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This study investigated self-heating and off-gassing of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) wood pellets made from sawdust generated from separated mature and juvenile wood. The pellets were produced at an industrial scale and stored in large piles of about 7.2 tonnes. The production process involved drying the sawdust using three different methods and to varying moisture contents. The results indicated significant influences of both raw material type (F(6) = 61.97, p < 0.05) and drying method (F(2) = 65.38, p < 0.05) on the self-heating of the pellets. The results from the multiple regression analysis further showed that both the raw material type and pellet moisture content significantly influenced the temperature increase, with strong correlations observed for pellets produced using low-temperature drying (F(3, 14) = 83.52, multiple R2 = 0.95, p < 0.05), and medium temperature drying (F(3, 13) = 62.05, multiple R2 = 0.93, p < 0.05). The pellets produced from fresh mature wood sawdust were found to be more prone to self-heating and off-gassing while steam drying the sawdust at high temperature and pressure led to a significant reduction in heat and gas generation across all materials. The heightened self-heating and off-gassing in mature wood pellet can be attributed to a higher proportion of sapwood in the raw material. The probable explanations to the observed differences are in line with biological mechanisms for self-heating and off-gassing, as well as the chemical oxidation of fatty and resin acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The DTM-Pade approximation is used in the current work to analyze the thermal behavior and thermal stresses of an annular fin while accounting for temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and internal heat generation. The energy problem is converted into a nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) using non-dimensional parameters, and the DTM-Pade approximation is then utilized to provide an approximate analytical solution. The impacts of various settings on the temperature field are also graphically analyzed. It has been found that increasing the heat generation parameter causes the temperature distribution to improve. The growing thermo-geometric parameter values lead to an improvement in fin efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation focuses on the flow reversal and separation of hybrid nanofluid, with heat generation and first-order velocity slip, in a Darcy porous medium. The Choi–Eastman nanofluid model is used to formulate the hybrid nanofluid mathematical model. Suitable similarity transformations convert partial differential equations into a system of ordinary differential equations. The resultant systems are numerically solved by implementing the shooting approach. Multiple solutions are found for this current problem, and intriguingly, the velocity and temperature profiles of these two solution branches exhibit opposing characteristics. In conclusion, conducting a stability study on these two alternative solutions is worthwhile to determine which solution is more realistic and stable. The temporal stability test reveals that only the first solution is stable or physically valid. The important outcomes of this study, based on the stable solutions, are as follows: (i) the hybrid nanofluid's Nusselt number, skin friction, and velocity rise when the inclined magnetic parameter rises, (ii) the value of the smallest eigenvalue increases with higher values of the inclined magnetic parameter, and (iii) the thickness of momentum and thermal boundary layers is thinner for the first solution than the second solution. Additionally, the identification of flow separation and reversal points is valuable for aerospace technology, following the Prandtl theory. Finally, this study provides streamlined patterns to enhance the understanding of fluid flow behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective operation strategies in the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) can adjust the spatial distribution of temperature gradient favoring the long-term stability. To investigate the effects of different operating conditions on the thermal behavior inside SOFC, a three-dimensional model is developed in this study. The model is verified by comparing it with the experimental data. The heat generation rate and its variation under different operating conditions are analyzed. The combined effects of operating voltage and gas temperature are considered to be the key factor influencing the temperature gradient. Compared to the original case, the temperature of SOFC decreases by 21.4 K when the fuel velocity reaches 5 m/s. But the maximum temperature gradient increases by 21.2%. Meanwhile, higher fuel velocities can eliminate about 32% of the area with higher temperature gradient. And when the oxidant velocity reaches 7.5 m/s, the peak temperature gradient effectively decreases by 16.59%. Simultaneous adjustment of the oxidant and fuel velocities can effectively reduce the peak temperature gradient and increase the safety zone. The effects of operation conditions on the temperature gradient of the cell are clarified in this study, which can be a reference for further research on the reliability of SOFCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioconvection in hybrid nanofluids refers to the phenomenon where biological microorganisms such as algae or bacteria exhibit collective movement or pattern formation in a suspension containing nanoparticles. This phenomenon has significance in various fields, including biology, nanotechnology, and engineering. The current investigation emphasizes the bioconvective flow of a water (H2O)−ethylene glycol (C2H6O2)-based hybrid nanofluid flow by a curved stretched sheet. Copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles are suspended in the base fluid. The thermal field is analyzed in the presence of heat generation, dissipation, Joule heating, and the impact of thermal radiation. Binary reactions associated with Arrhenius energy are accounted in the modeling of mass concentration. The phenomenon of bioconvection is considered to regulate the random movement of tiny solid particles within the flow. Boundary layer constraints are implemented to eliminate ineffective terms from modeling. The transformation procedure is adopted to obtain the flow governing system of ODEs. The built-in code of Mathematica (NDSolve) is implemented to obtain the graphical and numerical results. The results show that the velocity field decreases with increasing porosity variable and Hartmann number. An opposite impression of the Eckert number and Schmidt variable on the thermal field is noticed. Bioconvection Peclet and Lewis numbers have a direct relationship with motile density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of a ternary hybrid nanofluid, a recent development in the realm of nanofluids, can result in improved heat transfer. In the ongoing study, a ternary hybrid nanofluid flow is utilized, and it is carried out atop a porous spinning disc, which is exposed to a magnetic field, heat generation, thermal radiation, and Casson fluid. In this study, Blood/Water are taken as base fluids and (Ag–Au–Al2O3) are considered as a ternary hybrid nanoparticle. Nanoparticles made of gold and silver are put to use in a vast number of industries and fields, including nanotechnology and medicine. As a result of surface effects and quantum effects, these precious metals exhibit unique features in nanoform that play a vital role in with optical, magnetic, chemical, and mechanical behavior. Al2O3 unique optical, physical and biochemical qualities make it worthwhile for numerous uses, including nanophotonic, catalysis and the fabrication of high-energy composites. A set of relevant similarity transformations is used to generate non-dimensional forms of controlling paired nonlinear Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). MATLAB is used to perform a numerical solution with ODE45. In addition, the velocity outline decreases, and the temperature profile increases slightly before decreasing over a revolving disk when the values of magnetic parameters are increased. The distribution and radiant heat components heat up as the level gets higher. Aim and objectives of the study: The aim of this study is to analyze the Comprehensive Scrutinization of Ternary hybrid and Casson flow in a conducting porous rotating disk with internal heating. The primary objective of this analysis is to increase awareness of the impending energy crisis among those working in the industrial and technological sectors. Ternary nanoparticles (NPs) have a wide range of applications, which lends credence to the developed model. For example, Al2O3 can be used in a variety of ways that benefit society, it is used in water purification to remove water from the gas streams and extend people's lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the squeezing action of hybridized nanofluid flow that takes place in the mechanism of truck brakes, dampers, polymer manufacturing, power transportation, oiling structure, and food production. The modeling technique relied on a set of partial differential equations to direct the fluid, taking into consideration external factors like the magnetized force and the time-dependent source of heat and thermal radiation. The hybridized nanofluid consists of copper and aluminum oxide nanoparticles that are dispersed in the machine oil. Entropic thermodynamic analysis is also examined to evaluate its role in the thermal examination of the system. The optimal homotopy asymptotic and Adomian decomposition methods were used to solve the problem. The study examined the changes in the rate of entropy formation and the characteristics of fluid velocities, heat transference rate, and performance based on the kind and concentration of nanoparticles and external thermal impacts. The results are presented in many key components, including a notable 30% increase in heat conductivity when using a combination of nanoparticles. The use of hybridized nanofluids manages to reduce surface frictional force, whereas the employment of a combination of particles results in an increase in friction owing to the heightened viscosity of the mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe meltdown of a fuel rod is a severe accident resulting from the overheating of the reactor core. In the present study, a numerical investigation of this process, focusing on the loss of coolant has been conducted. The objective of this study is to conduct a numerical simulation of transient heat conduction and melting at various points within a typical pressurized water reactor fuel rod. In this analysis, heat conduction in the radial direction of a fuel rod, including the UO2 fuel pellet, the gap, and the zircaloy cladding, is investigated. The FRAPCON steady-state code is employed to calculate the operational parameters of the fuel rod. The calculated parameters, such as coolant and fuel temperatures, fission gas fraction, gap heat transfer coefficient, and burnup, are utilized to evaluate and compare the melting phenomena at different time intervals.In the investigation of the phase change in various parts of the pellet and fuel rod, the explicit finite difference (FD) method is utilized with enthalpy instead of temperature-dependent equations. Finally, the temperature history, phase change, and melting map at different points along the radial and axial directions of the fuel rod during coolant loss and heat transfer coefficient reduction are evaluated based on various operating parameters of the core. To enhance the quality of the results, an uncertainty analysis of effective parameters is conducted.According to this analysis, the heat transfer coefficient of the coolant under accident conditions (0.2 ± 5% kWm−2K−1) and the thermal conductivity of the fuel have the most significant impact on the temperature history and melting process. Highlights include the following:1. The meltdown of a nuclear fuel rod is analyzed under a loss-of-coolant accident.2. The enthalpy formula is discretized by the explicit FD numerical method.3. Effective parameters in melting, such as coolant temperature, burnup, and gap heat transfer coefficient, are obtained by FRAPCON.4. The temperature history, phase changes, and melting map of various radial points within the fuel pellet and cladding along the axial direction of the fuel rod are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effects of Newtonian heating along with heat generation, and thermal radiation on magnetohydrodynamic Casson fluid over a vertical plate. At the boundary, the Newtonian heating phenomena has been employed. The problem is split into two sections for this reason: momentum equation and energy equations. To transform the equations of the given model into dimensionless equations, some particular dimensionless parameters are defined. In this article, generalized Fourier’s law and the recently proposed Caputo Fabrizio fractional operator are applied. The corresponding results of non-dimensional velocity and heat equations can be identified through the application of Laplace transform. Moreover, Tzou’s algorithm as well as Stehfest’s algorithm is implemented to recognize the inverted Laplace transform of heat and momentum equations. Finally, a graphical sketch is created using Mathcad 15 software to demonstrate the results of numerous physical characteristics. It has been reported that the heat and velocity drop with rising Prandtl number values, whereas the fluid’s velocity has been seen to rise with increasing Grashof number values. Additionally, current research has shown that flow velocity and temperature increase with rising values of a fractional parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of the study group focused on the following main topics related to the performance of 1- and 2-piece ceramic implants: defining bone-implant-contact percentages and its measurement methods, evaluating the pink esthetic score as an esthetic outcome parameter after immediate implantation, recognizing the different results of ceramic implant designs as redefined by the German Association of Oral Implantology, incorporating the patient report outcome measure to include satisfaction and improvement in oral health–related quality of life, and conducting preclinical studies to address existing gaps in ceramic implants. During the Joint Congress for Ceramic Implantology (2022), the study group evaluated 17 clinical trials published between 2015 and 2021. After extensive discussions and multiple closed sessions, consensus statements and recommendations were developed, incorporating all approved modifications. A 1-piece implant design features a coronal part that is fused to the implant body or interfaces with the postabutment restoration platform, undergoing transmucosal healing. Long-term evaluations of this implant design are supported by established favorable clinical evidence. Inaccuracies in the pink esthetic score and bone-implant-contact percentages were managed by establishing control groups for preclinical studies and randomizing clinical trials. The patient-reported outcome measures were adjusted to include an individual visual analog scale, collected from each clinical study, that quantified improved oral health and quality of life. Preclinical investigations should focus on examining the spread of ceramic debris and the impact of heat generation on tissue and cellular levels during drilling. Further technical advancements should prioritize wound management and developing safe drilling protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a widely employed welding process, in which advancing and rotational speeds consitute critical parameters shaping the welding outcome and affecting the temperature evolution. This work develops an experimental methodology to identify optimal FSW parameters based on real-time temperature measurement via a thermocouple integrated within the tool. Different rotational and welding speeds were tested on AA5083-H111 and AA6082-T6. Our results underscore the importance of attaining a minimum temperature threshold, specifically 0.65 times the solidus temperature, to ensure high-quality welds are reached. The latter are defined by combining temperature measurements with joint quality information obtained from cross-sectional views. Our research contributes to advancing the efficiency and effectiveness of friction stir welding in industrial settings. Furthermore, our findings suggest broad implications for the manufacturing industry, offering practical insights for enhancing weld quality and process optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the thermal behavior of a longitudinal fin considering three types of heat transfer mechanisms (conduction, convection, and radiation) is investigated. For this research, thermal conductivity, heat source, and heat transfer coefficient are assumed nonindependent. A semianalytical scheme called the Galerkin Method is utilized for solving the dimensionless governing equation. The impacts of important physical variables like Peclet number, gradient of thermal conductivity, thermo‐geometric parameter, and radiation–conduction parameter on temperature profiles are analyzed comprehensively. The obtained results indicate that raising the thermo‐geometric parameter from 0 to 2 leads to a 32% reduction in the temperature profile. Also from the results, it can be found that a 28% increment in the temperature is observed by changing the gradient of thermal conductivity from 0 to 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the combined impact of convective boundary conditions, thermal conductivity, and magnetohydrodynamic on the flow of a tangent hyperbolic nanofluid across the stratified surface. Furthermore, the ramifications of Brownian motion, thermophoresis, and activation energy were considered. Heat generation, chemical reactions, mixed convection, thermal conductivity, and other elements were considered when analyzing heat transfer phenomena. The governing equations were converted via similarity transformations into non-dimensional ordinary differential equations in order to analyze the system. Using the shooting method, the problem’s solution was determined. We showed the mathematical significance of the temperature, concentration profiles, and velocity of each fluid parameter. These profiles were thoroughly described and shown graphically. The findings demonstrated that as the Weissenberg number and magnetic number increased, the fluid velocity profile decreased. Higher heat generation and thermophoresis parameters resulted in an increase in the temperature profile. Higher Brownian motion and Schmidt parameter values resulted in a drop in the concentration profile. Tables were used to discuss the numerical values of skin friction (Cfx), Nusselt number (Nux), and Sherwood number (Shx). For the greater values of Weissenberg number and mixed convection parameters, skin friction numerical values fell while Nusselt numbers rose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the properties of a binder based on high-calcium fly ash and silica fume with a complex additive consisting of calcium nitrate and magnesium chloride. The strength characteristics, the characteristics of the hydration process, and the phase composition of the hydration products of the binder were investigated. Silica fume was used to suppress the expansion of fly ash during hydration. A complex additive (CA) consisting of Ca(NO3)2 and MgCl2 provided a higher strength of binder than each of these salts separately. When testing a mortar with sand, the CA additive ensured that the strength of the specimens was 43.5% higher than the strength of the mortar with the addition of Ca(NO3)2 and 7.5% higher than the strength of the mortar with the MgCl2 additive. Calcium nitrate greatly accelerated the process of heat release in the first 60 min of binder hydration, and subsequently, conversely, slowed it down. The addition of MgCl2 gave a significantly greater thermal effect than Ca(NO3)2. When the two salts acted together, even a small fraction of magnesium chloride (0.2 of CA) compensated for the retarding effect of calcium nitrate and provided heat release for the binder that was almost as good as that of MgCl2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat transport analysis corresponded to converging/diverging consideration has attained the attensions because of engineering and industrial utilization. Typical examples encompass cold drawing operation in polymer industry, enhancement of rate of heat transport during process of heat exchangers for milk flowing, molten polymers extrusion via converging dies, processing plants, power stations, and numerous others. Due to this fact, the present analysis has been established. The current research describes the hybrid nanofluid flow through convergent/divergent channel in the regime of hydromagnetic phenomenon. Here, water based nanoparticles i.e., graphene oxide and polystyrene are considered. Heat transport under the viscous dissipation and heat generation/ absorption is evaluated. Velocity slip condition is also imposed on channel wall. Suitable variables are employed to get strong form of non-dimensional coupled equations which are solved by using homotopic analytical technique. The results for velocity and temperature against pertinent parameters are analyzed through graphs. Effects of skin friction and Nusselt numbers are presented through graphs. The current investigation tells us that surface drag has diminished for Reynolds and Hartmann number. Furthermore, dissipative factor intensifies the heat transport rate. Owing by such applications, the present examination has been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work analyzes the impact of viscous dissipation on an unstable stretching surface in a porous medium with heat generation and thermal radiation—an important factor for numerous engineering applications like cooling baths and plastic sheets. Using MATLAB's Runge-Kutta fourth-order approach, the controlling partial differential equations are converted into highly nonlinear ordinary differential equations that can be solved numerically. The findings show that a decrease in the skin friction coefficient, temperature profiles, velocity, and Nusselt number occurs when the unsteadiness parameter is increased. In contrast to the Prandtl number, which rises with temperature profile and reduced Nusselt number, the Eckert number rises with a dimensionless temperature profile and reduced Nusselt number. Reduced Nusselt number and temperature profile affect the heat generation parameter; a decrease in skin friction coefficient and velocity profile correlate with the porosity parameter. Furthermore, the radiation parameter rises as the temperature distribution and Nusselt number decrease.

The current investigation aims at to examine the effect of radiation absorption, heat generation and Dufour number on MHD Casson fluid flow past an exponentially accelerated vertical plate in a porous medium with chemical reaction. The governing equations for momentum, energy and concentration are solved by implementing the Laplace transformation method. Skin friction, rate of heat transfer and rate of mass transfer expressions are also extracted and depicted in tabular form. Investigation simulates that Casson parameter diminished the fluid velocity, whereas energy flux due to a mass concentration gradient improves the temperature field of the flow problem. In addition to this, temperature field is observed to be developed under the influence of radiation absorption and heat generation. Furthermore, the effects of different non-dimensional parameters on velocity field, temperature fluid and species concentration are exhibited graphically.

A major challenging proffered study rely on the inquisitive optimization of entropy together with thermal as well as mass transportation towards the chemically reactive 3-D Prandtl liquid under consideration of applied magnetic field, variable thermal conductivity and also diffusivity, hall current together with ion slip features, viscous dissipation and heat generation. Moreover, in present research study, model such as Cattaneo Christov heat flux was implemented in order to explore the thermal relaxation characteristics. By employing correspondence transformations, the system of modeled equations modified into non-linear ODEs system. The Optimal Homotopy Analysis methodology (OHAM) was adopted to solve the proffered problem. The influential arising constraints demeanor within both velocities (horizontal as well as vertical), temperature and concentration profiles were discussed and also shown graphically. Moreover, outcomes of diverse parameters were also examined and presented graphically within the entropy formation rate and also Bejan number. The effects of implanted factors across the drag force, the rate of thermal as well as mass transportation are accessible in current study via tables and validate the obtained results. Both velocity profiles (horizontal as well as vertical) decreased for increment in Hartman number whilst opposite demeanor seen for other considered constraints. Temperature profile drops for Prandtl number and elastic constraints whereas enhanced for other influential considered parameters whilst concentration profile augmented with Prandtl number. Present problem novelty relies on the modeling of comprehensive system of equations which modified into nonlinear ODEs. In order to obtain the solution numerically, technique such as Optimal Homotopy was opted.

The combined effects of diffusion-thermo and radiative absorption on free convective hydromagnetic heat-generating chemically reactive flow of Cu-water nanofluid past an instantaneously accelerated unlimited vertical plate nested in a porous medium are investigated. A comparative analysis is executed for both isothermal and ramped conditions. The set of transformed domain equations has been obtained using a closed form of the Laplace transform method with the help of the Heaviside step function. Graphical and tabular explanations are provided for the physical characteristics of several flow parameters affecting the problem. Graphs are generated using MATLAB computing software. Findings of the problem manifest that the diffusion-thermo parameter and the radiation absorption parameter intensify the velocity and fluid temperature in the entire fluid area. This augmentation is most prominent for copper nanoparticles. Concentration, temperature, and velocity profiles in the case of ramped conditions are less than in isothermal conditions. Furthermore, the ramped parameter amplifies the heat transfer rate while reversing the mass transfer rate. It is also established that the volume concentration of nanoparticles enhances the heat transfer rate. The present study is of great interest in numerous fields of industry and machine-building applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the combined impact of convective boundary conditions, thermal conductivity, and magnetohydrodynamic on the flow of a tangent hyperbolic nanofluid across the stratified surface. Furthermore, the ramifications of Brownian motion, thermophoresis, and activation energy were considered. Heat generation, chemical reactions, mixed convection, thermal conductivity, and other elements were considered when analyzing heat transfer phenomena. The governing equations were converted via similarity transformations into non-dimensional ordinary differential equations in order to analyze the system. Using the shooting method, the problem's solution was determined. We showed the mathematical significance of the temperature, concentration profiles, and velocity of each fluid parameter. These profiles were thoroughly described and shown graphically. The findings demonstrated that as the Weissenberg number and magnetic number increased, the fluid velocity profile decreased. Higher heat generation and thermophoresis parameters resulted in an increase in the temperature profile. Higher Brownian motion and Schmidt parameter values resulted in a drop in the concentration profile. Tables were used to discuss the numerical values of skin friction ($ {C}_{fx} $), Nusselt number ($ {Nu}_{x} $), and Sherwood number ($ S{h}_{x} $). For the greater values of Weissenberg number and mixed convection parameters, skin friction numerical values fell while Nusselt numbers rose.

Inertia friction welding (IFW) is a robust joining technique, particularly for hybrid structures composed of similar or dissimilar alloys. The highly transient thermal responses during friction heating produce variations in heat generation and temperature distribution, which are crucial for designing and controlling the IFW process. This study establishes a finite element (FE) model of the IFW process for dissimilar superalloys and investigates the transition of the interfacial friction regime and its impact on the transient thermal responses. The in-process state variables, including the frictional stress and heat flux, along with their spatial distributions at the welding interface, are obtained through FE simulations. The predicted results indicate that the transient transition of the friction regime produces two Coulomb friction zones accompanied by a shear friction zone. To capture the transient evolution of the friction regime, a novel phenomenological formula is developed. This model accurately predicts the shrinkage and disappearance of the two Coulomb friction zones and the enhancement of the shear friction zone from the initial 0.42 R0–0.87 R0 (where R0 is the workpiece radius) to the entire interface during the IFW process. The variations in interfacial heat flux, frictional stress, and temperature caused by the transition of the friction regime are comprehensively analyzed. Our results reveal that the transition from the Coulomb friction regime to shear friction regime at the interface is beneficial for temperature homogenization at the welding interface. The FE simulation results are validated against published experimental measurements, which confirms the accuracy and reliability of the FE model.

The development of competition in the heat energy markets with main heating networks is possible on the basis of the organization of unilateral heat auctions between heat producers. A prerequisite for opening competition in the heat energy markets is the separation of heat generation and heat networks, as well as the provision of regulated access to heat networks for independent producers. In terms of time segmentation, it is advisable to introduce: annual auctions, where basic heat needs are being contracted; monthly auctions – for peak needs, and daily auctions – for hourly imbalances. The article proposes organizational and technological regulations for conducting annual heat auctions, which should cover 80–90% of heat needs. Heat auctions should function according to the declared pricing method, where the producers who are the auction winners receive income for the contracted volumes of heat generation at a given price, while consumers pay a single weighted average price. Heat auctions operate under centralized dispatching, which provides for the coordination of physical and commercial heat energy flows, taking into account the technical specifics of heat networks. The article substantiates variants of economic and mathematical models of auction pricing in the heat energy market with different configurations of heat networks. As such a configuration, are considered heating networks with: 1) unlimited flow connections; 2) insulated heat producers; 3) system restrictions on throughput capacities within the heating area; 4) one-way and 5) two-way flows between adjacent heating areas. Establishment of a fair price for heat energy is reduced to solving the function of minimizing the weighted average price of heat energy for consumers under the following conditions: a) full satisfaction of consumer demand for thermal energy; b) technical capabilities of heat generation; c) connections and throughput capacities of heating networks within the heating area; d) directions of flows and capacity between adjacent heating areas. Each heat network represents a unique configuration of these conditions, therefore, the solution of the economic and mathematical problem of setting the auction price for heat energy will be different in each local heat market. Approbation of the proposed approach proves that with a large number of regulatory and systemic restrictions within the heating area, the price of thermal energy will increase, while bilateral flows of thermal energy between adjacent heating areas lead to a decrease in the price of thermal energy. The proposed methodological aspects of auction pricing for thermal energy should be introduced in large and medium-sized settlements with trunk networks, which will allow independent heat producers who work on renewable energy sources or have excess and waste heat to integrate into the market, contributing to the decarbonization of the city and the country as a whole.

AbstractUnderstanding heat generation mechanisms during fast charging is essential for designing and optimizing lithium-ion batteries. In this study, we have formulated a three-dimensional electrochemical-thermal coupling model for pouch lithium-ion batteries. The model is validated by the experimental results based on the distribution of temperature, current, and voltage. We investigate the effects of charging rate, active material coating thickness, and current collector thickness (each at three levels) on heat generation and temperature distribution. The electrodes account for most of the total heat generation (87.5% with a 2.5C charging rate), and the percentage decreases as the charging rate increases. The heat generated at the negative electrode is slightly higher than that at the positive electrode. Reversible heat is the main heat source at a low charging rate, and it decreases as the charging rate rises. The effects of battery component thicknesses on thermal behaviors under fast charging are significant. The overall battery temperature increases by 11.5 K as the positive electrode thickness increases from 40 to 70 µm due to the rise in ohmic resistance and polarization resistance within the electrode. The increased ohmic resistance in the separator and the current collector raises the temperature. Reducing the thickness of the current collector by 33% resulted in a doubling of heat generation from the current collectors. Yet, it had minimal impact on the overall temperature of the battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to investigate the performance of a thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles (EVs) by utilizing a helical coiled pulsating heat pipe (HC-PHP) combined with a hybrid nanofluid consisting of Al2O3–MWCNT–ethylene glycol. The experimental investigation focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of this system under various operating conditions. The outcomes of this study will provide valuable insights into the influence of thermal management on power output, driving range, and safety of EVs. During a continuous discharge process at room temperature of 25 °C and discharge rates of 1C, 2C, and 3C, the lithium-ion battery's temperature remains below 42 °C, ensuring that it does not exceed the specified safety limit. Additionally, the maximum temperature gradient across the battery, which indicates temperature variation within the battery, remains below 2 °C. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the thermal management system in maintaining safe and uniform temperature distribution during high-discharge operations. The observed results provide strong evidence for the exceptional heat dissipation capabilities of the thermal management system utilizing HC-PHP and an Al2O3–MWCNT–ethylene glycol-based nanofluid. The system effectively minimizes temperature gradient and enhances thermal uniformity across the battery surface. As a result, the HC-PHP ensures optimal performance of the lithium-ion battery by maintaining temperatures within the desired range of 20–50 °C, which is crucial for its reliable operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study investigates the influence of heat flow due to a concentration gradient on unsteady Newtonian free convective magnetohydrodynamic heat and mass transform dissipative fluid flow over a heated normal porous plate in the presence of radiation absorption and chemical reaction. The plate temperature is assumed to fluctuate in a spanwise cosinusoidal manner over a time and exhibit heat generation with suction velocity. The analysis employs the multiple regular perturbation method to evaluate the governing equations under stipulated boundary conditions. The outcomes are visually depicted to assess the impact of various parameters on the system dynamics. Graphical representations illustrate the physical significance of various parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration. Additionally, skin friction, mass transfer rate, and heat transfer coefficients are presented in tabular form. The significant findings indicate that velocity, temperature, and skin friction are directly proportional to parameters such as radiation absorption, heat generation, and heat flux due to a chemical potential gradient, whereas Sherwood and concentration are inversely proportional to the Schmidt number and chemical reaction. The outcomes obtained in this study have been cross-referenced with existing scientific literature, demonstrating strong concordance. This alignment provides confidence in the numerical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the impact of multi-nanoparticles on the entropy generation where heat transfer in Oldroyd-B fluid is subjected to Joule heating and heat generation. C 2 H 6 O 2 is assumed to obey the constitutive behavior in the context of the Oldroyd-B model. Three types of nanoparticles ( Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 and SiO 2 ) are assumed to be dispersed simultaneously in C 2 H 6 O 2 . The numerical scheme is used for the numerical simulations and simulations are observed and various predictions are made. The dynamics of entropy generation versus relaxation and retardation times. Momentum relaxation time is helpful in controlling entropy generation. It is also observed that C 2 H 6 O 2 with Al 2 O 3 has minimum entropy generation relative to C 2 H 6 O 2 with Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 and C 2 H 6 O 2 with Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 and SiO 2 . Relative to hybrid and mono-nanoparticles, the highest wall shear stresses are noticed in C 2 H 6 O 2 with tri-nanoparticles is observed. Momentum retardation time enhances entropy generation. Therefore, it is recommended not to use fluid with Oldroyd-B behavior in mechanisms where entropy generation is not required. In mechanisms where entropy generation is not required, the base fluid or nanofluid should not be heat-generating because heat generation helps in enhancing the generation of entropy. However, heat-absorbing fluid would be favorable for the minimization of entropy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is concerned with the boundary layer formations over a deforming plane heated surface in a viscoelastic fluid having temperature-dependent physical properties. Viscoelastic fluid obeys a well-accepted Jeffrey fluid model that characterizes both relaxation and retardation times phenomena. Mathematical modeling is performed by considering exponential variations in viscosity, thermal conductivity, relaxation time, and retardation time with temperature. Transport equations are formulated under the aforesaid assumption and are solved for self-similar solutions using a numerical scheme. Solutions are utilized to generate streamlines and isotherms in both Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids. The momentum and thermal layers are specifically scrutinized for various controlling parameters. Illustrative results are included reflecting the consequences of variable physical properties on the induced viscoelastic fluid motion and accompanying heat transfer. In addition, skin friction factor for Jeffrey fluid with variable properties is evaluated and described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the rotating welding process of Chinese fir (Keteleeriafortunei) in Guizhou, China, was systematically analyzed. The effects of rotating welding conditions, including the dowel-to-guide hole diameter ratio, welding time, depth, base surface, angle, and dowel type, on the performance of welded Chinese fir were explored. Moreover, the physical and chemical changes oftheChinese fir interface during welding were revealed by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results indicated the following: (1) The rotating welding technology can quickly achieve a strong connection between wood through friction heat without chemical adhesives and compared with traditional wood connection technology such as gluing or mechanical fixing;it has the advantages of simple operation, high production efficiency; and environmental friendliness. (2) Aftertherotating welding, the wood underwent significant pyrolysis, especially the degradation of hemicellulose. The heat generated in the welding process caused good melting and mechanical interlocking between the dowel and the wall of the guide hole, but it was also accompanied by afriction loss of the dowel and the substrate. (3) The welding parameters affected the wood's connection strength and stability by altering heat production, distribution, transfer, and frictional losses. The impact of the dowel-to-guide hole diameter ratio had a great influence on the connection strength. When the diameter ratio was 1:0.7, the tensile strength was the highest, reaching 2.27 MPa. (4) The analyses of XPS, FTIR, XRD, and SEM proved thatthechemical composition changes at the interface, leading to a more structured crystalline bond and enhanced connection strength due to fiber entanglement and interlocking. This research providesatheoretical and experimental basis forthefurther innovation and development of wood processing technology and provides a new technical path forthegreen manufacturing of wood structure buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we examine four models—a rotating cone with a stationary disc, a stationary cone with a revolving disc, a co-rotating cone-disc, and a counter-rotating cone-disc—to determine the role of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) natural convective flow of hybrid nanofluid and heat transfer in a small gap between cone and disc. An amalgamation of two nanoparticles magnesium oxide M g O and copper oxide C u O is used in water H 2 O . The computations of the proposed model were limited to Reynolds number 12 with a corresponding conical angle at α = 4 ∘ . The temperature of a disc surface varies radially. An innovative aspect of the proposed framework is the convective flow of radiative hybrid nanofluid in the presence of buoyancy force and magnetic field. The governing three-dimensional momentum and energy equations are solved for velocity and temperature fields using befitting similarity transformations. The bvp4c technique has been applied. Graphs demonstrate the effect of dimensionless parameters on flow characteristics. Heat transfer rates are calculated at both the cone and disc surfaces for all four models and found that the co-rotation model produces a higher heat transfer rate at the cone surface. The proposed model has characteristics in solar thermal systems, electronics cooling, energy storage, biomedical, and waste heat recovery. This study has been validated with prior research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emerging concept of hybrid nanofluids has grabbed the attention of researchers and scientists due to improved thermal performance because of their remarkable thermal conductivities. These fluids have enormous applications in engineering and industrial sectors. Therefore, the present research study examines thermal and mass transportation in hybrid nanofluid past an inclined linearly stretching sheet using the Maxwell fluid model. In the current problem, the hybrid nanofluid is engineered by suspending a mixture of aluminum oxide A l 2 O 3   and copper C u nanoparticles in ethylene glycol. The fluid flow is generated due to the linear stretching of the sheet and the sheet is kept inclined at the angle ζ = π / 6 embedded in porous medium. The current proposed model also includes the Lorentz force, solar radiation, heat generation, linear chemical reactions, and permeability of the plate effects. Here, in the current simulation, the cylindrical shape of the nanoparticles is considered, as this shape has proven to be excellent for the thermal performance of the nanomaterials. The governing equations transformed into ordinary differential equations are solved using MATLAB bvp4c solver. The velocity field declines with increasing magnetic field parameter, Maxwell fluid parameter, volume fractions of nanoparticles, and porosity parameter but increases with growing suction parameter. The temperature drops with increasing magnetic field force and suction parameter values but increases with increasing radiation parameter and volume fraction values. The concentration profile increases with increasing magnetic field parameters, porosity parameters, and volume fractions but reduces with increasing chemical reaction parameters and suction parameters. It has been noted that the purpose of the inclusion of thermal radiation is to augment the temperature that is serving the purpose in the current work. The addition of Lorentz force slows down the speed of the fluid and raises the boundary layer thickness, which is visible in the current study. It has been concluded that, when heat generation parameters increase, the temperature field increases correspondingly for both nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids. The increase in the volume fraction of the nanoparticles is used to enhance the thermal performance of the hybrid nanofluid, which is evident in the current results. The current results are validated by comparing them with published ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on exploring the significance of chemical reactions and thermal radiation on the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a Casson–Williamson nanofluid (CWNF) over a stretching sheet. The objective is to comprehend how these factors influence the flow and heat transfer. A mathematical model, comprising partial differential equations adjusted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) via utilizing some transformation. These ODEs are then tackled by MATLAB's BVP4C method, which is part of the finite difference technique. Results are verified by comparison with existing literature and are depicted visually and in tabular format. Additionally, the study explores the effects of external factors such as magnetic fields and the Lewis number on parameters like Nusselt number, friction factor, and Sherwood number. Furthermore, heat generation in MHD CWNF is analyzed, along with a thorough evaluation of heat transfer near a stretching sheet with a permeable layer. The findings suggest that growing Brownian motion factor (N b) and thermophoresis coefficient (N t) enhance the rate of heat transfer, signifying improved heat transfer rates. Similarly, higher N t values are associated with enhanced Sherwood numbers, indicating better mass transfer. Conversely, higher N b values lead in lower local Sherwood numbers. Physically, an increase in Brownian motion causes significant displacement of nanofluid particles, boosting their kinetic energy and thereby enhancing heat generation within the boundary layer. It is noted that the Eckert number (Ec) reflects the impact of different Ec values on temperature distribution. As Ec increases, there is a proportional increase in fluid temperature due to frictional heating, which stores heat energy within the fluid. This effect becomes more pronounced for non-linear stretching surfaces, demonstrating the response of the thermal region to viscous dissipation. Viscous dissipation has the potential to enhance convective heat transfer, leading to amplified temperature distribution and thickening of the thermal layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An induced magnetic field is produced owing to an electric current flowing through the conductor. The induced magnetic field and the length of the conductor are in direct proportion. The current study examines the comparison of Yamada-Ota and Xue thermal conductivity models for a mixed convective hybrid nanoliquid flow through the permeable vertical channel influenced by an induced magnetic field. The projected model is supported by the combination of thermal radiation and heat generation and multiple slip conditions imposed on the walls. The Tiwari and Das model is adopted considering engine oil as a working liquid with immersed multiwalled and single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanoparticles. The unique combination of strength, conductivity, and other properties make CNTs a promising material for an extensive variety of applications. These governing partial differential equations undergo conversion to ordinary differential equations via the similarity transformation and are then numerically processed with the bvp4c technique of the MATLAB program. The outcomes are deliberated logically via illustrations and tables. It is perceived that fluid velocity is compromised by strengthening the induced magnetic field. Nevertheless, an opposing trend is witnessed for the enhanced values of the Prandtl number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn the present investigation, the onset of Marangoni convection in the flow of self-rewetting fluid over a stretching disk has been discussed. The self-rewetting fluid is considered to be electrically conducting and the flow problem is discussed under the influence of an induced magnetic field. The fluid flow is mainly induced due to two different mechanisms: (i) onset of Marangoni convection due to presence of temperature gradient along the liquid-gas interface and (ii) induction of magnetic field due to presence of an external magnetic field, which modifies the original field. The governing partial differential equations are written, following Navier-stokes equations and Prandtl boundary layer equation. With the use of similarity transformations, the governing equations are turned into a system of ordinary differential equations. Nonlinear systems of ordinary differential equations are solved by the bvp4c technique. The reciprocal of the magnetic Prandtl number diminishes the induced magnetic profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study encapsulated the research methodology utilized in the flow behaviors of Williamson nanofluid and analyzed the associated mass heat transfer. The study concentrated on examining the magnetohydrodynamic behavior of nanofluids in the presence of heat generation effects and the inclusion of dissipative energy on a vertical nonlinear stretching surface submerged within a Darcy porous medium. The rationale for including variable viscosity and variable conductivity in this research was to precisely evaluate the mechanisms of heat and mass transfer, particularly with regard to the fluctuations in fluid properties. The objective was to enhance the understanding of how these varying properties impact the overall heat and mass transfer processes. The initial formulation of the phenomenon, initially presented as partial differential equations, was transformed into ordinary differential equations by employing appropriate dimensionless variables. The ultimate streamlined version of the model was then numerically solved utilizing the shooting method. By employing the numerical shooting method, we portrayed nanofluid patterns in velocity, temperature, and concentration fields, alongside essential parameters such as skin friction coefficient, Sherwood number, and Nusselt number. The significant key findings highlighted that both the porous parameter and the magnetic number increasingly affected temperature and concentration distributions. Additionally, increasing the thermophoresis parameter resulted in higher concentration and corresponding temperature levels. Graphical presentation and physical explanations were used for analysis, and the study's outcomes were compared to existing literature, affirming a strong agreement that validated the solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Soret-Dufour characteristics elaborate the phenomena of cross-diffusion where solutal gradients yield heat flux (Dufour aspect) and thermal gradients engender mass flux (Soret effect). Such consideration finds significance in multi-component fluid systems, influencing both heat-mass transportation processes. This study evaluates the porous medium characteristics in convectively heated tangent-hyperbolic nanomaterial driven by a magnetized convected cone. The analysis features Buongiorno nanomaterial model which accounts Brownian motion together with thermophoresis. Thermal transport expression which reports heat transfer characteristics is modeled by considering thermal radiation, convective thermal conditions and heat generation while mass transfer considers the chemical reaction effects. Dimensional expressions are converted into dimensionless forms deploying similarity transformations ensuing in a set of ODEs (ordinary differential expressions) which are computed by deploying bvp4c algorithm. Graphical and tabular behavior of velocity, nanoparticles concentration and temperature fields is inspected corresponding to related variables. This research highlights key findings, revealing a decrease in Nusselt number with increasing heat generation, Dufour parameter and thermophoresis parameter values while opposite trends are verified for radiation parameter values. The velocity function declines for escalating Weissenberg number, magnetic field and permeability parameters but it upsurges with material and buoyancy parameters.

Masking has become one of the most effective approaches for securing hardware designs against side-channel attacks. Regardless of the effort put into correctly implementing masking schemes on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), leakage can be unexpectedly observed. This is due to the fact that the assumption underlying all masked designs, i.e., the leakages of different shares are independent of each other, may no longer hold in practice. In this regard, extreme temperatures have been shown to be an important factor in inducing leakage, even in correctlymasked designs. This has previously been verified using an external heat generator (i.e., a climate chamber). In this paper, we examine whether the leakage can be induced using the circuit components themselves without making any changes to the design. Specifically, we target masked neural networks (NNs) in FPGAs, one of the main building blocks of which is block random access memory (BRAM). In this respect, thanks to the inherent characteristics of NNs, our novel internal heat generators leverage solely the memories devoted to storing the user’s input, especially when frequently writing alternating patterns into BRAMs. The possibility of observing first-order leakage is evaluated by considering one of the most recent and successful first-order secure masked NNs, namely ModuloNET. ModuloNET is specifically designed for FPGAs, where BRAMs are used to store inputs and intermediate computations. Our experimental results demonstrate that undesirable first-order leakage can be observed and exploited by increasing the temperature when an alternating input is applied to the masked NN. To give a better understanding of the impact of extreme heat, we further perform a similar test on the design using an external heat generator, where a similar conclusion can be drawn.

This research delves into Maxwell fluid flow's intricate fluid dynamics, as well as heat-mass transfer features over a porous horizontal plate. The investigation encompasses magnetohydrodynamics, heat generation, radiation, chemical reactions, and the influence of activation energy. Furthermore, the study integrates slip conditions for temperature, velocity, and concentration gradients at the interface between the fluid and solid surfaces. After formulating the governing equation with the abovementioned parameters, the partial differential equations are changed into ordinary ones through a similarity revolution. The results of the bvp4c solver in MATLAB provide significant insights into how various physical parameters interact and influence the flow dynamics and heat-mass transfer characteristics. This research's primary aim and objective is to comprehensively compare plots generated for different parameters under both no-slip and slip conditions by considering fixed values as Q = 0-0.3, Sc = 1–4, Ec = 0–1, Pr = 1–4, σ = 0–2, E = 0.1-0.7, λ = 0–2. The primary discoveries of this study indicate that with an increase in the power index, there is a decline in the concentration profile. In contrast, an increase in the activation energy leads to an elevation in this profile. An important revelation from this research is the significant decrease observed in the concentration profile as the activation energy parameter is raised.

This study encapsulated the research methodology utilized in the flow behaviors of Williamson nanofluid and analyzed the associated mass heat transfer. The study concentrated on examining the magnetohydrodynamic behavior of nanofluids in the presence of heat generation effects and the inclusion of dissipative energy on a vertical nonlinear stretching surface submerged within a Darcy porous medium. The rationale for including variable viscosity and variable conductivity in this research was to precisely evaluate the mechanisms of heat and mass transfer, particularly with regard to the fluctuations in fluid properties. The objective was to enhance the understanding of how these varying properties impact the overall heat and mass transfer processes. The initial formulation of the phenomenon, initially presented as partial differential equations, was transformed into ordinary differential equations by employing appropriate dimensionless variables. The ultimate streamlined version of the model was then numerically solved utilizing the shooting method. By employing the numerical shooting method, we portrayed nanofluid patterns in velocity, temperature, and concentration fields, alongside essential parameters such as skin friction coefficient, Sherwood number, and Nusselt number. The significant key findings highlighted that both the porous parameter and the magnetic number increasingly affected temperature and concentration distributions. Additionally, increasing the thermophoresis parameter resulted in higher concentration and corresponding temperature levels. Graphical presentation and physical explanations were used for analysis, and the study's outcomes were compared to existing literature, affirming a strong agreement that validated the solutions.

Abstract Background Dental implants can cause complications, including the loosening of the abutment screw or fracture. However, there is no standardized technique for removing broken abutment screws. This necessitates further research. Objective This study aimed to measure heat generation during screw removal to better understand its implications for dental implant procedures. Material and methods The experimental setup involved using synthetic bone blocks and titanium implants. An ultrasonically operated instrument tip was utilized for screw removal. Infrared thermometry was employed for accurate temperature measurement, considering factors such as emissivity and distance. Statistical analysis using linear regression and ANOVA was conducted. Results The findings revealed an initial rapid temperature increase during the removal process, followed by a gradual decrease. The regression model demonstrated a strong correlation between time and temperature, indicating the heat generation pattern. Conclusion Heat generation during screw removal poses risks such as tissue damage and integration issues. Clinicians should minimize heat risks through an intermittent approach. The lack of a standardized technique requires further research and caution. Understanding the generated heat optimizes implant procedures.

In this paper, the Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation scheme is used to develop a neural network model for the examination of the fluid flow on a magnetized flat surface with slip boundaries. The tangent hyperbolic fluid is considered along with heat generation, velocity, and thermal slip effects at the surface. The problem is modelled in terms of a non-linear differential system and Lie symmetry is used to get the scaling group of transformation. The order reduction of differential equations is done by using Lie transformation. The reduced system is solved by the shooting method. The surface quantity, namely skin friction, is evaluated at the surface for the absence and presence of an externally applied magnetic field. A total of 88 sample values are estimated for developing an artificial neural network model to predict skin friction coefficient (SFC). Weissenberg number, magnetic field parameter, and power law index are considered three inputs in the first layer, while 10 neurons are taken in the hidden layer. 62 (70%), 13 (15%), and 13 (15%) samples are used for training, validation, and testing, respectively. The Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation is used to train the network by entertaining the random 62 sample values. Both mean square error and regression analysis are used to check the performance of the developed neural networking model. The SFC is noticed to be high at a magnetized surface for power law index and Weissenberg number.

AbstractOne of the functions of a brake system is to reduce or maintain the speed of a vehicle. The braking process generally converts kinetic energy into heat. While a direct contact brake system functions using friction, a non-contact brake system such as an eddy current brake (ECB) relies on eddy currents. As repeated braking increases the temperature of the brake components, it decreases performance and, in extreme cases, can result in brake failure. In an ECB system, heat typically accumulates in the conductor material used to generate the braking force. When a conductor material is repeatedly subjected to excessive heat, its properties change affecting braking performance. This has prompted to the use of liquid- and air-based cooling in ECB systems, both of which have their respective advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, this present review extensively investigates the potential of using these refrigerants in various types of ECB systems.

In this paper, the transient model of a high energy density Lithium-ion pouch battery cell is developed under dynamic conditions. The battery cell has a capacity of 73 Ah and volumetric energy density of 642 Wh L−1. This is one of the few studies included the electro-thermal behaviour of high energy density battery under transient conditions by using second ordered model. The transient model indicated that the state of charge (SOC) decreased by 7 % at the end of the WLTP driving cycle and this value is good agreement with the experimental data. Moreover, the developed model provides an accurate prediction of the terminal voltage with a R2 value of 0.99 and a maximum relative error of 2.0 %. Furthermore, the proposed model predicts the electro-thermal characteristics more precisely and the heat generation rate and the entropic term can also be determined without using measurement device. The calculated total heat emitted from battery is about 6W at 1 C-rate for constant current and the heat generation rate is a peak value of ±1.75 105 Wm−3 under dynamic conditions. By using the estimated heat generation rate, more effective cold plates will be designed for thermal management of high energy density battery cells.

In this paper, the investigation centered on examining a Maxwell fluid’s convective double diffusive flow carefully considers factors such as chemical reactions, radiation, and the presence of a permeable moving flat plate. Additionally, the study encompassed the effects of heat generation and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). The governing equations, initially expressed as partial differential equations, were converted into ordinary differential equations using a similarity transformation technique to facilitate the analysis. The computational power of MATLAB’s BVP4C software was harnessed to solve this resultant system of ODEs efficiently. The outcomes of this investigation were presented in the form of graphical representations that vividly depicted the behavior of the flow field, energy conservation, and concentration profiles under various parameter combinations. The research findings were thoughtfully summarized in a table, offering a comprehensive overview of temperature, velocity, and mass profiles across various parameters. These parameters included the Deborah number, chemical reaction rate, Eckert number, Lewis number, Prandtl number, porosity parameter, and MHD parameter. A notable discovery emerging from this study was the inverse relationship observed between nondimensional concentration contours and the magnitude of the chemical reaction rate. Simultaneously, it was observed that higher values of the Maxwell fluid led to a rise in the thickness of the temperature boundary layer. These findings offer valuable insights into the intricate interplay of physical and chemical phenomena in convective flows involving complex fluid properties and boundary conditions. The temperature outline diminishes as the heat generation rate increases, while the concentration profile declines with an elevation in the chemical reaction rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation focused on a Maxwell fluid's convective double diffusive flow, considering the influences of chemical reaction radiation on a permeable moving horizontal plate. Factors like heat generation, Newtonian heating conditions, and the effect of MHD were also included in this study. The governing equations, presented as partial differential equations, are then transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) via similarity transformation approach. MATLAB's built-in software, BVP4C, was considered to solve the resulting system of ODEs. The obtained solutions were presented as graphical representations illustrating the flow field, energy conservation, and concentration behaviours for different parameter combinations. The targeted parameter here is to be taken as a Newtonian heating condition on the boundary, so the critical discovery from this study is the increase in nondimensional temperature contour and Nusselt number profile as the Newtonian heating effect value increased. The Sherwood number profile rose as the chemical reaction effect value increased. We have rigorously validated our work by comparing it to existing research, and the results have demonstrated a remarkably high degree of alignment. Consequently, we can confidently assert that our code is accurate and effectively aligned with this field's existing body of knowledge. This validation process reinforces the reliability and validity of our work, underlining its robustness and correctness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the changes in intrapulpal temperature between electric high‐speed handpieces of different coolant functions ('Water Jet' and 'Water Spray'), coolant port designs (1‐ and 4‐port), suction use, and bur and tooth types using an experimental in vitro setup. Materials and methods: Forty‐four extracted anterior and posterior teeth were collected. A total of 18 groove cuts (n = 18/coolant port spray design, bur and tooth type group) and 12 groove cuts (n = 12/tooth type and suction use) were completed, with a total of 264 groove cuts. Real‐time temperature and duration were recorded at 1‐s intervals throughout the preparation process using a thermocouple and digital data logger setup (GFX Data Logger Series and EL USB‐TC; Lascar Electronics Inc., USA), and the data retrieved using EasyLog Software (EasyLog USB; Lascar Electronics Inc., USA). Statistical analysis was performed (SPSS V.27) for the change in temperature using the analysis of variance and post hoc analysis. Results: The majority of the specimen cuts, regardless of tooth (anterior or posterior) and bur (diamond or carbide) types, handpiece coolant port design, and suction use showed an overall decreasing trend in intrapulpal temperature. No cuts caused a mean temperature change that reached the critical temperature of 42.5°C or resulted in an overall increase in intrapulpal temperature when the 60‐s duration was completed. Conclusions: The tested electric handpieces efficiently reduced intrapulpal temperature, with the majority displaying a decreasing trend. A greater decrease in intrapulpal temperature was observed in canines compared to premolars; carbide burs compared to diamond; and with no suction preparations compared to when suction was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation endorsed the convective flow of Carreau nanofluid over a stretched surface in presence of entropy generation optimization. The novel dynamic of viscous dissipation is utilized to analyze the thermal mechanism of magnetized flow. The convective boundary assumptions are directed in order to examine the heat and mass transportation of nanofluid. The thermal concept of thermophoresis and Brownian movements has been re-called with the help of Buongiorno model. The problem formulated in dimensionless form is solved by NDSolve MATHEMATICA. The graphical analysis for parameters governed by the problem is performed with physical applications. The affiliation of entropy generation and Bejan number for different parameters is inspected in detail. The numerical data for illustrating skin friction, heat and mass transfer rate is also reported. The motion of the fluid is highest for the viscosity ratio parameter. The temperature of the fluid rises via thermal Biot number. Entropy generation rises for greater Brinkman number and diffusion parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn this article, the behavior of the truncated conical shell subjected to thermomechanical loading in their inner and outer layers with internal heat generation source is investigated. The displacement field obeys kinematic of the first order shear deformation theory and the first-order temperature theory is used. Two-dimensional temperature analysis has been performed along the thickness and axis of the shell, which can be defined under various loading and thermomechanical boundary conditions. The set of governing equations is a system of differential equations with variable coefficients which are solved by using the analytical matched asymptotic expansion of the perturbations technique. The mentioned solution has little computational cost, therefore can be used well in parametric studies for optimization. It was shown, axial displacement is somehow independent of the radial axis and its maximum value occurs near the upper boundary. The conical shell has expanded in the radial direction. Also the maximum temperature happens approximately in the middle of the length of the conical shell. The parametric study showed, with the increase heat flux in the outer layer thereby expanding the area of heat application which would let more heat in than out. Also it was found, controlling the lifetime of the structure is the result of directing the cone angle. The results obtained from the analytical solution were compared with the Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis and the results of similar related articles, only to show a good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]