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Detection of Helcococcus kunzii and Ignatzschineria ureiclastica/larvae has been made possible by recent advancements in microbiologic diagnostics. We report the first described case of polymicrobial bacteremia secondary to these two unique pathogens, and only the third case of I. ureiclastica/larvae bacteremia described in the United States. Myiasis has historically been thought of as an infestation. This case adds to the growing body of evidence that myiasis is potentially a vector for bacteria, and bacteremia, and the potential for the spread of other vector-borne diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Black Soldier Fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) larvae are recognized for their ability to convert diverse organic materials into protein-rich biomass, depending on the substrate they consume. The composition of these substrates can significantly impact the nutrient profile and enzyme activities of the resulting maggot protein extract (MPE). Therefore, this exploratory research aimed to assess the nutrient content, protease, and cellulase activity of MPE obtained from BSF maggots reared on different substrates, with a specific focus on substrates A (comprising restaurant waste and rejected milk), B (layer manure), and C (kitchen waste). The results showed that maggot meal from layer manure had the highest protein content (45.36%) and the lowest fat content (18.44%). Amino acids in maggot meal contained high levels of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine. Lauric acids were found in maggot meal from kitchen waste (33.79%), layer manure (32.18%), and restaurant waste and rejected milk (22.94%). Maggot meal from layer manure had the highest oleic acid content (15.13%). The protein concentration of MPE from various substrates ranged from 0.56 to 0.601 mg/ml (at 60% w/v ammonium sulfate saturation) and 0.555 to 0.609 mg/ml (at 70% ammonium sulfate saturation). The protease activity of MPE from layer manure substrates exhibited optimum activity and stability in neutral to alkaline pH, with activity levels of 0.748 U/mg at pH 7.0 and pH 11.0 (at 60% w/v ammonium sulfate saturation) and 0.774 units/mg at 70% w/v ammonium sulfate saturation. The highest cellulase activity was found in MPE from kitchen waste, which remained stable at pH 5.0-11.0. In general, maggots from different substrate sources exhibited distinct nutrient profiles and enzyme activities. Protein extract from maggots grown in layer manure showed the most suitable nutrient profile for use as an alternative source of protein feed and protease enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feed is the largest aspect of cost expenditure in the operation of aquaculture activities. One commodity that is widely cultivated is catfish, which is easy to adapt, easy to maintain, and has a faster harvest time. The purpose of this study was to analyze the cost savings of catfish enlargement feed using supplementary Magot feed. Catfish enlargement business with a stocking amount of 3000 tails for Mr. Joko and 2000 tails for Mr. Munazi with a percentage of feed expenditure, namely 62% for Mr. Munazi and 55% for Mr. Joko. Both of them provide additional magot feed resulting in a profit of 1,075,000 IDR, for Mr. Munazi and for Mr. Joko of 2,040,000 IDR, with an R / C ratio value of Mr. Munazi 1.326 > 1 and Mr. Joko 1.463 > 1 so that their business is feasible to run. And can save costs for the procurement of pellets amounting to 1,260,000 IDR, and Mr. Joko 1,600,000 IDR or 38% for Mr. Munazi and 45% for Mr. Joko when compared to using 100% pellets.

Manual ground searches and cadaver dogs are traditional methods for locating remains, but they can be time‐ and resource‐intensive, resulting in the decomposition of bodies and delay in victim identification. Therefore, thermal imaging has been proposed as a potentially useful tool for detecting remains based on their temperature. This study investigated the potential of a novel search technique of thermal drones to detect surface remains through the detection of maggot mass temperatures. Two trials were carried out at Selangor, Malaysia, each utilizing 12 healthy male Oryctolagus cuniculus European white rabbits and DJI Matrice 300 RTK drone China, equipped with a thermal camera; Zenmuse H20T to record the thermal imaging footage of the carcasses at various heights (15, 30, 60–100 m) for 14 days for each trial. Our results demonstrated that the larval masses and corresponding heat emissions were at their largest during the active decay stage; therefore, all the carcasses were observable in thermal images on day 5 and remained until day 7. Statistical analyses showed that (1) no statistically significant differences in thermal images between clothed and unclothed subjects (p > 0.05); (2) 15 m above ground level was proven to be the optimal height, as it showed the greatest contrast between the carcass heat signature and the background (p < 0.005). Our data suggested the potential window of detection of thermal signatures was detectable up to 7 days post‐deposition. This could be an important guideline for the search and recovery teams for operational implementation in this tropical region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Live black soldier fly (BSF) maggots serve as an alternative feed for ducks and other poultry, boasting a protein composition similar to fish meal. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of live BSF maggot supplementation as a protein source on increasing duck daily production, feed conversion ratio, and egg quality. A total of 120 female Alabio ducks aged 7 months were randomly divided into 24 cages with four treatments and six replications. Each cage consisted of five ducks. Performance parameters such as daily egg production, feed conversion ratio, and egg mass production were evaluated, along with the quality of duck eggs, including egg weight, yolk weight, yolk crude protein, and albumen crude protein. The results revealed that protein levels did not significantly affect feed consumption during the laying phase for ducks. However, the comparison of duck day production between treatment groups indicated that ducks receiving lower protein levels (13.43%) exhibited lower production, compared to those with higher protein levels (18.29%). Furthermore, feed protein content had a notable impact on egg weight, yolk weight, and albumen crude protein. The study demonstrated a significant increase in egg yolk weight, while the percentages of egg yolk weight and eggshell weight showed no significant differences. In conclusion, this research suggests that supplementing duck diets with live BSF maggots can enhance egg quality and performance parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chrysomya megacephala and C. rufifacies are globally predominant species of blowflies that are amongst the primary colonisers of decomposing carcasses. The development of blowflies has been studied extensively to estimate the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). This article evaluates the effect of aluminium phosphide (AlP) on the larval morphometry and life cycles of C. megacephala and C. rufifacies. The rabbits were given different dosages of AlP and their livers were excised to rear C. megacephala and C. rufifacies. Through multiple-regression analysis, we assessed the overall impact of varying dosages of AlP on larvae of both species. AlP accelerated development until pupation, whilst the time until emergence remained the same. At higher concentrations, AlP had a positive effect on the development of these species. Since both species are abundant, forensic entomology studies examining the effect of AlP on morphometry and developmental stages would provide valuable information to investigators assessing PMImin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This service activity aims to increase the knowledge and skills of fish farming residents regarding cultivating fruit fly larvae (BSF maggots) as an alternative feed for fish pond production in Pangkep Regency. Implementing this service used training and assistance in making alternative feed products. The evaluation instrument for this activity was an interview guide and practice, then analyzed descriptively. This activity showed that training activities on cultivating fruit larvae as alternative feed provided benefits and positive impacts for fish farmers, where farmers could make an alternative feed from fruit fly larvae that was cheaper and had high nutritional value.

Maggot is an organism that has a high protein content that can be used as natural food for carnivorous fish. Maggot growth media is available in abundance and contains organic matter nutrients. This study aims to determine the best growing media for BSF maggot larvae (Hermatia illucens) which are added to eco-enzymes for maggot population and growth. This research was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 7 treatments and three replications. The media used were tofu dregs, sago dregs, coconut dregs and a mixture of these media, all media were added with 40 mL/Kg of eco-enzyme. Parameters observed were maggot population, relative length, relative weight and nutritional content in maggot. The results of the study showed that the best number of population in the combination of sago dregs and coconut dregs media was 1,1787.51 heads, relative length growth in coconut dregs growth media was 492.88%, relative weight growth in tofu dregs growth media was 672.22% and analysis of protein content of 18.79% in growth media a combination of sago pulp and coconut pulp with the addition of eco-enzymes produced the best population results with complete amino acid content.

Abstract Chrysomya albiceps (Calliphoridae) is among the earliest successional fauna on human and animal cadavers. Some immature Calliphoridae can be useful for determination of post-mortem interval. Toxins, particularly pesticides, can affect the rate of insect growth. Aluminum phosphide (AlP) is an affordable insecticide that has not been adequately entomotoxicologically evaluated. So, the impact of AlP on the developmental rate of different stages of C. albiceps was investigated. Larvae of C. albiceps were reared on the rabbit carcasses containing AlP as a treated group, and distilled water as a control group. The substances were administered by a gastric tube. The duration needed for development of C. albiceps stages was documented. Body length, width and weight of larvae were measured after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h from egg hatching. The duration of development increased significantly in the treated group compared to the control group. Larvae body measurements were significantly smaller in the treated group than in the control group. Therefore, it was demonstrated that AlP significantly influences the size of C. albiceps larvae and extends their development. During forensic application, interpretation of C. albiceps data should be used with caution when aluminum phosphide may be the cause of death.

The objective of this study was to asses the effect of different feeding substrates (FS), harvesting times (HT), and the interaction between FS and HT on the chemical composition of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL). The experiment used a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement with two main factors, FS (T1, T2, T3, T4), and HT (15-d and 20-d). Thus, there were eight treatment combinations, all together with five replications. The results show that there was no interaction (P>0.05) between FS and HT on dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude lipid (CL), phosphorus (P), gross energy (GE), and amino acid contents. The ash content of BSFL grown on T2 media and harvested on day 15 was higher (P

The demand for common carp (Cyprinus carpio) either its seed or consumption measures has increased every year. Fish growth can be increased by adding nutrients in the form of animal oil sources. An alternative ingredient that can be used to support fish growth with good nutritional content and relatively inexpensive is maggot oil or black soldier fly (H. illucens) oil. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of maggot oil (H. illucens) in artificial feed on the growth performance of common carp and to determine the best dose of maggot oil. This study used a complete randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and three replicates: A, B, C, and D with the addition of maggot oil doses of 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively. The test fish used was a common carp fry measuring 3.59±0.06 cm, 0.79±0.05 g. Observation time was 30 days with a stocking density of 15 fish/aquarium. The results showed that the addition of maggot oil (H. illucens) had a significant effect (P<0.05) on TFC, FCR, FUE, SGR, and survival. Based on the results of the study, the best dose was obtained in the addition of 15% maggot oil with value of TFC 10.57±0.26 g, FCR 1.52±0.03, FUE 65.43±1.54%, SGR 1.57±0.04%/day, and SR 95.56±3.85%. For further research, it is possible to use magot oil to increase carp production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karang Taruna in Padukuhan Bulu, Semanu, Gunungkidul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, has been cultivating catfish since 2018. The problem is that the cost of feed was getting higher so farmers' income was getting lower. This community service aims to introduce and provide mentoring for maggot cultivation for cheap catfish feed so that it can bring benefit to the catfish farming business. From observation and problem identification by the community service team, a program was arranged to produce cheap feed with maggot ingredients, so that the catfish farm can operate more economically and the farmers' incomes can be increased. The activity was carried out for four months, starting from the preparation of making maggot lair cages, maintaining maggot from eggs, and using it as maggot cages. The target is to provide cheaper catfish feed as a substitute for factory-made commercial feed. The results obtained were that Karang Taruna members managed to get catfish feed made from maggots, at a cheaper cost. Besides that, the level of catfish production increased (an increase in income of Rp. 366,000 per pond per period). Hopefully, this activity can be followed up by the local government and the welfare of the younger generation can be improved on an ongoing basis.

Purpose: To describe a case of bilateral facultative ophthalmomyiasis externa due to Calliphoridae in a 30-year-old male assault victim at a suburban hospital in New York and review the relevant literature. Observations: An adult male was found to have maggot infestation of both eyes and severe secondary injury to the left cornea and ocular surface. He was treated with manual larvae removal, oral ivermectin, broad spectrum IV antibiotics, and topical antibiotics. Anterior segment reconstruction was required. Conclusions and importance: We report the first case of ophthalmomyiasis due to Calliphoridae in the United States and document the vision threatening potential of this rare condition. Timely examination by an ophthalmologist with early debridement may help prevent vision-threatening sequelae.

Wound assessment is important in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment in chronic wounds. Therefore, a holistic approach is needed when evaluating effective wound treatment. Most chronic wounds require complementary treatment approaches and conventional treatments in modern medicine. This research was carried out by compiling studies on the past, present, and future of maggot (medical larvae) that cure nonhealing/hard-to-heal wounds; therapeutic larva types, therapy method, healing mechanism, wound healing effect with clinical studies, different usage areas and biological activities of the larvae and the metabolite components in the secretions that provide these activities. In conclusion, medical larvae applied with traditional and complementary medicine techniques to treat nonhealing, difficult-to-heal wounds have a wound-healing effect. However, more research is needed to identify the metabolite components in their secretions that provide their mechanism of action and biological activities.

Utilization of maggot as a substitute for protein source feed ingredients can be a solution to overcome the high cost of feed. However, the inappropriate growth media caused the growth of maggots to be inhibited. Palm kernel cake, vegetable and fruit waste have high nutritional content which has the potential as a medium for growing maggots. The purpose of this study was to determine the best growth of maggot on various growing media. The treatments given in this study were P0A = 100% palm kernel cake; P0B = 100% vegetable and fruit waste; P1 = palm kernel cake 75% + vegetable and fruit waste 25%; P2 = palm kernel cake 50% + vegetable and fruit waste 50%; P3 = palm kernel cake 25% + vegetable and fruit waste 75%. The results showed that the use of growing media from mixing 25% palm kernel cake + 75% vegetable and fruit waste (P3) gave better results as a growth medium for the effectiveness of the growth of maggot. This is due to the nutritional needs of maggots for its growth have been met from the nutritional content and organic matter available in optimum quantities in the growing media. It was concluded that the growing media from palm kernel cake with vegetable and fruit waste had effectiveness in increasing the growth of maggot.

The human myiasis or infestation of larvae of various species of fly bots is uncommon but interesting health challenge in some parts of the world. The basic knowledge of this disease, however, should be beneficial to clinicians across disciplines as a spectrum of manifestations involving various organs are described in the medical literature. The extremity involvement is rather uncommon and is often found with underlying associated conditions. The diagnosis and identification of the causative species is important for documentation and management. Clinical suspicion, wound lavage, dressing, and debridement are important steps in optimal management. Appropriate systemic pharmacotherapy is supplemented for quick recovery. Prevention, however, coupled with avoidance of predisposing factors is the best management in both community and health-care settings. As the disease is more commonly noted in lower socioeconomic conditions and rural settings, the working knowledge of this condition should come in handy in anticipating, suspecting, and thus diagnosing the condition early for a prompt recovery.

Kegiatan ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kepedulian terhadap fakta perubahan iklim yang terjadi secara global maupun regional. Menyikapi hal ini, pemerintah Indonesia pun telah mengambil sejumlah langkah konkrit di segala aspek adaptasi dan mitigasi perubahan iklim, baik di tingkat lokal, regional maupun nasional. Salah satu program nasional yang menyentuh langsung masyarakat lokal adalah program kampung iklim atau dikenal dikenal sebutan “PROKLIM”. Kota Bukittinggi telah merespon secara aktif program nasional ini, dan telah mendapat penghargaan nasional atas prestasi dari aktivitas pada dua kelompok masyarakatnya. Tujuan kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat pada Program Kampung Iklim ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kapasitas kelompok dalam pengolahan sampah organik rumah tangga melalui penerapan budidaya Maggot dari lalat tentara hitam (black soldier fly/BSF). Metode utama pelaksanaan kegiatan adalah pelatihan, pemberian bantuan dan pendampingan kelompok sasaran. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan bawah kelompok sasaran telah mempunyai pengetahuan dan ketrampilan untuk membudidayakan BSF dan memproduksi larva/maggot, kelompok sasaran telah mampu menghasilkan pakan ikan/ternak dari maggot yang telah diproduksi, dan telah mempunyai rencana untuk pemanfaatan hasil usaha untuk dipasarkan. Satu hal yang menjadi tantangan selanjutnya adalah bagaimana membangun kontinuitas ketersediaan pakan untuk ulat maggot tersebut, terutama dari sisa makanan organik rumah tangga di lingkungan anggota kelompok. Dari kegiatan ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan teknologi pengolahan sampah organik dengan budidaya ulat maggot ini sangat potensial untuk mengatasi masalah sampah di lingkungan, sehingga selanjutnya dapat diterapkan lebih luas di kota Bukittinggi, untuk dapat mengatasi masalah sampah organik perkotaan.

Ancaman peningkatan sampah organik berkontribusi terhadap perkembangan global warming dan penyebaran penyakit. Inovasi tentang pengelolaan sampah secara biokonversi merupakan metode alternatif sebagai upaya mengurangi pencemaran sampah organik dan disertai dengan manfaat lain yang dapat meningkatkan nilai ekonomi masyarakat. Larva Black Soldier Fly (maggot) dapat mengubah sampah organik menjadi protein dan lemak serta mengurangi massa sampah organik. Beberapa daerah mulai membudidayakan maggot dengan berbagai metode media fermentasi. Desa Tambakasri merupakan salah satu desa yang dapat membudidayakan maggot Black Soldier Fly dengan media fermentasi berupa ampas kelapa. Tujuan dari pengamatan ini adalah mengetahui lebih lanjut metode pembudidayaan maggot Black Soldier Fly di Desa Tambakasri. Berdasarkan pengamatan yang telah dilakukan ampas kelapa sebagai media fermentasi dapat mengurangi biaya operasional dengan penambahan serbuk kayu untuk mengurangi kelembaban. Hasil panen maggot dengan media tersebut dapat mencapai 30-60 kg maggot per petak dan dapat diolah menjadi produk turunan maggot.

Ignatzschineria larvae is studied for its role in decomposition and disease ecology; however, the type strain reference genome remains fragmented. The current reference genome consists of 61 contigs calculated at 82.18% complete with 10.98% contamination. Here, we announce the hybrid genome assembly as an improved single contig., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Introduction: Nasal myiasis refers to the presence of the larvae (maggots) within the nasal cavity. This rare condition occurs when the larval stage of certain dipteran flies invades the nose., Case Presentation: We report a case of Nasal myiasis with Angioedema in a 7-year-old girl from rural Ethiopia. The patient presented with worsening facial swelling and expulsion of worms from both nostrils for three days, preceded by foul-smelling nasal discharge for three years. Examination revealed bilateral periorbital edema, upper lip edema, and bilateral nasal cavities filled with maggots and blood‑tinged discharge. After investigations including blood tests and a head CT scan, the patient was diagnosed with nasal myiasis. She was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, dexamethasone, endoscopic maggot removal, and debridement. She was discharged with improvement and scheduled for a follow-up. On follow there was no recurrence, the posterior septal perforation was asymptomatic and did not require surgical intervention. This case report adheres to SCARE criteria., Clinical Discussion: Nasal myiasis with angioedema is a rare clinical condition. Diagnosis relies on clinical examination to identify the larvae. Endoscopic larvae extraction combined with over-nasal saline irrigation and systemic broad-spectrum antibiotic was considered appropriate and effective management of nasal myiasis., Conclusion: Nasal myiasis, an infestation of the nasal passages by fly larvae, is a rare clinical condition, particularly in pediatric populations. Prompt and complete eradication of myiasis minimizes damage to intranasal tissues and reduces the risk of complications. Maintaining good hygiene practices is crucial in preventing this condition., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement All authors declare no conflicts of interest in this article., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

This study aimed to evaluate the in sacco nutrient degradability of total mixed ration (TMR) silage containing intact and defatted black soldier fly (BSF) larvae. The study evaluated four dietary treatments and six replications. The treatments consisted of control TMR silage without BSF larvae (R1), 20% intact BSF larvae + 80% TMR silage (R2), 20% chemically defatted BSF larvae + 80% TMR silage (R3), and 20% mechanically defatted BSF larvae + 80% TMR silage (R4). Samples were placed in polyester bags and incubated in the rumen in sacco up to 72 h. Nutrient degradability was evaluated for each time point interval. Results revealed that the lowest dry matter degradability (DMD) was found in R1 compared to all treatments (p < 0.05), while the highest DMD was found in R2 (p < 0.05). The highest organic matter degradability was found in R2 compared to R1, R3 and R4 (p < 0.05). Addition of BSF larvae to TMR silage increased the crude protein degradability (p < 0.05). In conclusion, inclusion of both intact and defatted BSF larvae into TMR silage did not have any adverse effects on nutrient profiles and showed a good nutrient degradation values in the rumen.

The role of insects as natural resources could be used by farmer as animal feed has been starting to get important attention in livestock sciences. This research aimed to study the growth performance of super native chickens that treated with D. melanogaster maggot flour supplementation. A total of 64 super native chickens (DOC) reared until they are eight weeks old. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD). Experimental animals were divided into four groups according to the level supplementation treatment: T0 0%; T1 0.25%; T2 0.5%; and T3 0.75%. Each group divided into four units of replication consisted of 4 chickens. The variables observed were total of feed consumption, body weight and feed conversion ratio. The results showed that the effect of treatment on feed consumption was non-significant (P>0.05) while the effect on body weight and FCR value were significant (P<0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maggot debridement therapy (MDT), which is an ancient remedy, has been reintroduced and commonly used to promote wound healing in humans. However, its use in the veterinary field has still remained limited. The aim of this case study was to evaluate the effectiveness of MDT on a non-healing post-operative infected wound covering the abdominal and inguinal regions of a 3-year-old male cat. For MDT, sterile first and second stage larvae of Lucilia sericata were applied to the infected wound for the first time on the 10th day after laparotomy. A total of five larva applications were performed during the MDT process. From the first to the last MDT application, the large and infected wound gradually shrank and healed. Sterile L. sericata larvae were successfully used in the treatment of a chronic and infected wound that did not respond to antibiotics in a cat in this case study. It is considered that the use of MDT for promoting healing in chronic necrotic and infected wounds will increase because of supplying effective, cost-efficient and simple wound care in future.

Maggot is a feed ingredient with a high nutrient content, 44.89% of crude protein, 14.67% of crude fat, 9.82% of crude fiber, 20.75% of ash, and 9.87% of nitrogen-free extract. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of maggot meal use as fish meal substitute to improve the efficiency of feed utilization and growth of striped snakehead fish (Channa striata). Fish samples used were striped snakehead fish with an average individual weight of 0.87 ± 0.01 grams/fish. Feeding the fish was daily at 08:00, 12:00, and 16:00 in West Indonesia Time at a fixed feed rate. Fish were reared for 60 days with a stocking density of 1 head/L. This experimental study was conducted following a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications. Treatment A was without maggot meal substitution, B was with 10% maggot meal substitution, C was with 20% maggot meal substitution, and D was with 30% maggot meal substitution. Data were collected for feed utilization efficiency, protein efficiency ratio (PER), relative growth rate (RGR), survival rate (SR), and water quality. The best choice of fish meal substitution degree with maggot meal was the treatment C with 20% maggot meal to fish meal composition, which resulted in 14.12 ± 0.76% RGR, 71.57 ± 2.82% feed utilization efficiency, and 2.01 ± 0.08% PER. In conclusion, test feed with a 20% -25% substitution by maggot meal of fish meal was the best alternative for striped snakehead fish growth.

INCREASING COMMUNTY INVOLVEMENT AND ECONOMIC VALUE OF HOUSEHOLD AND MARKET SOLID WASTE THROUGH CULTIVATING BLACK SOLDIER FLY MAGGOTS. The Klaten Regency area has at least more than 80 traditional markets owned by villages and local governments spread across a number of locations. Every market produces organic waste. About 60% of waste is generated from traders and 40% from residents around the market. Besides that, the community also produces large amounts of household solid waste. This service activity aims to increase the economic value of waste and the involvement of the community in Gempol Village, Karanganom District, Klaten Regency through the cultivation of black soldier fly (BSF). The service method starts with team formation, formulation of goals and outcome, identification of stakeholders, data collection and needs analysis, determination of priority problem solutions, preparation, implementation, mentoring, review and evaluation, determining new needs and targets. The result shows that Gempol village is ideal when managing household and market waste through BSF maggot cultivation. Through BSF maggot cultivation, household and markets solid waste are able to add economic value in a period of 7 days to 15 days. Dry maggot has a high selling value ranging between Rp. 95.000 / kg. Maggot derivative products such as fish feed, poultry feed, fishing bait range from Rp. 325.000/kg. The first outcome from this service activity was the enthusiasm of the community to be involved in managing household and market solid waste. The second outcome was stakeholder involvement, in this case the Environment and Forestry Service (DLHK) of Klaten Regency. The third outcome is opportunities for cooperation between participants (especially farmer groups) and universities. Participants hope that there will be sustainable activities, mentoring, and collaboration with other parties.

Pest management technology has been a promising bioconversion method for waste resource utilization. Unlike many pests that consume waste, the larvae of Lucilia sericata , also known as maggots, have many outstanding advantages as following: with their strong adaption to environment and not easily infected and exhibiting a medicinal nutritional value. Herein, the potential efficacies of maggot polysaccharides (MP), as well as their underlying mechanisms, were explored in Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice and TNF-α-elicited Caco-2 cells. We extracted two bioactive polysaccharides from maggots, MP-80 and MP-L, whose molecular weights were 4.25 × 103 and 2.28 × 103 g/mol, respectively. MP-80 and MP-L contained nine sugar residues: 1,4-α-Arap, 1,3-β-Galp, 1,4,6-β-Galp, 1,6-α-Glcp, 1-α-Glcp, 1,4-β-Glcp, 1-β-Xylp, 1,2-α-Manp, and 1-β-Manp. We demonstrated that MP-80 and MP-L significantly ameliorated DSS-induced symptoms and histopathological damage. Immuno-analysis revealed that compared with MP-L, MP-80 could better restore intestinal barrier and reduced inflammation by suppressing NLRP3/NF-κB pathways, which might be attributed to its enriched galactose fraction. Moreover, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that MP-80 and MP-L both improved the dysbiosis and diversity of gut microbiota and acted on multiple microbial functions. Our study sheds new light on the possibility of using maggot polysaccharides as an alternative therapy for colitis. [Display omitted] • Maggots contain active polysaccharides with anti-inflammatory activity. • Maggot polysaccharides could improve gut microbiota and have excellent biocompatibility. • Maggot polysaccharides are promising for feed additive or treatment of ulcerative colitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound assessment is important in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment in chronic wounds. Therefore, a holistic approach is needed when evaluating effective wound treatment. Most chronic wounds require complementary treatment approaches and conventional treatments in modern medicine. This research was carried out by compiling studies on the past, present, and future of maggot (medical larvae) that cure nonhealing/hard-to-heal wounds; therapeutic larva types, therapy method, healing mechanism, wound healing effect with clinical studies, different usage areas and biological activities of the larvae and the metabolite components in the secretions that provide these activities. In conclusion, medical larvae applied with traditional and complementary medicine techniques to treat nonhealing, difficult-to-heal wounds have a wound-healing effect. However, more research is needed to identify the metabolite components in their secretions that provide their mechanism of action and biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sampah merupakan sesuatu yang belum termanfaatkan, terutama sampah organik. Oleh karena itu perlu digunakan teknologi yang mampu mengolah sampah organik dan menjadikan sampah menjadi bernilai guna. Upaya yang sedang dilakukan di Desa Susukan adalah dengan menggunakan teknologi Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) atau Larva (Maggot) lalat tentara hitam. Larva BSF dengan kemampuannya mereduksi sampah organik dimanfaatkan untuk mengubah sampah organik sehingga lebih bernilai guna. Tujuan dari kegiatan pengabdian pada masyarakat ini adalah: (1) Mengadakan fasilitas budi daya Larva BSF di desa Susukan (2) Meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat desa tentang kegunaan lalat BSF, (3) Memberi ketrampilan tentang teknologi pengolaan sampah organik rumah tangga menggunakan larva BSF, (4) Meningkatkan pengetahuan dan ketrampilan masyarakat tentang pemanfaatan larva BSF sebagai pakan ikan/ternak/unggas,. Metode yang digunakan adalah transfer teknolog i melalui, pelatihan, sosialisasi dan pendampingan. Hasil kegiatan ini adalah masyarakat mengetahui ilmu tentang pengolahan sampah menggunakan larva BSF, ketrampilan masyarakat mengenai pengolahan sampah organik mengggunaan BSF meningkat, masyarakat bisa memberi pakan hewan ternaknya menggunakan maggot. Kegiatan ini telah menarik minat dari masyarakat di sekitarnya, sehingga setelah sesi sosialisasi banyak warga yang datang ke tempat budi daya maggot untuk belajar dan mengambil bibit maggot

Maggot (Black soldier fly larvae) as an alternative source of protein on feed can increase fish productivity. The research aims to study maggot flour as an alternative source of protein in feed on the growth, the structure of the intestine organs, and skeletal muscles of Mutiara catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822). The research used 144 Mutiara catfish that were kept for 21 days. The research used a completely randomized design consisting of 4 groups, namely 0% maggot in feed (Control), 25% maggot in feed (P1), 50% maggot in feed (P2), 75% maggot in feed (P3). The parameters consist of the growth, the structure of the intestine, and the skeletal muscle of Mutiara catfish. Growth observations consist of measurements of the absolute length and weight of the fish. Intestine observations consisted of length and weight, as well as tissue structure consisting of villi height, crypt depth, villi/crypt ratio, and villi area. Skeletal muscle observations consist of muscle weight and tissue structure consisting of the diameter and area of muscle fibers. Data analysis was performed with a one-way ANOVA, followed by the Duncan test. The results showed that 75% maggot feed gave significant results on absolute weight, the structure of the intestine, and muscle organs compared to other treatments (P <0.05). The absolute length did not provide a significant difference between treatments (P> 0.05). The conclusion shows that 75% maggot feed can be used as an alternative source of feed protein because it can increase the growth, structure of the intestine organs and skeletal muscles of the Mutiara catfish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In its mission to optimise the quality of patient care and the level of clinician training within the fields of biotherapy, the BioTherapeutics, Education and Research (BTER) Foundation and its Maggot Therapy Competency Committee identified qualities and achievements assessed to be the minimum standards that health care professionals should attain in order to be deemed competent in maggot therapy. The set of six standards were selected to reflect the same high degree of professionalism that is used by the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education for assessing other medical specialists, but with an emphasis on the principles and practice of maggot therapy. For each domain in which competency is expected, the rationale has been explained, specific competencies have been articulated, and methods for demonstrating or evaluating those competencies have been suggested. Applicable to any clinician applying maggot dressings professionally, these recommendations should assist those who wish to identify, assess, or achieve competency in maggot therapy. Specifically, these six competencies include: (1) knowledge about wound care in general and maggot therapy in particular; (2) skill in general patient care, to a level commensurate with their professional role; (3) ability to communicate effectively with colleagues, patients, and the general public; (4) professional and ethical behaviour; (5) ability to deliver systems‐based health care; (6) incorporation of continuing education and quality improvement into their practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atypical or refractory diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are still a major health problem. Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) by larva of Lucilia sericata is an ancient and a modern option for wound healing. It works by debridement, stimulation of wound healing, and disinfection. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of MDT for healing atypical and refractory DFUs. Patients with atypical DFUs were selected and further evaluated for some predefined differential diagnoses like atypical fungal, parasitic, or bacterial infections, malignancy, trauma, and so on. Multiple MDT sessions were carried out. Ulcer size was measured before every MDT session. Complete wound healing, time to heal, and adverse effects were recorded as well. Forty-two DFU patients (26 men, 16 women) with 42 nonhealing atypical ulcers participated in this study. Complete wound healing was achieved in 35 patients (83.3%) by MDT. Complete debridement and then healing of the wounds happened in less than 1.79 ± 0.8 months. Four ulcers persisted, and 3 (7.1%) were eventually amputated. MDT may be considered as an effective treatment for atypical DFUs, which are unresponsive to conventional therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutaneous myiasis is an infestation of the skin by fly larvae, which usually occurs in adults. We present a case of cutaneous myiasis caused by Chrysomya megacephalain a 3-month-old infant with psoriasis vulgaris. In this case report, we highlight the clinical, histopathologic, taxonomic identification, and treatment of cutaneous myiasis occurring in psoriatic skin.

Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica  ( W. chitiniclastica ) is an emerging gram-negative bacillus rarely found in patients presenting with fly myiasis or parasitic larvae infection. Here, we present the case of a 58-year-old male who presented with W. chitiniclastica bacteremia from lower extremity wounds complicated by fly larvae infestation. Blood cultures were analyzed with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, which identified W. chitiniclastica . The patient was treated with empiric antibiotic therapy with piperacillin-tazobactam and de-escalated to ceftriaxone. We discuss the potential impact of environmental interactions with zoonotic vectors and the concern for the increasing incidence of this new emerging zoonotic infection. This appears to be the first reported case of W. chitiniclastica bacteremia in the southern United States and demonstrates a growing list of climates and locations in which this organism can be present. Further evaluation of potential vectors for W. chitiniclastica continues to be a priority for how cases are distributed and can present in patients., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Hedayatpour et al.)

Furuncular myiasis due to Dermatobia hominis is the second most common skin diseases in dogs that live in tropical climates in Central and South America, causing discomfort and injuring in the connective tissue of the affected dog. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Afoxolaner (Nexgard®) in the treatment of canine furuncular myiasis. Twenty-five dogs naturally infested with D. hominis were selected and received a single oral dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight of Afoxolaner (NexGard®). Larval infestations were classified as light (< 2 larvae), moderate (2 to 5 larvae) and severe (> 5 larvae), according to the number of larvae found in the wound. Twenty-four hours post-treatment, infested lesions were inspected, and all larvae were mechanically removed from the lesion site. All removed larvae were identified as D. hominis larvae and were found dead within 24 h after treatment, demonstrating 100% larvicidal efficacy of Afoxolaner against D. hominis larvae., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no conflict of interest with respect to the manuscript Efficacy of Afoxolaner (NexGard®) in the treatment of furuncular myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis fly (Diptera: Cuterebridae) in naturally infested dogs., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study aimed to evaluate the in sacco nutrient degradability of total mixed ration (TMR) silage containing intact and defatted black soldier fly (BSF) larvae. The study evaluated four dietary treatments and six replications. The treatments consisted of control TMR silage without BSF larvae (R1), 20% intact BSF larvae + 80% TMR silage (R2), 20% chemically defatted BSF larvae + 80% TMR silage (R3), and 20% mechanically defatted BSF larvae + 80% TMR silage (R4). Samples were placed in polyester bags and incubated in the rumen in sacco up to 72 h. Nutrient degradability was evaluated for each time point interval. Results revealed that the lowest dry matter degradability (DMD) was found in R1 compared to all treatments (p < 0.05), while the highest DMD was found in R2 (p < 0.05). The highest organic matter degradability was found in R2 compared to R1, R3 and R4 (p < 0.05). Addition of BSF larvae to TMR silage increased the crude protein degradability (p < 0.05). In conclusion, inclusion of both intact and defatted BSF larvae into TMR silage did not have any adverse effects on nutrient profiles and showed a good nutrient degradation values in the rumen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-mortem interval (PMI) estimation is a critical task in forensic science. In this study, we used maggots collected from pig carcasses and applied an integrated proteomics and metabolomics approach to determine potential candidate substances for the estimation of PMI. After methanol precipitation, the supernatant containing metabolites and the protein pellet were separated and subjected to metabolomic and proteomic analyses using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). MS/MS data were analyzed for identification and quantification using Proteome Discoverer and Compound Discoverer software. A total of 573 metabolites and more than 800 porcine proteins were identified in maggots. This is the first dataset of proteins and metabolites in maggots collected from porcine carcasses. In this study, guanosine monophosphate, xanthine, inosine, adenosine, and guanine were detected with a similar tendency to increase during early days of maggot development and then decreased gradually. We broadly profiled various biomolecules through analysis in the spot of incident. Especially, we confirmed that proteome and metabolome profiling could be performed directly and indirectly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maggot debridement therapy (MDT), which is an ancient remedy, has been reintroduced and commonly used to promote wound healing in humans. However, its use in the veterinary field has still remained limited. The aim of this case study was to evaluate the effectiveness of MDT on a non-healing post-operative infected wound covering the abdominal and inguinal regions of a 3-year-old male cat. For MDT, sterile first and second stage larvae of Lucilia sericata were applied to the infected wound for the first time on the 10th day after laparotomy. A total of five larva applications were performed during the MDT process. From the first to the last MDT application, the large and infected wound gradually shrank and healed. Sterile L. sericata larvae were successfully used in the treatment of a chronic and infected wound that did not respond to antibiotics in a cat in this case study. It is considered that the use of MDT for promoting healing in chronic necrotic and infected wounds will increase because of supplying effective, cost-efficient and simple wound care in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lucilia sericata, which belongs to the Calliphoridae family (Diptera), is used as a debridement tool in open necrotic wounds that do not respond to conventional treatments. Knowing the total, phospholipid (PL), and triacylglycerol (TAG) fatty acid content of L. sericata fly, which is important for health, in its different stages is important both in terms of taxonomy and physiology. After L. sericata samples used in the study were obtained commercially, they were bred under laboratory conditions and then the fatty acids in different stages were analyzed by gas chromatography. Sixteen fatty acids are determined as a result of the analysis. When individual fatty acids are considered, Palmitic acid (16:0), Palmitoleic Acid (16:1n-7), oleic acid (18:1n-9) and Linoleic Acid (18:2n-6) were found to be major ones, while the others are detected in trace amounts. It is determined that, out of total, PL and TAG, saturated fatty acids (SFA) are found at a high percentage in the eggs, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) are the highest in the larvae, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are the highest in fly and pupa. Furthermore, out of total, PL and TAG, ΣPUFA is at a low percentage in the egg and the larval stages. Different results are found at different stages in this study. This may be because fatty acid percentages that change during metamorphosis meet different physiological needs at different phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maggot is a feed ingredient with a high nutrient content, 44.89% of crude protein, 14.67% of crude fat, 9.82% of crude fiber, 20.75% of ash, and 9.87% of nitrogen-free extract. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of maggot meal use as fish meal substitute to improve the efficiency of feed utilization and growth of striped snakehead fish (Channa striata). Fish samples used were striped snakehead fish with an average individual weight of 0.87 ± 0.01 grams/fish. Feeding the fish was daily at 08:00, 12:00, and 16:00 in West Indonesia Time at a fixed feed rate. Fish were reared for 60 days with a stocking density of 1 head/L. This experimental study was conducted following a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications. Treatment A was without maggot meal substitution, B was with 10% maggot meal substitution, C was with 20% maggot meal substitution, and D was with 30% maggot meal substitution. Data were collected for feed utilization efficiency, protein efficiency ratio (PER), relative growth rate (RGR), survival rate (SR), and water quality. The best choice of fish meal substitution degree with maggot meal was the treatment C with 20% maggot meal to fish meal composition, which resulted in 14.12 ± 0.76% RGR, 71.57 ± 2.82% feed utilization efficiency, and 2.01 ± 0.08% PER. In conclusion, test feed with a 20% -25% substitution by maggot meal of fish meal was the best alternative for striped snakehead fish growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet varieties of bulbing onions, which make bulbs under short day conditions and do not store well, are by far the most common onions grown in Florida. They are generally grown on small acreages in the winter for local and farmers markets. In Hillsborough County and in the Suwannee Valley, strawberry growers are the major producers of onions, many of which are harvested green. This 2-page fact sheet written by Xavier Martini and Susan Webb and published by the UF/IFAS Entomology and Nematology Department reviews the management of the two major onion pests in Florida: thrips and seedcorn maggot. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ig153 Previous versions: Webb, Susan. 2002. “Insect Management for Onions, Leek, and Garlic”. EDIS 2002 (1). https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-ig153-2002. Webb, S. 2005. “Insect Management for Onions, Leek, and Garlic”. EDIS 2005 (15). https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-ig153-2005.

Myiasis is an infestation of maggot, which is frequently associated with poor personal hygiene and environmental sanitation. A 78-year-old female breast cancer patient visited clinic complaining of irritation, itching, and pain within the ulcerous cancer lesion for 3 weeks. Many maggots were found in the lesion. A total of 30 maggots were removed and identified to be 3rd stage of larvae of metallic fly. This is the first case of wound myiasis in advanced breast carcinoma as a complication of untreated or drug-induced ulcer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hermetia illucens with short life cycle and simple breeding technology is capable of high-speed recycling of organic substrates, which is very important for waste disposal. Using of maggots of Hermetia illucen for production of feedstuff with a high content of protein and fat is very promising. Wheat bran was used as the example to show high speed and efficiency of conversion of waste with high fiber content by maggots. Conversion of corn grits in a part of dry matter was 90%, whereas the bran - 64%. The collected biomass of larvae has the following composition: high content of protein (over 45%), fat (up to 45%). Although, in order to get more biomass of maggots it is more preferable to use more nutritious substrates, for example corn grits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In critical limb ischaemia (CLI), first-line therapy is revascularisation, but alternative treatment options are needed in certain cases. Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) is historically considered to be contraindicated in ischaemic ulcers. Wound care in patients with CLI is becoming increasingly diverse with the development of novel revascularisation strategies; therefore, CLI now needs to be reconsidered as an indication for MDT. Method: We retrospectively reviewed five legs with CLI (five male, one female) treated with MDT between January 2013 and December 2017. Changes in skin perfusion pressure (SPP) around the ulcer before and after MDT were evaluated. One or two cycles of MDT were performed (eight in total). We also evaluated the proportion of necrotic tissue in the ulcer and the presence of exposed necrotic bone. The proportion of necrotic tissue in the ulcer was classified as NT 1+ (<25%), NT 2+ (25--50%), NT 3+ (50--75%) or NT 4+ (>75%). Results: When the proportion of necrotic tissue was >50%, with no exposed necrotic bone in the wound, an increase in SPP was observed after five (62.5%) of eight cycles of MDT. And with a proportion of necrotic tissue of <25% and/or exposed necrotic bone in the wound, a decrease in SPP was observed after three (37.5%) of eight cycles. Wound healing was accelerated in the presence of increased SPP. Conclusion: Effective MDT with increased SPP requires an ulcerative state of necrotic tissue grade > NT 3+, with no exposed necrotic bone. Declaration of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstrak Meningkatnya kebutuhan protein hewani menyebabkan permintaan komoditi ikan meningkat. Sumber protein hewani yang banyak beredar di pasaran adalah lele (Clariasbatrachus). Pellet sebagai sumber utama pakan memiliki harga yang mahal sehingga perlu alternatif lain untuk mengurangi biaya penyediaan pakan. Maggot (Hermetiaillucens Linnaeus) merupakan larva lalat black soldier yang memiliki tekstur kenyal, berprotein tinggi serta memiliki kemampuan untuk mengeluarkan enzim alami yang membantu meningkatkan sistem pencernaan ikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui potensi analisis usaha budidaya maggot serta penghematan yang dapat dilakukan jika maggot diberikan sebagai alternatif kombinasi pellet untuk pakan lele. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa diperlukan waktu hingga 2 minggu untuk menghasilkan maggot yang siap digunakan untuk pakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa maggot sangat berpotensi sebagai untuk dibudidayakan sebagai alternatif pakan ikan lele. Penggunaan 50% pellet dan 50% maggot dapat menghemat biaya pengadaan pakan sebesar 22,74%. Kata kunci: maggot, budidaya, penghematan biaya pakan Abstract The increasing need for animal protein increases the demand for fish commodities. The source of animal protein that is widely circulating in the market is catfish (Clariasbatrachus). Pellet as the primary source of feed has a high price so need another alternative to reduce the cost of providing feed. Maggot (Hermetiaillucens Linnaeus) is a black soldier fly larva that has a chewy texture, high protein and has the ability producing natural enzymes that help improve the digestive system of fish This study aims to determine the potential analysis of maggot cultivation and savings that can be done if maggot is given as an alternative combination of pellets for catfish feed. From the results of the study found that it can take up to 2 weeks to produce a maggot that is ready for use for feed. The results showed that maggot is potential to be cultivated as an alternative to feeding catfish. The use of 50% pellets and 50% maggot can save the cost of feed procurement by 22.74%.Keywords: maggot, cultivation, cost saving of feed

Abstract An 83‐year‐old Japanese woman with dementia presented with multiple pressure ulcers and cellulitis. At presentation, numerous white maggots were wriggling in the stool on the diaper. Interview to the family revealed that the patient received inappropriate home care due to her dementia and her primary caregiver's developmental disability. No further maggots were omitted after admission, and she was diagnosed with intestinal myiasis. Intestinal myiasis has become rare in developed countries especially in adults. However, elderly bedridden patients living in poor hygiene conditions are at a greater risk of developing intestinal myiasis.

Cutaneous myiasis is an infestation of the skin by fly larvae, which usually occurs in adults. We present a case of cutaneous myiasis caused by Chrysomya megacephalain a 3-month-old infant with psoriasis vulgaris. In this case report, we highlight the clinical, histopathologic, taxonomic identification, and treatment of cutaneous myiasis occurring in psoriatic skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les myiases sont liées au parasitisme d'un être vivant par des larves de mouches ou asticots. Certaines de ces larves sont des parasites obligatoires; d'autres vivent normalement sur des matières organiques en décomposition et se développent accidentellement chez l'homme. Sur le plan clinique, on distingue les myiases cutanées, sous cutanées, cavitaires et profondes. Une clé sommaire d'identification des asticots responsables des myiases les plus fréquentes (uniquement sur les stades III) est proposée tout en sachant que cette identification est affaire de spécialiste. Le traitement se résume à l'extraction manuelle des larves et au décapage minutieux des plaies. Dans l'hypodermose l'ivermectine est active. Myiasis are a living being parasitism with a fly larvae or maggot. Some are obligate parasites, other live in decaying organic matters and accidentally occur on human. Four clinical types can be recognized, cutaneous, subcutaneous, luminal and deep myiasis. A brief identification key for stage III maggots responsible for myiasis is provided, though identification is a specialist matter. Treatment lay on manual removal of fly larvae and wounds careful cleansing. Furthermore, ivermectine is efficient on hypodermosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maggot has a high protein content for increasing fish growth through artificial feed. This study aimed to find the best feed formulation for fish meal substitution with maggot meal on growth, feed utilization efficiency, and survival rate of milkfish (Chanos chanos). A completely randomized design was used with five treatments and three replications. The treatments which had been done were fish meal substitution with maggot meal as follows: A (0%), B (25%), C (50%), D (75%), and E (100%). The research parameters included total feed consumption (TFC), feed utilization efficiency (FUE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), relative growth rate (RGR), survival rate (SR), and water quality. The results showed that the fish meal substitution with maggot meal had a significant effect (p<0.05) on FUE, PER, RGR and had no significant effect (p>0.05) on TFC and SR. The best treatment of each treatment is in treatment C with a composition of 50% maggot meal substitution on fish meal which resulted in TFC value of 40.17±4.58, FUE of 27.51±0.77, PER of 0.83±0.03%, and RGR of 2.34±0.10. The highest nutrient content is in the same treatment, namely lysine 10.95% and linoleic fatty acid 8.06%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1996 and 2003 field studies were conducted in wild blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton (Ericales: Ericaceae) to determine action thresholds for the blueberry maggot fly, Rhagoletis mendax Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae). Thresholds were based upon cumulative fly trap captures on baited Pherocon AM traps. The cumulative numbers of R. mendax flies captured over time was a significant predictor of infested fruit levels (maggots/liter blueberries). Fifty percent of the variance in fruit infestation is explained by fly captures. Based upon this relationship, the University of Maine Cooperative Extension has recommended action threshold of 10 cumulative fly captures/trap. However, this threshold is liberal in terms of risk as only 50% of the variance in fruit infestation is explained by fly captures. The dynamics of colonization rate and fly physiological status entering fruit-bearing fields might partially explain the variance in the action threshold. The majority of flies emerge from pruned fields or along forest scrub/shrub field edges, and it takes between 1 and 10 d (mean = 4.1 ± 0.9 d) for the populations to enter adjacent fruit-bearing fields. Flies dispersed from pruned fields at a decreasing rate the farther they dispersed. The rate of dispersal into fruit-bearing wild blueberry fields also depends upon the overwintering site quality. Sites with fruit exhibited both delayed colonization and lower colonization rates into fruit-bearing fields than adjacent pruned fields with no fruit. We also found that as the season progressed the proportion of flies capable of laying eggs varied greatly by location and year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Two-step composting was used to dispose of gibberellin fermentation residues (GFRs). • GFR substitution improved maggot production during maggot bioconversion. • GFR substitution at a ratio of 20% accelerated the maturity of composting. • No gibberellin residue was detected in the T20% treatment after two-step composting. The ecological disposal of gibberellin fermentation residues (GFRs) is urgently needed. This study explored a new method of direct GFR utilization with swine manure at different substitution proportions (0%, 20%, 40%, and 60%) using two-step composting mediated by housefly maggot bioconversion. Regarding maggot bioconversion, substitution of GFRs accelerated the temperature increase and water content decrease, slowed the pH increase, and enhanced the maggot conversion rate. Among the proportions, 20% GFR substitution had the highest maggot conversion rate of 15.15%. During the composting stage, GFR substitution promoted the initial temperature increase and the water content decrease and maintained a relatively low pH. However, only 20% substitution promoted the maturity of compost. The degradation rates of the gibberellin residue were all higher than 97% in the treatments with GFRs after two-step composting. High-throughput sequencing analysis showed that GFR substitution had significant effects on the microbial community structure during the whole process. However, the change in the microbial community was similar to that of conventional composting. Therefore, this innovative approach is feasible for GFR resource utilization, and substitution below 20% for swine manure is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]