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Producción Científica, Trichoderma is a genus of filamentous fungi widely studied and used as a biological control agent in agriculture. However, its ability to form fungal networks for inter-plant communication by means of the so-called inter-plant "wired communication" has not yet been addressed. In our study we used the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the fungus Trichoderma hamatum (isolated from Brassicaceae plants) and the pathogens Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Xanthomonas campestris (necrotrophic fungus and hemibiotrophic bacteria, respectively). We performed different combinations of isolated/neighboring plants and root colonization/non-colonization by T. hamatum, as well as foliar infections with the pathogens. In this way, we were able to determine how, in the absence of T. hamatum, there is an inter-plant communication that induces systemic resistance in neighboring plants of plants infected by the pathogens. On the other hand, the plants colonized by T. hamatum roots show a greater systemic resistance against the pathogens. Regarding the role of T. hamatum as an inter-plant communicator, it is the result of an increase in foliar signaling by jasmonic acid (increased expression of LOX1 and VSP2 genes and decreased expression of ICS1 and PR-1 genes), antagonistically increasing root signaling by salicylic acid (increased expression of ICS1 and PR-1 genes and decreased expression of LOX1 and VSP2). This situation prevents root colonization by T. hamatum of the foliarly infected plant and leads to massive colonization of the neighboring plant, where jasmonic acid-mediated systemic defenses are induced., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación - AEI y FEDER (RTI2018-096591-B-I00 34), Xunta de Galicia (IN607A 2021/03)

espanolEl objetivo de la investigacion fue determinar la competitividad de la tara peruana en el comercio internacional en el periodo 2010-2018, considerando las teorias de: World Economic Forum – WEF (2018), Cann 2016), Gomez (2017), Cordero (2005), Porter 2008), Daniels, Radebaugh, y Sullivan (2013), Lerma y Marquez (2010), con un proceso metodologico que definio un estudio exploratorio por los datos fragmentados existentes que se recolectaron y seleccionaron de instituciones gubernamentales: Ministerio de Agricultura y Riego-MINAGRI (2009, 2010, 2017 a, 2017 b), Ministerio de Agricultura y Riego-MINAGRI y Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre-SERFOR (2016, 2017, 2018, 2019), Sistema Integrado de Informacion de Comercio Exterior- SIICEX (2019), Superintendencia Nacional de Aduanas y de Administracion Tributaria-SUNAT (2019) y particulares: Sociedad Nacional de Industrias-SIN (2018), asi como, por los escasos estudios acerca de la unidad de analisis, complementado con metodos de analisis de contenido y frecuencia. Los resultados concluyen que la tara peruana no es competitiva debido que mientras su produccion fue descendente desde el ano 2010 (32736 TM) hasta el 2018 (25866 TM) su valor FOB tuvo un alza permanente desde el ano 2010 (27075.9) a 39228. 49 el ano 2018, que el calculo de Costo de los Recursos Domesticos (CRD) analizo por el factor precio indicando que solo el ano 2016 manifesto competitividad porque el precio internacional por Kg. fue de cerca de $3.00 dolares americanos en relacion al precio domestico de S/. 1.51 nuevos soles, ademas, por no cumplir satisfactoriamente los 12 pilares del enfoque de competitividad del World Economic Forum-WEF (2018); que permiten reflexionar acerca del transito de la estructura de exportacion basada en ventajas comparativas a su transformacion sustentada en ventajas competitivas que el pais andino tramita. EnglishThe objective of the research was to determine the competitiveness of Peruvian tare in international trade in the period 2010-2018, considering the theories of: World Economic Forum - WEF (2018), Cann (2016), Gomez (2017), Cordero (2005 ), Porter (2008), Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan (2013), Lerma and Marquez (2010), with a methodological process that defined an exploratory study for the existing fragmented data that were collected and selected from government institutions: Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation-MINAGRI (2009, 2010, 2017 a, 2017 b), Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation-MINAGRI and National Forest and Wildlife Service-SERFOR (2016, 2017, 2018, 2019), Integrated Foreign Trade Information System- SIICEX (2019 ), National Superintendence of Customs and Tax Administration-SUNAT (2019) and individuals: National Society of Industries-SIN (2018), as well as, for the few studies about the unit of analysis, complemented with content and frequency analysis methods. The results conclude that Peruvian tare is not competitive because while its production was down from 2010 (32736 MT) to 2018 (25866 MT) its FOB value had a permanent rise from 2010 (27075.9) to 39228. 49 In 2018, the calculation of the Cost of Domestic Resources (CRD) was analyzed by the price factor indicating that only 2016 showed competitiveness because the international price per Kg. Was about US $ 3.00 in relation to the domestic price of S /. 1.51 nuevos soles, in addition, for not complying satisfactorily with the 12 pillars of the competitiveness approach of the World Economic Forum-WEF (2018); that allow us to reflect on the transit of the export structure based on comparative advantages to its transformation based on competitive advantages that the Andean country processes.

espanolLos simuladores de procesos quimicos representan una herramienta competitiva y funcional que apoya eficazmente el estudio de procesos tan complejos como la conversion termoquimica de la biomasa, especifica-mente en el modelado y simulacion de los mismos. Se disenan y validan los modulos de programacion de un simulador para sistemas en equilibrio liquido-vapor con propiedades termodinamicas en exceso, aplicado en procesos de conversion de biomasa forestal como es el caso del aserrin de pino (Pinus Arizonica). El diseno involucra el calculo de la constante de equilibrio por el metodo fi-gamma con nuevas herramientas de computo para la prediccion de las propiedades de las fases en equilibrio, y el calculo del coeficiente de actividad partien-do de los modelos matematicos de composicion local NRTL, UNIQUAC y UNIFAC. Se selecciono el metodo de Newton-Raphson para resolver subrutinas de calculo. En la validacion se incorporaron doce (12) nuevos componentes a la libreria y sub-modulos de las propiedades de las fases liquido y vapor. La estimacion de los puntos de burbuja y rocio para todos los metodos arrojo errores promedios inferiores al 3%, y la composicion de la fase de vapor y las propiedades de las fases en equilibrio no supero el 10% EnglishThe chemical process simulators represent a competitive and functional tool that effectively supports the study of processes as complex as the thermochemical conversion of biomass, specifically in the modeling and simulation of the same. The programming modules of a simulator for systems in liquid- vapor equilibrium with excess thermodynamic properties, applied in forest biomass conversion processes such as pine saw (Pinus Arizonica), are designed and validated. The design involves the calculation of the equilibrium constant by the fi-gamma method with new computational tools for the prediction of the properties of the phases in equilibrium and the calculation of the activity coefficient based on the mathematical models of local composition NRTL, UNIQUAC, and UNIFAC. The Newton-Raphson method was chosen to solve computation subroutines. In the validation twelve (12) new components were incorporated into the library and sub-modules of the properties of the liquid and vapor phases. The estimation of the bubble and dew points for all methods yielded mean errors of less than 3%, and the composition of the vapor phase and the properties of the equilibrium phases did not exceed 10%

espanolEl fuego es un importante agente perturbador en varios ecosistemas de todo el mundo que puede afectar a la disponibilidad de recursos en una zona determinada, regulando la interaccion entre especies competidoras. Estudiamos la dieta del zorro culpeo (Lycalopex culpaeus) y el puma (Puma concolor) por dos anos consecutivos en un zona protegida del centro y el sur de Chile que se vio afectada por un incendio forestal. Se observaron diferencias significativas en el regimen alimentario de ambas especies, lo que pone de manifiesto su segregacion trofica. En los dos anos del estudio, la presa predominante del puma fue una especie exotica: la liebre europea (Lepus europaeus), lo que sugiere una simplificacion de su espectro trofico respecto a lo reportado en otras latitudes. Se analizan las consecuencias ecologicas de este hecho. EnglishFire is a significant disruptive agent in various ecosystems around the world. It can affect the availability of resources in a given area, modulating the interaction between competing species. We studied the diet of the culpeo fox (Lycalopex culpaeus) and cougar (Puma concolor) for two consecutive years in a protected area of southern–central Chile which was affected by a wildfire. Significant differences were observed in the dietary pattern between the two species, showing their trophic segregation. In the two years of the study, the predominant prey for cougar was an exotic species, the European hare (Lepus europaeus), implying a simplification of its trophic spectrum with respect to that reported in other latitudes. The ecological consequences related to this scenario are discussed.

El corredor Ocuiltzapotlan-Macultepec constituye una zona con potencial para el crecimiento urbano, por su cercania a la ciudad de Villahermosa Tabasco, esto ha provocado intensos cambios de uso de suelo en su area periurbana que afectan las funciones ambientales de sus recursos naturales. Por ello, el objetivo de la investigacion fue analizar los cambios de uso de suelo, ocurridos entre los anos 2000-2017, asi como el impacto que causan a algunas funciones ambientales de las areas periurbanas en dicho corredor. Mediante analisis de imagenes se identif icaron los usos de suelos, se calcularon las tasas de cambios de uso y se determinaron sus efectos sobre el almacenamiento de carbono y regulacion de los flujos hidricos. Los resultados indican que los usos urbano y pastizales crecieron en 2.27 y 2.26% respectivamente, mientras que los forestales y humedales decrecieron en 11.48 y 1.09% respectivamente. El almacenamiento de carbono edaf ico se estima en 92.4±5.1, 73.2±2.8 y 220.4±4.6 Mg C ha-1 para los usos pastizal, forestal y humedales respectivamente. El compartimento aereo del uso forestal almacena 63.27 Mg C ha-1, que se suman al carbono edaf ico, alcanzando las 136.47 Mg C ha-1, que hacen de este uso de suelo, el segundo almacen de C mas importante, solo despues del humedal. Se concluye que el mayor impacto ambiental ocasionado por el cambio de uso de suelo del area periurbana del poligono estudiado es la reduccion de humedales, por ser estos las principales areas de almacenamiento de carbono y de regulacion de los flujos hidricos.

Una de las reticencias sociales más extendidas acerca del uso de combustibles de biomasa son las emisiones que producen. En el caso de la biomasa forestal, el recuento y la gestión del carbono absorbido, los posibles daños a la biodiversidad y a la calidad de los aprovechamientos forestales, y el posible aumento de emisiones son puntos conflictivos para el sector ambientalista. Por el contrario, el sector técnico apuesta por una gestión forestal sostenible, mediante el uso de técnicas avanzadas que permitan conocer cómo funcionan los mecanismos de los bosques como sumideros de carbono. Los riesgos ambientales del uso energético de los biocombustibles pueden ser revertidos mediante el empleo de parámetros técnicos. La normativa europea establece criterios de sostenibilidad para la biomasa con destino energético, pero no fija parámetros acerca de la sostenibilidad del resto de fuentes renovables. Este trabajo se basa en la necesaria imbricación entre la técnica normativa consagrada el programa europeo “Legislar mejor para obtener mejores resultados - Un programa de la UE”1 y la ciencia, por una mayor sostenibilidad del uso de fuentes de energía renovables. One of the most widespread social reservations about the use of biomass fuels is the emissions they produce. In the case of forest biomass, the counting and management of the absorbed carbon, the potential harm to biodiversity and the quality of forest harvesting, and the probable rise in emissions are points of conflict for the environmental sector. On the other hand, the technical sector is committed to sustainable forest management, through the use of advanced techniques that allow us to understand how the mechanisms of forests work as carbon sinks. The environmental risks of the energy use of biofuels can be reversed through the use of technical parameters. European regulations establish sustainability criteria for biomass for energy purposes, but do not set parameters for the sustainability of other renewable sources. This work is based on the necessary imbrication between the regulatory technique enshrined in the European programme "Better Regulation for better results - An EU agenda" and science, for greater sustainability in the use of renewable energy sources.

8 Páginas Tornillo es una especie forestal de amplia distribución en la Amazonia del Perú, su explotación irracional ha generado perdidas en su diversidad. En la actualidad, no se tiene una línea base para el desarrollo de estrategias de conservación debido a un limitado conocimiento de la estructura genética en las poblaciones de tornillo el cual permitiría implementar un adecuado programa de conservación de la especie. Se colectó 91 individuos de la especie en cinco departamentos (Madre de Dios, Loreto, Puno, San Martin y Ucayali). Se seleccionaron los 5 primers RAPDs más polimórficos (OPA02, OPA04, OPA12, OPA18 Y OPF05), identificándose 96 marcadores polimórficos. El PIC varió de 0,24 - 0,31; el AMP fue 47,86%. No se reportó duplicados. He entre las poblaciones varió entre 0,265 - 0,296; Madre de Dios presentó un menor valor (0,174). El índice de Shannon presentó la misma variación (0,402 - 0,447; 0,262). Existe una correlación espacial- genética (rxy = 0,311; p-value < 0,001), asimismo se encontró una variabilidad genética entre y dentro departamentos (PhiPT = 0,256; p-value < 0,0001). Loreto y Ucayali, genéticamente se encuentran relacionadas. A la vez, San Martin y Puno tienen un origen en Ucayali (Masisea) y San Martin tiene un origen en Loreto (San Juan Bautista). Los resultados permitirán sentar las bases de un programa de conservación para el aprovechamiento sostenible de la especie. Resumen. 1. Introducción. 2. Materiales y métodos. 3. Resultados y discusión. 4. Conclusiones. Referencias bibliográficas.

20 Páginas The Andean-Amazonian landscape has been universally recognized for its wide biodiversity, and is considered as global repository of ecosystem services. However, the severe loss of forest cover and rapid reduction of the timber species seriously threaten this ecosystem and biodiversity. In this study, we have modeled the distribution of the ten most exploited timber forest species in Amazonas (Peru) to identify priority areas for forest conservation and restoration. Statistical and cartographic protocols were applied with 4454 species records and 26 environmental variables using a Maximum Entropy model (MaxEnt). The result showed that the altitudinal variable was the main regulatory factor that significantly controls the distribution of the species. We found that nine species are distributed below 1000 m above sea level (a.s.l.), except Cedrela montana, which was distributed above 1500 m a.s.l., covering 40.68%. Eight of 10 species can coexist, and the species with the highest percentage of potential restoration area is Cedrela montana (14.57% from Amazonas). However, less than 1.33% of the Amazon has a potential distribution of some species and is protected under some category of conservation. Our study will contribute as a tool for the sustainable management of forests and will provide geographic information to complement forest restoration and conservation plans. 1. Introduction. 2. Materials and Methods. 3. Results. 4. Discussion. 5. Conclusions. References.

The transpiration of Nothofagus glauca (Phil.) Krasser and advanced Pinus radiata D. Don. regeneration was measured in a fragment of native N. glauca forest. Over the eight months of this study, P. radiata contributed approximately 60% of the total stand transpiration. This was out of proportion with the approximately 34% of the stand sapwood area contributed by P. radiata. This was due to the significantly greater sap flux density of the P. radiata compared to the N. glauca between May and October. Though the results are from a small study conducted as part of a larger experiment, it is argued that they suggest that invasion by P. radiata may substantially increase the risk from climate change to reserves of N. glauca forest in the Maule region of central Chile. In some reserves of N. glauca forest, Forestal Arauco S.A. manually removed P. radiata that regenerated after the wildfire of January 2017. This was a costly operation and there is a need for indices to assess competition. The ratio of sapwood area to leaf area is suggested as a potential index for assessing competition to identify stands at risk.

galegoRealizase unha revision dos traballos de investigacion sobre a influencia das plantacions de eucaliptos en Galicia nos recursos hidricos, solos e biodiversidade. Concluese que estes efectos poden ser importantes baixo determinadas circunstancias pero que existen diferentes tipos de manexo da masa forestal, asi como de eleccion do sitio que permiten minimizar o seu impacto. E posible, en consecuencia e con determinadas limitacions, continuar coa expansion destas plantacions. A conflictividade social desta arbore non se vera atenuada soamente con estudos cientificos, e necesario tamen promocionar a participacion publica e promover actividades e debates nos que se tenan en conta os aspectos sociais e psicoloxicos da problematica. EnglishThis paper reviews the main research work on the impact of eucalyptus plantations in Galicia on water resources, soils and biodiversity. It is concluded that these effects can be significant under certain circumstances but there are different types of forest management and locations that can minimise their impact. Therefore, it is possible to continue expanding these plantations with some restrictions. Social conflicts arisen by this tree will not be mitigated only with scientific research. It is also necessary to promote public involvement and to encourage debates and activities in which the social and psychological aspects of this issue are considered.

galegoAs sociedades divididas non avanzan. O eucalipto ten sido o argumento para enfrentar a poboacion entre partidarios e detractores. En palabras dun vello xestor forestal “do eucalipto solo fala mal o que non o ten”. En palabras dun activista ambiental “hai que queimalos e arrincalos todos ata que non quede ningun”. Este traballo ten como unico obxectivo superar ese enfrentamento. Para elo aporta datos sobre as duas cuestions que o autor defendeu no debate. Primeira, o eucalipto non e nin foi nin sera o responsable dos lumes que se producen en Galicia, utilizalo como tal non fai mais que erralo diagnostico e polo tanto a solucion para o mais grabe problema ambiental que temos en Galicia. A segunda cuestion amosa a importancia que o eucalipto ten na nosa economia e cales son as razons da sua expansion, en certos casos caotica i excesiva. O traballo pretende amosar argumentos para avanzar de forma conxunta na proposta dunha planificacion territorial e forestal realista na que se estableza cal debe ser o papel a desempenar polas especies do xenero Eucalyptus no futuro en toda Galicia. EnglishDivided societies do not move forward. Eucalyptus has been the argument to divide the population among supporters and detractors. In the words of an old forest manager "those who speak badly about eucalyptus ara those who do not have them". In the words of an environmental activist "we must burn eucalyptus trees and tear them all until there is none." The purpose of this work is to overcome this confrontation. It provides data on the two issues that the author defended in the debate. First, eucalyptus is neither, nor has been, nor will be responsible for the fires in Galicia, using it as such does nothing, but misleading the diagnosis, and therefore the solution, to the most serious environmental problem in Galicia. The second question shows the importance of eucalyptus in our economy and the reasons for its expansion, in some cases chaotic and excessive. This work aims to present arguments to move forward jointly in the proposal of realistic territorial and forest planning in which the role to be played by the species of the genus Eucalyptus in the future throughout Galicia is established.

El cambio climático, la expansión urbanística o el aumento del uso recreativo en zonas forestales están aumentando la probabilidad de ocurrencia de incendios forestales. Las comunidades rurales pueden afrontar la oportunidad de combinar actividades silvícolas para reducir el riesgo de incendios con el desarrollo energético basado en el aprovechamiento de la biomasa forestal generada. Para demostrar la viabilidad de este tipo de gestión, se ha creado una herramienta informática demostrativa de apoyo a la toma de decisiones. Mediante la modificación y calibración del modelo ecológico FORECAST, se simularon las condiciones de diferentes localidades y especies forestales de Navarra. Sobre dichas simulaciones, se ha desarrollado la interfaz de usuario de esta calculadora (Fire Interface Rural Screening Tool for Heating: FIRST-Heat Navarra), que pretende estimar la sostenibilidad ecológica y socio-económica del uso de la biomasa forestal a nivel local. Esta herramienta se muestra capaz de simular los efectos del cambio en las condiciones de crecimiento del bosque mediante un modelo ecológico dinámico. También presenta la capacidad de integrar, resumir y comunicar de forma efectiva el último conocimiento científico sobre ecología forestal, y el conocimiento técnico, económico y social sobre la tecnología de calefacción de distrito a partir de biomasa. Climate change, urban expansion or increased recreational use in forest areas are increasing the likelihood of forest fires. Rural communities can take advantage of the opportunity to combine silvicultural activities to reduce fire risks with energy development based on the use of the forest biomass generated. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of this type of management, a computer tool has been created to support decision-making. The conditions of different locations and forest species in Navarre (Spain) were simulated by modifying and calibrating the FORECAST ecological model. On these simulations, the user interface of this calculator (Fire Interface Rural Screening Tool for Heating: FIRST-Heat Navarra) has been developed, aiming to estimate the ecological and socio-economic sustainability of the use of forest biomass at local level. This tool is able to simulate the effects of growth changes in forests through a dynamic ecological model. It features the ability to effectively integrate, synthesize and communicate the latest scientific knowledge on forest ecology, but also technical, economic and social knowledge about district heating technology from biomass.

Producción Científica, The cultivation of plantation forests is likely to change the diversity and composition of soil fungal communities. At present, there is scant information about these communities in Ethiopian plantation forest systems. We assessed the soil fungal communities in Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. stands aged 5, 11, or 36-years-old using DNA metabarcoding of ITS2 amplicons. The ecological conditions of each plot, such as climate, altitude, and soil, were similar. Stand age and soil fertility influenced soil fungal species diversity and ecological guilds. In total, 2262 fungal operational taxonomic units were identified, of which 2% were ectomycorrhizal (ECM). The diversity of ECM fungi was higher in the 5 and 36-year-old stands than in the 11-year-old P. patula stands. Contrary to our expectations, a high level of ECM species diversity was observed in young stands, suggesting that these ECM species could compensate for the effects of nutrient stress in these stands. Our results also suggested that the abundance of plant pathogens and saprotrophs was not affected by stand age. This study provides baseline information about fungal community changes across tree stands of different ages in P. patula plantations in Ethiopia that are likely related to ECM fungi in young stands where relatively low soil fertility prevails. However, given that the plots were established in a single stand for each age class for each treatment, this study should be considered as a case study and, therefore, caution should be exercised when applying the conclusions to other stands., Agencia Española de Cooperación y Desarrollo Internacional - SUSTIFUNGI_ET (Sustfungi_Eth:2017/ACDE/002094), Ministerio de Educación y Cultura - Salvador de Madariaga grant agreement (PRX17/00315)

Recent studies show that the process of extraction of olive oil results in a large amount of waste. Around 20% the oil is obtained in the process and the remaining 80% corresponds to mainly two types of waste, known as orujo and alperujo. These residues were stored in pools for 6 months in an uncontrolled environment. The reservoirs are open and generate Odorous Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) as products of waste decomposition. The data in this article corresponds of physical-chemical compounds of olive oil mill waste exposed to ambient conditions. The data was obtained from two different oil mills, namely, Almazara del Pacífico located in the Alto Pangue area, Talca, Chile; and Agricola y Forestal Don Rafael oil mill, Molina, Chile. Samples were extracted directly from the oil mills to fill 200 L plastic containers that simulated the waste storage in oil mill reservoirs. Each sample was identified and standardized to a mass of 150 kg and moved and stored under uncontrolled ambient conditions at the Universidad de Talca, Curicó, Chile. Keywords: Olive oil mill waste, Open-air reservoirs, Odorants, Ilumina sequencing

In the early twentieth century, the US Forest Service began to exclude itinerant sheep operations from the public-domain lands it administered: the National Forests. But beyond the National Forests, the extensive public-domain lands devoted to grazing were not regulated. To some local ranchers and stockmen, the increasing presence of itinerant sheepherders, including Basque immigrants, represented the first of a growing number of competitors on Nevada’s public-domain lands. These stockmen blamed itinerant sheepherders for all the problems affecting the water and grassland ecosystems, such as the deterioration of the ranges and the fouling of springs and streams. Their representatives requested an expansion of National Forest boundaries as a means of asserting exclusive use of the range for stockmen. Although at first the Forest Service keenly appreciated the problems of local stock raisers, it opposed the idea of expanding the National Forests in Nevada solely for the purpose of range control. This article explores how some ranchers advocated expanding the National Forest lands within the State of Nevada as a strategy to protect their economic interests and force itinerant sheepherders out of business. A comienzos del siglo xx, el Servicio Forestal de los Estados Unidos comenzó a excluir a las operaciones ovinas itinerantes de las tierras del dominio público que administraba: los bosques nacionales. Pero fuera de estos bosques, las extensas tierras de dominio público dedicadas al pastoreo no estaban reguladas. Para algunos rancheros y ganaderos locales, la creciente presencia de pastores itinerantes, incluyendo a los inmigrantes vascos, representaba el primero de un número creciente de competidores en las tierras de dominio público en Nevada. Estos ganaderos culpaban a los pastores itinerantes de ovejas por causar todos los problemas que afectaban a los ecosistemas de agua y pastizal (deterioro de los prados y contaminación de manantiales y arroyos). Solicitaron a través de sus representantes expandir los límites de los bosques nacionales como un medio para adquirir el derecho exclusivo de uso de las praderas. Aunque en un primer momento el Servicio Forestal se mostró favorable a esta propuesta, finalmente rechazó la idea de expandir los bosques nacionales en Nevada con el único fin de controlar las praderas. Este artículo explora cómo algunos rancheros defendieron la expansión de las tierras de los bosques nacionales en el estado de Nevada como una estrategia para proteger sus intereses económicos y forzar a esos transeúntes a abandonar el negocio de la cría de ovejas.

The institutional organizers of IDS 2018 are the Department of Food Technology at the Universitat Politècnica de València and the Department of Chemistry at the University of Illes Balears. Like its previous biannual IDS conferences, the objective of 21th IDS is to provide the most advanced and comprehensive global forum for disseminating results and data in research, development, and applications in drying/dewatering sciences and technologies.This Symposium will be held in the main campus of the Universitat Politècnica de València and aims to bring together leading researchers and engineers from academia and from industry from all around the world in this university environment. It is also planned during the meeting an exposition of industrial equipment and developments. An Award program will be also part of the event for the international drying community. This Symposium is the 21th event in the series founded by Professor Arun S. Mujumdar at McGill University, Montreal, Canada, in 1978

Forest stand delineation is an essential task of forest management planning which can be time consuming and exposed to subjectivity. The increasing availability of LiDAR data and multispectral imagery offers an opportunity to improve stand delineation by means of remotely-sensed data. Under these premises, ASTER imagery and low-density LiDAR data have been used to automatically delineate forest stands in several forests of Navarra (Spain) through Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA). Canopy cover, mean height and the canopy model have been extracted from LiDAR data and, along with VNIR ASTER bands, introduced in OBIA for forest segmentation. The outcome of segmentation has been contrasted, on the one hand, assessing segments’ inner heterogeneity. On the other, OBIA’s segments and existing stand delineations have been compared with a new method of geometrical fitting which has been ad hoc designed for this study. Results suggest that low-density LiDAR and multispectral data, along with OBIA, are a powerful tool for stand delineation. Multispectral images have a limited predicting utility for species differentiation and, in practical terms, they help to discriminate between broad-leaved, conifer and mixed stands. The performance of ASTER data, though, could be improved with higher spatial resolution VNIR imagery, specifically sub-metric VNIR orthophotos. LiDAR data, in contrast, offers a great potential for forest structure depiction. This perspective is connected with the increasingly higher resolution datasets which are to be provided by public institutions and the rapid development of drone technology. Complexity of OBIA may limit the use of this technique for small consulting firms but it is an advisable instrument for companies and institutions involved in major forestry projects. No

Historical studies of land use changes help us to understand the current configuration of the landscape and identify the environmental and social impacts that are associated with these transformations. Several authors describe the transitions as a process of change that transforms the landscape system; for systematic transitions, these transitions are driven by stable and gradual processes. The objective of this study is to determine the trajectory and magnitude of land use and land cover (LULC) change for the 1994-2007 period in a pre-Andean sub-watershed with intensive human use in the central-southern zone of Chile and to analyze the most significant systematic transitions between land cover types. The results confirmed the reduction in the areas of agriculture and livestock and the increase of exotic plantations use on surfaces intended for agricultural use. The significant transitions were the conversion at a rate gain of 384 ha/year of “Farmlands” to “Exotic plantations”, the abandonment at a loss rate of 119 ha/year of “Perennial grasslands” to “Native vegetation”, the degradation at a loss rate of 93 ha/year of “Native vegetation” to “Perennial grassland”, and the revegetation at a rate gain of 60 ha/year of “Exotic plantations” to “Native vegetation”. The new patterns and trends in the use and intensity of land use reaffirmed the need for studies on the updated status of natural resources, particularly soil resources. This work, we believe, is a technical tool to support the sustainable management of a territory and the decision-making processes on land use. Estudios de los cambios en el uso de la tierra permiten comprender la configuracion actual del paisaje e identificar los impactos ambientales y sociales que se asocian a estas transformaciones. Diversos autores describen “transiciones” como un proceso de cambio que transforma el paisaje, donde las “transiciones sistematicas” son impulsadas por procesos estables y graduales. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la trayectoria y magnitud del cambio de cobertura y uso de la tierra para el periodo 1994-2007 en sub-cuenca pre-andina de uso intensivo en el centro-sur de Chile y analizar las transiciones sistematicas mas significativas entre tipos de cobertura. Los resultados obtenidos confirman la reduccion de areas destinadas a agricultura-ganaderia y el aumento de areas de uso forestal: conversion, a una tasa de 384 ha ano-1, de “Cultivos y pastizales naturales” a “Plantaciones forestales”; abandono, a una tasa de perdida de 119 ha ano-1, de “Praderas perennes” a “Bosque nativo y matorrales”; degradacion, a una tasa de perdida de 93 ha/ano, de “Bosque nativo y matorrales” a “Pastizal perenne”; y revegetacion, a una tasa de ganancia de 60 ha ano-1, de “Plantaciones forestales” a “Bosques y matorrales nativos”. Asi, debido a los nuevos patrones y tendencias en el uso de la tierra se reafirma la necesidad de contar con estudios sobre el estado actualizado de los recursos naturales, en particular el recurso suelo. Este trabajo, representa una herramienta de apoyo tanto para la gestion sostenible de un territorio como para la toma de decisiones sobre el uso de la tierra.

E ste trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la influencia del compuesto orgánico en la producción de plantas de capirona. El experimento fue realizado en el Centro de Investigaciones Dale E. Bandy del IIAP Ucayali. Los tratamientos fueron distribuidos mediante un Diseño Completos al Azar (DCA), con 5 tratamientos 3 repeticiones y 10 plantas por unidad experimental, los tratam ientos fueron: T1 [Tierra aluvial]; T2 [tierra agrícola]; T3 [Tierra aluvial + tierra agrícola (1:1)]; T4 [Tierra aluvial + cascarilla de arroz + gallinaza (1:1:1)] y T5 [Tierra Agrícola+ cascarilla de arroz + gallinaza (1:1:1]. Las variables evaluadas al final del experimento fueron altura de planta (H) (cm); diámetro basal (DB) (mm); número de hojas; relación altura y diámetro basal (H∕DB); masa seca de la parte aérea (MSPA) (g); masa seca de la raíz (MSR) (g) e índice de calidad de Dickson (IQD). Los res ultados muestran que los tratamientos T4 y T5 presentaron diferencias significativas superiores en todas las variables evaluadas en relación a los otros tratamientos. En ese sentido se concluye que los sustratos [Tierra aluvial + cascarilla de arroz + gall inaza] y [Tierra Agrícola+ cascarilla de arroz + gallinaza], provenientes de residuos de origen animal y vegetal proporcionaron mayor eficiencia en el crecimiento y mejor calidad de plantas de capirona aptas para campo definitivo .

Gmelina is an important forest species because of its adaptability to different tropical environments, rapid growth and high quality wood for many uses. Although the species thrives in lowlands, both wet and dry, water availability is the main limiting factor for production in the latter. The transpiration rate, stomatal resistance, water potential and chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments content were monitored for three climatic seasons (rainy, transitional and dry) and three ages (seedling (2-10 months), juvenile (10-16 months) and adult (48-60 months)), in order to observe the physiological response of gmelina to conditions in northern Colombia. Transpiration rates decreased with the age of the trees and the critical value of leaf water potential, that generates stomatal closure, was observed below -2.6 MPa. The dry season resulted in increased carotenoid content, in contrast to the content of chlorophyll A, B and total.

Second-growth forests represent the greatest potential resource for forest management and large-scale ecological restoration in many regions. In south-central Chile, second-growth forests include those dominated by Nothofagus obliqua , N. dombeyi , Drimys winteri , and a mixture of evergreen species, especially hardwoods. This article examines the influence of fire and logging on the establishment patterns and development of second-growth forests in south-central Chile. We characterize the size structure and composition of these four types of forests with sampling plots. The identification of the type of disturbance and its date of occurrence was determined from evidence such as fire scars and even-aged pulses of tree establishment. The size, structure and species composition of these forests indicate an intermediate state of development with an average density and basal area ranging from 1294 to 5038 trees ha -1 and from 59 to 85 m 2 ha -1 , respectively. Logging and/or devastating fires that occurred in the early decades of the 1900s promoted the relatively rapid establishment and growth of pioneer species ( Nothofagus obliqua, N. dombeyi, D. winteri ). In the Mixed Evergreen second-growth forests, mid-shade or shade tolerant species (e.g., Gevuina avellana, Eucryphia cordifolia, Amomyrtus luma, and A. meli ) became established mostly through vegetative sprouting. Fires and logging have been pervasive factors in determining the structural and compositional uniformity of the native forests of south-central Chile. Ecological restoration at a landscape level, either by ecological processes (i.e., a reduction in fire frequency) and/or the structure and composition of second-growth forests, provide a relevant approach to accelerating the generation of attributes of old-growth forests, therefore meeting manifold societal demands for forest goods and services. Los bosques secundarios representan el mayor recurso forestal para el manejo y la restauracion de gran escala en muchas regiones del mundo. En el centro-sur de Chile los bosques secundarios estan dominados por Nothofagus obliqua , N. dombeyi , D. winteri , y Siempreverde mixtos. El presente articulo examina la influencia del fuego y tala en los patrones de establecimiento y desarrollo de bosques secundarios de la region centro-sur de Chile. Para la caracterizacion de la estructura y composicion de cada bosque secundario se seleccionaron rodales representativos estableciendo 4-6 parcelas de 900 m 2 . El tipo de disturbio y su fecha de ocurrencia fue establecido a traves de evidencias tales como cicatrices de fuego y pulsos de establecimiento de arboles. La estructura de tamanos y composicion indican un estado de desarrollo intermedio o de reiniciacion del sotobosque presentando en promedio una densidad y area basal que varia entre 1294 y 5038 arboles ha -1 y entre 59 y 85 m 2 ha -1 , respectivamente. Incendios de gran severidad y/o madereo ocurridos en las primeras decadas de los 1900 promovieron un rapido establecimiento de las principales especies pioneras ( Nothofagus obliqua, N. dombeyi, D. winteri ). En los bosques secundarios Siempreverde mixtos, el establecimiento de especies tolerantes o semi-tolerantes a la sombra (ej., Gevuina avellana, Eucryphia cordifolia ), fue principalmente por rebrotes vegetativos. El fuego y madereo han sido agentes clave en determinar la uniformidad estructural y composicional de los bosques nativos del centro-sur de Chile. La restauracion ecologica a escala de paisaje, tanto de procesos ecologicos (frecuencia incendios) como de la estructura y composicion de los bosques secundarios, ofrece una relevante aproximacion para acelerar la generacion de atributos de bosques antiguos que satisfagan los multiples bienes y servicios ecosistemicos demandados por la sociedad.

5 Páginas Tropical deforestation for the establishment of tree cash crop plantations causes significant alterations to soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. Despite this recognition, the current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) tier 1 method has a SOC change factor of 1 (no SOC loss) for conversion of forests to perennial tree crops, because of scarcity of SOC data. In this pantropic study, conducted in active deforestation regions of Indonesia, Cameroon, and Peru, we quantified the impact of forest conversion to oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), and cacao (Theobroma cacao) agroforestry plantations on SOC stocks within 3-m depth in deeply weathered mineral soils. We also investigated the underlying biophysical controls regulating SOC stock changes. Using a space-for-time substitution approach, we compared SOC stocks from paired forests (n = 32) and adjacent plantations (n = 54). Our study showed that deforestation for tree plantations decreased SOC stocks by up to 50%. The key variable that predicted SOC changes across plantations was the amount of SOC present in the forest before conversion—the higher the initial SOC, the higher the loss. Decreases in SOC stocks were most pronounced in the topsoil, although older plantations showed considerable SOC losses below 1-m depth. Our results suggest that (i) the IPCC tier 1 method should be revised from its current SOC change factor of 1 to 0.6 ± 0.1 for oil palm and cacao agroforestry plantations and 0.8 ± 0.3 for rubber plantations in the humid tropics; and (ii) land use management policies should protect natural forests on carbon-rich mineral soils to minimize SOC losses. Study Description. Results. Discussion. Methods. References

The growth of urban areas adjacent to forest areas, as well as international trade growth, has accelerated the demand for food. These areas of growth have led to the deforestation of tropical forests, a process that contributes negatively to climate change, and a decline in the provision of environmental services and biodiversity. This article seeks to propose and simulate a theoretical model of optimal control at the household level. This model is used to explain the dynamics of forest loss by expansion of the agricultural frontier. Under these conditions, based on tradable permanent crops, farmers decide whether to install new areas for cultivation or manage existing ones in a context of increasing transportation costs. We simulate a theoretical model using data on permanent crops in the high forest of Peru. The results of the model establish that there is a limit to the expansion of the agricultural frontier of the rainforest due to transportation costs. This limit can be surpassed in the context of the free movement of labor whenever these costs cause a decrease and/or increase in the price of land cultivation. Finally, the main policy recommendations of this study emphasize the subordination of transport policy to agroforestry and the conservation of forest ecosystems policies. Agroforestry design forest policies should consider the differential impact of the construction of highways and rural roads on the loss of tree cover as well as on sustainable food production, given that deforestation is not accelerated by the mere existence of roads but by the incentives that are presented to settlers to guide their efforts toward clearing new forest areas. El crecimiento de las areas urbanas adyacentes a las zonas forestales, ademas del crecimiento del comercio internacional, ha acelerado la demanda de alimentos y por lo tanto la deforestacion de los bosques tropicales, un proceso que contribuye negativamente al cambio climatico, a la disminucion de la provision de los servicios ambientales y a la biodiversidad. Este articulo tiene como objetivo proponer y simular un modelo teorico de control optimo a nivel de hogares para explicar la dinamica de la perdida de bosques por la expansion de la frontera agricola que hace que un agricultor, en base a cultivos permanentes transables, quien decide en cada momento si expander a nuevas areas para el cultivo o si maneja las ya existentes en un contexto de aumento de los costos de transporte. Simulamos el modelo teorico a partir de datos sobre los cultivos permanentes en la selva alta del Peru. Los resultados del modelo establecen que hay un limite a la expansion de la frontera agricola en la selva dado por los costos de transporte. Este limite puede ser superado en un contexto de libre disposicion de mano de obra cada vez que estos costos disminuyen y/o aumentan el precio pagado para el cultivo de la tierra. Por ultimo, las principales recomendaciones de este trabajo destacan la subordinacion de la politica de transportes a la agroforesteria y a la conservacion de las politicas de los ecosistemas forestales. Politicas forestales de diseno agroforestales deben considerar el impacto diferencial de la construccion de carreteras y caminos rurales por la perdida de la cobertura forestal, y tambien en la produccion sostenible de alimentos, teniendo en cuenta que la deforestacion no es acelerada por la mera existencia de caminos, sino por los incentivos presentados a los colonos para orientar sus esfuerzos hacia la limpieza de nuevas areas forestales.

The influence of different factors on shoot proliferation and the occurrence of hyperhydricity in teak (Tectona grandis L.) have been studied. Four concentrations of BA (2.22, 4.44, 6.66 and 8.88 µM) and a control treatment with 0 BA were examined. Aiming at reducing the costs during commercial propagation by using gelrite in stead of agar, the use of both gelling agent in the proliferation and hyperhydricity was tested. In order to evaluate if hyperhydricity can be reduced by increasing the gelrite concentration in the culture medium, three concentrations (2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 g L-1) were tested in combination with 4.44 µM BA. The proliferation and occurrence of hyperhydricity during 21 successive subcultures were evaluated. The highest proliferation was achieved in the treatments with 6.66 or 8.88 µM BA. They yielded 5.22 and 5.56 shoots/explant, respectively. But also, the highest percent of hyperhydric shoots was achieved in this treatment. Gelrite resulted in a higher proliferation, but also an almost two times higher hyperhydricity as compared to agar-solidified media. Satisfactory reduction in hyperhydricity (18%) was achieved with 3.0 g L-1 gelrite. However, the successive subcultures onto proliferation in this treatment favored hyperhydricity compromising shoot quality and it´s competence to proliferate. in vitro teak plants were ex vitro rooted and then transferred to greenhouse conditions for acclimatization; ten weeks after transfer they were ready for field plantation. Se estudió la influencia de diferentes factores en la proliferación y la ocurrencia de la hiperhidricidad in teca (Tectona grandis L.). Se probaron cuatro concentraciones de BA (2,22; 4,44; 6,66 and 8,88 µM) y un control sin BA. Con el objetivo de reducir los costos durante la propagación comercial se experimentó sustituir el agar por el gelrite, para lo cual se estudió en efecto de ambos gelificantes en la proliferación y la hiperhidricidad de los brotes. Se estudiaron, tres concentraciones de gelrite (2,0; 2,5 and 3,0 g L-1) combinadas con 4,44 µM BA, con el objetivo de evaluar si la hiperhidricidad podía ser reducida incrementando la concentración de gelrite. Se evaluó la proliferación de brotes y la ocurrencia de la hiperhidricidad durante 21 subcultivos. Se logró una alta proliferación de brotes en los tratamientos con 6,66 y 8,88 µM BA (5,22 y 5,56 brotes), pero el porcentaje de brotes hiperhídricos también se incrementó. El gelrite resultó en una alta proliferación de brotes, pero con mayor incidencia de la hiperhidricidad que el medio gelificado con agar. Se obtuvo una reducción satisfactoria de la hiperhidricidad (18%), cuando la concentración de gelrite se incrementó hasta 3,0 g L-1. No obstante, la multiplicación de los brotes en este tratamiento más allá del 11no subcultivo favoreció la hiperhidricidad, lo que afectó la calidad de los brotes y su competencia para la proliferación. Las plantas fueron enraizadas ex vitro, transferidas a condiciones de invernadero para su aclimatización y diez semanas después de la transferencia estaban listas para la plantación en campo.

Understanding the processes shaping biological communities under interacting disturbances is a core challenge in ecology. Although the impacts of human-induced disturbances on forest ecosystems have been extensively studied, less attention has been paid to understanding how tree regeneration at the community level responds to such disturbances. Moreover, these previous studies have not considered how these effects change according to major social and environmental factors that can influence forest use at a landscape scale. In this study, we investigate the effects of cattle grazing and selective logging on the composition of tree regeneration communities in relation to forest successional stage and land tenure regime in Chilean temperate forests, a global biodiversity hotspot. We recorded seedlings, saplings and basal area of stumps of tree species (as a surrogate for selective logging), and number of cattle dung pats (as a surrogate for cattle pressure) in 129 25 3 20 m plots in small (,200 ha) and large properties in different successional stages (old-growth, intermediate, secondary forests). The regeneration of the ten more abundant species as predicted by human disturbance, land tenure, forest successional stage, and number of parent trees was modelled using generalised linear models. Predictions for each individual model were made under different scenarios of human disturbance. The predicted regeneration results were assembled and subjected to ordination analyses and permutation multivariate analyses of variance to determine differences in regeneration composition under each scenario. In most cases, best-fit models contained at least one of the explanatory variables accounting for human disturbance. The effects of selective logging on tree regeneration varied depending on land tenure regime, but cattle grazing always exhibited a negative effect. Our results revealed that cattle have a more negative effect on forest regeneration than selective logging, especially in old-growth forests and small properties. Our analytical approach contributes to the understanding of the differential influence of human-induced disturbances on the tree regeneration community at a landscape scale. It can inform conservation policies and actions, which should focus on addressing themain disturbance factors and on developing strategies to conserve the most sensitive species to such disturbances., C. Zamorano-Elgueta was supported by a CON- ICYT pre-doctoral fellowship (Government of Chile), the European Comission (Project contract DCI-ENV/ 2010/222-412), the Chilean NGO Forest Engineers for Native Forest (Forestales por el Bosque Nativo, www. bosquenativo.cl) and project REMEDINAL-2 (Comu- nidad de Madrid, S2009/AMB-1783). L. Cayuela was supported by project REMEDINAL-2. This work is part of the objectives of projects CGL2010-18312 (CICYT, Ministerio de Economı́a y Competividad de Espana). The authors acknowledge the valuable support of Vero ́nica Pı́riz, Cony Becerra, Rodrigo Gangas, Oscar Concha, Eduardo Neira and staff from the Valdivian Coastal Reserve, as well as the National Forest Service of Chile (Corporación Nacional Forestal)

Summary: Phytolacca tetramera Hauman “ombusillo” is an endemism of southeastern Buenos Aires province (Argentina). This species has fungicidal action against opportunistic pathogens of humans. In order to search natural alternatives for the control of diseases in plants caused by fungi, the objective was to evaluate the effects of aqueous and alcohol extracts of P. tetramera leaves on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides(Penz.) Sacc. This fungus has a wide distributionin different species with agricultural, forestry, and ornamental value. The antifungal activity of aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts was assessed in vitro against fungi. The fungus was subjected to two types of extracts already incorporated into the Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium at 5-50% concentrations. The aqueous extract concentrations within the range 15-30% led to a decrease in the average diameter and speed of mycelium growth, while the range of 15-40% was the most effective in relation to a decrease in conidial production. Also, leaf alcohol extract inhibited the conidial production at concentrations of 5%, and had fungicidal action at concentrations of 15%. From “ombusillo” leaves a foam index of 250 was obtained. This high concentration of saponins would be at least one cause of the antifungal activity.Key words: Antifungal activity in vitro, biological control, “ombusillo”, Phytolaccaceae, saponins.Resumen: Efecto de los extractos acuoso y alcohólico de la hoja de Phytolacca tetramera (Phytolaccaceae) sobre Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Ascomycota). Phytolacca tetramera Hauman “ombusillo” es un endemismo del sudeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Esta especie presenta acción fungicida contra patógenos oportunistas de humanos. Con el propósito de buscar alternativas naturales para el control de enfermedades en los vegetales, se planteó como objetivo evaluar el efecto de los extractos foliares acuoso y alcohólico de P. tetramera sobre el desarrollo del hongo Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc., el cual tiene amplia distribución en especies de importancia agrícola, forestal y ornamental. El ensayo se realizó in vitro. El hongo fue cultivado en agar papa glucosado (APG), con aplicación del extracto en concentraciones del 5-50%. Las concentraciones del extracto acuoso del 15-30% produjeron una disminución del diámetro y velocidad media de crecimiento del micelio, mientras que las concentraciones del 15-40% fueron las más efectivas en el control de producción de conidios. El extracto alcohólico inhibió la producción de conidios con el 5% de concentración y con el 15% resultó fungicida. A partir de las hojas de “ombusillo” se obtuvo un índice de espuma de 250. Esta alta concentración de saponinas hace suponer que sería, al menos, una de las causas de la actividad antifúngica.Palabras clave: Actividad antifúngica in vitro, control biológico, “ombusillo”, Phytolaccaceae, saponinas

Melina (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) is a forest species with fast growing, tall trees. Melina propagation is based on cuttings isolated from juvenile seedlings. The present research focused on micropropagation of melina plants, grown from cuttings isolated from mature trees. Explants were surface disinfected with NaOCl (0.5%) and established on semisolid MS with (in mg L-1) myo-inositol (100), sucrose (30.000) and TC-agar (7.000). The effect of BAP (0; 0.44; 1.33 and 2.22μM) on shoot proliferation, AIB (0, 0.49, 1.48 and 2.46μM) on in vitro rooting and substrate (sand and peat) on ex vitro survival were evaluated. Treatments were distributed with a complete randomized design, 20 replicates per treatment and 80 total experimental units were evaluated. Collected data showed that compared to control BAP increased shoot proliferation, shoot length and leaf number, while IBA induced higher root number, root length and rooting percentages. Higher survival rates were observed when plants were transferred to peat. Melina (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) es una especie forestal de gran potencial por la rapidez de crecimiento y altura de sus árboles; sin embargo, la propagación clonal para siembra de huertos forestales se basa preferencialmente en el enraizamiento de estacas provenientes de plantas jóvenes obtenidas a partir de semillas. En el presente estudio se evaluó la micropropagación de plantas de melina obtenidas de miniestacas enraizadas aisladas de árboles adultos. Los explantes fueron desinfectados con 0,5% NaOCl y establecidos en medio MS semisólido con (en mg L-1) mio-inositol (100), sacarosa (30.000) y agar (7.000). Se evaluó el efecto de BAP (0; 0,44; 1,33 y 2,22μM) sobre la multiplicación de brotes, el efecto de AIB(0; 0,49; 1,48 y 2,46μM) sobre el enraizamiento de tallos micropropagados y el del tipo de sustrato (arena y turba) sobre la adaptación ex vitro de las plantas micropropagadas. Todos los tratamientos se distribuyeron con un DCA y cada tratamiento se repitió 20 veces para un total de 80 unidades experimentales. Los resultados mostraron que el suministro de BAP en el medio incrementa significativamente la tasa de multiplicación, la longitud de brotes y el número de hojas producidas, mientras que la adición de AIB aumenta el porcentaje de enraizamiento e influye significativamente en las variables número de raíces por tallo y longitud promedio de raíz. La mayor supervivencia se observó en el sustrato turba.

[EN] The management of forests that considers the social and environmental aspects associated to the forest activity is called sustainable forest management (SFM). There is not an agreed definition to be applied worldwide. This study intends to find out the requirements of SFM in the Mediterranean region and takes Spain as a case study. It is also aimed to determine the sustainability of current forest management in Spain, the difficulties to achieve SFM and proposals to do so. An initial diagnosis of the situation in Spain is obtained by means of a SWOT analysis and, then, a questionnaire with forestry experts is carried out to verify and broaden the conclusions of the analysis. Results show that the key aspects of SFM are management planning, the consideration of the natural resources (biodiversity, habitats, soil and water), and the contribution to rural development. Management planning and rural development are scarcely considered currently in forest management (12% of the forest area has a management plan). The main difficulties that explain this situation are the low profitability of Mediterranean forests, the lack of economic compensation for the ecosystem services (ES) provided by forests, and the bad coordination between forestry and land planning. The way to SFM goes through the existence of fair mechanisms that pay forest owners for the ES provided and the market promotion of all forest products. For the previous to succeed, it is relevant to make society aware of the matter. Finally, it is important to increase inventory and data collection on forests to identify priorities of research and management., [ES] Se define la gestión forestal sostenible (GFS) como aquélla que considera los aspectos sociales y ambientales asociados a la actividad forestal. No existe una definición universal del concepto. Este estudio trata de identificar los requerimientos de GFS en la región mediterránea y se centra en España como estudio de caso. Se busca también determinar el nivel de sostenibilidad de la gestión forestal actual en España, las dificultades de su sistema para alcanzar los objetivos de GFS y propuestas para mejorar la gestión. Se realiza un diagnóstico inicial de la situación española por medio de un análisis DAFO (debilidades, amenazas, fortalezas y oportunidades) y posteriormente se lleva a cabo una consulta a expertos a través de un cuestionario para corroborar y ampliar las conclusiones del análisis. Los resultados muestran que los aspectos clave de GFS son la planificación de la gestión, la consideración de los recursos naturales (biodiversidad, hábitats, suelos y agua), y la contribución al desarrollo rural. La gestión forestal presente presta poca atención a la planificación de la gestión y al desarrollo rural (sólo el 12% de la superficie forestal tiene un plan de gestión). Las principales dificultades que explican esta situación son la baja rentabilidad de los bosques mediterráneos, la falta de compensación económica por la provisión de los bosques de servicios ambientales, y la poca coordinación entre la planificación forestal y la territorial. El camino hacia la GFS pasa por la existencia de mecanismos justos de pago a los propietarios forestales por los servicios ambientales provistos y la promoción en los mercados de todos los productos forestales. Finalmente, es importante aumentar y estandarizar la recolección de datos del estado de los bosques para identificar prioridades de investigación y de gestión., This project started with funds of Dirección General del Medio Natural y Política Forestal of Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino (Spanish ministry for the environment), it is supported now by Generalitat Valenciana (government of the region of Valencia) through the training programme VALi+d for new researchers (code ACIF/2010/248), and it is framed in a research funded by Dirección General de Investigación y Gestión del Plan Nacional de I+D+i of Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spanish ministry of science) (reference: ECO2011-27369).The project takes place in Universitat Politècnica de València. Authors would like to thank the four institutions for providing the means and resources for this project.