as an ongoing performance providing many benefits that promote personal and societal transformation. With our graphic iteration of the elements of making, we assert that the meanings these makers attached to their various do-it-yourself practices were underscored by the materials they worked with and the competences they built in creating.

In contrast to behavioural approaches that attempt to explain creativity, social practice theories commonly emphasize aspects of the material world that shape and reproduce how people engage with them. How might social practice theory clarify how making affects millions of hobbyist creators - and what makes making matter to them? This article examines the theoretical work tying creativity to social practice. It then reports on a project in which small groups of everyday creators in the United Kingdom (n = 95) gathered in workshops to discuss their experiences and opinions regarding the materials, meanings, and competences of making. A model-making research method instigated peer discussion revealing both individual and shared accounts of practice. The data indicated that participants, regardless of practice, experienced creating as an ongoing performance providing many benefits that promote personal and societal transformation. With our graphic iteration of the elements of making, we assert that the meanings these makers attached to their various do-it-yourself practices were underscored by the materials they worked with and the competences they built in creating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the emergence of organizational dynamics in the context of fluid organizational phenomena. To do so, three organizational dynamics are studied: (1) identity, (2) actorhood, and (3) interconnected instances of decision-making. To study how these three organizational dynamics take shape in the context of fluid organizational phenomena, I rely on the events-based approach and a case study of makers operating in a makerspace in the Paris region. The results show, on the one hand, that the collective of makers enacts a structure of past, present, and future events that participates in the definition of a common frame of reference and, on the other hand, that this common frame of reference plays a role in the emergence of organizational dynamics. On the basis of this result, my main contribution is to show the role of the eventalization – that is, the definition, configuration and narration by the actors of past, present, and future events – in the definition of organizational dynamics in fluid organizational phenomena. This article contributes on the one hand to the literature on fluid organizational phenomena, and on the other hand to the literature on makers working in makerspaces.

Recent trends in librarianship point to themes of crafters, artisans, and makers in library spaces. The American Library Association's Center for the Future of Libraries includes the Maker Movement as one of its trends. Librarians can support these makers and entrepreneurs by thinking of libraries as a place to create through community building and engagement, and considering job skills needed for success and confidence to staff such spaces, but this transformation requires administrative support. This article summarizes this movement for libraries and suggests a route to success through a case study of a year-long grant on Making Maker librarians. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Fabrication spaces (Fab-spaces) provide individuals with access to numerous manufacturing equipment (including additive manufacturing), to carry out different types of projects. Although scholars are starting to speculate about the importance of these new organisational forms and their potential for future distributed innovation and production ecologies, this phenomenon is still largely unexplored. Building on existing multidisciplinary research, this paper offers the first empirical analysis of existing fab-spaces as providers of knowledge and production competencies. Amongst all the possible perspectives to derive a framework, we choose that of fab-space users who have an entrepreneurial intention. After deriving an analytical framework to position fab-spaces in the current academic discourse, the paper develops a classification, which considers the competences available to entrepreneurs, via fab-spaces, in conjunction with how these competences are provided. The resulting map reveals the complementarities amongst the different fab-spaces. It also shows that the current portfolio of fab-spaces supports mainly the distribution of innovation across locations and social groups. Several types of fab-spaces are currently well placed to support the transition from innovation to manufacturing, but their geographical distribution and range of manufacturing capabilities are not yet enough to provide a fully distributed manufacturing model. This study has practical consequences for entrepreneurs, in the better identification of the appropriate fab-spaces for their needs, and for policy-makers, to help position the different types of fab-spaces as elements for national systems of innovation and production. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This issue of Cubic Journal concerns making, and the value-structures connected to the premise, before and after execution. Fifteen authors and constituent research teams present their work in manifested design research here. In this work, physical, semi-physical, and transitionally physical embodiments of objects, spaces, and prototypical design conjectures are part and parcel of the researchers’ progress. Embodiment neither preempts, nor follows their work, but is essentially the substance of research itself within these manuscripts. The editors collected this work as status-taking for a broad range of creative and scholarly enterprises in several regions of the world. European, Southeast Asian, and American authors in architectural and product design fields provide perspectives on making-centric design research, across manual, digital, post-digital, and post-consumer spectra of fabrication. But as an assemblage, these works are more than a catalogue. They prompt retrospective thought on the values held, and the value given, by these authors’ conjectural experiments in material form.

Makerspaces and their various declinations are a widespread initiative of workshops that offer open access to digital and traditional production equipment, with the aim of democratizing access to technologies and supporting bottom-up innovation. They are recognized as a new form of ‘third places’ in a contemporary perspective. As the number of such places grows along with their active communities, business models, contamination projects with universities, companies, and civil society, many researchers have explored the ability of makerspaces to serve as innovation facilitators. Over the last few years, networks and coalitions of makerspaces have started to pop-up with a range of objectives, such as the advocacy and coordination of territorial or project-oriented coalitions; however, they remain largely unanalyzed and undocumented. The paper explores the phenomenon of these networks, drawing on a case study that describes the development of a makerspace regional network in Northern Italy, providing insights concerning its impact on both relationships at a local level and on the acceptance of third places within a regional innovation system, contributing to opening a new field of discussion about the potential of such networked organizations.

In recent years, we have observed turbulence across sectors of the economy, geography, technology, and business. This turbulence manifests itself in megatrends, natural disasters, and pandemics. The lifetime of organizations reduced to 24 years in 2016 and is expected to be 12 by 2027. We can see these changes across three dimensions demonstrated as trend storms, rate of change, and disruption. By identifying best practices across successful organizations, we propose a three-dimensional canvas and approach of applying agility and leadership to deal with the rate of change, trend analysis to take advantage of them, and identifying and nurturing change-makers in the organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shared spaces dedicated to digital fabrication such as Fablabs and Makerspaces, together with co-working spaces and start-ups incubators, are said to contribute to the sociospatial reconfiguration of work in digital urban economies characterised by sharing practices and self-organization. However, part of the academic literature on the topic partially reproduces the representations of Makers provided by the mainstream discourse developed by tech-gurus and consultants, which understand them as entrepreneurial innovators. Moreover, when Making is analysed as a new form of work, its spatial dimensions are identified either in the city or in the organisation in which Makers gather, considering both as bounded containers. To offer a more nuanced conceptualisation of Makers' work and arguing that Making as a new, heterogeneous form of value production entails different spatialities, the paper claims for analyses that start from a practical, relational, and more-than-human understanding of what Makers do. Drawing on a recent post-structuralist strand in economic geography and mobilising an Actor-Network sensibility, the article claims for an approach to the study of Makers and Fablabs as economic phenomena that goes beyond understanding them as part of a new urban infrastructure of workplaces targeting self-organised, entrepreneurial, yet collaborative individuals in the age of digital capitalism. Through the ethnographic study of a community of Makers that gather around the main Fablab of the post-industrial Italian city Turin, the paper shows how heterogeneous actor-networks translate Making as a form of value production in multiple and contingent ways, in which the distinction between production and reproduction is variously challenged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of electronics, sustainable energy, digital and the web in the productive and entrepreneurial structure generated, in the second half of the twentieth century, the third industrial revolution. Defined by some scholars like Chris Anderson and economic newspapers like the "Financial Times": "A revolution in which the planner in general and the designer in particular have truly new technical, economic and above all formal language opportunities for the design of new elements". A phenomenon still in full swing, yet we are already talking about Industry 4.0, as synonymous with a fourth industrial revolution that presents a new feature, a new bidirectional relationship that re-examines two key players: producers and consumers. This complete connection has led to the creation of new products and services, which improve the level of efficiency of life by making it more productive.Cyber-physics, in fact, the current technological science that integrates software and networking with new techniques of abstraction, modeling, design and analysis to the dynamics of physical processes, joins traditional design processes, generating a new stream of production process. Defined by Denis Santachiara, designer and Professor at NABA in Milan «[...] a virtual representation of a manufacturing process in a software environment [...]».This new context presupposes the inclusion within the Internet network, "the network of networks", increasingly configured as a "Network Society", where to grasp the growing complexity of the digital revolution, the integration of new instruments that lead to the digital manufacturing. This determines an innovation in the language of designers, towards a new culture of the project, thanks to the resources developed by the new digital technologies. A new reality that turns into opportunities for young designers, in which transversal and multidisciplinary figures with a heterogeneous design background are needed, able to interact with the various facets of these means.

This article examines the emergence of organizational dynamics in the context of fluid organizational phenomena. To do so, three organizational dynamics are studied: (1) identity, (2) actorhood, and (3) interconnected instances of decision-making. To study how these three organizational dynamics take shape in the context of fluid organizational phenomena, I rely on the events-based approach and a case study of makers operating in a makerspace in the Paris region. The results show, on the one hand, that the collective of makers enacts a structure of past, present, and future events that participates in the definition of a common frame of reference and, on the other hand, that this common frame of reference plays a role in the emergence of organizational dynamics. On the basis of this result, my main contribution is to show the role of the eventalization - that is, the definition, configuration and narration by the actors of past, present, and future events - in the definition of organizational dynamics in fluid organizational phenomena. This article contributes on the one hand to the literature on fluid organizational phenomena, and on the other hand to the literature on makers working in makerspaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of prosumer, with four decades since it was coined by Alvin Toffler, has remained the most prevalent conceptual term in studies on consumption-production. However, different concepts that add nuance to the idea of prosumer have been appearing throughout, at least, two decades. Thus, the objective of this work is to carry out a review of the heuristic elements of two relevant, and considered foundational, concepts in this area, to extend the terminological range in this field of studies: the pro-am and maker concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Targeting sustainability in our industrial society requires integrating specific criteria in the design process of products and processes. A paradigm shift is necessary in the economical, social and political systems to ensure the natural ecosystems preservation on the planet while fulfilling society needs. Various research methods have therefore emerged to change the way products and services are designed, developed, used and discarded considering territorial contexts. Design for Sustainability, Design for Sustainable Transition, Socially Responsible Design, post-growth design, etc. provide several methods integrating the sustainable principles in the design process. However those approaches remain mainly experimental and are limited to the industrial context. In parallel to those approaches a wide variety of grassroots initiatives have emerged in territories. They propose alternative ways to design systems and they integrate new constraints in a practical manner. This research therefore aims to confront the diversity of Design to Environment (DtE) approaches with 'grassroots' initiatives in order to understand the possible evolution of the integration of sustainability into the design process of products and services used in industry. This paper presents the first literature review results of a started project in 2020. An original research protocol is proposed in this paper, based on specific focus groups with grassroots initiatives practitioners and eco-design experts from research and industry. The presentation of four DtE frameworks are analysed in this paper. This research finally discusses the opportunity of integrating the grassroots enriched DtE frameworks by non-official-designers in life cycle engineering. This bottom-up process may drive an expression of sustainability in industry aligned with some emerging local socio-technical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cet article est consacré à l’analyse d’une plateforme numérique pour makers : OuiAreMakers.com. À travers l’analyse pragmatique des tutoriels et des échanges produits par les utilisateurs de cette plateforme, cet article tente d’identifier les procédés visant à construire du lien social, à mettre en place des mécanismes d’apprentissage collaboratif et d’exprimer les valeurs de la communauté.

The maker movement has been heralded as a place-based strategy to invigorate urban manufacturing—offering the millennial generation access to affordable, high-quality technologies and inclusive marketing platforms through which to design new products and get them into the hands of design-savvy consumers. Yet it also offers significant place-crossing opportunities that have been overlooked, namely, the potential for the production needs of urban-based makers to be a resource for shoring up manufacturing communities beyond the metropolis at growing risk of being left behind. We demonstrate this possibility through an in-depth case study of the Carolina Textile District (CTD), a novel value chain experiment that helps incumbent textile manufacturers in more remote legacy industrial regions connect with and lend support to a new generation of urban-based textile designers and entrepreneurs. We argue the CTD is an innovative distributive platform that transforms the shared vulnerability of urban makers and rural manufacturers into productive and opportunity-rich relationships, fortified by the millennial-maker ethos of forging high-road supply chains in support of social equity and environmental sustainability. As the maker movement gains traction within planning and policy circles, the CTD offers lessons for how to intensify and de-risk interdependencies between nonmetro and urban regions; between old and new manufacturing clusters; and, ultimately, between blue-collar communities and urban-oriented millennial youth. Conceptually, the case speaks to the need for economic geographers to be more attentive to place-connecting industrial strategies in their growing call for spatial equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Makerspaces – open access design and fabrication workshops – provide new contexts for design practice through ‘distributed production’. The global community of makerspaces has evolved quickly and in turn, substantial hype is attributed to its potential for radical sustainable innovation. In this article, we explore this potential in the context of the new ‘circular economy’ agenda. We focus the research on the critical role of makerspace managers/founders who are recognised as gatekeepers to circular practices. The research method is action-led including expert interviews (academics and founders/managers) as well as two generative context-mapping workshops, run at selected makerspaces in collaboration with their founders/managers. We unearth everyday ‘how-to’ guidance to interweave circular practices within makerspaces from the outset by: fostering an enabling culture; building local connections; nurturing individual/community capacities; and stimulating practical know-how. However, while the research reveals immense opportunities to cultivate circular literacy from within makerspaces, the prospects to ask more profound questions about our economy, through makerspace practices, are found to be compromised by day-to-day concerns. The insights from this research can act as a starting point for future work in this emerging research area.

Researchers are studying makerspaces as one way to support older adults in learning about and using new technologies and tools. In this paper, through a long-term (34 months), ethnographic approach, we study the ways that older adults arranged sociotechnical resources to sustain the community use of a makerspace. Our analysis identifies three interconnected resources that were developed: an adaptive staffing approach that could withstand constant personnel shifts and shortages; structured activities to draw interest and overcome challenges associated with learning to use the machines; and reference materials to support individuals in independent usage of the space. We describe the issues that arose as time went on with each of these resource types, and how individuals affiliated with the makerspace adapted the resources to address these issues. In the discussion, we extend best practices by reflecting on strategies that worked well in the makerspace, such as drawing interest through introductory classes, as well as different purposes for reference materials to support technology use.

As policy-makers and advocates seek to harness the 'Maker movement' for regional innovation and economic development, attention is turning to the role of regional 'entrepreneurial ecosystems' in supporting Makers' growth potential. Through interviews with 92 Maker enterprises across three industry subsectors in two regions, the paper demonstrates how the materiality of manufacturing processes, products and end markets influences Makers' growth trajectories, and their effects on the role of regional agglomeration economies. This adds an important material dimension to ongoing academic discussions of industry relatedness focused principally on knowledge transfer, and further suggests that targeted industrial retention may complement manufacturing entrepreneurship policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Maker movement has started to influence the field of science education. However, a tension exists between the movement's informal grassroots learning emphasis on open-ended personalized projects and the requirements of the formal and standardized science education curriculum. This study explores how high school chemistry teachers in Israel experienced a 32-h professional development (PD) course on "Chemistry Teachers as Makers" as a vehicle to suggest specific recommendations that might productively introduce the Maker approach into high school chemistry education. By analyzing the course syllabus, in-depth interviews of four participating teachers, teacher projects, and reflections of the two course instructors, the study explores how the teachers experienced the PD Maker course, i.e., what interested them, how they compared themselves to Makers, how they navigated their open-ended projects, and what they perceived as the pros and cons for introducing Makers into chemistry education. The findings present five overarching themes that emerged from the data analysis, which provide the background to the study's four interconnected recommendations. The study contributes to the research literature on bridging the gap between the informal learning emphasis of the Maker movement with the formal educational emphasis of high school science, with a focus on the professional development of teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of the Maker Movement – representing small businesses active in the digital fabrication and the creative industry field – is indicative of the emergence of a new type of urban economy and labour regulations in many cities. Trade fairs have been central to the dynamics of these makers as well as an institutional tool to build an economic reputation for the place hosting them. This paper draws upon a survey of exhibitors at, and interviews with organizers of, the Maker Faire of Rome 2015 to describe the features of this unfolding entrepreneurial world. The findings indicate that, although cities are once again the nexus of contemporary innovation trends, these are deeply intertwined with the surrounding socio-political context. Specifically, and in some contrast to the extant literature on creativity, the Rome case indicates the salience of Makers to those urban economies most in need of regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Management international / International Management / Gestiòn Internacional is the property of Management International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents a case study of an open-source 3D printer called ‘Rep-rap’. 3D printing derives from computer numerical control machinery, a technology first introduced against a background of industrial conflict. This historical fact reactualises labour process theory as a theoretical resource. However, the hobbyists in the Rep-rap project are located ‘outside’ the typical setting studied in labour process theory, that is, the workplace. The case study is, therefore, suitable for examining the limits of labour process theory. Its key tenet regarding structured antagonism between labour and capital is put to the test when the ‘point of production’ is located in a community and ‘labour’ consists in non-remunerated contributions by hobbyists (i.e. non-employees). Drawing on theories of the social factory and free labour in the cultural sector, the article argues that this is changing as hobbyists, fans, makers, etc., are put to work by start-up firms and venture capital in the so-called “sharing economy.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the impact of ICT and knowledge society on the creation of new forms of job. In particular, the Author focuses on makers, creative young people who, operating through community online, software and hardware open source and "fablabs", use the new technologies, as the 3D printers, to realize and commercialize their ideas.These types of job lead the A. to consider the legal qualification of micro-entrepreneur as self-employed and its possible impact. Finally, the A. proposes a general rethink of traditional protective paradigms promoting workers’ self-determination and guarantees of fundamental rights.

A new type of urban economy is emerging in many cities of the world based on innovation and soft-technology among micro and small enterprises. This movement back to the city has been promoted by both bottom-up and top-down interventions. The Maker Movement, start-ups tailored policy agendas and shared service accommodations set ups are all different facets of business regulations oriented to promoting entrepreneurial ventures as a way to trigger new economic growth in lagging urban environments. This paper looks at the case of Rome and compares it with other cases and policy interventions around the world. The results raise concerns about the efficacy of policy mobility in this connection. The planning system still fails to address the impact these activities might have settling on an existing urban fabric and giving new life to derelict areas of the city. The few implemented regeneration strategies that exist have mainly emulated past experiences of creative cities and clusters. Yet, from an economic point of view, start-ups have become the new panacea in neo-liberalised job markets. The remaking of new urban economies is influencing contemporary processes of regeneration in cities of both developed and developing world and a better understanding of its dynamics is needed to inform future policy making processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial knowledge and skills can play a crucial role for young people in order to achieve a bright professional perspective. In this context, entrepreneurship education can make a significant contribution to the development of their entrepreneurial attitudes and skills. It can inspire future graduates to develop and internalize entrepreneurial mindsets and prepare them for the challenges of the future. This paper introduces four practices for fostering entrepreneurial skills carried out at Vienna's biggest secondary school Vienna Institute of Technology/Technologisches Gewerbemuseum (TGM). Two of the presented approaches are realized by the TGM alone (the Junior Company and the Learning Office) while the other two are implemented in cooperation with the non-profit association Practical Robotics Institute Austria (PRIA) and the Automation and Control Institute (ACIN) of the Vienna University of Technology (iBridge and Makers@School, the latter also with further partners). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maker revolution, in which 3D printers and other innovative technologies let us produce many types of prototypes and products quickly and easily, is profoundly affecting research and industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Otherwise known as Black Rock City, Burning Man is an artistic event, that, mounted annually in Nevada’s Black Rock Desert, has become the inspiration for a global cultural movement. While it has been the subject of considerable attention from ethnographers and sociologists, Burning Man has persistently resisted classification. In this article, I undertake a tentative approach to Burning Man via a concept integral to Maffesoli’s postmodern social philosophy popular within Anglophone sociology: the neo-tribe. Ethnographic attention to Burning Man illustrates spectacular aspects of neo-tribalism. It is cyclical, immediate, sensual, enchanted, collaborative and offers multiple sites of belonging for participants, many of whom will self-identify as ‘tribal’ or ‘neo-tribal’. And yet Burning Man is also demonstrative of an optimising modernist ‘project’ complicating, if not incongruent with, postmodern tribalism. With Black Rock City theme camps, art projects and build teams echoing a design-orientated maker culture, and an organisation – the Burning Man Project – dedicated to propagating and scaling (making) the ethical, civic and progressive dimensions of this culture, this article demonstrates the paradoxical proclivities of Burning Man’s tribal character. The objective of the article is to forge a fuller understanding of Burning Man and other ‘transformational’ events illustrative of an alternative tribalism, and to explore ways the phenomenon both approximates and deviates from Maffesoli’s thesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thirty-year experiment, Burning Man, is mounted annually in the Black Rock Desert, Nevada. Today attracting 70,000 participants and otherwise known as Black Rock City, Burning Man is typically identified as an arts-based “gift culture,” with gifting holding privileged place in its principled ethos. Lewis Hyde’s classic The Gift is shown to be among the most evocative literary endorsements for Burning Man, notably in the way it invokes the transformative power that affects recipients to identify with the gift itself (in this case, Burning Man). This article demonstrates how this unique culture of gifting and gratitude has been challenged by a recent crisis impugning the ethos of Burning Man as enshrined in event principles like Participation, Gifting and Decommodification. With the growing influx of wealthy “tourists” and their service providers, the so-called “sherpagate” crisis prompted redressive responses from the Burning Man community—in particular through the 2016 art theme, Da Vinci’s Workshop. While such cultural reflexivity has reaffirmed Burning Man as a gifting (and gifted) culture, it also offers an ambitious attempt to reconcile those spheres where art circulates (as gift) and accumulates (as commodity). Such efforts are consistent with the propensity of the recently formed Burning Man Project to propagate Burning Man culture in a transnational movement context.

ItLa stampa 3D è passata dall'uso solo industriale al grande pubblico degli appassionati e dei maker. Questa evoluzione interessa anche i musei, che possono adottare le tecniche di stampa 3D per rendere più fruibili le loro collezioni, creare una maggiore interattività con il pubblico potenziale e generare nuovo business attraverso il merchandising. Più in futuro i musei andranno verso un modello in cui l'originale e la copia ad alta precisione ottenuta con la stampa 3D, e persino il suo modello digitale, avranno ruoli complementari.En3D printing migrated from industrial manufacturing to a much wider audience of small companies and self-producers. This evolution shows interesting implications also for museums: they can adopt 3D printing techniques to make their collections more accessible, develop more interactivity for their visitors and generate new business through a new kind of merchandising. More will change in the future, when the original artwork and its 3D-printed replicas, and even its digital 3D model, will play complementary roles.

Traditional handmade socks, as part of folk art, crafts, and cultural heritage in Turkey, have a rooted history with distinguishing motifs, compositions, and narratives. Knitting socks has been in decline since the mid-twentieth century and socks are rarely used in Turkish everyday life. This study frames this craft in historical, social, and material contexts, and investigates how maker culture, and in particular theCo-knitting Project, has attempted to sustain handmade sock production. To begin, the article reviews literature on the history of handmade socks, focusing on how the practice and materials used for the craft have transformed over time. Then, using responses from interviews with sock makers and shop owners, the status of present-day sock making in Turkey is determined. Finally, the article presents theCo-knitting Project, founded by Bilge Merve Aktaş in 2014 at Koç University, Istanbul which facilitates collaboration and skills-sharing in order to produce socks and sustain local practices in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Makerspaces – open access design and fabrication workshops – provide new contexts for design practice through ‘distributed production’. The global community of makerspaces has evolved quickly and in turn, substantial hype is attributed to its potential for radical sustainable innovation. In this article, we explore this potential in the context of the new ‘circular economy’ agenda. We focus the research on the critical role of makerspace managers/founders who are recognised as gatekeepers to circular practices. The research method is action-led including expert interviews (academics and founders/managers) as well as two generative context-mapping workshops, run at selected makerspaces in collaboration with their founders/managers. We unearth everyday ‘how-to’ guidance to interweave circular practices within makerspaces from the outset by: fostering an enabling culture; building local connections; nurturing individual/community capacities; and stimulating practical know-how. However, while the research reveals immense opportunities to cultivate circular literacy from within makerspaces, the prospects to ask more profound questions about our economy, through makerspace practices, are found to be compromised by day-to-day concerns. The insights from this research can act as a starting point for future work in this emerging research area. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]