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Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin mainly of the central facial region, having gender and age correlations. Currently, more and more data is accumulating on the analysis of rosacea phenotypes, scientific discussions are underway on the feasibility of switching from subtype classification to phenotypic classification to justify individualized approaches to therapy. The phenotypic classification is based on the manifestations of rosacea and distinguishes diagnostic signs from the main and secondary symptoms. Thus, phymatous changes and persistent central facial erythema are the only diagnostic signs (criteria) of rosacea, and erythema, telangiectasia and inflammatory papules/pustules are the main symptoms and only in combination can indicate the diagnosis of rosacea. Secondary signs of rosacea are hot flashes, burning, pain, swelling and a feeling of dryness. The symptoms of rosacea are based on various pathophysiological mechanisms, so therapy in most cases will consist of a combination of topical agents with systemic drugs or physiotherapy. The article presents a clinical case of rosacea based on a phenotypic approach to therapy.

Wing dimorphism is a fascinating feature of the ability of insects to adapt to environments. The brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens, a serious pest of rice, can switch between the long‐ and short‐winged morphs. It has been known that environmental factors can affect the wing morph of BPH. However, it is still unclear whether the effect of environment is dependent on BPH genetic backgrounds or not. In the present study, we established the pure‐bred lineages of short‐ and long‐winged BPHs via multigenerational selection, and we found that survival and fecundity were similar between these 2 lineages. Wing morphs of the pure‐bred lineages were almost fully dependent on genetics, but independent of the environmental factors, nymphal density and rice plant stage, 2 key factors affecting BPH wing morphs. In the unselected BPH population, short‐ and long‐winged morphs were produced depending on those 2 environmental factors, indicating the contribution of environment to wing morph. In the wing‐selected lineages, 4 developmental regulated genes of wing, NlInR1, NlInR2, NlAkt, and NlFoxo were expressed stably in the short‐winged adults, but almost silenced in the long‐winged adults. However, all these genes were expressed normally with a similar level in both the short‐ and long‐winged adults in an unselected population except NlFoxo. The pure‐bred lineages of long‐ and short‐winged morphs exhibited different expression patterns of wing development‐regulated genes, suggesting the genetic determination of wing morphs. Effects of environmental factors on wing morphs occurred only in the genetic mix population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil palm fertilizer requirements are based on leaflet mineral concentrations. Four oil palm progenies representing a wide genetic diversity of Elaeis guineensis species and with contrasting K and Mg leaflet concentrations were tested in Indonesia and Nigeria, environments which differ predominantly in climate. During 5 years, we compared oil palm progenies' leaflet mineral concentrations between both countries under abundant fertilizer applications to investigate the extent to which they depend on the environment. In the two studied environments, leaflet concentrations significantly differed between progenies for K, Mg and Ca, but the country effect was not found significant (p = 0.352) for any leaflet mineral's concentration. In both countries, progenies ranked similarly in their mineral categories (lowest and highest cation concentrations within the 4 progenies population), indicating that leaflet mineral concentrations in the tested oil palm progenies are mainly determined by their genetic background. For each progeny, with abundant fertilization, K, Mg and Ca proportions to total leaf cation charge (TLCC) were similar, irrespective of the environments in which the palms were cultivated. We have strong indications that foliar concentrations of K, Mg and Ca are determined by genetic factors which dominate the environmental effect. However, it remains uncertain whether differences in oil palm foliar concentrations between different oil palm progenies imply that they require specific fertilizer amounts to attain an optimal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review is devoted to the consideration of genetic determination and pathophysiology of one of the forms of hypertensive disease known as low-renin hypertension. At frst glance, the development of low-renin hypertension is “unnatural”, as renin, as a key enzyme of the renin-angiotensin system, which plays an important role in the development of hypertensive disease, is suppressed in low-renin hypertension. At the same time, the most important drugs actual in the treatment of hypertensive disease belong to the renin-angiotensin system blockers. This contradiction was resolved by a study of genetic and pathophysiological mechanisms of hypertension in some groups of patients with characteristic symptoms bringing these people together. Genetic studies of some recent decades using both family analysis and modern molecular genetic technologies have revealed the main mechanisms underlying low-renin hypertension, which can be classifed as certain syndromes with well-defned genetic and clinical features. These syndromes include cases of sporadically occurring somatic mutations in the cells of the adrenal cortex, which begin to produce aldosterone in increased amounts. Also, several oligogenic forms of low-renin hypertension were studied, some of which are associated with the hyperproduction of aldosterone, but in the others the development of low-renin hypertension was associated with mutations of genes involved in regulation of the functioning of the kidney ion channels. The discovery of some types of arterial hypertension with known mechanisms of their development is of paramount importance for medicine, as it allows for targeted efective therapy and in some cases for achieving a complete cure. However, the main contingent of patients with low-renin hypertension belongs to cases with unexplained etiology, as their development is associated with polygenic systems and with a signifcant influence of numerous environmental factors. The study of genetic and physiological mechanisms of various forms of low-renin arterial hypertension provides a good example of how penetration into the intimate mechanisms of the blood pressure regulation in each personal case makes it possible to identify some specifc syndromes and establish its fnal causes. It seems that progress in understanding the causes and mechanisms of essential hypertension lies along this way.

Introduction. Generalized parodontal diseases with specific features of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the microbiota fill the body with antigenic substances, prolonging their direct influence on the immune system, which can disrupt the process of recognizing «one's own» - «alien» and trigger a mechanism that potentiates the development of the autoimmune response, as well as of nonspecific factors for body protection. This can be a prerequisite for the development of diseases of the internal organs and systems, including atopic dermatitis in children. The integration features of periodontopathogenic microorganisms in patients with generalized chronic catarrhal gingivitis (GCCG) and atopic dermatitis (AD) are not sufficiently covered. The purpose of the present research was to determine the periodontopathogenic microorganisms in the oral fluid in patients with GCCG and IgE-dependent and IgE-independent forms of AD. Materials and methods. 60 children (37 boys and 23 girls, age 6-12 years, with GCCG who had an IgE-dependent and IgE-independent form of AD (main group) were examined. Subgroup 1 included 30 children with GCCG with IgE-dependent AD, while subgroup 2 consisted of 30 children with GCCG and IgEindependent form of AD. The comparative group was represented by 30 GCCG children without background pathology. The control group consisted of 30 practically healthy children without oral pathologies. Clinical radiological, microbiological and statistical methods were used. Results and discussion. A high percentage of children with GCCG had an unsatisfactory oral hygiene, children with IgE-dependent and IgE-independent forms of AD being observed in PMA - Green-Vermillona index and GI bleeding index 78.0±1.2, 61.0 ± 1.4, 8.0 ± 2.0% of cases in group GCCG of IgE-dependent form of AD and 70.0 ± 1.6, 52.0 ± 1.8, 7.0 ± 2.0% of cases, respectively, in the group of patients with IgE-independent form of AD. In all subgroups of the main group, a high incidence of aggressive microbiota in the mouth was observed. It should be noted that a poor oral hygiene increased the frequency of the presence of periodontal pathogens of the red complex. Conclusions. A high frequency of unsatisfactory oral hygiene in groups of patients with GCCG was found, which is more pronounced in children with an IgE-dependent form of AD. Patients with GCCG with IgE-dependent and IgE-independent forms had in the oral fluid only «red complex» of the periodontopathogenic microbiota, which is in direct correlation with the state of their oral hygiene. The occurence of some aggressive periodontopathogenic microorganisms of the «red complex» in practically healthy children, without dental pathology, may serve as a marker of their preexposure status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hereby we show that genetic determination in soaring birds is also more important than hitherto ascertained. We used GPS-telemetry to compare the autumn journeys and wintering ranges of two closely related large raptorial bird species (Lesser Spotted Eagle – 27, Greater Spotted Eagle – 21) and hybrids between them (14). That is remarkable part of GSEs and hybrids population on western margin of the range. Hybrids timed their migrations similarly to one parental species but had wintering distributions and home range sizes like the other. Tracking data was supported by ring recovery and habitat suitability modelling. These results suggest a strong genetic influence on migration strategy via a segregated dominance effect, although it does not rule out the contribution of social interactions. No differences between sexes was found. We wish maybe, to find easy solutions, but these appear to be complex.

Cereal grains contain many phytochemicals, some of which significantly influence the grain colour. Anthocyanins are accumulated in the aleurone or pericarp layer and give blue, purple or combination of these colours. Flavonoids, such as yellow C-glycosides of flavones, flavonols, flavanonols, proanthocyanidins and reddish-coloured phlobaphenes are mainly present in the outer layer of grains while carotenoids that are responsible for yellow grain are in the endosperm. Therefore, accumulation of these pigments in the grain can represent an important target in breeding programmes aimed at increasing the concentrations of bioactive components in grain and products. This review therefore summarises our current knowledge of anthocyanin and carotenoid pigments, their genetic control and variation in levels in different wheat lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The validity of the two-component structure of annuity curves in Drosophila melanogaster (line Canton-S) observed in our previous studies has been confirmed. The structure is formed by a combination of a stable five-phase pattern and the variability of phase duration (the latter determines the variability of insect viability). Both the stable and the variable component were preserved over 60 generations of flies. The unconventional type of variability addressed in the present study exists along with the well-known type of variability related to the stochastic variation of the annuity curves. The variance of viability that characterizes the reaction norm remains unchanged in a series of generations as well. Thus, both types of variability can be classified as genetically determined phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibrous dysplasia has been identified for more than a century, however the scientific and clinical interest for this pathology has been relatively low, probably because of its reduced incidence. The recent genetic investigations permitted to recognize the etiology of this malady, seen as uncertain and controversial for a long time. The study analyzes the cases of 2 patients with fibrous dysplasia at the level of the viscero-cranium bone, subjected to surgical interventions of modelling resections of the pathological bone tissue, the pieces being examined histopathologically. Analysis of the 2 cases attempted at elucidating the etiological character of this genetically-determined malady, with no traumatic, reactive or amartomatous origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoporotic fracture (OF) is a public health problem. It is a common practice in the genetics of osteoporosis that bone mineral density (BMD) was studied as a major surrogate phenotype in gene search for risk of OF (ROF) because of their high phenotypic correlation. However, some studies indicate that the genetic correlation between BMD and ROF is very low. This implies that most genes found important for BMD may not be relevant to ROF. Ideally, employing OF per se as a direct study phenotype can directly find the relevant genes underlying ROF. Here, we summarized some evidence supporting ROF under moderate genetic control, and the current progress of molecular genetic studies employing OF as the direct study phenotype, then give our consideration on the future prospects in the genetics of ROF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the genetic determination of body weight, body mass index (BMI) and cross-sectional geometric parameters of the femoral neck including cross-sectional area (CSA), cortical thickness (CT), sectional modulus (Z), and buckling ratio (BR), and to test the genetic correlation between body weight/BMI and the femoral neck geometric parameters. A total of 929 healthy subjects from 292 Chinese nuclear families was included. Femoral neck geometric parameters were estimated from bone mineral density (BMD) and bone area which were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The heritability ( h 2) estimate values were 0.643, 0.626, 0.626, 0.674, 0.405, and 0.615 for body weight, BMI, CSA, CT, Z, and BR, respectively. Body weight was significantly correlated with bone geometric parameters ( p≤0.001) with genetic correlation ( ρ G ) values of 0.551, 0.457, 0.571, and −0.385, and bivariate heritability % MathType!Translator!2!1!AMS LaTeX.tdl!TeX -- AMS-LaTeX! % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaaeaart1ev0aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX % garmWu51MyVXgatuuDJXwAK1uy0HwmaeHbfv3ySLgzG0uy0Hgip5wz % aebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8qrps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaq % Fr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qq % Q8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeWaeaaakeaada % qadaqaaiabeg8aYnaaDaaaleaacaWGhbaabaGaaGOmaaaaaOGaayjk % aiaawMcaaaaa!3C98! $${\left( {\rho ^{2}_{G} } \right)}$$ values of 0.304, 0.209, 0.326, and 0.148 for CSA, CT, Z, and BR, respectively. Similar correlations ( p≤0.001) were observed between BMI and bone geometric parameters, with ρ G values of 0.446, 0.432, 0.334, and −0.362, and % MathType!Translator!2!1!AMS LaTeX.tdl!TeX -- AMS-LaTeX! % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaaeaart1ev0aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX % garmWu51MyVXgatuuDJXwAK1uy0HwmaeHbfv3ySLgzG0uy0Hgip5wz % aebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8qrps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaq % Fr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qq % Q8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeWaeaaakeaacq % aHbpGCdaqhaaWcbaGaam4raaqaaiaaikdaaaaaaa!3B05! $$\rho ^{2}_{G}$$ values of 0.199, 0.187, 0.112, and 0.131 for CSA, CT, Z, and BR, respectively. In summary, our study suggested that body weight, BMI, and femoral neck geometry were under strong genetic determination. The strong genetic correlations suggested that the genetic factors of bone geometry may be overlapped with those of body weight and BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a comprehensive analysis of the intrinsic variability of the periodicity of ocular dominance columns in cat primary visual cortex (area 17) and its relationship to genetic background and visual experience. We characterized the intra-areal and interindividual variability of column spacing in a large set ( n = 49) of ocular dominance patterns adapting a recently developed technique for the two-dimensional analysis of orientation column patterns. Patterns were obtained from three different cat colonies (termed F, M and D), the cats having either normal visual experience or experimentally induced strabismus. Two-dimensional maps of local column spacing were calculated for every pattern. In individual cortices, local column spacings varied by > 50% with the majority of column spacings ranging between 0.6 and 1.5 mm in different animals. In animals from colonies F and M ( n = 29), the mean column spacing ranged between 1.03 and 1.27 mm and exhibited no significant differences, either between the two breeds or between strabismic and normal animals. The mean spacing was moderately clustered in the left and right brain hemisphere of individual animals but not in littermates. In animals from colony D ( n = 2), average column spacing ranged between 0.73 and 0.95 mm, and was thus significantly different from the distribution of spacings in animals from breeds F and M, suggesting an influence of genetic factors on the layout of ocular dominance columns. Local column spacing exhibited a considerable systematic intra-areal variation, with largest spacings along the representation of the horizontal meridian and smallest spacings along the peripheral representation of the vertical meridian. The total variability of ocular dominance column spacing comprised 24% systematic intra-areal variation, 18% interindividual differences of mean column spacing and 58% nonsystematic intra-areal variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetic determination of polygalacturonase (PG) production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied by biochemical and classical genetic techniques. Crosses of PG+ strains with PG– strains showed that in the haploid wild-type-derived strain, two structural genes were involved in the production of a hydrolysis halo on plates with polygalacturonic acid. However, in the case of PG+ laboratory strain IM1-8b, the phenotype was controlled by only one structural gene although the analysis of PG– IM1-8b mutants demonstrated the existence of at least two complementation groups. All these genetic results were assessed biochemically by means of cation-exchange chromatography. Two enzymes were separated in the wild-type strain, and only one in the laboratory strain. The three enzymes had different K m values, molecular masses, and optimal pHs for activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The additive genetic correlations of processing traits (two traits, abdominal meat weight and yield) with growth (body weight) and morphometrics (seven traits, chela length, chela width, cephalothorax length, cephalothorax width, abdominal length, abdominal width and abdominal depth) in red swamp crayfish (6 months old) were first estimated within two sexes based upon the additive-dominance genetic model under two rearing environments. Three geographic broodstocks of Procambarus clarkii (Guantan, Dapu and Yanghe) were used. The genetic mating design was incomplete diallel cross, in which three mating combinations (Guantan ♂ × Dapu ♀ , Guantan ♂ × Yanghe ♀ , and Dapu ♂ × Yanghe ♀) were produced. Path analysis method was then used to ascertain the overall genetic determinations of growth and morphometric traits on processing traits. The objective of this study is to recommend feasible strategy for improvement of processing traits in P. clarkii. The results indicated that body weight was highly positively correlated with processing traits; chela traits were negatively correlated with abdominal meat weight and positively correlated with abdominal meat yield, but very small in magnitude; negative genetic correlations occurred between cephalothorax dimensions and processing traits; abdominal dimensions were positively correlated with processing traits. Upon pursuing indirect selection for processing traits, body weight should be the primary candidate for direct selection, and at the same time smaller cephalothorax or larger abdominal dimensions also should be taken into consideration. • Body weight should be the primary directly selected candidate to improve processing traits. • Smaller carapace or larger abdominal dimensions also should be considered for direct selection. • Chela metrics can be dismissed upon pursuing the improvement of processing traits. • In contrast to abdominal meat yield, selection of abdominal meat weight is more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wing dimorphism is considered as an adaptive trait of insects. Brown planthoppers (BPHs) Nilaparvata lugens, a serious pest of rice, are either macropterous or brachypterous. Genetic and environmental factors are both likely to control wing morph determination in BPHs, but the hereditary law and genes network are still unknown. Here, we investigated changes in gene expression levels between macropterous and brachypterous BPHs by creating artificially bred morphotype lines. The nearly pure-bred strains of macropterous and brachypterous BPHs were established, and their transcriptomes and gene expression levels were compared. Over ten-thousand differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between macropterous and brachypterous strains were found in the egg, nymph, and adult stages, and the three stages shared 6523 DEGs. The regulation of actin cytoskeleton, focal adhesion, tight junction, and adherens junction pathways were consistently enriched with DEGs across the three stages, whereas insulin signaling pathway, metabolic pathways, vascular smooth muscle contraction, platelet activation, oxytocin signaling pathway, sugar metabolism, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis were significantly enriched by DEGs in a specific stage. Gene expression trend profiles across three stages were different between the two strains. Eggs, nymphs, and adults from the macropterous strain were distinguishable from the brachypterous based on gene expression levels, and genes that were related to wing morphs were differentially expressed between wing strains or strain × stage. A proposed mode based on genes and environments to modulate the wing dimorphism of BPHs was provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the global climate change, heat stress is an increasing constraint for the productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Our aim was to identify contrasting cultivars in terms of heat tolerance by mass screening of 1274 wheat cultivars of diverse origin, based on a physiological trait, the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (F [sub v] /F [sub m] ). A chlorophyll fluorescence protocol was standardised and used for repeated screening with increased selection pressure with a view to identifying a set of cultivars extreme for the trait. An initial mass screening of 1274 wheat cultivars with a milder heat stress of 38°C in 300 µmol m [sup -2] s [sup -1] for 2 h with preheating at 33-35°C for 19 h in 7-14 µmol m [sup -2] s [sup -1] light showed a genetic determination of 8.5 ± 2.7%. A heat treatment of 40°C in 300 µmol m [sup -2] s [sup -1] for 72 h in the second screening with 138 selected cultivars resulted in larger differentiation of cultivars with an increased genetic component (15.4 ± 3.6%), which was further increased to 27.9 ± 6.8% in the third screening with 41 contrasting cultivars. This contrasting set of cultivars was then used to compare the ability of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters to detect genetic difference in heat tolerance. The identification of a set of wheat cultivars contrasting for their inherent photochemical efficiency may aid future studies to understand the genetic and physiological nature of heat stress tolerance in order to dissect quantitative traits into simpler genetic factors. A chlorophyll fluorescence protocol was standardised and used for mass screening of 1274 wheat cultivars under heat stress. The screening was repeated three times with increasing selection pressure to identify the contrasting set of cultivars with increased genetic determination of the genotype variation. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were evaluated for their ability to detect genetic differences between wheat cultivars. The results are important for further studies to understand the genetic nature of heat stress tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]