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In this study, the potential value of dried grape pomace (whole, seed, and skin) obtained from Fetească Neagră (FN) and Tămâioasă Românească (TR) as a source of secondary metabolites was evaluated following hydroethanolic extraction. The total polyphenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents of FN and TR extracts have been determined, along with their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The investigation of seeds and the whole pomace FN extracts revealed higher levels of polyphenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin content in comparison to those extracted from TR. Fifteen polyphenolic compounds were identified through ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) analysis. The most abundant concentrations of catechin and epicatechin were detected in seed and whole pomace extracts derived from both Romanian grape varieties. The antioxidant activity was higher in the whole pomace and skin extracts derived from FN than those derived from TR. The antimicrobial evaluation demonstrated that 15 out of 18 reference pathogenic bacteria exhibited low MIC and MBC values, indicating a strong antibacterial activity of FN and TR extracts. No anti-Candida activity was observed. It can be reasonably deduced that the Fetească Neagră and Tămâioasă Românească by-products represent a sustainable resource for the development of new functional ingredients for the pharmaceutical and food industries, in alignment with the principles of the circular bioeconomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skin is the largest organ in the human body and serves multiple functions such as barrier protection and thermoregulation. The maintenance of its integrity and healthy structure is of paramount importance. Accordingly, technological advances in cosmetic sciences have been directed towards optimizing these factors. Plant-derived ingredients have been explored for their bioactivity profiles and sustainable sources. Grape by-products contain a group of bioactive molecules that display important biological activities. Nonetheless, many of these molecules (e.g., phenolic compounds) are unstable and susceptible to degradation. So, their encapsulation using nano/microsystems (i.e., microdispersions) has been explored as a promising solution. In this work, two grape seed extracts were obtained, one from a single grape variety (GSE-Ov) and another from a mix of five grape varieties (GSE-Sv). These extracts were analysed for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, as well as their chemical composition and molecular structure. The extract that showed the most promising properties was GSE-Ov with a DPPH IC50 of 0.079 mg mL−1. This extract was encapsulated in soy lecithin microdispersions coated with pectin, with an encapsulation efficiency of 88.8%. They showed an in vitro release of polyphenols of 59.4% during 24 h. The particles displayed a zeta potential of −20.3 mV and an average diameter of 13.6 µm. Microdispersions proved to be safe under 5 and 2.5 mg mL−1 in HaCaT and HDF cell models, respectively. Additionally, they demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity against IL-1α when tested at 2 mg mL−1. This work enabled the valorisation of a by-product from the wine industry by using natural extracts in skincare products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recognition of the necessity for employing natural additives in animal feed has grown alongside the ban on antibiotics in the animal feed sector. Grapes, as well as by-products of the wine-making industry (grape marc and seed extracts), possess biologically active chemical constituents that can be used to improve animal production by incorporating them into animal feed. Grapes are a valuable resource of polyphenols, especially flavonoids, stilbenes and phenolic acids, most of them showing therapeutic or health-promoting properties. The purpose of this review is to elucidate the impact of polyphenols on animal gut health. The first section of the review discusses the chemical structure of the major polyphenols in grapes and the polyphenols' bioavailability and metabolism in pigs. The second and major part of the review reviews the results of investigations into the antioxidant, antimicrobial and prebiotic effects of grape polyphenols in pig diets, as well as their regulation of intestinal barrier functions through signalling pathways and intestinal responses. All of this is supported by previous research, findings and conclusions. There are fewer recorded pig studies, but the inclusion of up to 9% grape by-products resulted in improved performance with an increased mean daily gain. Ultimately, this analysis concluded that supplementation of pigs with grape phenolic compounds as natural feed additives enhanced their antioxidant capacity, improved humoral and cellular immune responses, and promoted gut ecosystem biodiversity and the overall production performance in pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Grapes and their associated by-products (such as grape pomace, GP) stand out for their polyphenol content, which makes them a source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant capacity. The aim of this research was to determine if the inclusion of 50 g/kg of GP in the diet of hens could enrich eggs with antioxidants and to study its effect on internal and external egg quality parameters. (2) Methods: A trial was conducted with two genetic lines of hens, which were fed either a control diet or a diet containing 50 g/kg of GP. Performance, internal and external egg quality, and egg yolk content of vitamins E and A and gallic acid were determined. (3) Results: In eggs laid by hens fed a GP diet, Haugh units and yolk color scores were enhanced, and eggshells became thinner, but without affecting the breaking strength. No dietary effect was observed on the vitamin contents of the yolk. A higher gallic acid content was observed in the yolks of eggs laid by hens fed the GP diet, suggesting that some dietary phenolic compounds could be transferred to the eggs. Hen genetics influenced egg weight, albumen Haugh units, shell thickness, and α- and γ-tocopherol concentration in yolks. (4) Conclusions: Dietary inclusion of GP improved the internal quality of eggs, enriching yolks with a phenolic compound but reducing shell thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenols are natural compounds with enhanced antioxidant properties. They are present in relatively high concentrations in fruit/vegetable by-products. Therefore, there is a need for the development of efficient and cost-effective methods for the separation and purification of these valuable compounds. Traditional extraction with organic solvents needs to be switched to novel methods that are more efficient, with reduced extraction times and low consumption of organic solvents. Aiming at developing sustainable processes for the separation and purification of phenolic compounds, we used three model compounds, namely resveratrol, quercetin, and gallic acid, to investigate ionic liquid-based aqueous biphasic systems (IL-ABSs) formed by choliniumbased IL in combination with polypropylene glycol with a molecular mass of 400 g/mol (PPG400). The ABS composition in the two-phase region was selected according to a previously determined phase diagram. Extraction studies indicated the preferential partition of resveratrol and quercetin toward the hydrophobic PPG-rich phase that is mainly dominated by its hydrophobic nature and the strong salting-out effect of ILs. On the other hand, due to its considerably hydrophilic nature, gallic acid preferentially migrates toward the IL phase. The achieved results from grape stem extract demonstrated high extraction efficiencies of cholinium dihydrogen phosphate (~99% for resveratrol for the PPG phase and 78% for gallic acid for the IL phase), with considerable selectivity, demonstrating promising outcomes for potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the potential value of dried grape pomace (whole, seed, and skin) obtained from Fetească Neagră (FN) and Tămâioasă Românească (TR) as a source of secondary metabolites was evaluated following hydroethanolic extraction. The total polyphenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents of FN and TR extracts have been determined, along with their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The investigation of seeds and the whole pomace FN extracts revealed higher levels of polyphenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin content in comparison to those extracted from TR. Fifteen polyphenolic compounds were identified through ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) analysis. The most abundant concentrations of catechin and epicatechin were detected in seed and whole pomace extracts derived from both Romanian grape varieties. The antioxidant activity was higher in the whole pomace and skin extracts derived from FN than those derived from TR. The antimicrobial evaluation demonstrated that 15 out of 18 reference pathogenic bacteria exhibited low MIC and MBC values, indicating a strong antibacterial activity of FN and TR extracts. No anti-Candida activity was observed. It can be reasonably deduced that the Fetească Neagră and Tămâioasă Românească by-products represent a sustainable resource for the development of new functional ingredients for the pharmaceutical and food industries, in alignment with the principles of the circular bioeconomy.

The skin is the largest organ in the human body and serves multiple functions such as barrier protection and thermoregulation. The maintenance of its integrity and healthy structure is of paramount importance. Accordingly, technological advances in cosmetic sciences have been directed towards optimizing these factors. Plant-derived ingredients have been explored for their bioactivity profiles and sustainable sources. Grape by-products contain a group of bioactive molecules that display important biological activities. Nonetheless, many of these molecules (e.g., phenolic compounds) are unstable and susceptible to degradation. So, their encapsulation using nano/microsystems (i.e., microdispersions) has been explored as a promising solution. In this work, two grape seed extracts were obtained, one from a single grape variety (GSE-Ov) and another from a mix of five grape varieties (GSE-Sv). These extracts were analysed for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, as well as their chemical composition and molecular structure. The extract that showed the most promising properties was GSE-Ov with a DPPH IC50 of 0.079 mg mL−1. This extract was encapsulated in soy lecithin microdispersions coated with pectin, with an encapsulation efficiency of 88.8%. They showed an in vitro release of polyphenols of 59.4% during 24 h. The particles displayed a zeta potential of −20.3 mV and an average diameter of 13.6 µm. Microdispersions proved to be safe under 5 and 2.5 mg mL−1 in HaCaT and HDF cell models, respectively. Additionally, they demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity against IL-1α when tested at 2 mg mL−1. This work enabled the valorisation of a by-product from the wine industry by using natural extracts in skincare products.

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) are inflammatory conditions characterized by bowel disruption and the involvement of the immune system and can be associated with the development of colorectal cancer. Conventional therapeutic approaches are based on administering drugs capable of modulating the inflammatory response; however, many patients are irresponsive to conventional therapies. Grapes are largely used in producing wine, juice, jam, and other products. However, the waste from the production process represents an environmental problem. On the other hand, grape by-products are rich in bioactive compounds such as proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, stilbenes, and flavonols. These compounds can help in the prevention or in treatment of several conditions such as IBD and colorectal cancer. Grape by-products can promote remarkable effects in reducing pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidative, and proliferative actions in IBD and CRC both in vivo and in vitro. These effects are related to the improvement of epithelial integrity, reduction of Disease Activity Index, mucosal barrier reinforcement, induction of strong chemopreventive actions, reduction of tumor incidence, and cell proliferation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grape by-products have already been used in cosmetics, food industries, but also animal feed industry, especially monogastrics and in aquaculture. Grape by-products have been studied for a long time and their principal activities are antimicrobial and antioxidant. Concerning aquaculture, the great demand and necessity to replace animal sources with vegetable ones, has placed grape by-products as possible new phytonutrients with beneficial properties. The purpose of this review is to describe the use of grape by-products in aquaculture, during the last decade, concerning their effects on: 1) gut health and welfare status; 2) growth performances; 3) quality of fillets and flesh during the rearing cycle and shelf-life products. Although other studies highlighted that the high supplementation of grape by-products could negatively affect fish health and growth, due to antinutritional factors (tannins), grape by-products are proven to be valuable phytonutrients that can be incorporated into fish feed to enhance growth and health during rearing conditions. Even in fish products, their utilization has proven to elongate the properties and shelf-life of fillets and minces. Further studies to evaluate the possible integrations or replacements with grape by-products in fish feed in order to evaluate their effectiveness in aquaculture from a sustainable circular economy perspective will be desirable to enhance the use of these products.

The recognition of the necessity for employing natural additives in animal feed has grown alongside the ban on antibiotics in the animal feed sector. Grapes, as well as by-products of the wine-making industry (grape marc and seed extracts), possess biologically active chemical constituents that can be used to improve animal production by incorporating them into animal feed. Grapes are a valuable resource of polyphenols, especially flavonoids, stilbenes and phenolic acids, most of them showing therapeutic or health-promoting properties. The purpose of this review is to elucidate the impact of polyphenols on animal gut health. The first section of the review discusses the chemical structure of the major polyphenols in grapes and the polyphenols’ bioavailability and metabolism in pigs. The second and major part of the review reviews the results of investigations into the antioxidant, antimicrobial and prebiotic effects of grape polyphenols in pig diets, as well as their regulation of intestinal barrier functions through signalling pathways and intestinal responses. All of this is supported by previous research, findings and conclusions. There are fewer recorded pig studies, but the inclusion of up to 9% grape by-products resulted in improved performance with an increased mean daily gain. Ultimately, this analysis concluded that supplementation of pigs with grape phenolic compounds as natural feed additives enhanced their antioxidant capacity, improved humoral and cellular immune responses, and promoted gut ecosystem biodiversity and the overall production performance in pigs.

(1) Background: Grapes and their associated by-products (such as grape pomace, GP) stand out for their polyphenol content, which makes them a source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant capacity. The aim of this research was to determine if the inclusion of 50 g/kg of GP in the diet of hens could enrich eggs with antioxidants and to study its effect on internal and external egg quality parameters. (2) Methods: A trial was conducted with two genetic lines of hens, which were fed either a control diet or a diet containing 50 g/kg of GP. Performance, internal and external egg quality, and egg yolk content of vitamins E and A and gallic acid were determined. (3) Results: In eggs laid by hens fed a GP diet, Haugh units and yolk color scores were enhanced, and eggshells became thinner, but without affecting the breaking strength. No dietary effect was observed on the vitamin contents of the yolk. A higher gallic acid content was observed in the yolks of eggs laid by hens fed the GP diet, suggesting that some dietary phenolic compounds could be transferred to the eggs. Hen genetics influenced egg weight, albumen Haugh units, shell thickness, and α- and γ-tocopherol concentration in yolks. (4) Conclusions: Dietary inclusion of GP improved the internal quality of eggs, enriching yolks with a phenolic compound but reducing shell thickness.

The post-weaning period is very stressful for piglets, leading to a transitory inflammation, alterations in the intestinal barrier, oxidative stress and a higher susceptibility to intestinal diseases with economic losses. The finding of new nutritional alternatives with anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant properties is a challenge in post-weaning piglet's nutrition. Of these strategies, those based on agro-industry wastes rich in bioactive compounds are promising, the increasing number of studies focusing on the use of these wastes as successful modulators of post-weaning – associated disturbances in piglets. This review describes the role of grape by-products in the modulation of inflammation, reinforcement of the intestinal barrier and their role as antioxidant factors. Also, their in-depth intracellular mechanisms of action related to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant properties are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grape by-products could be used in monogastric animals′ nutrition to reduce feeding costs with conventional crops (e.g., maize and soybean meal) and to improve meat quality. The main grape by-products with the largest expression worldwide, particularly in the Mediterranean region, are grape pomace, grape seed, grape seed oil and grape skins. These by-products are rich sources of bioactive polyphenols, dietary fiber and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), more specifically, the beneficial n-3 PUFA, that could be transferred to pork and poultry meat. The potential biological activities, mainly associated with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, make them putative candidates as feed supplements and/or ingredients capable of enhancing meat quality traits, such as color, lipid oxidation and shelf life. However, grape by-products face several limitations, namely, the high level of lignified cell wall and tannin content, both antinutritional compounds that limit nutrients absorption. Therefore, it is imperative to improve grape by-products' bioavailability, taking advantage of enzyme supplementation or pretreatment processes, to use them as feed alternatives contributing to boost a circular agricultural economy. The present review summarizes the current applications and challenges of using grape by-products from the agro-industrial sector in pig and poultry diets aiming at improving meat quality and nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Grape is one of the most produced fruits worldwide for juice and winery industries. Grape by-products include grape pomace, grape seed, and grape-seed oil, and are valuable, although underexplored, ingredients for pig and poultry feeding. Indeed, they are rich in fiber and bioactive phenolic compounds, which makes them promising sources to partially replace conventional and unsustainable feedstuffs. However, grape by-products are mostly discarded or misused (e.g., landfills) with a negative environmental impact. The present review focuses on the effects of grape by-products on poultry and pig production. Overall, these dietary sources could improve piglet growth when added up to 9% feed, conversely to poultry where this result was only obtained using by-products up to 3%. The beneficial effect on animal growth performance is caused by the presence of nutritional and bioactive compounds with consequent enhancement of intestinal health. The incorporation of high levels of grape by-products in poultry diets can impair growth performance due to the presence of anti-nutritional compounds. Therefore, the use of processes, such as enzymatic supplementation and pre-treatments, to degrade or inhibit these compounds, should be further explored to allow grape by-products to be used as feed ingredients for monogastric animals. Grape by-products are exceptional options for replacement of conventional and unsustainable feed sources, since large amounts are generated every year from the winery industry. However, the majority is wasted with severe environmental and economic consequences. The present review aimed to evaluate the effects of grape by-products on pig and poultry growth performance. The most recent literature was reviewed using ScienceDirect and PubMed databases and the results of a total of 16 and 38 papers for pigs and poultry, respectively, were assessed. Fewer studies are documented for pig, but the incorporation of grape by-products up to 9% feed led to an improvement in growth performance with an increase in average daily gain. Conversely, lower levels (<3% feed) are needed to achieve these results in poultry. The beneficial effects of grape by-products on animal performance are mainly due to their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and gut morphology modulator properties, but their high level of cell wall lignification and content of polyphenolic compounds (e.g., tannin) limits nutrient digestion and absorption by monogastric animals. The use of exogenous enzymes or mechanical/chemical processes can provide additional nutritional value to these products by improving nutrient bioavailability. Overall, the valorization of grape by-products is imperative to use them as feed alternatives and intestinal health promoters, thereby contributing to boost circular agricultural economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing interest in the valorization of wine waste by-products. Grape pomace/marc can be an important source of polyphenols but also of polysaccharides (PSs). Therefore, the aim of this work was to extract PSs from grape pomace and musts and incorporate them into wines to improve their quality and valorize these residues. Two white wines were elaborated and treated with four different PS extracts obtained from white grape pomace, white must, a wine purified extract rich in RG-II, and commercial inactivated yeasts. In general, the use of grape PSs extracted from grape pomace or must improve some characteristics of wine, increasing the polysaccharide and volatile concentrations. These PS extracts can be useful to modulate some taste attributes such as an excess of acidity and bitterness and can also prevent the loss of volatile compounds associated with fruity and floral notes over time. This is the first study that shows the effects of grape polysaccharides on the chemical composition and sensory characteristics of white wines. Considering the obtained results, the grape pomace and surplus of musts can be considered valuable sources to obtain polysaccharide-rich products, opening a new opportunity to take advantage of by-products from the wine industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was focused on the optimization of the pulsed electric fields (PEF)-assisted extraction process using central composite design for response surface methodology from response surface methodology (RSM) with the aim to sustainably intensify the extractability of phenolic compounds from white grape pomace. The cell disintegration index (Zp) was used as response variable to identify the optimal PEF pre-treatment conditions of grape pomace in terms of field strength (E = 0.5–5 kV/cm) and energy input (WT = 1–20 kJ/kg), to be applied prior to the subsequent solid-liquid extraction (SLE) process. for both untreated and PEF-treated samples SLE process was optimized to determine the most effective combination of extraction temperature (20–50°C), extraction time (30–300 min), and solvent concentration (0–100% ethanol in water). Total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (FC), and antioxidant activity (FRAP) of the obtained extracts were determined. The extracted compounds from untreated and PEF-treated samples at the optimal conditions were analyzed via HPLC-PDA analysis. Results revealed that, at a fixed extraction temperature (50°C), the application of PEF at optimal processing conditions (E = 3.8 kV/cm, WT = 10 kJ/kg) prior to SLE has the potential to reduce the solvent consumption (3–12%) and shorten the extraction time (23–103 min) to obtain the same recovery yield of phenolic compounds. Under optimized conditions, the extracts derived from PEF-treated samples showed significantly higher TPC (8%), FC (31%), and FRAP (36%) values, as compared to the control extraction. HPLC analyses revealed that epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, and quercetin were among the main phenolic compounds extracted, and no degradation phenomena occurred due to PEF application.

Grape by-products could be used in monogastric animals′ nutrition to reduce feeding costs with conventional crops (e.g., maize and soybean meal) and to improve meat quality. The main grape by-products with the largest expression worldwide, particularly in the Mediterranean region, are grape pomace, grape seed, grape seed oil and grape skins. These by-products are rich sources of bioactive polyphenols, dietary fiber and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), more specifically, the beneficial n-3 PUFA, that could be transferred to pork and poultry meat. The potential biological activities, mainly associated with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, make them putative candidates as feed supplements and/or ingredients capable of enhancing meat quality traits, such as color, lipid oxidation and shelf life. However, grape by-products face several limitations, namely, the high level of lignified cell wall and tannin content, both antinutritional compounds that limit nutrients absorption. Therefore, it is imperative to improve grape by-products’ bioavailability, taking advantage of enzyme supplementation or pretreatment processes, to use them as feed alternatives contributing to boost a circular agricultural economy. The present review summarizes the current applications and challenges of using grape by-products from the agro-industrial sector in pig and poultry diets aiming at improving meat quality and nutritional value.

Grape by-products are exceptional options for replacement of conventional and unsustainable feed sources, since large amounts are generated every year from the winery industry. However, the majority is wasted with severe environmental and economic consequences. The present review aimed to evaluate the effects of grape by-products on pig and poultry growth performance. The most recent literature was reviewed using ScienceDirect and PubMed databases and the results of a total of 16 and 38 papers for pigs and poultry, respectively, were assessed. Fewer studies are documented for pig, but the incorporation of grape by-products up to 9% feed led to an improvement in growth performance with an increase in average daily gain. Conversely, lower levels (

There is an increasing interest in the valorization of wine waste by-products. Grape pomace/marc can be an important source of polyphenols but also of polysaccharides (PSs). Therefore, the aim of this work was to extract PSs from grape pomace and musts and incorporate them into wines to improve their quality and valorize these residues. Two white wines were elaborated and treated with four different PS extracts obtained from white grape pomace, white must, a wine purified extract rich in RG-II, and commercial inactivated yeasts. In general, the use of grape PSs extracted from grape pomace or must improve some characteristics of wine, increasing the polysaccharide and volatile concentrations. These PS extracts can be useful to modulate some taste attributes such as an excess of acidity and bitterness and can also prevent the loss of volatile compounds associated with fruity and floral notes over time. This is the first study that shows the effects of grape polysaccharides on the chemical composition and sensory characteristics of white wines. Considering the obtained results, the grape pomace and surplus of musts can be considered valuable sources to obtain polysaccharide-rich products, opening a new opportunity to take advantage of by-products from the wine industry.

This study is oriented to the effect of the incorporation of grape skins and grape seeds (0, 5, 10, and 15% to weight of flour) obtained from a red grape on the rheological properties of wheat dough, and on qualitative parameters and sensory properties of the prepared cookies.

This research is dedicated to the valorization of wine industry residual products as a source of valuable compounds of interest to the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Whole grape seeds and grape pomace of organic Mavrud of Bulgarian origin, harvested in 2016 were used. The aqueous ethanolic extracts were prepared by three different techniques: conventional extraction via magnetic stirring, ultrasound-assisted extraction (US) and microwave-assisted extraction (MW). Microwaves seemed to be more efficient in extracting the desired substances through the hard shell of the seeds. The polyphenolic content of the seed extracts, expressed as GAE (gallic acid equivalent) was remarkably higher: 58.57 mg GAE g-1 dw (first stage of MW-assisted extraction) compared to the conventional extraction with a magnetic stirrer - 7.03 mg GAE g-1 dw. The results obtained for the US extraction were similar - 49.73 mg GAE g-1 dw, but the processing time in the microwave field was considerably shorter. The US-assisted extraction was not so convenient for the grape pomace extracts - 20.47 mg GAE g-1 dw were obtained for 240 min, compared to 75.02 mg GAE g-1 dw for 20 min in the microwave field. Three analyzes were performed to determine the total polyphenolic content, antioxidant activity and anthocyanin content. The MW-assisted extraction was the most suitable for leaching of polyphenolic compounds and the extracts exhibited a higher antioxidant activity. Contrarily it has been observed that the anthocyanin content of the extracts produced via MW-assisted extraction was lower compared to the conventional and US-assisted techniques. Both techniques revealed time and energy-saving and are considered as eco-procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grape by-products have already been used in cosmetics, food industries, but also animal feed industry, especially monogastrics and in aquaculture. Grape by-products have been studied for a long time and their principal activities are antimicrobial and antioxidant. Concerning aquaculture, the great demand and necessity to replace animal sources with vegetable ones, has placed grape by-products as possible new phytonutrients with beneficial properties. The purpose of this review is to describe the use of grape by-products in aquaculture, during the last decade, concerning their effects on: 1) gut health and welfare status; 2) growth performances; 3) quality of fillets and flesh during the rearing cycle and shelf-life products. Although other studies highlighted that the high supplementation of grape by-products could negatively affect fish health and growth, due to antinutritional factors (tannins), grape by-products are proven to be valuable phytonutrients that can be incorporated into fish feed to enhance growth and health during rearing conditions. Even in fish products, their utilization has proven to elongate the properties and shelf-life of fillets and minces. Further studies to evaluate the possible integrations or replacements with grape by-products in fish feed in order to evaluate their effectiveness in aquaculture from a sustainable circular economy perspective will be desirable to enhance the use of these products., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

The aim of this study was to find the effect of dried grape pomace (GP) feeding on the nutrients digestibility coefficients and biochemical parameters of sheep blood serum. The experiment was divided into three feeding periods—C (control), GP1 (1% grape pomace concentration), and GP2 (2% grape pomace concentration). Wethers in three groups in balance cages were housed for right feces collection. The C feed diet consisted of hay, ground wheat, soybean meal, mineral and vitamin lick. An experimental diet with 1% and 2% addition of GP from the daily dry matter intake was fed. After that, digestibility coefficients (in %) were calculated by the difference between nutrient intake and excretion. Furthermore, in the wethers’ blood, biochemical parameters (mineral, energetic, nitrogen, and enzymatic profile) were analyzed. After the GP2 feeding, statistically significant higher digestibility of CP (crude protein), NFC (nonfiber carbohydrates), NDF (neutral detergent fiber), and OM (organic matter) was found. However, the addition of dried GP increased significantly the content of Cl− and decreased the value of glucose, nevertheless, their concentrations were within the reference interval. Parameters of the wethers’ blood serum nitrogen and enzymatic profile were not affected by GP feeding. Dried grape pomace in an amount of 2% diet dry matter can be considered a suitable source of nutrients in sheep feeding, which in addition should improve the digestibility of diet crude protein.

Summary: Overripe seeds are wine by‐products from grapes submitted to postharvest sun drying, which induce phenolic biosynthesis and polymerisation. Overripe seeds from Pedro Ximénez (PX) and Moscatel (MO) sun‐dried grapes were compared as copigments sources to modulate grape anthocyanin (GA) colour and stability in simulated wine conditions. RRLC/MS analysis proved that overripe seeds contain specific phenolic mixtures capable of inducing positive quantitative and qualitative colour changes in GAs, evidenced by differential colorimetry. Copigmentation effects significantly varied depending on the overripe seed variety, related to their qualitative phenolic composition and content. MO extracts richer in gallic acid, catechin and procyanidin B1 led to the stronger colour intensification and perceptible qualitative changes. PX extracts richer in epicatechin, procyanidins B2, B2‐GAL and B7 behaved as weak copigments. Overripe seed copigments preserved better GAs colour stability during storage leading to the formation of new anthocyanin‐derived pigments, being the stabilising effect stronger with those of MO variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wine pomace has attracted the attention of the food industry, due to its high content in bioactive compounds, and its multiple healthy activities. In this work, whole and separated skin pomaces from fermented (red) and un-fermented (white) grape by-products were characterized for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in order to exploit them as functional food ingredient. Antioxidant activity, measured by both ORAC and TEAC assays, was higher in whole than in skin pomace extracts. The characterization of phenolic composition in whole and skin pomace extracts confirmed the peculiarity of some compounds such as anthocyanins (107.84 + 10.3 mg/g TP) in red skin pomace and a great amount of flavanols (80.73 + 4.04 mg/g TP) in white skin pomace. Whole and skin pomace extracts displayed the same antibacterial activity at 250 µg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/mL. Red and white skin pomace extracts showed a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 31.25–62.5 GAE/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Pseudomonas spp. were more sensitive to red skin pomace extracts rather than white skin pomace extracts. Given these results, both red and white pomace extracts could be exploited for future application in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry.

Usually, wine-making by-products are discarded, presenting a significant environmental impact. However, they can be used as a source of bioactive compounds. Moreover, consumers’ increasing demand for naturally nutritious and healthy products requires new formulations and food product improvement, together with sustainable, environmentally friendly extraction methods. Thus, this work aimed to compare ohmic heating (OH) with conventional methodology (CONV), using food-grade solvents, mainly water, compared to standard methanol extraction of anthocyanins. No significant differences were found between the CONV and OH for total phenolic compounds, which were 2.84 ± 0.037 and 3.28 ± 0.46 mg/g DW gallic acid equivalent, respectively. The same tendency was found for antioxidant capacity, where CONV and OH presented values of 2.02 ± 0.007 g/100 g and 2.34 ± 0.066 g/100 g ascorbic acid equivalent, respectively. The major anthocyanins identified were malvidin-3-O-acetylglucoside, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, petunidine-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, and peonidine-3-O-glucoside. These extracts displayed antimicrobial potential against microorganisms such as Yersinia enterocolitica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, a methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus (MRSA), and Bacillus cereus. In conclusion, OH provides similar recovery yields with reduced treatment times, less energy consumption, and no need for organic solvents (green extraction routes). Thus, OH combined with water and citric acid allows a safe anthocyanin extraction from grape by-products, thus avoiding the use of toxic solvents such as methanol, and with high biological potential, including antimicrobial and antioxidant activity.

The emergence of antibiotic-resistance in bacteria has limited the ability to treat bacterial infections, besides increasing their morbidity and mortality at the global scale. The need for alternative solutions to deal with this problem is urgent and has brought about a renewed interest in natural products as sources of potential antimicrobials. The wine industry is responsible for the production of vast amounts of waste and by-products, with associated environmental problems. These residues are rich in bioactive secondary metabolites, especially phenolic compounds. Some phenolics are bacteriostatic/bactericidal against several pathogenic bacteria and may have a synergistic action towards antibiotics, mitigating or reverting bacterial resistance to these drugs. Complex phenolic mixtures, such as those present in winemaking residues (pomace, skins, stalks, leaves, and especially seeds), are even more effective as antimicrobials and could be used in combined therapy, thereby contributing to management of the antibiotic resistance crisis. This review focuses on the potentialities of winemaking by-products, their extracts, and constituents as chemotherapeutic antibacterial agents.

Grape byproducts are today considered as a cheap source of valuable compounds since existent technologies allow the recovery of target compounds and their recycling. The goal of the current article is to explore the different recovery stages used by both conventional and alternative techniques and processes. Alternative pre-treatments techniques reviewed are: ultrasounds, pulsed electric fields and high voltage discharges. In addition, nonconventional solvent extraction under high pressure, specifically, supercritical fluid extraction and subcritical water extraction are discussed. Finally alternative purification technologies, for example membrane processing were also examined. The intent is to describe the mechanisms involved by these alternative technologies and to summarize the work done on the improvement of the extraction process of phenolic compounds from winery by-products. With a focus on the developmental stage of each technology, highlighting the research need and challenges to be overcome for an industrial implementation of these unitary operations in the overall extraction process. A critical comparison of conventional and alternative techniques will be reviewed for ethe pre-treatment of raw material, the diffusion of polyphenols and the purification of these high added value compounds. This review intends to give the reader some key answers (costs, advantages, drawbacks) to help in the choice of alternative technologies for extraction purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to study the dietary effect that the inclusion (40 g kg) of grape seed (GS), grape skin (SS), grape pomace (GP), and (0.2 g kg) of vitamin E (E) had on the composition and microbiological quality of chicken breast meat and on the physico-chemical parameters (TBARS, pH, color, Kramer shear force), sensorial characteristics, and microbiological quality of chicken breast meat patties during chilled storage (0, 3, 6, and 9 days) at 2 °C. In general, proximate composition and microbial counts of the raw chicken breast meat and the patties were not affected. Lower TBARS values were detected in patties formulated with breast meat obtained from birds fed E, SS, and GP diets. No clear effect was observed on the color or textural characteristics of the different patties. The addition of SS and GP in chicken diets reduced TBARS values showing some improvement in the oxidative stability of breast patties without affecting its technological properties, sensorial attributes, or microbial quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grenache, Syrah, Carignan Noir, Mourvèdre, Counoise and Alicante Bouchet grape seeds and skins, harvested in 2009 and 2010 in the Rhône valley area of France, and their respective pomaces remaining after vinification, were analyzed for their phenolic composition and antioxidant activity. The polyphenol content was quantified by HPLC and the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The antioxidant potential was measured with four different assays: ORAC, FRAP, ABTS and DPPH. Seeds contained higher amounts of total polyphenols, up to 44.5 mg of gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/g dry weight in Alicante pomace, than skin extracts. The maximum total phenolic in skins was 31.6 mg GAE/g dry weight detected in 2010 Alicante pomace. Seeds also had the highest antioxidant capacity. HPLC analysis revealed that, despite the vinification process, pomaces still contained an appreciable amount of proanthocyanidins as well as several anthocyanin glycosides. Alicante and Syrah proved to be the varieties of most interest in terms of their potential development for nutraceutical purposes.

O objetivo neste trabalho foi determinar-se in vitro a atividade antibacteriana, antioxidante e tanante de subprodutos da uva (Vitis vinifera) para seu aproveitamento como ingredientes alternativos na indústria avícola e na conservação de alimentos. Compostos polares foram extraídos da semente de uva desengordurada, em solução contendo acetona, água e ácido acético, resultando em 10,3% de rendimento de extrato de semente de uva desengordurada (ESUD). O ESUD apresentou alta atividade antibacteriana in vitro contra cepas de S. aureus e E. coli, mas não contra cepas de Salmonella sp. A atividade antioxidante do ESUD foi comparável ao ácido ascórbico. A atividade tanante foi considerada baixa para a semente de uva e alta para o ESUD.The aim of this research was to determine in vitro the antibacterial, antioxidant and tanning activity from grape by-products (Vitis vinifera), for its use as alternative ingredients in the poultry industry and food conservation. Polar compound had been extracted of the defatted grape seed (SUD) in a solution with acetone, water and acetic acid, in the 90: 9.5: 0.5 ratio respectively, resulting in a yield of 10.3% of defatted grape seed extract (ESUD). ESUD has high antibacterial activity against strains of S. aureus and E. coli, but not against Salmonella sp. The antioxidant activities of the ESUD had comparable to the ascorbic acid. The capacity to bind proteins was considered low for the seed and high for the ESUD.

Foi realizado um experimento para se avaliar os efeitos da utilização de compostos fenólicos contidos em subprodutos da uva (Vitis vinifera) como promotores de crescimento em dietas de frango de corte. Foram utilizados 600 pintos de corte machos Ross, de um a 21 dias de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado,com seis tratamentos, inoculados ou não, com cepas de Escherichia coli, constituindo-se fatorial 6 x 2 com cinco repetições de dez aves cada uma. Foi utilizada uma dieta isonutritiva composta por ração inicial basal, com subproduto de uva ou antibiótico, de acordo com osseguintes tratamentos: T1-controle negativo; T2-0,05% de flavomicina e sulfato de colistina; T3-0,04% extrato de semente de uva desengordurada; T4-0,1% de semente de uva integral (SUI); T5-0,47% de SUI e T6-2,35% de SUI. As variáveis analisadas foram: ganhode peso, consumo de ração, ganho de peso médio, peso final, conversão alimentar e índice de eficiência produtiva. A inclusão de subprodutos da uva não influenciou as variáveis zootécnicas nem apresentou atividade promotora de crescimento. A inoculação com E. colipiorou o ganho de peso e o peso final. Os resultados não recomendam a utilização de subprodutos de uva.An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of phenoliccompounds from grape by-products (Vitis vinifera) as growth promoters in the diets of broilers between 1 and 21 days of age. Six hundred Ross male chicks were raised from 1 to 21 days of age. The experimental design was completely randomized a 6 x 2 factorialscheme (six diets, inoculated or not inoculated with strains of Escherichia coli), and five repetitions consisting of 10 animals each. Each bird received an isonutritive basal diet consisting of grape by-products or antibiotics as follows: T1-negative control; T2 – positive control-0.05% of flavomycin and colistin sulphate; T3 – 0.04% defatted grape seed extract; T4 – 0.1% grape seed (WGS); T5 – 0.47% WGS; and T6 – 2.35% WGS. Analyzed variables were: weight gain, feed intake, average weight gain, body weight, feed conversion andproduction efficiency index. Including grape by-products did not influence parameters of rate growth or show any growth promoter activity. Inoculating with E. coli decreased weight gain and body weight. The results did not recommend the use of grape by-product.

Grape seeds and skin are by-products of wine making or juice making operations which are considered as a good source of bioactive compounds. In this study, the total phenolic content (TPC) from Vitis vinifera L. cv. Ahmar Bou-Amar seeds and skin was optimized by conventional solvent extraction (CSE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) using response surface methodology (RSM), then a comparative study was carried out. The optimal conditions for seeds extracted by CSE were: 74.33% v/v of ethanol concentration, 65.23 min extraction time, 0.1 g/70.86 ml solid/liquid ratio, and for those extracted by MAE were: 59.88 s irradiation time and 373.15 W microwave power. The extract obtained under these conditions showed a TPC of 96.56 ± 1.29 mg GAE/g and 73.15 ± 0.20 mg GAE/g DW for CSE and MAE, respectively. Concerning skin, the optimal conditions for CSE were: 51.46% v/v of acetone concentration, 89.80 min extraction time, 0.1 g/32.25 ml solid/liquid ratio and for MAE were: 113.74 s irradiation time and 384.44 W microwave power. The extract obtained under these conditions showed a TPC of 39.57 ± 0.23 mg GAE/g and 54.84 ± 0.41 mg GAE/g DW for CSE and MAE, respectively. The TPC of seeds extract obtained with MAE was 24% lower than that of the CSE extract; also, the antioxidant activity of CSE extract is better than that of MAE extract. While, the TPC of skin extract obtained with MAE was 28% higher than that of the CSE extract and the antioxidant capacity was significantly higher than that of the CSE extract. The results indicate that the extracts of cv. Ahmar Bou-Amar seeds and skin contain a high quantity of polyphenols; therefore, they can be considered as a good source of natural antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study had the objective of determining the effects of the addition of different ingredients and grape by-products (GP) to muffins on CML content. It was found that ingredients, such as salt, baking powder and protein-rich components, reduced CML from 50% to 86%. The use of all ingredients simultaneously caused the highest reduction in CML, suggesting synergistic effects in the muffin formula. Raw cane sugar produced higher amounts of CML than refined sucrose, probably due to metal-ion mediated degradation of fructoselysine. The CML content was correlated with the level of oleic acid at −0.829 and with the level of linoleic acid at 0.913. Muffins enriched with appropriate levels of GP (20%) showed a lowering of the CML level and no significant changes in the sensory profile. GP added to the model system with protein-rich ingredients resulted in the weakest inhibitory effects, probably due to the polyphenol–protein binding mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grenache, Syrah, Carignan Noir, Mourvèdre, Counoise and Alicante Bouchet grape seeds and skins, harvested in 2009 and 2010 in the Rhône valley area of France, and their respective pomaces remaining after vinification, were analyzed for their phenolic composition and antioxidant activity. The polyphenol content was quantified by HPLC and the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The antioxidant potential was measured with four different assays: ORAC, FRAP, ABTS and DPPH. Seeds contained higher amounts of total polyphenols, up to 44.5 mg of gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/g dry weight in Alicante pomace, than skin extracts. The maximum total phenolic in skins was 31.6 mg GAE/g dry weight detected in 2010 Alicante pomace. Seeds also had the highest antioxidant capacity. HPLC analysis revealed that, despite the vinification process, pomaces still contained an appreciable amount of proanthocyanidins as well as several anthocyanin glycosides. Alicante and Syrah proved to be the varieties of most interest in terms of their potential development for nutraceutical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background New breads fortified with two different forms of grape by-products, namely dried powdered skins ( PGP) and freeze-dried extract therefrom ( EGP), were characterised and their protective effect against hypercholesterolaemia in rats was studied. Results The phenolic compound profiles of supplemented breads were dominated by epicatechin and catechin together with appreciable amounts of dimeric procyanidins. Sensory evaluation of enhanced breads revealed that a maximum of 6% PGP or 1.4% EGP could be incorporated to prepare acceptable products. Intake of high-cholesterol/cholic acid diet containing 6% PGP- or 1.4% EGP-fortified bread increased fresh stool weight and significantly reduced protein and fat digestion but did not negatively affect animal growth. PGP- and EGP-fortified breads diminished the negative impact of high-cholesterol/cholic acid diet, lowering total cholesterol ( TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C), lipid peroxidation, glucose and leptin levels, preventing visceral fat accumulation and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and plasma ferric-reducing antioxidant power levels. Since control bread feeding significantly lowered TC, LDL-C and lipid peroxidation compared with high-fat diet, it may suggested that not only grape by-products but also another components in bread were related to lipid metabolism. Conclusion These results demonstrate that intake of both PGP- and EGP-fortified sourdough mixed rye breads might contribute to a reduction of cardiovascular risk. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study on the clarification of anthocyanin-rich grape pomace extracts was carried out by tubular, hollow fibre and spiral wound industrial crossflow membrane units. Three polysulfone membranes were tested: a 500- kDa molecular mass cut-off (MMCO), and a 0.2- and 0.6-μm pore size cut-offs (PSCO). The 500- kDa MMCO and the 0.2-μm PSCO membranes produced particle-free extracts, while the 0.6-μm membrane showed deficient clarification. The 500- kDa MMCO membrane produced up to 3.7% loss of most of the individual anthocyanins, while the 0.6- and 0.2-μm PSCO membranes produced up to 2% only of some of the anthocyanins with higher molecular masses. Permeate steady fluxes of up to 53 L h−1 m−2 were obtained. Particles with sizes of 0.5-1.5 μm and the macromolecular anthocyanin-tannin complexes had a major impact on membrane performance. The obtained results are scalable to industrial installations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Grape seed extract and grape pomace are rich sources of polyphenols. The aim of this study was to evaluate the release of polyphenols, the solubilisation of carbohydrate, and the antioxidant capacity of these grape by-products after enzymatic reaction with carbohydrases (cellulolytic and pectinolytic activities) and tannase for 24h. The use of tannase in these by-products, and pectinase in grape pomace changed the galloylated form of catechin to its free form, releasing gallic acid and increasing the antioxidant activity. In grape pomace, cellulase treatment was not efficient for phenolic release and antioxidant activity improvement. The addition of carbohydrases to grape pomace, either alone or in combination, degraded the cell wall polysaccharides, increasing the content of monosaccharides. These results provide relevant data about the potential of pectinase, tannase and combinations of enzymes on the release of polyphenols and monosaccharides from grape by-products, improving the antioxidant capacity and the nutritional value. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The presence of a series of tocopherols, designated as delta, gamma, beta and alpha, was determined in the seeds, pomace, bagasse and stalks of fifteen grape varieties grown in Turkey using a rapid HPLC method. The alpha form was the predominant tocopherol fraction, and varied from 4.692mg/kg dry weight in seeds to 108.5mg/kg dry weight in stalks. It was followed by the gamma and delta tocopherol forms found in all parts of clusters for all cultivars. The amount of beta tocopherol in stalks was considerably higher than in the other parts of the clusters, for all varieties. The total tocopherol content ranged from 6.048 to 25.86mg/kg dry weight in seeds, from 19.85 to 89.02mg/kg dry weight in pomace, from 29.18 to 184.7mg/kg dry weight in bagasse and from 33.65 to 110.7mg/kg dry weight in grape stalks. The results obtained from this study showed that all parts of the grape clusters are potentially rich sources of tocopherols with uses as antioxidants in food and industrial applications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this study was to find the effect of dried grape pomace (GP) feeding on the nutrients digestibility coefficients and biochemical parameters of sheep blood serum. The experiment was divided into three feeding periods—C (control), GP1 (1% grape pomace concentration), and GP2 (2% grape pomace concentration). Wethers in three groups in balance cages were housed for right feces collection. The C feed diet consisted of hay, ground wheat, soybean meal, mineral and vitamin lick. An experimental diet with 1% and 2% addition of GP from the daily dry matter intake was fed. After that, digestibility coefficients (in %) were calculated by the difference between nutrient intake and excretion. Furthermore, in the wethers' blood, biochemical parameters (mineral, energetic, nitrogen, and enzymatic profile) were analyzed. After the GP2 feeding, statistically significant higher digestibility of CP (crude protein), NFC (nonfiber carbohydrates), NDF (neutral detergent fiber), and OM (organic matter) was found. However, the addition of dried GP increased significantly the content of Cl− and decreased the value of glucose, nevertheless, their concentrations were within the reference interval. Parameters of the wethers' blood serum nitrogen and enzymatic profile were not affected by GP feeding. Dried grape pomace in an amount of 2% diet dry matter can be considered a suitable source of nutrients in sheep feeding, which in addition should improve the digestibility of diet crude protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]