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We investigate the impact of ultra-fast broadband connections on labor income and employment. We use panel data for Italian municipalities for the period 2012–2019 and we exploit the staggered roll-out of ultra-fast broadband started in 2015. Through an event study approach, we find evidence of endogeneity between ultra-fast broadband roll-out and labor market outcomes. To identify causal relationships, we use income from pensions to implement the estimator developed by [Freyaldenhoven, S., C. Hansen, and J. M. Shapiro. 2019. "Pre-Event Trends in the Panel Event-Study Design." American Economic Review 109 (9): 3307–3338. .]. We find that access to ultra-fast broadband increases the income of the self-employed by 1.3% but has no impact on workers. Such an effect is mostly driven by a rise in self-employed workers, which is concentrated in urban areas, and in municipalities at the top and bottom quartiles of labor income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of robotic capital, physical capital, technological change, human capital, and trade globalization on labor income share dynamics in the era of robotic automation. Focusing on China, Germany, Japan, South Korea, and the United States – countries responsible for 79.2% of global industrial robotic installations from 2010 to 2023 – our analysis employs key variables such as labor income share, annual industrial robot installations, gross fixed capital formation, researchers in research and development, human capital index, and trade of goods and services. Estimations using Arellano-Bond, Generalized Estimating Equations, Driscoll-Kraay, and Arellano-Froot-Rogers methods reveal a consistent negative association between labor income share and robotic capital. Conversely, a positive relationship is observed with research and development. Notably, the study underscores the consistent negative impact of physical capital accumulation on labor income share across the Arellano-Bond, Driscoll-Kraay, and Arellano-Froot-Rogers methods. Furthermore, globalization, as assessed by the Arellano-Bond, Generalized Estimating Equations, and Driscoll-Kraay methods, is identified as a factor adversely affecting labor income share. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study identifies economic, political, and institutional variables that influence the distribution of personal incomes in the Eurozone countries facing severe fiscal imbalances, namely Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. Crucially, this paper is the first to investigate the effect of the corrective arm of the Stability and Growth Pact, the so-called Excessive Deficit Procedure (EDP), on the income distribution of the aforementioned economies, where EDP was imposed over a long time period. The empirical results of this study show that (i) EDP impact depends on the specific mix of policy measures undertaken and that (ii) a high public debt does not reflect the existence of common factors shaping income distribution in the four Southern European economies. The share of labor income in total income, constitutes a significant determinant of income inequality. However, we find that the relationship between labor share and income inequality is also country-specific, depending on the intrinsic characteristics of each individual economic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widely, 12-month or 4-quarter average indicators, such as monetary poverty rates, are computed from repeated cross sections of household surveys and interpreted as annual. This is a valid interpretation only when individuals do not change their status within the year; for instance, those observed as poor in the month they are interviewed stay poor the other 11 months. First, we demonstrate that such misinterpretation affects the calculation of several labor market, inequality, and monetary poverty measures. Then, we propose several methods to accurately annualize sub-annual data. Some methods rely on ancillary questions often included in household surveys while others require econometric techniques such as predictive mean matching. Using data for Colombia, we apply the methods to compute annual measures of labor participation, occupation, per capita labor income, average per capita household income, the Gini coefficients of labor income and per-capita household income, and moderate and extreme monetary poverty indices (headcount, gap, and severity). We show that differences with respect to the usual calculations based on monthly averages can be substantial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study examined cross‐national variations in marriage and motherhood penalties between Western and East Asian countries. Background: Little is known about how and to what extent motherhood affects women's labor market outcomes in East Asia compared to Western welfare countries. We examine employment, wage, and labor income with regard to the motherhood penalty. Method: We selected the five countries of Finland, Germany, South Korea, Taiwan, and the United States and applied probit and Heckman selection models using Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Wave IX and Korean Labor and Income Panel Survey data. Results: Variations between Western countries and East Asian welfare states are highlighted. Married mothers with children in East Asian countries are greatly disadvantaged in employment compared to those in Western countries. Having a child is associated with lower labor income and wages by 2.9% to 4.5% across the countries, but we do not find a significant association in Germany and Korea. Conclusion: Women experience various dimensions of motherhood penalties across countries. East Asian women are more likely to face both marriage and motherhood penalties than others. Implication: Marriage and motherhood in East Asian countries should be understood differently from those in Western contexts. Marriage and motherhood are life events that are associated with women's employment decisions and work opportunities in East Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of the tariff increase implemented by the U.S. in 2018 on Chinese firms' export and subsequent employment adjustment. Under the influence of front run shipment and expected stock pile, the export volume increased by 10% after the tariff increase in 2018. While firm employment remains stable, the average working hour and wage increased. In 2019, with the impact of tariff increase gradually emerging, the export volume declined significantly. However, Chinese exporter did not cut jobs on a large scale. Instead, they reduced the per capita working hour and other employment costs, leading to a simultaneous decline in wage and non-cash benefits. The latter contributes to more than 42% of the decline. Our study indicates that the impact of tariff on employment is mainly reflected in the intensive rather than extensive margin.

In this article, the theoretical perspective centered on "dynamic inequality" and inter-category or individual differences is questioned, while the structural approach of extra-categorical analysis is sustained as essential and pertinent to sociological discussions of inequality and, further, attributable to social class, rather than internal or individual differences as posited by some theorists of inequality. From this position, an attempt is made to offer a frame of reference for the analysis and understanding the distributive structure of income in contemporary Panama. Despite presenting one of the best positioned minimum wage and average income structures in Latin America, Panama occupies one of the worst income distributions in the region. The approach subscribed to in this investigation is based on the theoretical assumption that links the conditions of income inequality with the structures of occupation and class location of the workers. The purpose is to build an empirical model of class structures associated with the occupational categories of the workers and, from this, to analyze the trends in the distribution of income in the country. The data analysis was carried out based on the Labor Market Survey of the National Institute of Statistics and Census of the Comptroller General of the Republic for 2000 and 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effects of mining intensity and presence on Peru's mining districts' welfare from 2004 to 2019. A pooled cross-section regression is used which is constructed from different sources and two sets of comparisons are made: the first compare districts with and without mining presence within mining provinces, and the second compares districts with and without mining presence without the constraint of being within mining provinces. The primary dependent variables included in the model are income inequality, labor income, and poverty rate. In mining districts, inequality has increased, but labor income has increased, and poverty has decreased compared to non-mining districts. However, once control for province-fixed effects and clustered by standard errors at the district level, the significance of inequality is lost, while the impacts on labor income and poverty remain. The transmission mechanisms are human capital, employment, and redistributive policies. Also the mining presence has had positive effects on labor income in other sectors such as construction and commerce; Finally, the labor incomes of unskilled workers increases but not the labor incomes of skilled workers, and it has negatively impacted informal employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of COVID-19 on labor income changes of employees in Serbia. The research was conducted on a representative sample of 3,044 individuals from Serbia, using the CATI method, whereby 1,464 of them were included in the analyses as they provided the complete data needed for this study. Employees' labor income was recorded by collecting data on wages before and nine months after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. To obtain the difference, we calculated the percentage change in wages, accounting for the nominal values. There was no significant gender difference in the percentage change of income, while there was a difference regarding education level. Employees with primary education experienced an average percentage increase in wages of 7.6%, whereas those holding secondary and tertiary education had a negligible increase (1.84%) and a decrease (-0.78%), respectively. The analysis revealed a significant interaction between gender and education, indicating that men with primary education had an average increase of 12.8%. Our results showed that employees who could not perform their jobs from home had an average percentage increase of 2.9% in wages. The employment sector also had an effect on percentage changes in wages. The construction and agriculture, forestry, and fishery sectors had an average percentage wage increase of 12.6% and 11.5%, respectively, while employees in the sector of other service activities experienced an average percentage decrease of 7.9%. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the diverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on labor income, emphasizing the importance of considering gender, education, remote work possibilities, and the employment sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to extend the Fama-French three-factor model by including human capital as a fourth factor. For this purpose, we have collected data from 164 non-financial firms from July 2010 to June 2020. To evaluate the validity and applicability of our augmented human capital-based four-factor model, we apply the two-pass time series regression proposed by Fama-Macbeth (1973). We find that small firms outperform big firms, value stocks firms outperform growth stocks firms, and low-labor-income firms outperform high-labor-income firms. The augmented human capital-based four-factor model is valid and applicable in the context of the Pakistan equity market. The empirical results motivate academia and all investors to consider human capital in investment decisions.

Relevance. Under the dual background of the deepening global population aging and the rapid development of the digital economy, the study of the impact of digital literacy on the labor income of the elderly is of social significance in guiding the «young» elderly to continue to participate in social labor, making up for the shortage of labor force, alleviating the pressure of social pension and reducing the burden of family pension. In this regard, it is important to study international cases reflecting the impact of digital literacy on labor income. This paper introduces the influence of digital literacy on the labor income of «young» elderly people from China. Objective: to study the impact of digital literacy on the income of Chinese elderly people who have just reached retirement age and to make development recommendations for the interests of all stakeholders in this process: the State, the market, society, the elderly and their families. Methods: analysis and synthesis of scientific literature regarding the concept of digital literacy of the elderly and the influence mechanism of digital literacy on labor income. Using Chinese Social Survey 2017 (CGSS-2017) data, Poisson regression method is used to empirically analyze the impact of digital literacy on labor income of the «young» elderly in China. Results. This paper confirms that digital literacy has a positive impact on the labor income of the «young» elderly, and analyzes the digital divide formed by the differences in education level and living area of the «young» elderly and the differences in labor income. Conclusions. Protecting the labor participation of the «young» elderly by developing their digital literacy is important not only for increasing personal income but also for reallocating family budgets between generations; it is also important for macroeconomics, since the employment of the «young» elderly contributes to reducing labor shortages in the labor market, as a result of changes in the age structure of the working population in the context of global ageing. Maintaining one 's labor activities after reaching working age limits increases budgeted tax revenues, reduces government spending on additional social benefits for low-income older persons and reduces individual and family dependency on social pensions. Equally important is the social benefits of narrowing the intergenerational digital divide. This paper puts forward specific suggestions to improve the digital literacy of the «young» elderly and make up for the digital divide. It is suggested to actively build a 'five-in-one' digital literacy improvement governance system for the elderly with (1) government guidance, (2) market initiative, (3) social linkage, (4) family support and (5) elderly participation.

Keywords: internal conflict; graduation approach; restitution; labor income; savings; psychological variables; well-being EN internal conflict graduation approach restitution labor income savings psychological variables well-being 129 154 26 07/21/22 20220501 NES 220501 1 Introduction After almost six decades of internal conflict and about 8-9 million victims who were displaced, murdered, or lost their assets, Colombia implemented Law 1448/2011 - the Victims Law - through which it began a process of recognition, land restitution, and integral reparation of victims. 2 Background: The TMF Program The TMF program analyzed here was the third cohort of this intervention implemented by UARIV, a government adaptation of the graduation approach. TMF participantAge (years)45.23 (13.18)46.17 (13.26)Proportion of women (%)73.84 (44.00)73.84 (44.00)Proportion of head households (%)77.00 (42.12)81.01 (39.42)Secondary studies achieved (%)42.12 (49.42)41.20 (49.27)Working (%)56.11 (49.67)58.64 (49.29)Proportion receiving monetary compensation (%)7.39 (26.17)6.33 (24.37)Observations474474 ht 1 Source: Baseline and endline TMF survey. Graph: Figure 4: Changes in poverty, income and expenditure for all the groups of TMF's participants. [Extracted from the article]

Based on the 2017 China General Social Survey data, with 5,439 observations as research objects, this paper empirically tests the impact of flexible employment on workers' wellbeing and introduces labor income as mediator and social security as moderator to explore the mechanism of action. The empirical results show that: flexible employment has an inverted U-shaped relationship with workers' wellbeing, which indicates that increasing employments' flexibility will first rise and then reduce their perceived subjective wellbeing after reaching the peak; labor income plays a mediating role in the relationship of flexible employment and wellbeing of workers; social security moderates the mediating effect of labor income whereas the moderating role in the relationship between flexible employment and workers' wellbeing is not observed. Implications and future development of flexible employment are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the relationship between the level of demand of income groups of the population and labor income. The influence of demand of various income groups of the population on production parameters has been investigated. As a calculation tool, input–output tables with an expanded total cost coefficient matrix by adding elements of wages and household consumption to it have been used. The conclusion has been substantiated that the growth of income and demand in low-income groups of the population has the greatest effect on production in the real sector, and in high-income groups of the population—on the products of the service sector. Large-scale sectors of the economy have been identified, the activities of which are most influenced by the demand of certain income groups, taking into account the induced effects that form in the economy. It has been noted that the growth in demand in low-income groups of the population is most reflected in the incomes of high-income groups of the population. It has been shown that even relatively modest structural shifts in the volume of wages by decile groups can lead to tangible structural and total changes in output. The analysis of the impact on production volumes of changes in the qualification structure of employment, reflecting smaller differences in the response of sectors of the economy to changes in demand of different qualification groups of workers than income groups, has been carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the 2017 China General Social Survey data, with 5,439 observations as research objects, this paper empirically tests the impact of flexible employment on workers’ wellbeing and introduces labor income as mediator and social security as moderator to explore the mechanism of action. The empirical results show that: flexible employment has an inverted U-shaped relationship with workers’ wellbeing, which indicates that increasing employments’ flexibility will first rise and then reduce their perceived subjective wellbeing after reaching the peak; labor income plays a mediating role in the relationship of flexible employment and wellbeing of workers; social security moderates the mediating effect of labor income whereas the moderating role in the relationship between flexible employment and workers’ wellbeing is not observed. Implications and future development of flexible employment are discussed.

In this article, we review quantitative studies that empirically examine whether studying abroad influences graduates' wages. Our review suggests that studying abroad has a moderate positive effect on graduates' early-career wages in various national and institutional settings. However, this effect tends to vary across groups of graduates, employment contexts, and types of stays abroad. Employer change, access to large and multinational companies, and access to high-wage labor markets abroad appear to be the most relevant mechanisms mediating the effect of studying abroad on wages. Other mechanisms, such as improved language skills and a greater tendency to pursue further education, turn out to be less relevant. Overall, our review illustrates that this area of research has made great progress in recent years, but it can be further advanced by standardization of study designs, internationally comparative and longitudinal datasets, analyses of further mediating mechanisms, and new research questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates changes in the distribution of the real hourly labor income in the Thai labor market from 1985 to 2017. The results show that overall labor income has increased over the past three decades. The gender earnings gap has substantially reduced; however, the disparity between regions still exists. The results also indicate an increase in labor income of workers with primary school and higher education during the past three decades. This study aims to evaluate the cause of the increase according to the changes in demand for labor. The results indicate that the increase in labor income of workers with higher education is due to the increase in their labor demand. In contrast, the increase in labor income of primary school workers is due to the increase in the minimum wage. The evidence on the industry-occupational distribution of workers supports the explanation of demand increase due to Skills-Biased Technological Change: SBTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has maintained great economic growth in the past and reached the status of a middle-income country. Meanwhile, the relationships among environmental pollution, environmental regulation, and economic growth have attracted wide attention. In addition, some studies have shown that economic growth is not balanced in the division of income between labor and capital, and this has become one of the most important issues in China. The conflict over the environment and income distribution is supposed to cause social welfare loss; therefore, we want to examine the impact of environmental pollution and environmental governance on labor income share. Our empirical results show that the relationship between environmental pollution and share of labor income is positive at the present stage. However, the relationship is not linear but rather an inverted-U shape in the long run. In addition, we tested the effects of environmental regulation on labor income share and found an inverted-U-shaped relationship. Although growing concern about environmental pollution adds to the pressure on the government, our statistical results suggest that there is no perfect way to resolve environmental problems. Additionally, labor unions are expected to play a different role in income distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We link transitory deviations of consumption from its equilibrium relationship with aggregate wealth and labor income to equity returns on the one hand, and to two characteristics of bond investors—the premium demanded to hold long‐term assets, and "flight to quality" behavior—on the other hand. Using a panel of 10 euro area countries over the period 1984Q1–2017Q4, we show that a rise in the consumption–wealth ratio predicts both higher equity returns and the future term spread, while a fall in the consumption–wealth ratio explains a large fraction of the rise in the spread between the "risky" and the "safe‐haven" bond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares two popular views on the evolution of income inequality. The article by Simon Kuznets, which was published in American Economic Review in 1955, considers inequality as a byproduct of economic growth and suggests that a relatively rich economy should also be less unequal. In contrast, Thomas Piketty indicates that inequality is progressing, and an internationally coordinated policy is required to bring inequality under control. My paper applies the arguments of Kuznets and Piketty to the problem of income inequality in modern Russia.

The aim of the work is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations of fair wages and develop indicators for evaluating the labor income policy in terms of implementing the principles of decent work at different levels. It is substantiated that the concept of “decent wages” is an organizational and economic mechanism for determining the basic parameters of wages, which provides a decent level of remuneration, fair distribution of the marginal product between the owner and the employee, timely payment and objective differentiation of wages, as well as transparency of the wage policy. The organizational and economic mechanism for determining the basic parameters of wages should be based on the use of market and contractual elements to regulate the size and structure of remuneration, as well as innovative approaches and tools for the formation of various components of remuneration for work. There proposed indicators with the identification of evaluation standards of the labor income policy in terms of implementing decent work principles at macro and micro levels. The developed indicators should serve as a tool for assessing the current state and trends in the development of the labor income policy through the prism of the implementation of the principles of decent work. Further research should focus on developing indicators for evaluating the labor income policies in terms of implementing decent work principles at sectoral and regional levels, monitoring the labor income policies, and elaborating innovative mechanisms for developing the labor income policies based on decent work at different levels.

The authors investigate the desirability of income taxes when the objective is to mitigate wasteful conspicuous consumption generated by people's status-seeking behavior. They consider the joint role of pre-tax wage inequality and of social norms determining how social status is assigned. They find that when social status is ordinal (i.e., only one's rank in the income distribution matters) inequality and taxation are substitutes. Instead, when status is cardinal (i.e., also the shape of the income distribution matters) inequality and taxation can be complements, although the relationship is in general non-monotonic. This is because the value of social status is endogenous, potentially giving rise to a perverse selfreinforcing mechanism where more waste in conspicuous consumption induces a greater competition for status and vice versa.

This paper examines the optimal portfolio choice in the presence of risky labor income, retirement horizon and shadow costs of incomplete information and short sales. The optimal allocation to stocks is larger for employed investors than for retired investors within idiosyncratic labor income risk, incomplete information and short sales. Investors' willingness to save is increased when increasing idiosyncratic labor income risk in the presence of incomplete information and short sales, while it is decreased when retired investors still keep partial of their income flow. Hence, they reduce their stock portfolio allocation towards the level of retired investors. The presence of a positive correlation between labor income and stock returns reduces stockholdings below the level of retired investors within the assumptions of the existence of shadow costs of incomplete information. Our results generalize previous findings in the literature by accounting for the additional impact of information costs and short sales constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract An important part of the environmental contamination comes from the daily practices of the households, which has been partially ignored in the recent empirical literature. The objective of this research is to examine the green returns of labor income and human capital in a developing country, Ecuador. We use data from the National Institute of Statistics and Census (NISC) during 2010–2016 and panel data econometrics techniques. Our results show that labor income and human capital plays a relevant role in the environmental behavior of households in this country: both variables have a positive effect on the friendly environmental behavior of households. In addition, we found that the cantons 1 1 A canton is an administrative unit of second order and territorial division. Ecuador has 24 provinces. Each province is made up of cantons. The country has 221 cantons. specialized in manufacturing have a poor environmental performance, while the cantons specializing in services do not have a clear pattern. We also don't find significant differences in the environmental behavior associated with the composition of the ethnic groups of each canton. Finally, natural geographic regions generate differences in the environmental behavior of households. One possible implication derived from this research is that those responsible for environmental policy can mitigate pollution by promoting educational programs with environmental content and encouraging improvements in the behavior of households using tax mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the dynamic relationships between economic status and health measures using data from 8 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics from 1999 to 2013. Health measures are self-rated health (SRH) and functional limitations; economic status measures are labor income (earnings), family income, and net wealth. We use 3 different types of models: (a) ordinary least squares regression, (b) first-difference, and (c) system-generalized method of moment (GMM). Using ordinary least squares regression and first difference models, we find that higher levels of economic status are associated with better SRH and functional status among both men and women, although declines in income and wealth are associated with a decline in health for men only. Using system-GMM estimators, we find evidence of a causal link from labor income to SRH and functional status for both genders. Among men only, system-GMM results indicate that there is a causal link from net wealth to SRH and functional status. Results overall highlight the need for integrated economic and health policies, and for policies that mitigate the potential adverse health effects of short-term changes in economic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study an optimal job-switching and consumption/investment problem of an infinitely-lived economic agent who exhibits constant relative risk aversion. We consider two kinds of jobs, one of which allows the agent to receive higher income but makes him suffer higher level of utility loss than the other. The job-switching opportunities are reversible in the sense that one can move from the current job to the other at any time. We provide the closed form solution for the optimal job-switching and consumption/investment policies by using the dynamic programming approach, and show various properties of the solution. We compare the optimal consumption/investment policies to those without job-switching opportunities. As a special case of our problem, we also compare the solution in the case where the agent has a reversible retirement option with that in the case where he has an irreversible retirement option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effect of the One Laptop Per Child program in Uruguay (Plan Ceibal) on household labor income. Since 2007, the Uruguayan government has delivered one laptop to every child and teacher in public primary schools. This program has considerably increased access to information technology within households, as evidenced by parents' utilization of said technology. Households in the department of Florida received laptops in 2007, while those in the department of Canelones received them in 2009. Therefore, using data from Household Surveys from the National Institute of Statistics in Uruguay, a difference-in-difference model is estimated to capture the effect of the plan of giving laptops on labor income. The results indicate that there is a statistically significant positive effect of the plan on household labor income for households below median income, specifically, those at the 10th and 20th quantiles. Such findings suggest that the program has greater potential when targeted to low-income households, where parents possess lower computer skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review the production function and the hypothesis of equilibrium in the neoclassical framework. We notify that in a soup of sectors in economy, while capital and labor resemble extensive variables, wage and rate of return on capital act as intensive variables. As a result, Baumol and Bowen’s statement of equal wages is inevitable from the thermodynamics point of view. We try to see how aggregation can be performed concerning the extensive variables in a soup of firms. We provide a toy model to perform aggregation for production and the labor income as extensive quantities in a neoclassical framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to extend the Fama-French three-factor model by including human capital as a fourth factor. For this purpose, we have collected data from 164 non-financial firms from July 2010 to June 2020. To evaluate the validity and applicability of our augmented human capital-based four-factor model, we apply the two-pass time series regression proposed by Fama-Macbeth (1973). We find that small firms outperform big firms, value stocks firms outperform growth stocks firms, and low-labor-income firms outperform high-labor-income firms. The augmented human capital-based four-factor model is valid and applicable in the context of the Pakistan equity market. The empirical results motivate academia and all investors to consider human capital in investment decisions., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper, (© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The mainstay of the paper is formed by an analysis of the expenses and advantages of digital technologies for the amount and quality of work, the dynamics of technological unemployment, and the mediocre performance of labor markets throughout advanced economies. The theory that I shall seek to elaborate here puts considerable emphasis on the consequences of digital technologies for the future of labor, the powerful reciprocalities between automation and work that raise output, increase returns, and intensify demand for work, and the compelling forces behind the constantly significant unemployment rates. The results of the current study converge with prior research on the expenses of unemployment and disparity caused by the advancement of digital technologies, the impacts of technological progress on employment, and the effect of computerization on labor market results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research applies the innovative els model to estimate optimal redistribution as implemented through progressive income taxation, a “social safety net” represented by guaranteed minimum consumption, and allocation of total tax revenues between provision of a pure public good and financing guaranteed minimum consumption. In addition to the two traditional primary factors of production provided by the household to the economy (labor l and saving s ), the els model adds a third primary factor: capital management effort e . The principal empirical basis for the model consists of estimates of capital wealth distribution and labor income distribution from the 2010 Survey of Consumer Finances. General insights are gained into the overall relationship between economic inequality and optimal redistribution, as well as specific insights into the effect of various economic parameters on this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes how increased offshoring affects labor income risk. Dealing with the variability of incomes, it is therefore distinct from a large number of studies explaining the level effects of globalization on income in the labor market. It provides an assessment that directly connects labor income risk and offshoring trends in a panel setting at the industry level using German data. Importantly, we distinguish between transitory and permanent risk to individual income. Permanent income risk is defined as the variance of unpredictable shocks to income that do not fade out over time. Different from transitory short-term fluctuations, it has a particular welfare relevance. Our findings suggest that, at the industry level, permanent labor income risk decreases with offshoring. This effect is particularly strong for offshoring to low-income destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O artigo analisa os efeitos dos setores da atividade econômica e da escolaridade dos trabalhadores sobre a sua probabilidade de auferirem maiores rendimentos do trabalho, ao nível dos municípios do Rio Grande do Sul. Como o setor agrícola deste estado emprega 20% do total da mão de obra ocupada, especial ênfase é dada ao mesmo. A base de dados é o Censo Demográfico de 2000 do IBGE. A análise estatística dos dados é realizada através do modelo Logit. Verificou-se que são limitadas as possibilidades de o setor agrícola, enquanto gerador do produto primário, aumentar a probabilidade dos trabalhadores de um município de auferirem maiores rendimentos do trabalho. Para maiores rendimentos é indispensável que o município agregue outros setores como, por exemplo, os que são responsáveis pela industrialização, armazenagem e transporte do produto. Aliada à esta agregação de setores, a qualificação do trabalhador para poder assumir as novas funções é importante, contribuindo para maiores rendimentos do trabalho.The article analyzes the effects of economic sectors and educational level of workers on their probability to earn higher wages, at the county level in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Special emphasis is given to the agricultural sector, since it employs 20% of the total labor force occupied in the state. The IBGE Demographic Census of 2000 is the basis for the data. Logit is the statistical model used for the analysis. One of the conclusions of the analysis is that the possibility of the agricultural sector, in a county, to generate higher wages is limited, as long as it remains solely a producer of the primary product. In order to generate higher wages, it is necessary that the county aggregates other sectors, as for example, industrialization, storage and transportation. Besides, the qualification of the worker is also important, so he can assume new job opportunities in the aggregated sectors, which contributes for higher wages.