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The present review is related to the novel approach for improvement of the optical properties of wide bandgap metal oxides, in particular TiO2, based on the formation of the inorganic–organic hybrids that display absorption in the visible spectral range due to the formation of interfacial charge transfer (ICT) complexes. We outlined the property requirements of TiO2-based ICT complexes for efficient photo-induced catalytic reactions, emphasizing the simplicity of the synthetic procedure, the possibility of the fine-tuning of the optical properties supported by the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and the formation of a covalent linkage between the inorganic and organic components of hybrids, i.e., the nature of the interface. In addition, this study provides a comprehensive insight into the potential applications of TiO2-based ICT complexes in photo-driven catalytic reactions (water splitting and degradation of organic molecules), including the identification of the reactive species that participate in photocatalytic reactions by the spin-trapping electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique. Considering the practically limitless number of combinations between the inorganic and organic components capable of forming oxide-based ICT complexes and with the knowledge that this research area is unexplored, we are confident it is worth studying, and we emphasized some further perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the issue of heat dissipation caused by the high output power density of gallium nitride (GaN) devices, using diamond‐integrated devices is an effective solution. Recent studies have suggested that incorporating a dielectric layer, such as silicon nitride (SiNx), between diamond and GaN can improve adhesion while also reducing thermal boundary resistance (TBR). In this study, plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD), low‐pressure CVD, and metal‐organic CVD (MOCVD) techniques are utilized to grow the SiNx layer. The interface behavior of diamond/SiNx/GaN is analyzed through scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning TEM, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, while time‐domain thermoreflectance measurement is used to characterize thermal properties. After analyzing the impact of the growth dielectric layer on the interface thermal resistance of the three growth modes, it is concluded that the dielectric layer produced by the MOCVD technique exhibits a smoother surface and lower TBR compared to the other two methods. Therefore, the use of the MOCVD technique is recommended to achieve optimal thermal performance in diamond/SiNx/GaN systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the influence of interphase type (i.e. single-phase (PyC) and co-deposited (PyC+SiC)) and thickness (i.e. 300, 600, 1000, and 2000 nm) on the interface properties and damage evolution of mini-C/SiC composites under cyclic loading/unloading tension was investigated. The micromechanical constitutive model was adopted to derive the damage parameter of inverse tangent modulus (ITM) and perform the hysteresis analysis to estimate the interface properties of the mini-C/SiC composites with large debonding energy. Experimental damage evolution of the ITMs with unloading or reloading stress was analyzed for different interphase types and thickness. The interface properties (e.g. the interface debonding stress and interface debonding energy) were obtained through the hysteresis analysis. Relationships between the loading/unloading ITMs, interface properties, and interphase type and thickness were established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The reduction of interfacial interaction and the deterioration of processing properties of aluminum hydrides (AlH3) is the main challenges preventing its practical application. Here, a simple and effective core–shell structure aluminum hydrides@polydopamine (AlH3@PDA) complex was constructed through in-situ polymerization. The evolution of element states on the surface of AlH3 conducted by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated the successful introduction of PDA to form the core@shell structure, the thickness of the PDA coated layer increased with the increasing PDA dosage from 0.1 to 1.6% in mass fraction, and the maximum of thickness is 50 nm in TEM testing. Py GC/MS results proved that the increase of dopamine concentration leads to higher proportions of self-assemble units, whereas lower dopamine concentrations favor higher levels of chemical bonded components. Regarding whether PDA is a covalent polymer or a noncovalent aggregate of some species, the formation of intermediates, such as dopaminechrome and 5,6-dihydroxyindole played an important role to coordination interaction with AlH3 in FTIR, Raman, and UV–Vis spectra testing. Compared with pure AlH3, the formation of organic PDA coating improved AlH3 heat resistance. The adhesion work with GAP adhesive was also improved from 107.02 J/m2 of pure AlH3 to 111.13 mJ/m2 of AlH3@PDA-5 complex. This paper provides well support for further practical application of AlH3 in solid propellants.

The development of highly efficient lead-free solar cells is essential for sustainable energy production in the face of depleting fossil fuel resources and the negative effects of climate change. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) containing lead pose considerable environmental and public health hazards, in addition to thermal stability and longevity challenges. Here, a novel lead-free solar cell design of the configuration, ITO/PC61BM/CH3NH3SnI3/PEDOT:PSS/Mo, is investigated for improved light harvesting capabilities, enhanced device performance, and better operational efficiency under various temperature conditions. The optimal thickness of the light-absorbing layer, CH3NH3SnI3, was found to be 1000 nm for maximum quantum efficiency (QE). Further, the temperature tolerance of the solar cell was evaluated using Mott-Schottky (MS) capacitance analysis and showed that the model cell retains about 95% of its power at 400 K, demonstrating excellent thermal stability and robust performance. The solar cell also shows promising electrical output parameters, including a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 34.84 mA/cm², open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.5226 V, Fill factor (FF) of 71.04%, and an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 37.66% at 300 K. The effect of buffer layers such as CdS, ZnS, ZnSe, and V2O5 on the electrical outcomes of the model cell structure has been critically examined. Additionally, parasitic resistances and doping characteristics on the operational performance of the cell have been explored in detail. This work therefore, provides remarkable insights in the field of solar energy harvesting, offering potential sustainable energy generation solutions, supporting de-carbonization of the environment and climate change mitigation efforts towards an energy sustainable future.

The reduction of interfacial interaction and the deterioration of processing properties of aluminum hydrides (AlH3) is the main challenges preventing its practical application. Here, a simple and effective core–shell structure aluminum hydrides@polydopamine (AlH3@PDA) complex was constructed through in-situ polymerization. The evolution of element states on the surface of AlH3 conducted by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated the successful introduction of PDA to form the core@shell structure, the thickness of the PDA coated layer increased with the increasing PDA dosage from 0.1 to 1.6% in mass fraction, and the maximum of thickness is 50 nm in TEM testing. Py GC/MS results proved that the increase of dopamine concentration leads to higher proportions of self-assemble units, whereas lower dopamine concentrations favor higher levels of chemical bonded components. Regarding whether PDA is a covalent polymer or a noncovalent aggregate of some species, the formation of intermediates, such as dopaminechrome and 5,6-dihydroxyindole played an important role to coordination interaction with AlH3 in FTIR, Raman, and UV–Vis spectra testing. Compared with pure AlH3, the formation of organic PDA coating improved AlH3 heat resistance. The adhesion work with GAP adhesive was also improved from 107.02 J/m2 of pure AlH3 to 111.13 mJ/m2 of AlH3@PDA-5 complex. This paper provides well support for further practical application of AlH3 in solid propellants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sputter‐deposited GaOx (i.e., oxygen‐deficient gallium oxide) films are evaluated as a potential replacement for the standard CdS buffer layers in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) based thin‐film photovoltaics. The energy level alignment at the GaOx/CIGSe and CdS/CIGSe interfaces are compared by means of direct and inverse photoemission. For the GaOx/CIGSe a (0.04 ± 0.07) eV (i.e., a small spike‐like) conduction band offset (CBO) and a (−3.21 ± 0.19) eV (i.e., a large cliff‐like) valence band offset (VBO) are found, which suggests a nearly ideal charge‐selective contact. The derived GaOx band gap of (4.80 ± 0.25) eV confirms its utility as a highly transparent buffer layer. However, the GaOx (with x derived to be 1.1 ± 0.1) exhibits considerable (presumably) defect‐related occupied states above the valence band maximum. It is proposed that these states may increase charge carrier recombination and decrease open circuit voltage in respective devices; also explaining why solar cells with standard CdS buffer outperform devices with GaOx buffer, despite less ideal electronic interface properties (CBO: (−0.18 ± 0.07) eV, VBO: (−0.98 ± 0.15) eV) and the smaller CdS band gap of (2.35 ± 0.22) eV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyester (PET) fibers are widely used in tire skeleton materials, conveyor belt and other fields for theirs high strength, good elasticity and other advantages. In this work, PET fibers were firstly modified to introduce phenolic hydroxyl and epoxy ligand groups by polydopamine deposition and ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) grafting. Then the modified PET fibers were filled into acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR)/Fe2(SO4)3 coordination composites to further reinforce the performance of the composites. The focus was to construct the interface between fibers and NBR by forming the –CN–Fe3+-phenolic hydroxyl/epoxy coordination bond and improve the properties of the composites significantly. FTIR, TG and SEM were used to confirm the successful modification of PET fibers by polydopamine deposition and EGDE grafting. The results of DMA, SEM and EDS showed that the modified fibers had good interfacial combination with the rubber matrix through the interfacial coordination chemical bond. The tensile test results showed that the modified fiber reinforced rubber coordination composites have good modulus, tensile strength and elongation at break. Compared with NBR/Fe2(SO4)3 composites, the tensile strength, 100% and 300% fixed elongation modulus of NBR/Fe2(SO4)3 composites reinforced with PET fibers modified by poly(dopamine) deposition were increased by 32.8%, 85.5% and 71.4%, and the tensile strength and elongation at break of NBR/Fe2(SO4)3 composites reinforced with PET fibers modified by EGDE grafting were significantly increased by 35.8% and 31.9%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covalently bonded particles may exhibit extremely high strength, but their performance in the reinforcement of metal alloys crucially depends on the properties of their interfaces with the embedding matrix. Here, density functional theory is used for investigating a range of interface configurations between magnesium and silicon carbide in view of their mechanical properties. Interfaces are analyzed not only in terms of interface energy/work of separation but also in terms of the interfacial shear stresses required to induce interface-parallel displacements. These properties are studied for bilayer systems with different orientations of the Mg and SiC layers and for different terminations of the SiC layer (Si or C atoms located at the interface). The results are discussed in terms of their implication for mechanical behavior of SiC reinforced Mg alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relatively poor mechanical properties of extruded modified double base (EMDB) propellants limit their range of applications. To overcome these drawbacks, a novel method was proposed to introduce glycidyl azide polymer-based energetic thermoplastic elastomers (GAP-ETPE) with bonding groups into the propellant adhesive. The influence of the molecular structure of three kinds of elastomers on the mechanical properties of the resultant propellant was analyzed. It was found that the mechanical properties of the propellant with 3% CBA-ETPE (a type of GAP-ETPE that features chain extensions using N-(2-Cyanoethyl) diethanolamine and 1,4-butanediol) were improved at both 50 °C and −40 °C compared to a control propellant without GAP-ETPE. The elongation and impact strength of the propellant at −40 °C were 7.49% and 6.58 MPa, respectively, while the impact strength and maximum tensile strength of the propellant at 50 °C reached 21.1 MPa and 1.19 MPa, respectively. In addition, all three types of GAP-ETPE improved the safety of EMDB propellants. The friction sensitivity of the propellant with 3% CBA-ETPE was found to be 0%, and its characteristic drop height H50 was found to be 39.0 cm; 126% higher than the traditional EMDB propellant. These results provide guidance for studies aiming to optimize the performance of EMDB propellants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient and fast technique was proposed to graft carbon nanotube (CNT) on carbon fiber (CF) using hyperbranched poly(thioether‐yne) (HPTEY) as bridging agent through thiol‐alkyne click chemistry reaction. The successful synthesis of CNT/HPTEY grafted CF (CF‐HPTEY‐CNT) was verified with Fourier transform infrared, x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyzer, and scanning electron microscopy. The simultaneous introduction of CNTs and HPTEY could significantly improve the wettability and surface energy of CF, leading to that the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of CF‐HPTEY‐CNT/epoxy composite evaluated using the microdroplet test was remarkably enhanced by 106.4% than pristine CF/epoxy composite. The bending strength for CF‐HPTEY‐CNT/epoxy composite was also significantly increased by 40.4% because of the effective stress transfer at interface. Furthermore, the monofilament tensile strength of CF‐HPTEY‐CNT showed an increase (by 3.3%) as compared with pristine CF, attributed to that the grafting CNTs and HPTEY remedied the CF surface defects. Therefore, this work is expected to offer a promising technique for developing advanced structural composite with outstanding interface and mechanical properties. Highlights: An efficient and fast technique to modify CF via click chemistry was proposed.The grafting of HPTEY‐CNT increased the surface roughness and wettability of CF.IFSS of CF‐HPTEY‐CNT/epoxy composite was significantly increased by 106.4%.The CF‐HPTEY‐CNT/epoxy composite had superior mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil–pile interface conditions during seismic events could cause a severe impact on the response of deep foundations which is not fully addressed in the previous contributions. To answer some practical questions, a series of small-scale shaking table model tests were first performed to study the seismic response of fixed-head single piles in dry sand subjected to sinusoidal waves with constant frequency under wide acceleration amplitudes. The physical modeling results then were followed by a nonlinear three-dimensional numerical simulation and adequately verified. The numerical study was subsequently extended to gain further insight into the effect of the soil–pile interface on the seismic response of single piles. For this purpose, the effects of slippage and/or separation on the acceleration response of the pile cap as well as the normalized seismic forces in the pile are discussed under different pile head and soil profile conditions. Extracted results showed that in some cases, piles experienced 100% larger forces due to soil–pile interface conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relation between iron/copper bimetallic composites has many challenges; one of the most important characteristics is their diffusion and its effect on the properties of the interface region. This paper studies the influence of casting parameters on the interface region of these bimetallic composites and compares it to observations on those of the Quranic metal matrix composites based on the Dhul-Qarnayn dam (Gog and Magog Wall). A different number of steel rods (one, two, and three) were placed in an alloy steel mold, then heated at different temperatures of 350, 450, 550, and 650 °C. After that, molten copper was poured over them into the mold, followed by different cooling rates (fast, medium, and slow). The properties of the interface region (microstructure, microhardness, and bonding strength) were investigated. The finite element model was carried out to obtain the temperature distribution through the specimen. The microhardness test results revealed that the high preheating temperature and high cooling rate give a high interface microhardness due to the formation of iron oxides and fine grains. The present experimental results show the highest bond strength between steel and copper, which was achieved when the temperature of the interface region reached the austenitic phase (γ-phase) and held it sufficiently to reach a successful substitutional diffusion mechanism. The bond strength between copper and steel in each casting parameter obtained experimentally was used to predict the tensile strength of the obtained bimetal composites numerically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Sputter‐deposited GaOx (i.e., oxygen‐deficient gallium oxide) films are evaluated as a potential replacement for the standard CdS buffer layers in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) based thin‐film photovoltaics. The energy level alignment at the GaOx/CIGSe and CdS/CIGSe interfaces are compared by means of direct and inverse photoemission. For the GaOx/CIGSe a (0.04 ± 0.07) eV (i.e., a small spike‐like) conduction band offset (CBO) and a (−3.21 ± 0.19) eV (i.e., a large cliff‐like) valence band offset (VBO) are found, which suggests a nearly ideal charge‐selective contact. The derived GaOx band gap of (4.80 ± 0.25) eV confirms its utility as a highly transparent buffer layer. However, the GaOx (with x derived to be 1.1 ± 0.1) exhibits considerable (presumably) defect‐related occupied states above the valence band maximum. It is proposed that these states may increase charge carrier recombination and decrease open circuit voltage in respective devices; also explaining why solar cells with standard CdS buffer outperform devices with GaOx buffer, despite less ideal electronic interface properties (CBO: (−0.18 ± 0.07) eV, VBO: (−0.98 ± 0.15) eV) and the smaller CdS band gap of (2.35 ± 0.22) eV.

The Fe3C/α-Fe interface in pearlite is the main hydrogen trapping site. The first-principles calculation method based on density functional theory was employed to investigate the bonding and hydrogen trapping mechanism of the Fe3C/α-Fe interface with three different orientation relationships, specifically the Bagaryatsky orientation, Isaichev orientation, and Pitsch-Petch orientation. The results showed that by calculating the interface energy and separation work, the theoretical bonding strength and stability of the three interfaces presented the following order: Isaichev orientation > Pitsch-Petch orientation > Bagaryatsky orientation. Hydrogen segregation energy revealed that H atoms were more likely to be trapped at the Fe3C/α-Fe interface region and the hydrogen trap ability of three interfaces was in the following order: Isaichev orientation > Pitsch-Petch orientation > Bagaryatsky orientation. The maximum absolute value of segregation energy was found at the interface with Isaichev orientation, which was 0.38 eV. The differential charge density, density of states, and Mulliken bond population calculations revealed that the formation of the interface was related to the covalent bond between C atoms in cementite and Fe atoms in ferrite, and affected by the spatial distribution of C atoms. The C atoms also repelled the H atoms, so the strength of H–Fe bond was identified as the dominant factor of hydrogen trapping behavior. Overall, these insights can potentially aid in improving the design and performance of materials with pearlite structures.

This research investigates the effects of the frequency of the external electric field during the curing process on the interfacial properties of epoxy composites reinforced by Mendong fiber. Epoxy was used as a matrix with cycloaliphatic amine as a curing agent. The AC electric field by frequencies of 1, 2, and 3 kHz and strength of 750 V/cm were applied during the curing process. The functional groups, structure, interface properties, and morphology of treated epoxy were observed using Fourier‐transform infrared, x‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and pull‐out test, respectively. The result indicates that after treatment with an electric field of 1 kHz, new peaks were observed in the epoxy diffractogram at the angle of 6.2° and 12.3°, change in morphology, the wettability properties of epoxy were increased and interface shear strength was improved. Increasing the frequency of electric fields results in more damage to the interface and subsequently reduces the shear strength at the interface. Highlights: Interface properties of the composite after curing in an electric field characterized.Exposure to electric field frequency during curing changed epoxy properties.Shear strength of Mendong fiber/epoxy varied post‐exposure to the electric field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elium® is a novel liquid Methylmethacrylate thermoplastic (TP) matrix that can be cured at room temperature. Elium® resin provides the properties of TP polymer composites and is a competitive alternative to epoxy-based composites. In this work, a quadriaxial non-crimp (NC) glass fabric/Elium® based polymer composites were manufactured using vacuum assisted resin transfer moulding (VaRTM). The static mechanical properties of these composites were evaluated under the tensile and flexural loads. Further, interfacial properties like interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and fracture toughness (Mode-I and Mode-II) were characterised. To study the influence of ageing on the mechanical properties of glass fabric/Elium® (GF/E) based composites, the test samples were aged in distilled water at a temperature of 60°C for 60 days. The obtained mechanical properties were compared between dry samples (control) and post-water immersed (aged) samples. It was found that water ageing degraded the properties of tensile, flexural strength, ILSS and Mode-II toughness by 30%, 59%, 46%, 37%, respectively. On the contrary, Mode-I fracture toughness of aged samples was 90% higher, indicating significant fibre bridging due to ageing. The microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed significant failure as the degradation of fibre/matrix interface due to hygrothermal ageing. The overall performance of GF/E composites with infusible TP resin is sensitive to hygrothermal ageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of heavy oil B which was easy to form W/O emulsion by water flooding, this paper studied the effect of the group components of heavy oil B on the formation and stability of W/O emulsion from the separation of four-component, the characterization of group components, the determination of interface property and the evaluation of emulsion performance. The structure of the group components of heavy oil B was characterized by infrared spectroscopy and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. Compared with the other three group components, the asphaltene had strong polarity and high degree of association between molecules. The results of interfacial property measurement showed that asphaltene could reduce the interfacial tension of simulated oil and formation water to 10° orders of magnitude and increase the interfacial expansion modulus by about 1.4–2.6 times compared with the other three group components. This was because asphaltene had strong polarity and complex aromatic structure. In order to further verify the influence of crude oil group components on the formation and stability of W/O emulsion, this paper systematically evaluated the particle size distribution and stability of emulsion formed by different group components. Compared with the saturated and aromatic, the emulsion droplets formed by resin and asphaltene simulation oil were smaller and concentrated, and the demulsification time of emulsion was prolonged by about 1.5–8 times. In summary, the influence of crude oil group components on the formation and stability of W/O emulsion was as follows: asphaltene > resin > aromatic > saturated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covalently bonded particles may exhibit extremely high strength, but their performance in the reinforcement of metal alloys crucially depends on the properties of their interfaces with the embedding matrix. Here, density functional theory is used for investigating a range of interface configurations between magnesium and silicon carbide in view of their mechanical properties. Interfaces are analyzed not only in terms of interface energy/work of separation but also in terms of the interfacial shear stresses required to induce interface-parallel displacements. These properties are studied for bilayer systems with different orientations of the Mg and SiC layers and for different terminations of the SiC layer (Si or C atoms located at the interface). The results are discussed in terms of their implication for mechanical behavior of SiC reinforced Mg alloys.

For the purpose of improving the interface and mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites, a new strategy was proposed to graft the graphene oxide (GO) onto carbon fiber (CF) surface fast and effectively via thiol‐ene click chemistry reaction using vinyl‐terminated hyperbranched polyester (VHBP) as bridging agent. The successful synthesis of the CF‐VHBP‐GO hybrid reinforcement was verified through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), x‐ray photoelectron spectroscope, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The simultaneous introduction of GO and hyperbranched polymers changed the fiber surface morphology and improved the wettability and surface energy of CF. Judging from the results of the micro‐droplet test, the interfacial shear strength for epoxy (EP) based composite reinforced with CF‐VHBP‐GO was significantly increased by 137.8% compared to untreated CF/EP composite owing to the synergistic effect of VHBP and GO. In addition, the tensile and flexural strength for CF‐VHBP‐GO/EP composite were improved by 47.6% and 65.8%, respectively, compared to untreated CF/EP composite, respectively. This work offers a promising technique for developing high‐performance CF composites with excellent interface properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reclaimed asphalt pavement materials have been used for sustainable cold-recycling, significantly benefiting air quality and resource conservation, while its microscale interface properties greatly affected road performance during the cold-recycling processes. In this investigation, the cold recycled asphalt mixtures were prepared with different mixing proportions, considering the effects of cement content and mixing water amount. The adhesion characteristics of the asphalt-aggregate interface in different cold recycled asphalt mixtures have been comprehensively investigated based on the atomic force microscopic (AFM). The microscale morphology and the adhesion properties, including roughness, inclination angle, adhesion force, Derjaguin–Muller–Toporov (DMT) modulus, and dissipated energy were evaluated at the interface and noninterface regions. The micromorphology results showed that the addition of cement could enhance the roughness and inclination in interface regions. In addition, the content of mixed water showed the most significant effect when the water amount was 80%. The results showed that the adhesion force, DMT modulus, and dissipated energy increased with the addition of cement, indicating that the cement could improve the microscale mechanical properties of cold recycled asphalt mixtures. With the increase of mixing water content, the adhesion characteristics showed varied results, and the optimum water content of 80% contributed to the adhesive properties. In addition, the adhesion force, DMT modulus, and dissipated energy were all higher in the interface region by comparing with the noninterface region. The correlations between the macroscale splitting tensile strength and microscale adhesion characteristics of cold recycled asphalt mixtures were established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The load transfer effectiveness from matrix to reinforcement is depended on the interface condition of the fiber surface and matrix. Chemical treatment can change fiber properties. The current study aims to evaluate the influence of chemical treatment using silane solution on interface shear strength (ISS) of Sansevieria cylindrica fiber (SCF) reinforced epoxy composite. The research procedure includes silane treatment on SCF with percentage silane concentrations of 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0%. ISS was evaluated by a single fiber pullout procedure. SCF crystallinity, functional group, and morphology were evaluated using X-ray diffraction, Infrared spectrometry, and electron microscope. The result shows that the surface morphology of SCF became rough and the surface rougher after silane treatment of 7.5%. SCF with no treatment has a degree of crystallinity of 66.0%, but after being treated with silane treatment, the degree of crystallinity increased, and the highest value of 75.0% was obtained from the silane treatment of 10.0%. The ISS increases following the increasing silane concentration. The highest ISS of 91.3 MPa was obtained at a silane treatment of 10.0%, with an increasing ISS of 129.0% compared to the control specimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene/copper matrix composites have a wide range of application prospects, but the mechanical properties of the interface have been one of the key problems restricting their wide application. In this paper, the mechanical behaviors at the interface of graphene/copper matrix composites, such as pulling up, pulling out, and cohesion, and the effects of temperature and graphene content on them were studied by the molecular dynamics method. The results show that the pull-up force and cohesiveness show two stages in the whole process. The pulling force increases rapidly and then decreases to 0 slowly. The pull-out force shows three stages: it rises rapidly at first, then fluctuates continuously, and finally drops to 0. The mechanical properties of the interface deteriorated with the increase in temperature. When the temperature increased from 0 K to 1100 K, the interface normal strength, shear strength, and cohesion strength of the interface decreased by 26.3%, 32.9%, and 24.8%, respectively. In addition, with the increase in graphene content, the normal strength of the interface increases, the shear strength decreases, and the cohesion strength almost stays the same. When the graphene content increases from 6.71 at% to 11.75 at%, the normal strength increases by 6.8%, while the shear strength decreases by 37.4%. The influence mechanism of temperature and content is explained from the aspects of the influence of atomic thermal motion and the hindering effect of graphene on the dislocation motion of the copper matrix. The relevant results have certain reference values for the engineering application and theoretical research of graphene/copper composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Masonry is the oldest building material, yet it is also the least understood due to the non-linear and composite nature of masonry, which consists of brick units, mortar, and unit-mortar contact. In this paper, the response of a two-dimensional masonry wall with a window opening subjected to an in-plane lateral pushover loading is simulated by varying the interface properties of brick such as crushing, elastic, cracking, and shear properties. The simplified micro-modeling technique with the Engineering Masonry model for bricks and linear stiffness properties for the interfaces in the bed and head joints is employed to investigate the geometric nonlinear behavior of the masonry wall. The pushover curves obtained from the numerical simulations indicate that there is a significant influence on the lateral load response of the wall due to elastic, crushing, and shear parameters while the cracking parameters have less impact on the ductile capacity of the structure. Moreover, the study is also extended to examine the effect of bond patterns such as English, stretcher, Flemish, and header bonds with varied aspect ratios of 1, 1.5, and 0.75. In all four bond patterns, it was observed that the walls with lower aspect ratios exhibited higher strength. Further, in comparison to the other bond patterns, walls with the Flemish bond pattern demonstrated higher strengths at both lower and higher aspect ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the improvement in photoelectrochemical water splitting (PEC-WS) by controlling migration kinetics of photo-generated carriers using InGaN/GaN hetero-structure nanowires (HSNWs) as a photocathode (PC) material. The InGaN/GaN HSNWs were formed by first growing GaN nanowires (NWs) on an Si substrate and then forming InGaN NWs thereon. The InGaN/GaN HSNWs can cause the accumulation of photo-generated carriers in InGaN due to the potential barrier formed at the hetero-interface between InGaN and GaN, to increase directional migration towards electrolyte rather than the Si substrate, and consequently to contribute more to the PEC-WS reaction with electrolyte. The PEC-WS using the InGaN/GaN-HSNW PC shows the current density of 12.6 mA/cm2 at −1 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and applied-bias photon-to-current conversion efficiency of 3.3% at −0.9 V versus RHE. The high-performance PEC-WS using the InGaN/GaN HSNWs can be explained by the increase in the reaction probability of carriers at the interface between InGaN NWs and electrolyte, which was analyzed by electrical resistance and capacitance values defined therein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Phytic acid and MXene are used to construct "soft and hard" structure on the CF surface. • Phytic acid increases the chemical reaction activity on the CF surface. • MXene promotes the formation of a strong mechanical interlocking between the fiber and resin. • The "soft-hard" structure facilitates stress transfer between the fiber and resin. • The "soft-hard" structure enhances the interfacial properties of CF composites. Inspired by organic–inorganic soft and hard components found in mollusk shells, this study utilized phytic acid (PA) and MXene (Ti 3 C 2) to create "soft-hard" structure on the surface of carbon fiber (CF) through the bio-interfacial cross-linking reinforcement (BICR) strategy. This strategy not only increased the chemical reaction activity on the fibre surface, but also enlarged the interphase area of the fibres, which facilitated the formation of a strong physical riveting interaction among the fibres and substrate. Compared with the untreated CF composites, the flexural strength, flexural modulus, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), tensile strength and interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of the CF/PEI/PA/MXene composites were increased by 51.4%, 62.5%, 63.0%, 74.9%, and 45.8%, respectively. These positive results were attributed to the large number of reactive functional groups on the PA myo-inositol ring, which increased the chemical reactivity of the fiber surface. Additionally, the MXene assembled on the fibre surface enhanced the adhesion and mechanical interlocking between the fibre and resin. This work provides an advanced route to fabricate CF composites with excellent mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan (CS) and pea protein isolate (PPI) were used as raw materials to prepare nanoparticles. The structures and functional properties of the nanoparticles with three ratios (1:1, 1:2 1:3, CS:PPI) were evaluated. The particle sizes of chitosan–pea protein isolate (CS–PPI) nanoparticles with the ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 were 802.95 ± 71.94, 807.10 ± 86.22, and 767.75 ± 110.10 nm, respectively, and there were no significant differences. Through the analysis of turbidity, endogenous fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the interaction between CS and PPI was mainly caused by electrostatic mutual attraction and hydrogen bonding. In terms of interface properties, the contact angles of nanoparticles with the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 were 119.2°, 112.3°, and 107.0°, respectively. The emulsifying activity (EAI) of the nanoparticles was related to the proportion of protein. The nanoparticle with the ratio of 1:1 had the highest potential and the best thermal stability. From the observation of their morphology by transmission electron microscopy, it could be seen that the nanoparticles with a ratio of 1:3 were the closest to spherical. This study provides a theoretical basis for the design of CS–PPI nanoparticles and their applications in promoting emulsion stabilization and the delivery of active substances using emulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D woven composites offer various high-performance characteristics and wide applications due to their lightweight, high strength, and good integrity. However, to exploit their structural advantages, it is necessary to improve the interface properties between reinforcement and matrix, and carbon nanotubes with excellent mechanical properties provide a good solution to improve the interface properties of composites. Based on this motivation, the goal of this study is to investigate the impact of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on the tensile and bending properties of basalt fiber through-angle interlocking 3D woven composite, layered-angle interlocking 3D woven composite and orthogonal 3D woven composite. The obtained results indicated that the maximum warp and weft tensile loads of the layered-angle interlocking composites increased by 19.3% and 28.5% from 91,091.3N and 8,409.5N to 9,288.4N and 11,761.4N, respectively. The maximum warp and weft bending loads of 3D orthogonal composites were increased by 26.4% and 19.6% from 566.7N and 635.4N to 770.0N and 790.3N, respectively. O-MWCNTs contain -OH, -COOH and the unsaturated double bond can active functional groups and basalt fiber on the surface of the Si-OH and unsaturated double bonds in the reaction to form epoxy resin covalent bond to improve the interface between the fiber and matrix effect, which solved the key problem of interface outstanding performance of 3D woven modified-basalt fiber composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of proteins, which is tightly related to their interfacial behaviors, is strongly affected by environmental conditions. The objectives of the present study were to explore the effects of pH on particle size, zeta potential, surface hydrophobicity and –SH of ovotransferrin (OVT), and then compare the interfacial behaviors of OVT at various pHs. The results showed that the zeta potential changed from +10.24 to −18.83 mV over a pH range from 3 to 13. The particle size initially increased and then decreased. In addition, more –SH were exposed and the hydrophobicity of the OVT was enhanced when the pH level deviated from pH 6.5. Compared with OVT at other pH values, at pH 5, OVT had a higher penetration and rearrangement rate, which resulted in it more rapidly forming a high elastin membrane (dilatation viscous modulus, dilatation elastic modulus were 46.32, 16.33 mN/m respectively) at the interface. The high elastic interfacial adsorption layer can prevent the polymerization of bubbles, which is beneficial to the stability of the foam. At pH 13, OVT had a higher surface pressure (13.579 mN/m), which was conducive to the formation of foams. Also, the interfacial properties were a function of the OVT concentration. The data showed that the interfacial behaviors of OVT were influenced by pH and concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, red mud (RM) was modified with titanate coupling agent (triisostearoyl isopropoxy titanate, KR-TTS), and then the modified RM was melted blending with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) to prepare HDPE-based composite. The action mechanism of KR-TTS on the properties of HDPE composites was analysed combining with the movement mode of polyethylene macromolecular chain segments. The entanglement and mechanical interlocking of long alkyl chains of titanate coupling agent and the polyethylene molecular chains occurs in modified RM/HDPE composite, reflected by fracture morphology within tension process. The stronger interface interaction results in a decrease of polyethylene molecular chain segments motion under external loading, externally expressed as higher tensile strength and tensile modulus as well as storage modulus. Meanwhile, KR-TTS imparts modified RM/HDPE composite with higher elongation at break of uniaxial tension and lower damping ratio. The impact strength presents an improvement from 5.62 kJ/m2 of RM/HDPE composite to 6.56 kJ/m2 of modified RM/HDPE composite due to stronger interface strength. And modified RM/HDPE composite appears higher thermal stability, attributed to better particles dispersion and higher interface adhesion. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis shows that with the addition of coupling agent, the melt enthalpy of modified RM/HDPE composite decreases, indicating a decrement in the crystallinity of polyethylene composites (from 70.2% of RM/HDPE to 63.1% of modified RM/HDPE), resulted from the retarded stacking speed of chain segments into the crystal lattice during crystal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D woven composites offer various high-performance characteristics and wide applications due to their lightweight, high strength, and good integrity. However, to exploit their structural advantages, it is necessary to improve the interface properties between reinforcement and matrix, and carbon nanotubes with excellent mechanical properties provide a good solution to improve the interface properties of composites. Based on this motivation, the goal of this study is to investigate the impact of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on the tensile and bending properties of basalt fiber through-angle interlocking 3D woven composite, layered-angle interlocking 3D woven composite and orthogonal 3D woven composite. The obtained results indicated that the maximum warp and weft tensile loads of the layered-angle interlocking composites increased by 19.3% and 28.5% from 91,091.3N and 8,409.5N to 9,288.4N and 11,761.4N, respectively. The maximum warp and weft bending loads of 3D orthogonal composites were increased by 26.4% and 19.6% from 566.7N and 635.4N to 770.0N and 790.3N, respectively. O-MWCNTs contain -OH, -COOH and the unsaturated double bond can active functional groups and basalt fiber on the surface of the Si-OH and unsaturated double bonds in the reaction to form epoxy resin covalent bond to improve the interface between the fiber and matrix effect, which solved the key problem of interface outstanding performance of 3D woven modified-basalt fiber composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interface properties have been found to exhibit protracted instability in advanced bilingualism and L2 learning (Sorace, 2000, 2005; Sorace & Filiaci, 2006). This study examines the role of learning context in modulating this instability in an interface property, namely the interpretation of definite plurals in L2 Arabic. Generic readings in English preverbal positions are expressed with bare plurals, which are ungrammatical in Arabic. Performances of two advanced Englishspeaking learners of Arabic in two learning contexts are compared: formal language instruction in an at-home (AH) setting and an extended study abroad (SA) setting. Results of two elicited production tasks reveal that whereas the advanced-AH group fluctuated between bare plurals (arguably transferred from L1) and definite plurals, the advanced-SA group opted for definite plurals. These results confirm Sorace's (2011) claim that protracted instability is real in interface properties in advanced bilingualism. They further suggest that input conditions and learning context play a crucial role in overcoming this instability. Active contact with the L2, which is characteristic of extended SA settings, is suggested to stabilize L2 forms and preempt competing L1 forms in interface properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive study has been done on the influence of post-deposition annealing temperature on high-k cerium oxide (CeO 2) layer grown on n-type silicon (Si) substrate and its resultant interface states have been studied for Al/CeO 2 /Si metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices. The high-k CeO 2 thin films were deposited by spin-coating and sintered at different annealing temperatures (T a) in the range of 400–900 °C. The parameters such as fixed charge density (Q eff), dielectric constant (k) of the layers, flat-band voltage (V FB), interface defect density (D it), etc., of the MOS device were evaluated from C V and I-V measurements. A minimum value of flat band shift (∼0.05 V) with lower Q eff (−4.81 × 1011 C/cm2) have been achieved for the T a of 600 °C. The k and D it were evaluated to be 22 and 1.29 × 1012 cm−2, respectively at the T a of 600 °C. In addition, the C V measurements showed a very small hysteresis and very low frequency dispersion for the T a of 600 °C sample. Energy distribution of defect states was evaluated and it was maximum towards the bottom of the conduction band. This shows that the 600 °C is the optimum annealing temperature, which results in high quality interface, and the electron affinity of the corresponding CeO 2 layers was found to be 3.29 eV as evaluated from ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). Further, a maximum value of minority carrier lifetime (147 μs) has been achieved for the samples annealed at T a of 400 °C, indicating that the post-annealing temperature plays a significant role on the properties of CeO 2 films deposited by sol-gel process. Thus, the present study demonstrates the possibility of sol-gel grown high k-CeO 2 layers suitable for MOS like devices. [Display omitted] • High-k CeO 2 layers were successfully deposited on Si by spin coating method. • Energy distribution of defect states was maximum towards the bottom of the CB. • The electron affinity of the corresponding CeO 2 layers was found to be 3.29 eV. • Maximum minority carrier lifetime (147 μs) has been achieved for 400 °C annealed sample. • The MOS device with 600 °C annealed CeO 2 layer showed a small flat-band shift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grafting polyphenols and glycosylation are effective means to enhance the wettability and emulsifying properties of natural protein particles. A stable pickering emulsion (PE) with antioxidant properties was prepared using β-Lactoglobulin-Rosmarinic acid-Pectin (β-LG-RA-PC) conjugates as stabilizers in this study. When PC and β-LG-RA with the same mass were covalently combined, the solid protein-based particles exhibited ideal wettability (84.2 ± 0.3°), emulsification performance, and molecular flexibility. PEs with an oil content of 66.7% were successfully prepared using a 10 mg/mL concentration of the complex. The intrinsic reasons for the stabilization of the PE were explored through interfacial tension (from 16.02 mN/m to 12.18 mN/m), adsorption kinetics, interfacial expansion viscoelastic modulus (the tangent of the phase angle was 0.22), microstructure, and rheological properties, revealing that the dense, ideally viscoelastic interface layer formed was the main factor. The electrostatic repulsion between droplets, and the formation of a robust spatial network structure, facilitated PEs' stability. These studies confirmed the possibility of implementing protein-based particles to yield food-grade PE. [Display omitted] • The grafting rate for the same mass of β-Lactoglobulin-Rosmarinic acid (β-LG-RA) conjugate and pectin (PC) reached 39.07%. • Pickering emulsions (PEs) prepared with β-LG-RA-PC (8–12 mg/mL) exhibited a solid-like structure. • The viscoelastic interface and accumulated network structure increased the stability of PEs. • The addition of RA and PC could make the three-phase contact angle of β-LG-RA-PC nanoparticles close to 90°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Improvement of surface properties through laser irradiation. • Identify the origin of Si surface defect formation due to laser irradiation. • Effective protection from laser damage by forming a high-density protective layer. • Improved surface properties reduce the proportion of suboxide generated by ALD. This research investigates surface damage in electronic devices from laser irradiation, particularly focusing on voids, cracks, and vacancies. We discovered that applying a high-density ultrathin SiO 2 layer effectively prevents such defects. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis showed a significant reduction in surface roughness, with the R q factor value dropping to 0.158 nm in samples coated with this SiO 2 layer. Additionally, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was used to study suboxide formation in the Al 2 O 3 /Si structure, revealing insights into defect origins. Electrical tests indicated a substantial decrease in laser-induced damage, evidenced by a leakage current density reduction to 2.4 × 10−6 A/cm2, markedly lower than uncoated samples. Post-metallization annealing (PMA) further improved results, with the interface state density decreasing to 0.63 × 1012 atoms eV−1 cm−2. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of the high-density ultrathin SiO 2 layer in mitigating surface defects caused by continuous wave (CW) laser irradiation, promising significant advancements in electronic device manufacturing through potential application in CW laser annealing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The serious damage caused to 3D braided carbon fiber (CF)/epoxy (EP) composites in high-energy irradiation environments is a pressing research topic that has not yet been reported. This study analyzed the γ-irradiation multi-scale damage of the matrix, interfaces, and near-interface regions in 3D braided CF/EP composites with three different braiding angles (18°, 28°, 38°) at atomic, microscopic, and macroscopic scales. The molecular structure and atomic charge information alterations of epoxy matrix were characterized using soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (sXAS). When the irradiation dose reached 1000 KGy, the compressive strength of composites decreased by 20.88 %, 18.07 %, and 16.60 %, respectively, with an increase in the braiding angle. Micro-CT observation, along with statistical computing, confirmed that irradiation causes interface damage and increases the defect volume of 3D braided composites. Nanoindentation was used to compare the modulus of carbon fiber, interface, near-interface regions and matrix in irradiated composites and the function of CF/resin interface as an irradiation defect capture site in the irradiation resistance of resin-matrix composites has been newly established. In addition, the mechanism behind the effect of braiding angle on macroscopic properties was also analyzed. [Display omitted] • The braided structures exhibited varying responses to irradiation, with 3D-38° showing the highest performance retention. • Soft X-ray absorption spectrometry was developed to characterize the valence changes of oxygen and carbon in irradiated resin. • Interface as an irradiation defect capture site consumes most of the energy and reduces the damage of resin near the interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• CFRP sandwich plates are prepared by thermal expansion molding process. • The mechanical properties and failure mechanism of CFRP sandwish plates interfaces were analyzed. • The bending properties and failure modes of sandwich plates with different expansion rates were analyzed. • The optimum expansion rate of CFRP sandwich plate prepared is determined to be 4 times. Based on its ability to integrate foam expansion into rapid prototyping products, the Thermal Expansion Molding Process (TEMP) of foam sandwich composites has shown great application prospects. The influence of the Expansion Rate (ER) on the interfacial mechanical features and failure mechanism of foam sandwich composites has always been a crucial concern in product development during thermal expansion foam forming. Herein, Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) foam sandwich panels were fabricated via TEMP, using expansion ratios of 2x, 4x, 6x, and 8x. The relationship between the expansion ratio and mechanical performance of two key interfaces was investigated: The CFRP/foam interface (Interface I) and the fiber/foam interface within the foam (Interface II). The average peel strength of Interface I gradually decreased with increasing expansion ratio: 21.48 N·mm/mm (2×), 19.41 N·mm/mm (4×), 18.92 N·mm/mm (6×), and 17.30 N·mm/mm (8×). Furthermore, the Double cantilever beam-uneven bending moment (DCB-UBM) test revealed that the initial strain energy release rate of Interface II gradually decreased with increasing ER. Finally, a three-point bending test was performed to explore the failure mode of four kinds of ER foam sandwich panels. The findings revealed that the 4x ER was the most suitable for making foam sandwich composites via TEMP. This paper offers a vital reference for developing foam sandwich composite products using TEMP technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we apply a molecular dynamics simulation of Ag-nanoparticle-doped epoxy resin to analyze in depth the micro-mechanisms in this nanodielectric. The simulation results show that when Ag nanoparticles with a radius of 10Å are used as dopants, the periodically arranged atoms in a ~4.5-Å-thick surface layer of the nanoparticles have become amorphous. This modification of the interface depends on temperature and nanoparticle size and leads to an interface polarization layer that changes the relative permittivity of the epoxy matrix. Moreover, a simulation indicates that doping with Ag nanoparticles can improve certain thermal and mechanical properties. However, the interface properties have little effect on the thermal and mechanical properties of nanodielectrics, which may depend only on the thermal and mechanical properties of the doped material itself, the doping concentration, or the microstructure of the nanodielectrics. The innovation of this article lies in the study of the microstructure characteristics of the nanodielectric and the changes of some key physical parameters at the nanoscale by means of molecular simulation. It provides a more efficient research idea for the traditional, experimental-based nanodielectric field. Our results may help in the analysis of nanodielectrics and insulating materials, and they suggest that doping with Ag nanoparticles may improve the thermal and mechanical performance of dielectrics.

Nanocarbon materials (carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, etc.) are considered the ideal toughening phase of ceramic matrix composites because of their unique structures and excellent properties. The strengthening and toughening effect of nanocarbon is attributed to several factors, such as their dispersibility in the matrix, interfacial bonding state with the matrix, and structural alteration. In this paper, the development state of nanocarbon-toughened ceramic matrix composites is reviewed based on the preparation methods and basic properties of nanocarbon-reinforced ceramic matrix composites. The assessment is implemented in terms of the influence of the interface bonding condition on the basic properties of ceramic matrix composites and the methods used to improve the interface bonding. Furthermore, the strengthening and toughening mechanisms of nanocarbon-toughened ceramic matrix composites are considered. Moreover, the key problems and perspectives of research work relating to nanocarbon-toughened ceramic matrix composites are highlighted.

Graphene/copper matrix composites have a wide range of application prospects, but the mechanical properties of the interface have been one of the key problems restricting their wide application. In this paper, the mechanical behaviors at the interface of graphene/copper matrix composites, such as pulling up, pulling out, and cohesion, and the effects of temperature and graphene content on them were studied by the molecular dynamics method. The results show that the pull-up force and cohesiveness show two stages in the whole process. The pulling force increases rapidly and then decreases to 0 slowly. The pull-out force shows three stages: it rises rapidly at first, then fluctuates continuously, and finally drops to 0. The mechanical properties of the interface deteriorated with the increase in temperature. When the temperature increased from 0 K to 1100 K, the interface normal strength, shear strength, and cohesion strength of the interface decreased by 26.3%, 32.9%, and 24.8%, respectively. In addition, with the increase in graphene content, the normal strength of the interface increases, the shear strength decreases, and the cohesion strength almost stays the same. When the graphene content increases from 6.71 at% to 11.75 at%, the normal strength increases by 6.8%, while the shear strength decreases by 37.4%. The influence mechanism of temperature and content is explained from the aspects of the influence of atomic thermal motion and the hindering effect of graphene on the dislocation motion of the copper matrix. The relevant results have certain reference values for the engineering application and theoretical research of graphene/copper composites.

We report the improvement in photoelectrochemical water splitting (PEC-WS) by controlling migration kinetics of photo-generated carriers using InGaN/GaN hetero-structure nanowires (HSNWs) as a photocathode (PC) material. The InGaN/GaN HSNWs were formed by first growing GaN nanowires (NWs) on an Si substrate and then forming InGaN NWs thereon. The InGaN/GaN HSNWs can cause the accumulation of photo-generated carriers in InGaN due to the potential barrier formed at the hetero-interface between InGaN and GaN, to increase directional migration towards electrolyte rather than the Si substrate, and consequently to contribute more to the PEC-WS reaction with electrolyte. The PEC-WS using the InGaN/GaN-HSNW PC shows the current density of 12.6 mA/cm2 at −1 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and applied-bias photon-to-current conversion efficiency of 3.3% at −0.9 V versus RHE. The high-performance PEC-WS using the InGaN/GaN HSNWs can be explained by the increase in the reaction probability of carriers at the interface between InGaN NWs and electrolyte, which was analyzed by electrical resistance and capacitance values defined therein.

Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 (NVPF) is emerging as a promising cathode material for high-voltage sodium-ion batteries. Whereas, the inferior intrinsic electrical conductivity leading to poor rate performance and cycling stability. To address this issue, a strategy of synthesizing unique yolk-shell structured NVPF with copper substitution via spray drying method is proposed. Besides, the synergistic modulation of both crystalline structure and interfacial properties results in significantly enhanced intrinsic and interfacial conductivity of NVPF. The optimized yolk-shell structured cathode materials can possess a high capacity of 117.4 mAh g -1 at 0.1 C, and remains a high-capacity retention of 91.3% after 5000 cycles. A detailed investigation of kinetic properties combined with in situ XRD technology and DFT calculations, has been implemented, particularly with regard to electron conduction and sodium ion diffusion. Consequently, the yolk-shell structured composition of Na 3 V 1.94 Cu 0.06 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 with nitrogen-modified carbon coating layer shows the lowest polarization potential because of the effectively enhanced electronic conductivity and Na + diffusion process in the bulk phase. The robust electrochemical performance suggests that developing the unique yolk-shell structure with the collaboration of interface and bulk crystal properties is a favorable strategy to design cathode material with a high performance for sodium-ion batteries., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Chitosan (CS) and pea protein isolate (PPI) were used as raw materials to prepare nanoparticles. The structures and functional properties of the nanoparticles with three ratios (1:1, 1:2 1:3, CS:PPI) were evaluated. The particle sizes of chitosan–pea protein isolate (CS–PPI) nanoparticles with the ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 were 802.95 ± 71.94, 807.10 ± 86.22, and 767.75 ± 110.10 nm, respectively, and there were no significant differences. Through the analysis of turbidity, endogenous fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the interaction between CS and PPI was mainly caused by electrostatic mutual attraction and hydrogen bonding. In terms of interface properties, the contact angles of nanoparticles with the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 were 119.2°, 112.3°, and 107.0°, respectively. The emulsifying activity (EAI) of the nanoparticles was related to the proportion of protein. The nanoparticle with the ratio of 1:1 had the highest potential and the best thermal stability. From the observation of their morphology by transmission electron microscopy, it could be seen that the nanoparticles with a ratio of 1:3 were the closest to spherical. This study provides a theoretical basis for the design of CS–PPI nanoparticles and their applications in promoting emulsion stabilization and the delivery of active substances using emulsions.

The Ge metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors were fabricated with HfO2 as gate dielectric. AlON, NdON, and NdAlON were deposited between the gate dielectric and the Ge substrate as the interfacial passivation layer (IPL). The electrical properties (such as capacitance-voltage (C-V) and gate leakage current density versus gate voltage (Jg-Vg)) were measured by HP4284A precision LCR meter and HP4156A semiconductor parameter analyzer. The chemical states and interfacial quality of the high-k/Ge interface were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The experimental results show that the sample with the NdAlON as IPL exhibits the excellent interfacial and electrical properties. These should be attributed to an effective suppression of the Ge suboxide and HfGeOx interlayer, and an enhanced blocking role against interdiffusion of the elements during annealing by the NdAlON IPL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, mortar beams reinforced with polymeric reinforcing elements are manufactured using Polylactic acid (PLA), inspired by crack propagation deflecting architectures found in nature such as Sinusoidal and Bouligand architectures. Mechanical flexural properties of mortar beams are studied and compared with that of reinforcing elements with an architecture parallel to the direction of tensile stress as well as non-reinforced mortar beams. Furthermore, the reinforcement configuration and ratio are designed using principles from mechanics of materials. A Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique is used to obtain the load-deflection curves during flexural evaluation. Results show that changing the microarchitecture of the reinforcement can enhance the flexural performance of the beam. Additionally, interface properties between the mortar and the reinforcing element are studied using pull-out tests. Interface properties were enhanced by introducing architectural patterns on the surface of the reinforcement. Finally, using material properties of the mortar, reinforcement and the interface obtained from experiments, a numerical model is developed and calibrated. The outcome of this study helps explore the opportunities of using novel nature-inspired reinforcement to enhance the mechanical properties of cementitious composites. • Changing the micro-architecture of the reinforcement from parallel to a nature-inspired twisting pattern improved ductility. • Various reinforcement ratios were studied to find sufficient reinforcement based on material properties of each component. • The bond between 3D-printed elements and mortar was enhanced by introducing surface features to the polymeric element. • A critical embedment length was established for polymeric reinforcement based on its cross-sectional area and surface texture. • Numerical studies were able to simulate the overall experimental flexural behavior of the reinforced cementitious beams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudoboehmite was obtained through neutralization of ammonium aluminum sulfate solution [NH 4 Al(SO 4) 2 ·12H 2 O] with ammonia water [NH 3 (aq)]. The neutralization process resulted in flake-like overlapping flower-like structures at 80 °C and 85 °C. When the temperature of the NH 4 Al(SO 4) 2 ·12H 2 O solution was raised to 90 °C, nanoparticles, microspheres with a diameter of less than 50 nm, were obtained. The (131) plane was studied by HRTEM imaging (high resolution transmission electron microscopy). Density functional theory was used to study the interface properties of the pseudoboehmite, and the surface energy and attachment energy were calculated for the optimized crystal planes of interest. The results show that the relaxed (131) plane has the lowest surface energy (0.0474 J/m2), and thus is the most stable surface. Additionally, the (200) plane of the pseudoboehmite has the lowest absolute value of attachment energy (0.2106 eV/unit), consistent with having the strongest X-ray diffraction peak and indicating that it is the preferred orientation. The formation mechanism of flower-like and microspherical particles is discussed, with consideration for solution temperature effects on morphology and the predicted equilibrium morphology and growth morphology of pseudoboehmite. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]