Search

L’enseignement/apprentissage d’une règle de grammaire repose le plus souvent sur les exercices structuraux. Néanmoins, cette méthode n’est pas toujours efficace. Dans cet article, nous allons proposer le jeu de rôle pour l’apprentissage des règles de conjugaison des temps composés. Une méthode qui parait plus dynamique et plus efficace. A travers une expérience didactique, nous allons prouver l’efficacité du ludique à travers le jeu de rôle. L’objectif de cet article est de démontrer l’efficacité de la didactique ludique pour l’apprentissage des règles de conjugaison à travers une enquête sur le terrain, au niveau d’un établissement scolaire du secondaire et avec des élèves de 1ère année.

The conciliation between different issues such as agriculture production, biodiversity conservation and water management remains unsolved in many places in the world. As a striking example, the wet grasslands of the Marais Poitevin region (France) presents many obstacles against the integration of these issues, especially in terms of public policy design. The socio-cultural situation in this region shows a high degree of political resistance and questions the relevancy of the current Agri-Environmental Schemes (AES) as an incentive for livestock farmers to adopt biodiversity friendly practices favoring the birds’ richness of the area. In this study, we explored the reasons for the poor effect of public policy using a two-fold approach based on ethnographic fieldwork and a role-playing game experiment. The ethnographic fieldwork aimed at understanding the local context and daily lives of farmers and current AES’s difficulties while the observation of the role-playing game session allowed for the exploration of current and alternative policy scenarios. The game represents an archetypal wetland that simulates the grass regeneration, water flows through a canal system and a surrounding network of cultivated plots (wheat, corn, sunflower, alfalfa) and pasture areas. The game is designed for eight players who embody their role in real life, i.e. water managers, biodiversity managers and farmers. The behaviors of the players during the session were observed and analyzed through semantic analysis. The game was structured around two scenarios to allow participants to explore, test and compare the current individual action-oriented AES with alternative collective public policy instruments. Such comparison brings new insights for public policy design. It also highlights the topic of integrated environmental management and questions the relevancy of participatory approaches in striving to resolve contradiction/dilemmas in environmental development. ISSN:0264-8377 ISSN:1873-5754

International audience; Here we present the community activities in HEPEX that have contributed to strengthening this unfunded/volunteer effort for more than a decade. It includes the organization of workshops, conference sessions, testbeds and inter- comparison experiments. More recently, HEPEX has also prompted the development of several publicly available role-play games and, since 2013, it has been running a blog portal (www.hepex.org), which is used as an intersection point for members.

International audience; Probabilistic hydrometeorological forecasting is now widely accepted to be more skillful than deterministic forecasts, and is increasingly being integrated into operational practice. Provided they are reliable and unbiased, probabilistic forecasts have the advantage that they give decision maker not only the forecast value, but also the uncertainty associated to that prediction. Though that information provides more insight, it does now leave the forecaster/decision maker with the challenge of deciding at what level of probability of a threshold being exceeded the decision to act should be taken. According to the cost-loss theory, that probability should be related to the impact of the threshold being exceeded. However, it is not entirely clear how easy it is for decision makers to follow that rule, even when the impact of a threshold being exceeded, and the actions to choose from are known. To continue the tradition in the “Ensemble Hydrometeorological Forecast” session, we will address the challenge of making decisions based on probabilistic forecasts through a game to be played with the audience. We will explore how decisions made differ depending on the known impacts of the forecasted events. Participants will be divided into a number of groups with differing levels of impact, and will be faced with a number of forecast situations. They will be asked to make decisions and record the consequence of those decisions. A discussion of the differences in the decisions made will be presented at the end of the game, with a fuller analysis later posted on the HEPEX web site blog (www.hepex.org).

As the ComMod group is composed exclusively of research scientists, the facilitation of a ComMod process is for them an ongoing experiment that has lead to a diversity of practices. This penchant for experimentation has enabled them to define more precisely the stance and functions of facilitation during various stages in the implementation of the process ( Chapter 3), and to identify and test methods and ‘ways of doing’. These are meant to guarantee that stakeholders are able to share knowledge about the management of renewable natural resources in a given area, stimulate the co-design of a development project in this area, and/or facilitate communication between parties often in conflict. In numerous cases, project holders or certain participants expressed the desire to apply a similar approach to another issue or field, or to generalize the use of a tool on a population that was broader than initially covered by the process in which they had participated.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]GEUSI; International audience; Stakeholder and public participation in natural resources management (NRM) is now widely accepted as necessary to achieve sustainable development outcomes. Yet, effective implementation of participatory processes necessitates well-calibrated methods and tools, as well as carefully honed facilitation skills that are difficult to gain without practice. Practitioners and academics leading these processes are thus encouraged to better reflect on, prepare, and justify their interventions, before starting to work in the field with stakeholders. Our paper shows how a Simulation Community of Practice (SCoP) was set up to support improved participatory practice. The specificity of this community is that its members not only discuss planned participatory interventions, but also simulate these processes by adopting roles of future participants, and by working through the different steps of the workshop that will be later implemented in the field. The evaluation of our approach shows that individual and social learning of participants in the SCoP is developed, leading mainly to improved facilitator skills and to calibration of the participatory methods and tools being tested. A space is also provided for deepening reflection on the purposes of the participatory process and the values that guide these interventions. Our experience could provide a model for others around the world to set up their own SCoP to support participatory NRM practice. Further improvements to our SCoP and new ones could be made by enhancing the feedback mechanisms between the field sites and the community, in order to encourage more cumulative learning and to reinforce the members' interest, maintaining their involvement in the community over time.

International audience; Stakeholder and public participation in natural resources management (NRM) is now widely accepted as necessary to achieve sustainable development outcomes. Yet, effective implementation of participatory processes necessitates well-calibrated methods and tools, as well as carefully honed facilitation skills that are difficult to gain without practice. Practitioners and academics leading these processes are thus encouraged to better reflect on, prepare, and justify their interventions, before starting to work in the field with stakeholders. Our paper shows how a Simulation Community of Practice (SCoP) was set up to support improved participatory practice. The specificity of this community is that its members not only discuss planned participatory interventions, but also simulate these processes by adopting roles of future participants, and by working through the different steps of the workshop that will be later implemented in the field. The evaluation of our approach shows that individual and social learning of participants in the SCoP is developed, leading mainly to improved facilitator skills and to calibration of the participatory methods and tools being tested. A space is also provided for deepening reflection on the purposes of the participatory process and the values that guide these interventions. Our experience could provide a model for others around the world to set up their own SCoP to support participatory NRM practice. Further improvements to our SCoP and new ones could be made by enhancing the feedback mechanisms between the field sites and the community, in order to encourage more cumulative learning and to reinforce the members' interest, maintaining their involvement in the community over time.

http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/14/4/21.html; International audience; The study refers to the interactions between socio-economic and natural dynamics in an island biosphere reserve by using companion modelling. This approach provides scientific results and involves interdisciplinarity. In the second phase of the study, we transferred knowledge by adapting the main research output, a role-playing game, to young people. Our goal was to introduce interactions between social and ecological systems, coastal dynamics and integrated management. Adapting the game required close collaboration between the scientists and educators in order to transform both its substance and form and to run it with an easy-to-handle ergonomic platform.

International audience

The principles laid down in the ComMod Charter and presented in the general introduction relate to a stance or attitude towards how a specific issue and specific field are addressed by taking into account the various types of knowledge and perceptions already present and the use of certain tools. These principles suggest a framing for the teams committed to them, but the adaptation capacity in organizing the implementation of companion modelling in a given case study is in practice left to the commodian. This chapter aims to detail the diversity involved in implementing a ComMod process and the common points that emerge from it. The objective is to describe in order to understand better, with no normative intention.

Erosive runoff is a recurring problem and is a source of sometimes deadly muddy floods in the Pays de Caux (France). The risk results from a conjunction of natural factors and human activity. Efficient actions against runoff in agricultural watersheds are well known. However they are still difficult to implement as they require co-operation between stakeholders. Local actors thus need tools to help them understand the collective consequences of their individual decisions and help to initiate a process of negotiation between them. We decided to use a participatory approach called companion modelling (ComMod), and, in close collaboration with one of the first group of local stakeholders, to create a role-playing game (RPG) to facilitate negotiations on the future management of erosive runoff. This paper describes and discusses the development of the RPG and its use with other groups of local stakeholders within the framework of two game sessions organized by two different watershed management committees. During the joint construction step, stakeholders shared their viewpoints about the environment, agents, rules, and how to model runoff in preparation for the creation of the RPG. During the RPG sessions, two groups of eight players, including farmers, mayors and watershed advisors, were confronted with disastrous runoff in a fictive agricultural watershed. Results showed that they managed to reduce runoff by 20–50% by engaging a dialogue about grass strips, storage ponds and management of the intercrop period. However, further progress is still needed to better control runoff through the implementation of better agricultural practices because, during the RPG sessions, the watershed advisors did not encourage farmers to do so. Because of the complexity of management problems, results of jointly constructing the game and the RPG sessions showed that modelling and simulation can be a very useful way of accompanying the collective learning process. This new way of working was welcomed by the participants who expressed their interest in organizing further RPG sessions

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]GEUSI40th Annual Conference, Int. Simulation And Gaming Association, Singapour, SGP, 29-/06/2009 - 03/07/2009; International audience; After having designed and used various games for learning and supporting water management and governance, many similarities appear. However, the components, topologies, and social and political setting of the basins are different. Therefore we have started designing andvalidating a new generic game platform, WAT-A-GAME, alias AMANZI. This new game aims at facilitating exploration and transformation of water management and water use at the small catchment scale. It gives a simple but enlightening view of the various consequences of individual and collective choices, including regulation policies. After comparing it with some previous games, we discuss its main rationales and features. We show how it can be adapted to very different settings, how players can usefully contribute to designing an instance, and how it can especially address dialogue between multi-level stakeholders. We describe an application in South-Africa, in the Inkomati basin and the preliminary results of this instance.

[Departement_IRSTEA]RE [TR1_IRSTEA]GES / TRANSCAN; Irrigation is well known for being the largest water user, responsible for about 70% of the total amount of fresh water withdrawals. At the same time, this irrigation contributes for about 40% of the total food production and is vital for many regions of the world such as Western USA, Australia, Southern Europe, and many countries in Asia and Africa. Recent FAO figures indicate that, by the year 2030, food production will have to be increased by about 80% with only a possible increase of 12% of the water withdrawal. One unavoidable way of being able to reach this agenda is to reduce water demand by improving the hydraulic efficiency of irrigation schemes. Technical concepts involved in these modernization projects include open channel hydraulics and control engineering, which are usually taught in separate college curricula. Such projects are carried out in many places in the world, especially in developing countries, with the help of engineers, canal managers and decision makers. This paper presents two innovative teaching initiatives targeting this audience, with a view to present classical and modern techniques to improve the hydraulic efficiency of irrigation canals. One is based on a computer game using the SIC hydrodynamic model developed by Cemagref, France and the other one is based on a scaled canal located at the USBR Hydraulics Laboratory in Denver, Colorado, USA.

Irrigation is well known for being the largest water user, responsible for about 70% of the total amount of fresh water withdrawals. At the same time, this irrigation contributes for about 40% of the total food production and is vital for many regions of the world such as Western USA, Australia, Southern Europe, and many countries in Asia and Africa. Recent FAO figures indicate that, by the year 2030, food production will have to be increased by about 80% with only a possible increase of 12% of the water withdrawal. One unavoidable way of being able to reach this agenda is to reduce water demand by improving the hydraulic efficiency of irrigation schemes. Technical concepts involved in these modernization projects include open channel hydraulics and control engineering, which are usually taught in separate college curricula. Such projects are carried out in many places in the world, especially in developing countries, with the help of engineers, canal managers and decision makers. This paper presents two innovative teaching initiatives targeting this audience, with a view to present classical and modern techniques to improve the hydraulic efficiency of irrigation canals. One is based on a computer game using the SIC hydrodynamic model developed by Cemagref, France and the other one is based on a scaled canal located at the USBR Hydraulics Laboratory in Denver, Colorado, USA.

The ComMod group has developped and implemented a common approach of using agent based simulations and role playing games in several parts of the world: Africa, Europe,Oceania, South-East Asia and Latin America. The communication introduced by this extended abstract describes the variations among these various implementations of the same methods in these different cultural contexts, with a focus on experiments with water management issues.

[Notes_IRSTEA]Guest editorial of symposium on simulation and gaming in natural resource management Special issue, Part I [Departement_IRSTEA]RE [TR1_IRSTEA]GES / USAGES; Guest editorial of symposium on simulation and gaming in natural resource management.

[Notes_IRSTEA]Introduction. Symposium on simulation and gaming in natural resource management Special issue, Part I [Departement_IRSTEA]RE [TR1_IRSTEA]GES / USAGES; Nowadays, computer-mediated simulations and games are widely used in the field of natural resource management (NRM). They have proved to be useful for various purposes such as supporting decisionmaking processes and training. First, the specificities of the NRM research field are highlighted. Then, based on the analysis of the articles presented in this special issue of Simulation & Gaming, some key features related to the implementation of gaming in such a context are introduced. Finally, after reviewing the benefits of using simulation games in NRM, the authors stress the ethical issue of changing social relationships among stakeholders by playing a game with some of them

International audience; A role-playing game (RPG) supported by computer simulations, called BUTORSTAR, has been developed in the context of a LIFE-Nature European Programme (2001-2005) aiming to improve reedbed management for the conservation of a vulnerable heron, the Eurasian Bittern. The agent-based model simulates the impacts of reedbed management resulting from decisions made by farmers, reed harvesters, hunters, and naturalists. The model is based on an archetypal wetland made of a virtual landscape. Different water regimes are proposed, each one adapted to a particular wetland use. Land-use and water-management decisions are made by the players at both estate and management-unit levels. These decisions are entered into the model each year as the results of the negotiation process between the players. This RPG is designed to promote student awareness of (a) biological and hydrological interdependencies and their dynamics on different spatial and temporal scales, (b) the technical and socioeconomic factors involved in the different types of reedbed use, and (c) the usefulness of the negotiation process for establishing collective management rules. It is shown that BUTORSTAR creates a continuum of learning that crosses the traditional boundaries between disciplines and allows players to conduct multipurpose experiments that contribute to their comprehensive understanding of socioecosystems

[Departement_IRSTEA]RE [TR1_IRSTEA]GES / USAGES; Le formalisme Agent-Groupe-Rôle propose de recourir à des abstractions organisationnelles (groupes et rôles) pour concevoir des systèmes multi-agents (SMA) selon une approche sociale, ou organisation centrée. Plutôt que de se concentrer sur les activités des agents, le concepteur d'un système AGR se concentre sur la structuration de ces activités. Dans le champ de la gestion de ressources renouvelables, les modélisateurs doivent apréhender des systèmes complexes où des dynamiques sociales et physiques se déroulent dans différents niveaux d'organisation entrelacés. Le formalisme AGR permet de représenter explicitement ces niveaux d'organisation et leurs articulations. Cette communication se concentre sur l'apport des rôles à la modélisation multi-agent pour la gestion de ressources renouvelables. Après avoir discuté du concept de rôle en informatique, les différents types de rôles introduits dans le modèle AGR d'une application de gestion d'étiage dans la vallée de la Drôme sont décrits. La question de la composition des rôles et la manière dont elle est résolué dans le cas de la Drôme sera examiné. Sur la base de cet exemple, un bilan des apports et limites de l'utilisation des rôles en termes d'expressivité et de modularité des modèles est dressé en conclusion / The Agent-Group-Role-Formalism has been introduced in the field of computer science as a possible instantiation of an organization-centred approach of multi-agent systems (MAS). Using groups and roles in MAS design, the AGR formalism brings the focus from agents activities description to agents activities structuring. In the field of agent-based modelling (ABM) for renewable resources management, modellers are facing complex systems where social and physical dynamics take place within various interwoven levels of organization. Using AGR formalism is a way to explicitly represent the various levels of organization of a system and their articulations. This paper focuses on the use of roles in ABM for renewable resources management. The concept of role in computer science is first discussed. Then, different types of roles arising from an application case in the southern France Drôme river valley are described. The issue of roles composition and how it is resolved in the Drôme model is examined. The paper concludes on the contributions and on the limits that using roles brings to ABM modularity and expressivity

Ressource électronique ; Special issue ; Guest editors : Alexandra Hughes, Nicholas Atampugre ; Texte intégral accessible à partir de l'adresse suivante : http://www.planotes.org/pla_backissues/51.html; International audience

In the mountain areas of northern Vietnam, extensive husbandry of large-ruminants is limited by the lack of natural forage. Since 2000, the Mountain Agrarian System Program has been concerned with this issue and has evaluated technical alternatives aimed at sustainable integration of crop-livestock systems. One alternative consists of feeding systems for largeruminants based on cropping systems with plant cover. Diffusion of information about the new system is supported by a set of interactive communication tools for use between farmers and researchers. A participatory simulation method was developed that combines a compartmental model of the village territory with five technical innovations. Farmers simulate the adoption of the innovations they choose among food-forage cropping systems in rotation or in association, and urea-treated straw. They evaluate the quantity of forage that can be grown for their herd using the chosen set of techniques. Simulations revealed farmers' constraints and objectives in a...

Metadata only record The present article describes an experiment using the SAMBA role play game as a research tool in Bac Kan province of Vietnam, in the framework of the Mountain Agrarian Systems Program, a joint research project of the Vietnam Agricultural Science Institute, the International Rice Research Institute, the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, and the Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement. The role play game was a follow-up to intensive field surveys and multi-agent modeling done in the same commune. We present the game and its rules, the sequence of events during a role play session, and an analysis of the process. The results of this experiment show that role play can be a useful tool, both for validation of hypotheses about the forces behind land use change and for conducting participatory research on natural resource management.

International audience; After a brief description of the framework of the model developed to simulate vegetation dynamics, fire propagation and agents' behaviour, the role-playing game rules are presented and related to the different points they are supposed to deal with: climatic hazard, animal grazing, forest management, grazing duty, financial support. The results of several sets of game sessions are analysed according to markers based on the main stakeholders viewpoints, leading to an evaluation of the negotiation process and to the way land was structured as a result of a step-by-step compromise between the players. General conclusions are drawn on how such type of role-playing games can provide a methodological framework to build up negotiation support tools and can be used with different kinds of persons

For several years now, a field of research on simulating societies in interaction with their environment has been taking shape. Methods such as multi-agent systems (MAS) can be used to create virtual societies. The effects of interactions among different behaviors on resource dynamics and associated feedback are simulated. Modelers use such methods to create computer representations of dynamics observed in the field. [...] After using operational research methods to identify the solution to a given problem, researchers turned to ways of representing a stakeholder's strategic and tactical decisions through expert systems or simulation methods. Then, multiagent systems provided a new tool for the modeling of complexity and particularly the modeling of collective decisions. Our team' has been using MAS in several ways. 1. We developed abstract models, also called artificial societies that help to understand the generic properties of interacting processes. We mainly developed models on non-merchant exchanges and reputation, models on economic tools for the regulation of economic exchanges and models on spatial dynamics. 2. We also developed applied models to understand the dynamics of natural and renewable resources and their management. 3. We developed a modeling tool (CORMAS, common-pool resources and multi-agent systems). 4. We also worked on defining the possible uses for these MAS tools within the very wide framework of collective decision support. The objective of this chapter is to propose a method and present our first results.