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Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation continues to increase exponentially, leading to the need for better disposal methods. Approximately 50% of the MSW is landfilled in the United States (US). Landfilling is known for its negative effects on the environment and human health. The objective of this study was to conduct a life cycle assessment (LCA) of some of the most common waste treatment methods and propose an alternative and environmentally friendly integrated waste management method (IWM). The LCA was conducted using OpenLCA. Replacing landfilling, incineration, and composting with recycling, gasification, and anaerobic digestion (IWM) reduced the global warming potential from 899 kg CO2 eq to −14.6 kg CO2 eq. The same trend was observed for acidification (from 0.21 kg SO2 eq to −1.1 kg SO2 eq), ecotoxicity (from 2363.8 CTUe to 1.22 CTUe), eutrophication (from 0.5 kg N eq to 0.3 kg N eq), smog formation (from 4.4 kg O3 eq to 1.85 kg O3 eq), ozone depletion (from 2.1 × 10−5 kg CFC-11 eq to 0 kg CFC-11 eq), respiratory effects (from 2.8 × 10−3 kg PM2.5 eq to −7.25 × 10−3 kg PM2.5 eq), cancer (from 2 × 10−5 CTUh to 1.2 × 10−7 CTUh), and non-cancer effects (from 6 × 10−5 to 1.4 × 10−5 CTUh). The results show that an integrated waste management approach with recycling, gasification, and anaerobic digestion can dramatically reduce the environmental and health impacts of municipal solid waste disposal. Policy reforms, technical innovation, economic investment, and social engagement are needed to change waste management paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of shifting Slovakia towards a circular economy is met with a multitude of obstacles, including the pervasive consumerist mindset among Slovakians. This mindset favors packaged food, leading to its improper disposal in municipal waste instead of being recycled. Furthermore, the inclination towards landfills poses a significant challenge in the management of municipal solid waste (MSW). To address this issue, a quantitative analysis was conducted using developed and validated models, incorporating various factors related to MSW management in Slovakia. Our study confirmed the significance of parameters such as MSW management costs and population size in the amount of MSW generated. Furthermore, our findings include a short-term forecast for MSW generation in Slovakia for the next two years. These results, based on quantitative data, provide valuable insights for policymakers and waste management authorities in Slovakia, emphasizing the urgent need for a transition towards a more sustainable and circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The untreated municipal solid wastes (MSWs) dumping and improper management causes major concerns of environmental degradation and human health risks. In this study, we collected soil and vegetable from the MSWs dumpsites of Khulna City Corporation (KCC) in southwestern Bangladesh. Trace metals (Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn) were measured to explore the health risk of cultivated vegetables from dumpsites. Soil contamination was evaluated by geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), and pollution load index (PLI), while health risk was evaluated by transfer factor (TF), estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ). Results exhibited that the average trace metals in soil and vegetables followed in the order of Fe > Pb > Mn > Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Cd > Co. The Igeo, EF, CF, and PLI values revealed that the soil contamination was dominated by Pd, Cd, Mn, and Zn. The EDI of metals in vegetables were exceed the maximum daily intake only for Fe, Pb, and Cr. The total THQ was > 1, implying potential health hazards for the local people due to the long-term consumption of the cultivated vegetables. The multivariate analysis reveled that the sources of trace metals in the soils and vegetables of dumpsites were natural and anthropogenic. Overall, the findings suggest that growing vegetables in dumpsite is unsafe for long-term consumption by local inhabitants. Immediate action should be taken to protect the environment and human health from trace metal hazards.

This paper examines Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management with a high organic matter content employing the Waste and Resource Assessment Tool for the Environment (WRATE) and the Ecoinvent database, by conducting a Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA). Four scenarios, aligned with Algeria's National Waste Management Strategy, are analyzed as case studies. LCA results identify the baseline scenario (current state) as the worst case. Significant improvements (84% reduction in climate change impact) are observed for scenario 2 to 4, which incorporate methane capture and energy recovery. Likewise, acidification potential was reduced, while eutrophication balanced positively for scenario 1 to 3 and negatively for scenario 4, promoting sustainable practices. This study proposes an optimal solution where the MSW service covers the charges and starts generating profit by shifting from a flat rate of 2000 Algerian Dinars (DZD) per household per year to 1% of household income. This change aims for at least 41% cost recovery from citizens at the national level, with minimum recovery targets for composting (50%), recycling (25%), and efficient landfilling (15%), alongside 20% energy recovery. To align with the Waste Hierarchy priorities, the Algerian government should gradually restrict organic waste landfilling (54% of MSW) and promote composting. Additionally, Algeria should establish regulations to encourage recycling programs, such as implementing Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) regulations and setting recycling targets for various waste streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As lithium (Li) stands out as a crucial component of batteries, the inappropriate disposal of electronic gadgets might drive Li pollution in environmentally sensitive environments, such as dumps, where castor bean (Ricinus communis) plant communities are usually found. The exposure to high Li concentration is potentially harmful to the environment and humans. Therefore, it is opportune to evaluate the potential of bioindicator species to monitor Li contamination. In this scenario, the present study assessed the effects of Li exposure on the development of castor bean plants exposed to lithium chloride at five Li dosages (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 mg dm−3). Significant symptoms of phytotoxicity were observed at all doses. Li dosage exhibited increasing impairment effects on plant biometrics, such as stem diameter and the number of leaves, as well as on the SPAD index, nutritional balance, and biomass production. Our findings suggest castor bean as a potential model species for biomonitoring Li-contaminated areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastics are predominant in numerous sectors like packaging, agriculture, hardware, electronics, and many others. Annual plastic demand has been rapidly growing in the last few decades because of the increasing dependency on plastics. As a consequence, massive amounts of plastic waste are being generated every year. These plastic wastes are non-biodegradable, and hence their disposal poses a serious threat to the ecosystem and causes significant environmental problems such as endangering the safety of marine life, wildlife, air, water, and soil, etc. A large portion of plastic waste ends up in landfills, and only a small fraction is recycled. The continuous dependence on landfills as the main disposal method for plastic waste is costly and ineffective. Common solutions to plastic waste management are incineration and recycling; however, incineration emits harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases that contribute to ozone layer depletion and global warming; moreover, recycling is expensive and inefficient. As an alternative to recycling and incineration, the pyrolysis process can convert plastic wastes into more valuable fuel products. Pyrolysis is a thermal process that converts raw material into pyrolysis liquid, solid wax, and non-condensable gases in the absence of oxygen. This process is attractive because it is economical and energy-efficient, and it can be used to convert various types of plastic waste into valuable products. In recent years, there have been significant developments in pyrolysis applications in liquid fuel production from plastic wastes. This work reviews recent advances in and challenges for the pyrolysis process for converting plastic wastes into a valuable alternative fuel, focusing on studies of advanced pyrolysis processes published over the last five years. The paper also highlights the numerical modeling of pyrolysis of plastic wastes and the potential impact of pyrolysis on the future of sustainable waste-management practices of plastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The landfill method is recognized as the cheapest and most widely used solid waste management system. However, improper disposal of solid waste is a serious problem in urban areas of Ethiopia like Areka town due to the rapid growth of population and urbanization. The objective of this study is to identify suitable landfill sites for solid waste using geospatial-based multi-criteria decision analysis techniques. To achieve this objective data were collected from field observations, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, residential areas, protected areas, elevation, slope, and roads were used to identify suitable landfill sites. ArcGIS, QGIS, and Erdas Imagine software were used to prepare the criteria maps. The analytical hierarchy process was also applied to derive the relative weights of criteria maps and then the weighted overlay tool was applied for the preparation of the final suitability map. Accordingly, 5%, 60.1%, 32.8%, and 2.1% of the study area was not, less, moderate, and highly suitable for solid waste disposal. The final result shows that Landfill 1 (4.9 ha) and Landfill 2(6.6 ha) were the 1st and 2nd most suitable sites for proposing a new landfill with the least negative impact on the environment and human health. Thus, this study strongly recommends town municipality should use proposed landfill sites 1 and 2 for solid waste disposal and future studies should also consider various factors overlooked in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last several decades, the European Union (EU) has championed recycling and sustainable waste management through Directives 2008/98/EC and 2018/851, shaping practices across its member states. Currently, 30% of the EU's municipal waste is recycled, 19% composted, 23% incinerated, and 23% landfilled. However, regional variations exist within the EU, with Greece and other Mediterranean/Balkan nations favoring landfilling, while Germany and other Western/Central EU nations prioritize recycling and composting, and Nordic countries lean toward incineration. To address these differences, a new sustainability point system was created in order to evaluate and compare all different municipal waste management strategies of EU members. Notably, countries like Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden score the highest due to low municipal waste generation, high recycling rates (>35%), minimal landfilling (<1%), and significant incineration. In contrast, Cyprus, Malta, and Greece score lower due to landfill reliance and lower recycling rates. Therefore, this study introduces a novel sustainability point system to mitigate disparities, highlighting the need for targeted interventions and policy initiatives at the national and EU levels. By leveraging these insights, policymakers can allocate resources effectively, foster collaboration, and motivate citizens to achieve common environmental goals as well as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of shifting Slovakia towards a circular economy is met with a multitude of obstacles, including the pervasive consumerist mindset among Slovakians. This mindset favors packaged food, leading to its improper disposal in municipal waste instead of being recycled. Furthermore, the inclination towards landfills poses a significant challenge in the management of municipal solid waste (MSW). To address this issue, a quantitative analysis was conducted using developed and validated models, incorporating various factors related to MSW management in Slovakia. Our study confirmed the significance of parameters such as MSW management costs and population size in the amount of MSW generated. Furthermore, our findings include a short-term forecast for MSW generation in Slovakia for the next two years. These results, based on quantitative data, provide valuable insights for policymakers and waste management authorities in Slovakia, emphasizing the urgent need for a transition towards a more sustainable and circular economy.

Fast-accumulating waste plastic can be thermochemically recycled via microwave-assisted pyrolysis to recycle their embedded energy by restructuring them into useful gaseous, liquid, and solid products that can be used for power cogeneration, transportation (fuel), and construction applications, respectively. Among them, the liquid product can be used as a diesel substitute in compression ignition engines due to its higher calorific value and relatively lower exhaust emissions. The nature of microwave heating yields a better quality product that enhances process economics while reducing its environmental footprint. Some techno-economic studies show that microwave-assisted pyrolysis is a scalable waste-to-energy route with high initial capital investment, but lower operational costs compared to conventional pyrolysis. They also indicate that the fixed capital costs increase exponentially with plant size, but with correct optimization of critical parameters, the process can achieve breakeven in 2½ to 5 years at a 7% return on investment. However, more techno-economic studies, life cycle and life cycle costing studies are required to verify these numbers while also identifying the interdependence of critical parameters like residence time, reactor temperature, microwave power, and feedstock type, etc., with response surface methodology. This review consolidates the basics, important parameters, advantages, and limitations of microwave-based pyrolysis with suggestions on the synergistic integration with conventional plastic waste management methods. Overall, this technology offers significant economic opportunity and carries the potential to mitigate environmental harm when integrated with a circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to quantitatively assess the environmental impacts of different methods used for treating excavated soil and rock (ESR) in Shenzhen, namely landfilling, sintering, and non-sintering, using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The findings indicate that recycling ESR through sintering or non-sintering processes offers more sustainable alternatives than landfilling. The recycled products derived from ESR can effectively replace traditional building materials, thereby reducing their environmental impacts. However, when comparing the environmental impacts of sintering and non-sintering processes, the latter demonstrated more significant impacts, particularly in terms of global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), and eutrophication potential (EP). Furthermore, it is worth noting that the environmental impacts of the sintering processes are influenced by fuel type and exhaust gas emissions, with natural gas combustion yielding more substantial overall environmental benefits. Moreover, ESR landfilling poses constraints on sustainable development and land resource occupation. This study contributes to a better understanding of the environmental impacts associated with ESR landfilling and recycling, provides management departments with optimal ESR management suggestions, and alleviates environmental pressure from urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EU steel industry accounts for a crude steel production of 140 Mt/y, provided by the integrated (57%) and electric (43%) routes, which respectively require up to 6.0 and 0.6 MWh/tCrudeSteel of energy input, and emits on average 1.85 and 0.4 tCO2/tCrudeSteel. The mitigation of such CO2 emissions is crucial, and would involve the direct avoidance of carbon, improvement of energy efficiency, and carbon capture. However, the environmental burden of the steel industry cannot be limited to this, given the very large amount (approximately 5 Mt) of residues landfilled every year in the EU. This practice cannot be sustained anymore, since it represents a detrimental waste of resources and burden to the environment. These aspects require prompt action to meet the Green Deal goals envisioned for 2030. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the main state-of-the-art technologies commercially (and not) available for the effective treatment of a wide variety of residues. To enrich this overview with further potential candidates towards a more sustainable steel manufacturing process, the combined application of two technologies (a plasma reactor and a RecoDust unit for the recovery of metals and minerals, respectively) at TRL 5-6 is also investigated here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circular economy and efficient use of resources gained importance in the context of sustainable development. The paper aims to evaluate the development of landfilling in Slovakia. The next goal is to assess the trend in compared with the EU's situation. The presented research presents a continuation of previous research in the area of waste recycling in Slovakia, pointing to the waste and landfilling, which is deserving of analysis from a long-term perspective. The research is carried out via data collection at the EU level by recording continuously published values. The paper's results are processed in statistical software. Considering regional development, landfilling in Slovakia is followed up according to the geographical units of the entire country. The results shown here show that a higher recycling capacity is required and Slovakia should decrease its level of landfill. Such results can be used in the waste treatment area, protection of the living environment and sustainable development of regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing land use strategies to optimize carbon sinks and improve carbon footprints involves proposing efficient nature-based solutions that industries and businesses can implement while considering financial and legislative constraints. The pulp and paper industry is associated with significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, primarily due to the substantial carbon dioxide (CO2) footprint of its mills. Also, some forestry operations contribute to the release of carbon to the atmosphere in the form of CO2 and methane (CH4). Conversely, this industry could potentially be a significant ally in the fight against climate change by favoring forestry practices that reduce carbon emissions and increase its sequestration, namely, by adding value to industrial by-products (e.g., biosolids) instead of treating them as wastes and landfilling them. Notably, the pulp and paper industry has been seeking alternative uses of its by-products, such as fertilizers to maximize tree growth. In this paper, we identify opportunities and challenges that exist for the pulp and paper industry in regard to recycling industrial by-products to: 1) lower GHG emissions directly at the mill and 2) improve its GHG budget by increasing carbon sequestration in forests and plantations. We illustrate our analyses by describing a case study of a pulp and paper mill in southern Quebec, Canada, that uses its biosolids and other by-products as fertilizers. This case study highlights that this strategy could not only contribute to the reduction of GHGs but could also create added value and improve economic returns of forest operations.

Plastics are predominant in numerous sectors like packaging, agriculture, hardware, electronics, and many others. Annual plastic demand has been rapidly growing in the last few decades because of the increasing dependency on plastics. As a consequence, massive amounts of plastic waste are being generated every year. These plastic wastes are non-biodegradable, and hence their disposal poses a serious threat to the ecosystem and causes significant environmental problems such as endangering the safety of marine life, wildlife, air, water, and soil, etc. A large portion of plastic waste ends up in landfills, and only a small fraction is recycled. The continuous dependence on landfills as the main disposal method for plastic waste is costly and ineffective. Common solutions to plastic waste management are incineration and recycling; however, incineration emits harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases that contribute to ozone layer depletion and global warming; moreover, recycling is expensive and inefficient. As an alternative to recycling and incineration, the pyrolysis process can convert plastic wastes into more valuable fuel products. Pyrolysis is a thermal process that converts raw material into pyrolysis liquid, solid wax, and non-condensable gases in the absence of oxygen. This process is attractive because it is economical and energy-efficient, and it can be used to convert various types of plastic waste into valuable products. In recent years, there have been significant developments in pyrolysis applications in liquid fuel production from plastic wastes. This work reviews recent advances in and challenges for the pyrolysis process for converting plastic wastes into a valuable alternative fuel, focusing on studies of advanced pyrolysis processes published over the last five years. The paper also highlights the numerical modeling of pyrolysis of plastic wastes and the potential impact of pyrolysis on the future of sustainable waste-management practices of plastics.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a vital tool for evaluating the environmental burden of solid waste. This study investigated the outcomes of selected studies that applied the LCA methodology in assessing the environmental consequences of solid waste management (SWM) systems in Africa. Thirteen process-based LCA studies on SWM were reviewed, drawing from established criteria in databases such as SCOPUS, Elsevier, and Google Scholar. These studies were distributed across various African countries, with three conducted in Mauritius and Nigeria each, two in Zimbabwe and South Africa each, and one in Tanzania, Ghana, and Uganda, respectively. The evaluated parameters included aspects such as goal and scope, functional unit, system boundary, impact assessment categories, and sensitivity analysis. The findings revealed that majority of the studies employed similar waste management scenarios to determine the most environment-friendly, yet they differed considerably in some parameters. Climate change and global warming were the most assessed impact categories. Municipal solid waste (MSW) and plastic waste were the leading waste categories. MSW typically comprises paper, bottles, metal, plastics, glass, organics, and mixed waste proportions. The study also stated that the lack of reliable data on solid waste was a significant challenge faced by African countries in LCA studies. The paper’s findings highlighted that a significant number of the studies, particularly in Nigeria, did not incorporate sensitivity analysis into their assessments, a crucial component for result interpretation. Consequently, the study emphasizes the importance of conducting more LCA research studies in African countries to produce pertinent data on SWM.

Municipal solid waste management (SWM) is one of the most useful applications of renewable energy, supporting the market for renewable energy and assisting in environmental protection by reducing emissions. Sustainability is one of the key issues with solid waste management systems in developing countries, including Palestine. Waste-to-energy (WTE) technology is one of the greatest strategies for effectively managing solid waste. This study focuses mostly on waste management in Palestine's Tulkarm area. We conducted an evaluation of the potential of energy recovery from municipal solid waste through a number of approaches, such as incineration, gasification, anaerobic digestion, and landfilling. Additionally, the implications on the environment, human health, and economics were investigated. The results showed that anaerobic digestion recovered around 5156.15 kWh per day; whereas, incineration and gasification recovered about 40,986.60 and 14,663.88 kWh per day, respectively. The least recovered energy amount was roughly 3563.87 kWh per day, which was generated by landfilling technology. Additionally, the environmental analysis showed that anaerobic digestion could save around 48,362 tons of CO2 annually; meanwhile, incineration and gasification could save about 384,424 and 137,538 tons of CO2, respectively. The lowest quantity of emissions could be saved by landfilling, with about 33,427 tons saved yearly. The energy cost savings associated with each technology were also estimated. The results of the energy savings estimation showed that incineration had the highest saving of USD 4918.12; gasification and anaerobic digestion saved USD 1759.67 and USD 618.74, respectively. Whereas, landfilling had the lowest saving of about USD 427.66. A careful analysis of all aspects related to each technology, in comparison to the available waste treatment techniques, was carried out to propose a solution to cover the energy deficit in Tulkarm as a primary goal. Anaerobic digestion was found to be more environmentally advantageous and economically feasible and thus can be recommended to decision-makers and investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The constant growth in resource consumption is putting pressure on the environment. Most resources are non-renewable and, therefore, need to be managed sustainably. For this reason, increased attention is also being paid to their efficient use within the European Union. The European Union is addressing these aspects to maintain longterm competitiveness and ensure sustainable development in line with all the associated environmental impacts. One of the paths currently on offer is a gradual transition from a linear to a circular economy. A CE monitoring system based on a group of indicators has been introduced within the EU. In this paper, we analyse one of the key areas of the circular economy, material recovery of waste, focusing on municipal waste and its position in the EU and Slovak economy. Measure of circular waste reuse, Measure of municipal waste recycling, CW production per inhabitant, Measure of waste landfilling. By analysing the development of the indicators over the last 10 years, we have tried to realistically assess the achievability of the EU recycling and landfilling targets. The situation in Europe in this area is not optimistic since some EU countries will have a problem fulfilling the EU goals in waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to European Union (EU) countries, the amount of hazardous waste disposed of in Turkey through landfills is 2.5 times greater. The wastes that must be dumped into landfill sites but do not meet the criteria should be pre-treated. The long-term behavior of pre-treated hazardous wastes under landfilled conditions is yet unclear. In this study, a solidified/stabilized flue gas dust from iron and steel production with heavy metal (Ba-Cd–Pb-Zn) contamination was used, and the efficiency of the pre-treatment was examined at a plant in Istanbul. Leak tests and BCR sequential extraction procedure (BCR-procedure) of raw waste and solidified samples were used to characterize the metal phases. Following this, the effect on the different layers of soil and leachate under field (atmospheric) and laboratory (weakly acidic) conditions was monitored by placing the solidified sample in the simulated experimental setup for 321 days. After landfilling, leak tests and compressive strength tests were applied, images were captured with SEM, and physical and chemical evaluations were conducted. According to BCR-procedure, the contamination factor (Cf) and the risk assessment code (RAC) are calculated. The heavy metal Cd had the highest Cf and RAC value for FGD, PLS, FCS, and LCS and the general Cf order was Cd > Zn > Pb > Ba. It has been established that the pH value is more unstable under field conditions; accordingly, metal contamination in soil and leakage samples increases. However, the solidified samples were still found to meet the Turkish landfill waste acceptance criteria following the setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steelmaking is a water-intensive process. The mean water intake against each ton of steel manufactured is ascertained as between 2 and 20 m3. Primarily, the stated requirement is in the form of make-up water to compensate for evaporation and mechanical losses and does not contribute to wastewater generation. Conversely, unit operations, such as rolling, continuous casting, pickling, etc., generate highly complex wastewater rich in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), cyanide, ammonia, non-consumed acids, benzene, toluene, xylene, oil, grease, etc. Further, the conjugative wastewater contains a high concentration of metallic oxides, toxic elements, oil, nitrogen, and heavy metals such as zinc, nickel, chromium, etc. These contaminants are generally treated and neutralized using physicochemical and membrane-based systems. This also yields hazardous sludge, which is landfilled, thereby incurring an ancillary financial burden. However, sludge can be a frugal source of extracting multi-dimensional benefits. The present review investigated and identified the most water-intensive and wastewater/sludge-contributing unit operations and proposed a preferential combination of treatments to balance efficacy and economy. Further, the various global practices for sludge recycling and management documented in the existing literature are summarized and ranked with the help of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The findings revealed concrete making and nutrient recovery as the most- and least-preferred recycling alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landfilling is the main method to manage municipal solid waste (MSW) in Latin America due to the economic, technological and political characteristics of the region. The disposal of MSW in landfill sites may affect the quality of the environment and compromise a considerable share of the municipal budgets. The selection of suitable sites reduces the environmental and economic impact of landfills. In the present study the sustainable location index (SLI) is proposed as a methodology to assess environmentally, and economically, sanitary landfill site selection in the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey, a representative large-size city of Latin America. EVIAVE methodology was modified to include administrative and economic dimensions, which are assessed as a sustainable approach using together the SLI integrated with geospatial and multicriteria analysis tools. The assessment showed that the zones with the lowest SLI changes drastically when the importance of the economic or environmental factor varies. This result suggest that the inclusion of sustainability in landfill site selection decision-making is complex and it may requires the inclusion of local particularities such as municipal budgets, policies of MSW management and public perception about environmental deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Landfilling can result in a loss in revenue that would otherwise have been accrued from recycling plastic waste, loss in potential jobs, and groundwater contamination. Plastics in landfills may also eventually find their way into marine environments, where they can be damaging to animals. This work aims to establish the environmental sustainability of current plastic waste management practices in South Africa using the City of Johannesburg (CoJ) as a case study. Methodology: Five scenarios encompassing combinations of landfilling, mechanical recycling, incineration with energy recovery, gasification, and use of plastic waste in a cement kiln were assessed through an environmental Life Cycle Assessment (e-LCA). Scenarios were developed based on an extensive literature review, current practices in South Africa and Europe, and the country's National Waste Management strategy, which aims to achieve "zero waste to landfill". SimaPro 9.1.1 software and the Ecoinvent Database were used to assess the life cycle impacts of each scenario over seven impact categories. The ReCiPe endpoint method, Egalitarian version, was employed in determining the impact potentials. A sensitivity analysis was also carried out to evaluate the model's robustness. Results and discussion: Overall, the impact assessment results, including damage assessments and single score results, revealed that moving away from landfilling and combining mechanical recycling, incineration, gasification, and use of plastic waste (PW) as solid refuse fuel in a cement kiln is the least environmentally impactful scenario when managing plastic waste. Landfilling alone was the worst-performing scenario, resulting in adverse effects on human health, ecosystems, and resource depletion. This agrees with the waste hierarchy. On sensitivity analysis, the increase in transportation distances and reduction in market substitution factor in mechanical recycling did not change the ranking of scenarios despite reducing the net benefits to the environment. Including open dumping as an end-of-life scenario significantly increased the negative impact of the current plastic waste management scenario being practised in South Africa, while assuming a 100% mechanical recycling rate had the least environmental impact when compared to the other modelled scenarios. Conclusions: The current plastic waste management practices in South Africa were found to be environmentally unsustainable based on the modelled scenarios, and a move away from landfilling is encouraged. The outcomes of this study will assist policymakers and other stakeholders in making informed decisions based on scientific evidence when formulating sustainability-related waste management policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EU steel industry accounts for a crude steel production of 140 Mt/y, provided by the integrated (57%) and electric (43%) routes, which respectively require up to 6.0 and 0.6 MWh/tCrudeSteel of energy input, and emits on average 1.85 and 0.4 tCO2/tCrudeSteel. The mitigation of such CO2 emissions is crucial, and would involve the direct avoidance of carbon, improvement of energy efficiency, and carbon capture. However, the environmental burden of the steel industry cannot be limited to this, given the very large amount (approximately 5 Mt) of residues landfilled every year in the EU. This practice cannot be sustained anymore, since it represents a detrimental waste of resources and burden to the environment. These aspects require prompt action to meet the Green Deal goals envisioned for 2030. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the main state-of-the-art technologies commercially (and not) available for the effective treatment of a wide variety of residues. To enrich this overview with further potential candidates towards a more sustainable steel manufacturing process, the combined application of two technologies (a plasma reactor and a RecoDust unit for the recovery of metals and minerals, respectively) at TRL 5-6 is also investigated here.

The circular economy and efficient use of resources gained importance in the context of sustainable development. The paper aims to evaluate the development of landfilling in Slovakia. The next goal is to assess the trend in compared with the EU’s situation. The presented research presents a continuation of previous research in the area of waste recycling in Slovakia, pointing to the waste and landfilling, which is deserving of analysis from a long-term perspective. The research is carried out via data collection at the EU level by recording continuously published values. The paper’s results are processed in statistical software. Considering regional development, landfilling in Slovakia is followed up according to the geographical units of the entire country. The results shown here show that a higher recycling capacity is required and Slovakia should decrease its level of landfill. Such results can be used in the waste treatment area, protection of the living environment and sustainable development of regions.

Adequate disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of Serbia's most complex environmental challenges. The problem is more serious in urban areas, since large amounts of waste are disposed of in locations that do not comply with environmental, technical, and socio-economic standards. Such is the case for the city of Kraljevo, where about 116,000 inhabitants do not have a sanitary landfill facility. This research includes a multi-criteria analysis, conducted with the help of geographic information systems, to find a suitable landfill site location. After data collection, the first step was to process 15 environmental and socio-economic factors utilizing the fuzzy analytic-hierarchy process method. The second step comprised the visual analysis and selection of the ten most suitable locations from the synthetic convenience map. The third step involved the final ranking of sites by means of the fuzzy multi-objective analysis by ratio, plus the full multiplicative form method, based on four additional beneficial and non-beneficial criteria. The results show that sanitary landfill candidate site A4 is the most suitable location for constructing a sanitary landfill site due to its large area (569 ha) and relatively short distance from the urban zone (8 km). This study is the first to integrate geographic information systems and the fuzzy analytic-hierarchy process, multi-objective analysis by ratio, and the full multiplicative form algorithm for sanitary landfill selection. The results of the research can be used as a reference for safe waste disposal in the city of Kraljevo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Life cycle assessment of mono- and co-digestion for farm-scale biogas plants. • Co-digestion of manure with organic waste improved net environmental implications. • Reductions in climate change, eutrophication potential and terrestrial ecotoxicity. • Open storage of digestate is identified as hotspot of emissions. Proper management of biogenic residues, particularly livestock manure and food waste, is a major challenge for Bangladesh. While mono-digestion has traditionally been used on farms for treating manure, inadequate energetic output limits its applicability. Food waste, however, is typically landfilled in current practice. Co-digestion of biowaste emerged as an alternative due to synergistic yield and capacity to handle multiple waste streams. However, its environmental performance is underreported, particularly in developing countries. This study aimed to compare the environmental implications of co-digestion and mono-digestion of livestock manure (poultry and cow manure) with food waste from a life cycle assessment perspective for the regional context of Bangladesh. Two inventory cases were considered, accounting for mechanistically calculated (case M) and experimentally reported synergistic biogas yield (case E). Co-digestion scenarios showed net benefits by reducing three of the five impact categories-considerably reducing climate change (up to 117%), eutrophication potential, and terrestrial ecotoxicity in both cases (54.5 % and 55.7 %, respectively). The highest decrease occurred for climate change by diverting food waste landfilling. However, when synergistic biogas yield was considered, acidification potential and malodor air emissions increased by co-digestion owing to a higher amount of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia in the produced gas, thus entailing significant environmental burdens. The key hotspot in most categories was open storage of digestate, necessitating appropriate post-treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the specific entropy (SE) indicator, which is well exploited by ecologists for investigating the status of health and the development tendency of ecosystems, a specific entropy per amount of exergy gained (SEEG) was proposed in this study for assessing the intrinsic sustainability of systems in the technosphere. According to the SE, the lower the SEEG indicator, the higher the intrinsic sustainability of the investigated system. This indicator was used for assessing the intrinsic sustainability of the main waste management (WM) systems of the different EU27 member states (MS). The main findings demonstrate average values of SEEG of about 0.0026 and 0.009 for composting and recycling, respectively. For incineration and landfilling, SEEG was 1.310 and 1.333, respectively. This indicates that incineration activity has a lower intrinsic sustainability. Concerning WM systems, lower values of SEEG were detected for EU 27 MS with recycling and composting percentages of waste >55%. Therefore, the maximization of percentages of waste recycled and composted, as well as solid recovered fuel production, are preferred over incineration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a major concern for Bangladesh, given its high population density and increasing waste production rate. Conventional waste management methods, such as landfilling, result in high carbon emissions for the environment. With over 70% of MSW being organic, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has emerged as a promising technology for recovering energy and nutrients from such heterogeneous waste streams. This study aimed to compare the environmental effects of HTC coupled with electricity generation (HTC-EG) from MSW with traditional landfilling using life cycle assessment in the context of Bangladesh. The HTC-EG scenario showed lower environmental impacts in three out of five impact categories, specifically reducing climate change, freshwater ecotoxicity, and photochemical ozone formation. For a functional unit of 6000-ton MSW, HTC-EG reduces the climate change impact by 7.7 × 106 kg CO 2 eq. Additionally, HTC-EG has 46.77% less impact on freshwater ecotoxicity compared to landfilling and reduces the photochemical ozone formation impact by 1.86 × 104 NMVOC eq. However, the HTC-EG scenario leads to increased particulate matter formation and marine water eutrophication due to SO 2 , SO 3 , and PM2.5 emissions during hydrochar combustion and nitrate release from the liquid stream of the HTC reactor, respectively. Addressing these challenges through appropriate post-processing of flue gas from hydrochar combustion and HTC liquid streams could make HTC-EG a viable alternative to landfilling for MSW management in Bangladesh. [Display omitted] • Landfilling and HTC with electricity generation (HTC-EG) compared for 1st time. • HTC-EG can reduce 7.7 × 106 kg CO 2 eq emission by avoiding landfilling. • HTC-EG can reduce the freshwater eco-toxicity by 46.77% compared to landfilling. • HTC-EG can increase particulate matter formation and marine water eutrophication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landfilling is the most applied solid waste management method in developing countries, which leads to a large amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It is thus imperative to develop strategies for evaluating different economically viable waste management scenarios to mitigate GHG emissions. According to the Paris Agreement, Kazakhstan planned to decrease GHG emissions by 25% by 2050 as compared to 1990 levels, while reaching carbon neutrality by 2060. In this context, we herein propose four different scenarios for municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment and three scenarios for sewage sludge (SS) treatment with the aim of evaluating the GHG potential for Astana, the capital city of Kazakhstan, using the (solid waste management) SWM-GHG calculator developed by the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research. The MSW treatment scenarios include: (A) 15% recycling of secondary materials and 85% landfilling of remaining MSW; (B) 30% recycling of secondary materials; 70% sanitary landfilling with biogas collection; (C) 30% recycling and 70% biological stabilization and landfilling without biogas collection; and (D) 30% recycling, 20% composting, and 50% (waste-to-energy) WtE incineration. The sewage sludge management scenarios include (1) 100% landfilling; (2) 100% WtE incineration; and (3) co-incineration of sewage sludge and coal. The results reveal that more complex scenarios lead to extensive ecological benefits; however, there are economic constraints. Based on the analysis of the proposed scenarios, we recommend the optimal strategy for MSW treatment to be 30% recycling with biological stabilization that has a total cost of EUR 16.7 million/year and overall GHG emissions of −120 kt of CO2 eq/year. In terms of sewage sludge management, the addition of coal to sewage sludge simplifies the combustion process due to the higher heat capacity. Considering lower cost and higher energy recovery, it is recommended as a favorable process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific community has revealed the environmental benefits of recycling construction waste (CW) versus its disposal, and its contribution to circularity. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method enables the environmental impact of CW management to be quantified and facilitates the comparison of recycling versus alternative disposal scenarios. However, due to its complexity, LCA is seldom used by technicians during the design phase, which constitutes a crucial stage in the prevention of environmental impacts. This paper therefore proposes an LCA-based tool, integrated into the Building Information Modelling (BIM) methodology, that helps designers to automate the environmental assessment of recycling versus disposal. The CW-LCA-BIM tool uses impact factors obtained from an LCA model applied to CW and was applied to the structural system of a building in Spain. Up to 99% of the non-hazardous waste was recyclable or reusable. The management of three types of recyclable waste was assessed: concrete (27.2 t), plastics (4.2 t), and steel (1.5 t). Recycling is shown to be the best option since it prevents 1.4 times (14.6 t) the emissions of the disposal scenario and saves 85 times (148.5 GJ) its energy consumption. This tool can be developed in other waste management systems and infrastructures. It can be useful both for designers for the reduction of the environmental impact of their buildings, and for policy managers for waste-prevention policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate estimation of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is required for making effective climate change mitigation policies at the national level. Among major sources, municipal solid waste (MSW) is an important source of GHGs, such as methane (CH4), generated during the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. In Viet Nam, the emissions of GHGs are not well quantified, in particular from the MSW management system. In this study, we estimated emissions of GHGs from the MSW management system of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), considering the current waste management practices. In HCMC, landfilling has been a common practice of solid waste management. About 85 percent of the total MSW generated in the city has been landfilled at two landfill sites. Our estimates show that landfilling was the significant source of GHGs in HCMC, with a net contribution of 781.05 kg CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq.) per tonne of MSW landfilled. From the whole MSW management system, the direct GHG emission was 768.61 (kg CO2-eq. per tonne of MSW) with avoided emissions of 72.47 (kg CO2-eq. per tonne of MSW) through composting and recycling of MSW. The net GHG emission from the MSW management system was 696.14 kg CO2-eq. per tonne of MSW (≈1.665 million tonnes of CO2-eq. per year). The GHG emission data of this study may be useful to policymakers for making effective climate change mitigation policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CERN (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire) is the world's largest research centre for high‐energy and particle physics. The research infrastructure contributed to the greatest successes in the field of experimental physics. A new, approximatively 91 km long subsurface infrastructure connected to the existing particle accelerator complex is being conceived in the frame of the Future Circular Collider. It would serve a global community of researchers with two subsequently operated particle colliders until the end of the 21st century. Even at an early stage of such a project, comprehensive investigations have to be carried out into the nature of the subsoil in order to find an optimal utilisation strategy for the excavated material in accordance with the national and international regulations in order to promote the recycling of excavated tunnel material in terms of resource conservation and the improvement of the sustainability of underground construction projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of dredged sediments is a challenging issue since it involves the interconnection of complex economic, social, technical and environmental aspects. The EU LIFE SURE project aimed to apply a more sustainable dredging technique to Malmfjärden Bay in Kalmar/Sweden (a shallow urban water body with a high content of nutrients) and, additionally, it involved beneficial uses for the dredged material, in line with the circular economy concept. To achieve this, a life cycle assessment (LCA) study was carried out to assess the potential environmental impacts associated with two scenarios: sediment landfilling (S1) and soil conditioning (S2). This LCA study also aimed to evaluate and compare the costs related to each scenario. S1 contemplated the construction and operation of the landfill for 100 years, including the collection and discharge of leachate and biogas. S2 included the use of sediments in soils and the avoidance of producing and using fertilisers. Results showed that (S2) soil conditioning (total impact: −6.4 PE) was the scenario with fewer environmental impacts and the best economic evaluation. The S2 scenario was mainly related to the positive environmental savings produced by reducing fertiliser consumption (which also avoided purchase costs). However, S2 was also linked to potential negative effects associated with eutrophication and toxicity categories of impacts due to the possible spread of nutrients and pollutants in terrestrial and aquatic environments. In order to mitigate this problem, the sediments could be pre-treated to reduce their risk of pollution. Moreover, the main impact of the landfilling scenario (S1, total impact: 1.6 PE) was the emission of global warming-contributing gases during the operation of the facility. Implementing the soil conditioning scenario was therefore recommended, in line with the aim of the LIFE SURE project. Finally, it was recommended that LCA studies should be applied more often in the future when selecting beneficial uses for dredged sediments. The decision-making process is facilitated when the positive and negative impacts produced by each handling option are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid waste management (SWM) is one of the most useful applications of renewable energy, supporting the market for renewable energy and assisting in environmental protection by reducing emissions. Sustainability is one of the key issues with solid waste management systems in developing countries, including Palestine. Waste-to-energy (WTE) technology is one of the greatest strategies for effectively managing solid waste. This study focuses mostly on waste management in Palestine’s Tulkarm area. We conducted an evaluation of the potential of energy recovery from municipal solid waste through a number of approaches, such as incineration, gasification, anaerobic digestion, and landfilling. Additionally, the implications on the environment, human health, and economics were investigated. The results showed that anaerobic digestion recovered around 5156.15 kWh per day; whereas, incineration and gasification recovered about 40,986.60 and 14,663.88 kWh per day, respectively. The least recovered energy amount was roughly 3563.87 kWh per day, which was generated by landfilling technology. Additionally, the environmental analysis showed that anaerobic digestion could save around 48,362 tons of CO2 annually; meanwhile, incineration and gasification could save about 384,424 and 137,538 tons of CO2, respectively. The lowest quantity of emissions could be saved by landfilling, with about 33,427 tons saved yearly. The energy cost savings associated with each technology were also estimated. The results of the energy savings estimation showed that incineration had the highest saving of USD 4918.12; gasification and anaerobic digestion saved USD 1759.67 and USD 618.74, respectively. Whereas, landfilling had the lowest saving of about USD 427.66. A careful analysis of all aspects related to each technology, in comparison to the available waste treatment techniques, was carried out to propose a solution to cover the energy deficit in Tulkarm as a primary goal. Anaerobic digestion was found to be more environmentally advantageous and economically feasible and thus can be recommended to decision-makers and investors.

Environmental pollution by mercury is a local problem in Poland and concerns mainly industrial sites. Foundry waste are usually characterized by low mercury content compared to other heavy metals. Spent foundry sands with low content of Hg are the main component of foundry waste. However, Hg may be present in foundry dust, which may also be landfilled. Due to Hg toxicity, even a minimal content may have a negative impact on biota. This study focuses on assessing the mercury content of landfilled foundry waste (LFW), to assess its toxicity. Currently tested waste is recovered and reused as a road aggregate. The results were compared with the mercury content of local soils as the reference level. Waste samples were taken from foundry landfill. The mercury content, fractional composition, organic matter (OM) and total organic carbon content, pH and elementary composition of waste were analysed. It was found that the mercury content in LFW was very low, at the level of natural content in soils and did not pose a threat to the environment. The statistical analysis shows that mercury was not associated with OM of the waste, in contrast to soils, probably due to different types of OM in both materials.

The increasing contamination of mask wastes presents a significant global challenge to ecological health. However, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the environmental risks that mask wastes pose to soil. In this study, a total of 12 mask wastes were collected from landfills. Mask wastes exhibited negligible morphological changes, and bound eight metals and four types of organic pollutants. Masks combined with pollutants inhibited the growth of alfalfa and Elymus nutans , reducing underground biomass by 84.6 %. Mask wastes decreased the Chao1 index and the relative abundances (RAs) of functional bacteria (Micrococcales , Gemmatimonadales , and Sphingomonadales). Metagenomic analysis showed that mask wastes diminished the RAs of functional genes associated with nitrification (amoABC and HAO), denitrification (nirKS and nosZ), glycolysis (gap2), and TCA cycle (aclAB and mdh), thereby inhibiting the nitrogen transformation and ATP production. Furthermore, some pathogenic viruses (Herpesviridae and Tunggulvirus) were also found on the mask wastes. Structural equation models demonstrated that mask wastes restrained soil enzyme activities, ultimately affecting nitrogen and carbon cycles. Collectively, these evidences indicate that mask wastes contribute to soil health and metabolic function disturbances. This study offers a new perspective on the potential environmental risks associated with the improper disposal of masks. [Display omitted] • Mask wastes inhibited soil enzyme activity and nitrogen availability. • Masks combined with pollutants caused toxicity in forage development. • Mask wastes exhibited inhibitory effects on soil nitrogen and carbon cycles. • Landfilling is an improper method for disposing mask wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction and operation of the construction and demolition waste (C&DW) landfills often encounter significant opposition from nearby residents, which is called the "not in my backyard" (NIMBY) effect. However, little is known about the formation mechanism of the NIMBY effect in C&DW landfilling, so this research was conducted for this purpose. First, the influencing factors leading to the NIMBY effect were determined based on a literature review and questionnaire survey. Then, the interrelationship and influencing path of critical factors were revealed using expert interviews and Interpretative Structural Modelling. The results shown that 12 factors from four levels (including residents, society, government, and enterprises) caused the NIMBY effect in C&DW landfilling. These factors formed a complex network comprising 18 influencing paths. Notably, policy and responding measures as pivotal bottom-level factors that trigger the NIMBY effect by indirectly impacting residents' rights awareness and shaping public perception towards C&DW landfill operation enterprises through directly affecting personal interest, cognitive bias, distrust, disposal technology, management level, opinion leader, and other intermediate factors, ultimately triggering the NIMBY effect. Moreover, strategies for mitigating or resolving the NIMBY effect were proposed, such as protecting personal reasonable interests, understanding the potential risks of C&DW landfills rationally, reporting the C&DW landfills from an objective perspective, improving policies and promoting public participation, and enhancing supervision of the C&DW landfills. The study added new knowledge to the current public's NIMBY effect in C&DW landfilling. Meanwhile, it also provided a reference for formulating C&DW landfilling policies and selecting landfill sites. The factors, paths, and solutions of the NIMBY effect in construction and demolition waste landfilling. [Display omitted] • The NIMBY effect in C&DW landfilling was explored. • The influencing factors leading to the NIMBY effect were determined. • The interaction and influencing paths between the factors were analyzed. • The driving and dependence power of the critical factors were revealed. • Strategies to solve the NIMBY effect in C&DW landfilling were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As regulatory frameworks for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) evolve, the solid waste community seeks to manage PFAS risks effectively. Despite extensive research on PFAS in municipal solid waste (MSW) and wastewater sludge, there is limited information on a major global waste stream which seldom gleans regulatory oversight — construction and demolition debris (CDD). This study sampled a CDD processing facility to provide material-specific information on the PFAS profile within CDD. The bulk CDD accepted by this facility was separated into major categories, representatively sampled, then characterized for total available PFAS (∑ 92 PFAS). As reprocessed CDD is ultimately recycled or landfilled, often unencapsulated or in unlined landfills, the PFAS leaching potential was also examined using two leaching procedures. Among the categories assessed for total PFAS, carpeting, carpet padding, and gypsum drywall showed elevated concentrations compared to other components, with most of the PFAS mass contributed by precursor species. However, materials with the highest total PFAS, such as carpeting, did not necessarily exhibit the highest leaching, and leachate was predominantly composed of terminal species rather than precursors. Extrapolating these findings with national CDD generation and management data inventories suggests that despite MSW having higher total available PFAS concentrations, the leachability of PFAS from landfilled CDD is comparable, raising legitimate concerns with CDD disposal practices, particularly in unlined CDD landfills. [Display omitted] • Various PFAS levels detected in CDD components. • Majority of total available PFAS was from precursor species. • Leachable PFAS consisted mainly of PFCAs. • Data were extrapolated to estimate US CDD waste PFAS mass. • CDD may pose similar or greater leaching risk compared to MSW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental planning of cities and rural regions is associated with monitoring the performance of several services, including solid waste management. This study proposes a new framework for the comparative assessment of the performance of integrated municipal solid waste management. The framework includes the fuzzy MACBETH multi-criteria decision-making model used to investigate the uncertainties and inefficiencies associated with solid waste management systems. The model consists of all major stages in solid waste management and its environmental impact. The applicability of the model was examined in the South European region. According to the global fuzzy values of the criteria weights, the most influential reported criteria were GHG emission (0.113,0.157,0.202), the waste generation growth rate (0.034,0.063,0.141), and waste generation (0.034,0.054,0.127). The other results indicated that Italy (47.26) and France (42.67) had shown a better performance, only to be followed by Spain (37.68), whereas Greece (15.77) and Portugal (12.85) had received the lowest score. In the context of promoting the circular economy in Europe, having a higher recycling rate and less landfilling is beneficial for Greece and Portugal. In addition to this, all these countries should make efforts on decoupling the waste generation-GDP correlation. Furthermore, the applicability of the model depends on an appropriate scale and criteria. The model can be replicated to other developed societies with a few modifications. However, it is necessary to modify the criteria for assessing developing societies based on local conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastics are often used in every industry today due to their light weight, durable and insulating materials. As a result of the widespread use of petroleum-based plastics, there is also an inevitable increase in the amount of waste. Therefore, it is important to determine the effects of plastics on the environment. In this study, the life cycle assessment of couplings, which are commonly used pipe fittings in irrigation and drinking water pipes, was investigated. The environmental effects of the production and disposal stages of the coupling were determined using the Eco-Indicator 99 method of SimaPro 8.0.2 software. At the end of the study, the highest environmental impact occurred during the production of the coupling (79.9%) and it was determined that the most important factor causing this was the use of polypropylene plastics (48.1%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A waste reform was recently introduced in Russia to divert waste from landfills. To help advance the reform, this paper presents a life cycle assessment of the municipal solid waste management system in Russia's second largest city—Saint Petersburg—and its neighboring Leningrad region. Five scenarios were evaluated: the current state of the system (S0), its expected post-reform state in 2024 (S1), and its state improved by increased landfill gas collection (S2), by increased waste incineration (S3), and by separate collection of waste (S4). The environmental impact was assessed in terms of climate change, acidification, eutrophication, and abiotic resource depletion (fossil fuels). The results showed an overall reduction in the environmental impact of the waste management system across all impact categories and all scenarios studied. The largest reduction in all impact categories (except abiotic resource depletion) was achieved through source separation of municipal solid waste. Particularly, global warming potential was reduced from 0.328 kg CO2-eq./kg waste generated in S0 to 0.010 kg CO2-eq./kg waste in S4. Regarding abiotic resource depletion potential (fossil fuels), the incineration scenario is the most beneficial, since it reduces the impact by 573%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial considers the end fates of toxic materials, such as heavy metals, dyes, and synthetic organic compounds, which can be recovered from polluted water by using bio-based adsorbents. The point of the editorial is that insufficient research attention has been paid to the final fate of such contaminants. By contrast, much is known regarding factors affecting the adsorption capacities and rates of adsorption onto cellulose-based materials. Highly contaminated solutions are produced during the regeneration of biosorbent materials. Eutectic freeze crystallization potentially could be used to isolate relative pure compounds of heavy metals from such solutions. Alternatively, biochar can be prepared from cellulosic material in such a way as to achieve strong attachment to certain pollutants. Such biochar, after its use as an adsorbent, could be placed in the ground, where it can be expected to remain stable as sequestered carbon. A high ion exchange capacity of such biochar has potential to reduce the rates of leaching, which could otherwise lead to contamination of groundwater near to landfill sites. As shown by these examples, some promising answers to the final fate of contaminants may conform to a “circular economy” model, whereas other promising answers may conform to a “cradle-to-grave” viewpoint.

Background: Municipal solid waste management is a complex process involving many technological options. In this review, the effect of five different health systems was studied to assess the impacts of MSW landfilling and incineration according to three environmental health measures: global warming potential, acidification, and nutrient enrichment potentials. Further investigation was conducted to determine whether these differences changed our study approach regarding selecting the most appropriate management option. Content: Life cycle assessment was used to examine the environmental health impacts of all MSW management stages through four main phases: goal and scope, life cycle inventory, life cycle impact assessment, and interpretation. Results were similar for Brazil, China, Lebanon, and Iran where global warming potential, acidification, and nutrient enrichment potentials were higher for landfills than for incinerators. In Canada, landfills produced fewer emissions. Summary: Such work can be helpful to choose the best environmentally friendly municipal solid waste management option based on the standards in Saudi Arabia. These results indicate that national health standards and policies determine these technologies’ environmental health impacts.

This editorial considers the end fates of toxic materials, such as heavy metals, dyes, and synthetic organic compounds, which can be recovered from polluted water by using bio-based adsorbents. The point of the editorial is that insufficient research attention has been paid to the final fate of such contaminants. By contrast, much is known regarding factors affecting the adsorption capacities and rates of adsorption onto cellulosebased materials. Highly contaminated solutions are produced during the regeneration of biosorbent materials. Eutectic freeze crystallization potentially could be used to isolate relative pure compounds of heavy metals from such solutions. Alternatively, biochar can be prepared from cellulosic material in such a way as to achieve strong attachment to certain pollutants. Such biochar, after its use as an adsorbent, could be placed in the ground, where it can be expected to remain stable as sequestered carbon. A high ion exchange capacity of such biochar has potential to reduce the rates of leaching, which could otherwise lead to contamination of groundwater near to landfill sites. As shown by these examples, some promising answers to the final fate of contaminants may conform to a “circular economy” model, whereas other promising answers may conform to a “cradle-to-grave” viewpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Russia, increasing amounts of municipal solid waste (MSW) accompanied by environmental degradation have recently led to changes in legislation. Their main goal is to reduce landfilling, to increase utilisation, to introduce the principle of extended producer responsibility (EPR). These are first steps towards a circular economy. The main purpose of the paper is to study how to improve the efficiency of Russian MSW management using circular economy criteria. The study relies on methods such as systemic analysis and synthesis, comparison and generalisation, stakeholder analysis. The detailed analysis of current MSW management system in Russia showed contradictions between its participants regarding the distribution of material waste streams and financing, which leads to difficulties in EPR principle implementation and to possible problems in achieving the goals of the entire MSW management system. According to its current design, recycling receives maximum government support, opposite to reuse and prevention of waste: companies involved in these activities are still outside the scope of MSW management system, and the authors recommend considering their legislative inclusion in it. The critical analysis of Russia’s EPR design compared with EU experience showed problems such as low environmental fees, low utilisation standards and the lack of households’ involvement, which makes EPR design inefficient. The current regulations may help divert some waste from landfills to utilisation and recycling, but beyond that the incentives do not yet correspond to those required for implementing the EPR principle and a circular economy. Consequently, the paper provides recommendations for amending this, which can be used by decision makers at the federal level to improve MSW management system and increase its efficiency.

This study was undertaken to estimate the energy potential of municipal solid waste via creating a relationship between the high heating value (HHV) and the fractions of physical composition of municipal solid waste MSW (% food, % plastic, % paper, % wood, % textile) into the two scenarios, namely wet MSW (as discarded) and dry (free moisture). The created models were determined based on the results of obtained from the analysis of the components of the Al-Diwaniyah MSW and then from previous studies which involved experimental ultimate analysis (% C, % O, % H, % N, %S) of MSW, supported by the equations and models of previous studies which were used for HHV calculation. SPSS Statistical software was used to prepare the models. For each scenario, the input datasets were 60 cases, taking into account the minimization of the data and the average of HHV that result from equations. Four models were created, two models for each status where R2 was 1.00 and 0.999 for dry and wet situation, respectively. However, the equations of verification process showed that the models which depended on the dry fractions are more accurate. The produced HHV from the dry and wet MSW components in the Al-Diwaniyah City is 8655 KJ/Kg and 6440 KJ/Kg, respectively (as discarded). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate estimation of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is required for making effective climate change mitigation policies at the national level. Among major sources, municipal solid waste (MSW) is an important source of GHGs, such as methane (CH4), generated during the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. In Viet Nam, the emissions of GHGs are not well quantified, in particular from the MSW management system. In this study, we estimated emissions of GHGs from the MSW management system of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), considering the current waste management practices. In HCMC, landfilling has been a common practice of solid waste management. About 85 percent of the total MSW generated in the city has been landfilled at two landfill sites. Our estimates show that landfilling was the significant source of GHGs in HCMC, with a net contribution of 781.05 kg CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq.) per tonne of MSW landfilled. From the whole MSW management system, the direct GHG emission was 768.61 (kg CO2-eq. per tonne of MSW) with avoided emissions of 72.47 (kg CO2-eq. per tonne of MSW) through composting and recycling of MSW. The net GHG emission from the MSW management system was 696.14 kg CO2-eq. per tonne of MSW (≈1.665 million tonnes of CO2-eq. per year). The GHG emission data of this study may be useful to policymakers for making effective climate change mitigation policies.