Search

Background: The consumption of energy drinks, especially among young people, is constantly growing worldwide despite warnings about their safety. Therefore, determining the consequences of their impact on the human body and well-being is an actual issue. This work aimed to study the state of endogenous intoxication and the antioxidant system of erythrocytes in experimental animals that consumed energy drinks. Methods: The study was conducted on rats that consumed energy drinks for a month. Samples for analysis were taken on the 10th day after the end of the experiment. The biochemical methods of analysis were used to assess the state of endogenous intoxication by the erythrocyte intoxication index and the content of middle mass molecules (MMM), the state of oxidative modification of proteins, and the state of the antioxidant system by the fermentative activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase. Statistical methods were used to determine the reliability of the study results. Results: It was found that the value of the erythrocyte intoxication index significantly increased by 1.8 times (p<0.001), the content of MMM254 by 1.2 times (p<0.001), and the content of MMM280 – by 3 times (p<0.001), indicating the development of endogenous intoxication. The activation of the processes of oxidative modification of proteins is proved by the increase in the oxidative modification of the protein index by 1.1-1.3 times. It was shown that the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase decreased by 1.1 times, and CAT activity increased by 1.3 times (p<0.001). A 1.5-fold decrease in the ratio between superoxide dismutase and CAT enzymes was also found. Conclusions: The results indicate damage in the antioxidant system, a decrease in the effectiveness of antioxidant protection, and the development of oxidative stress. The results obtained in this work may help study the potential adverse health effects of energy drinks consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Excessive lipoperoxidation is accompanied by accumulation of peroxidation products and depletion of antioxidant re-serves, which cause hyperenzymemia and the accumulation of toxic substances. The level of endotoxicosis is determined by the content of hydrophilic and hydrophobic products in the blood. Aim: To define the pathogenetic role of endogenous intoxication in the dynamics of development of experimental periodontitis of bacterial-immune genesis. Materials and methods: The experiment was conducted on rats. The animals were divided into three groups: group 1 – control group/intact; group 2 – model periodontitis at 7 days; group 3 – model periodontitis at 30 days. The experimental bacterial-immune periodon-titis was induced by injection into the tissue of the periodontal complex of the microorganisms’ mixture diluted with egg’s albumin. For the study, we selected the blood serum in which the content of middle molecular weight molecules and erythrocyte intoxication index were determined. The results were statistically analyzed by means of non-parametric indices methods. Results: The development of generalized periodontitis is characterized by the occurrence of oxidative stress, which leads to violation of the metabolism in the mucous membrane of the oral cavity resulting in the accumulation of toxic products and the development of endogenous intoxication. The results show that the content of middle molecular weight molecules (aromatic amino and chain amino acids) determined on day 7 of the experiment was 1.11 times higher than that of the control group (p

ABSTRACT. In order to study the effect of drugs containing L-arginine and L-carnitine on the indicators of endogenous intoxication and systemic capillary leakage in patients with complicated diabetes mellitus, 30 patients with diabetic ketoacidosis, representative by age, sex, comorbidity were examined. Among the patients were 13 men and 17 women, with a mean age of 52.36±2.87 years. It is shown that the use of the drug Tivorel in the treatment of such patients reduces the severity of systemic capillary leakage syndrome and manifestations of endogenous intoxication.

The review describes the syndrome of endogenous intoxication in patients with mental disorders. Oxidative stress, middle-mass endotoxic molecules, impaired functional properties of serum albumin and albumin thiol groups, neurotrophic factors, and enzymes, including monoamine oxidase and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase contribute to the development of endogenous intoxication. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms of the endogenous intoxication development in mental disorders and approaches to its treatment are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the problem of systemic capillary leakage syndrome (CLS) in patients with endogenous intoxication. Pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical picture and methods of treatment of these pathological conditions are presented. The effectiveness of drugs based on L-arginine and L-carnitine, in particular the combined drug Tivorel in the treatment of CLS in patients with endogenous intoxication has been shown.

Global warming results in increased extreme weather events, including heatwaves, droughts and floods, which exceed plants’and animals’tolerance thresholds, thus posing a threat to the economy and agriculture. Under these conditions, heat stress becomes a vital problem for animal husbandry. The paper presents the study results of biochemical blood parameters and endogenous intoxication in cows suffering from hepatopathies under heat stress. Based on the calculated temperature-humidity index, it was established that during the summer season in the conditions of the Krasnodar Krai lowlands, cows are under heat stress. Using the method of paired comparisons, two groups of animals (n = 10) were formed: the first group was a healthy livestock; and the second group consisted of animals suffering from hepatic pathologies. Blood was sampled from all cows at the beginning of the experiment (the first decade of May) and at the end (the last decade of July). Laboratory tests of blood revealed that as the heat stress develops healthy cows show the increase in the protein concentration in blood, and, on the contrary, animals with hepatic pathologies demonstrate the inhibition of protein synthesis. The higher activity of aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase in the bovine serum in the summer season when compared to the spring season was established. The study of the endogenous intoxication level dynamics in cattle during the development of heat stress, showed that in both groups the concentrations of middle molecules (ММ) increased relative to the background data: in the first group (healthy cows) MM 237 – by 11.8%, MM 254 – by 14.4%, MM 280 – by 16.9%; in the second group (cattle with liver pathology) MM 237 – by 16.9%, MM 254 – by 20.3%, MM 280 – by 33%. Thus, under heat stress, the endogenous intoxication in healthy livestock was almost 1.5 times less intense as compared to the animals suffering from hepatopathies.

Summary. Benign prostatic hyperplasia among urological diseases of older men occupies an important place with a tendency to increase. The most common social problem is alcohol consumption. Its toxic effects are experienced by many systems and organs, because it easily interacts with many vital processes of the body. Due to the syndrome of endogenous intoxication, we can evaluate a lot of data and get results on the course of many diseases in the level of medium mass molecules and changes in erythrocyte. The aim of the study – to learn the changes in endo­genous intoxication by the level of medium mass molecules and changes in erythrocyte index in rats with benign prostatic hyperplasia with combined action of ethanol. Materials and Methods. Experimental animals were divided into 4 groups: group 1 (control group) – rats, which were injected for 28 days with distilled water orally; group 2 – animals, which for 28 days were injected with 40 % ethanol solution at the rate of 2 ml/100 g of body weight orally once a day. In rats of group 3, the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was simulated by subcutaneous administration of ampoule 5 % testosterone at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg once a day for 28 days; group 4 (12 animals) the model of BPH was reproduced with additional toxic effect of 40 % ethanol solution at the rate of 2 ml/100 g of body weight orally once a day for 28 days. Results. As a result of our studies, in animals of different research groups under the conditions of experimental modeling of benign prostatic hyperplasia, it was found that there is a gradual increase in endogenous intoxication on the day 7, 14, 21 of the experiment. All markers of endogenous intoxication (EI) peaked on day 21 of the study. Conclusions. We were able to identify significant changes and disturbances of intoxication in animals under the toxic effects of ethanol, which is important for their pathogenesis

Summary. Hypertension (HT) remains an important issue in modern medicine. In recent years, the study of related comorbid conditions has attracted attention. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are among such common diseases of interest. The study of metabolic changes caused by such a combination will provide a better understanding of their pathogenesis and optimize treatment methods. The aim of the study – to evaluate the changes in serum albumin binding function and endogenous intoxication (EI) when HT in combination with concomitant NASH and T2DM and to suggest ways of appropriate medical correction Materials and Methods. Three groups of patients with HT stage 2–3 were examined. Group 1 included 28 patients with HT without concomitant diseases, group 2 – 48 patients with concomitant NASH, group 3 – 47 patients with NASH and type 2 diabetes. Groups 2 and 3, in turn, were divided into two subgroups (A and B): patients of subgroups A – received basic HT therapy and additional drug Antral 1 tablet 3 times a day for 60 days, subgroup B – only basic HT therapy. All patients underwent standard clinical examination, as well as serum albumin binding function and EI parameters: middle mass molecules (MMM) at a wavelength of 254 and 280 nm and erythrocyte intoxication index. The comparison group consisted of 25 almost healthy individuals (control group). Results. An increase in EI levels was found according to all studied indicators in patients with HT without comorbidities. With concomitant NASH and NASH and type 2 diabetes – a significant decrease in binding function of serum albumin, as well as greater manifestations of endotoxicosis (p

The aim of our work was to investigate the peculiarities of changes in endogenous intoxication rates: medium mass molecules (MMM) and erythrocyte intoxication index (EII) in the blood of guinea pigs in the experimental periodontitis formation.The results of biochemical studies showed that at all stages of the development of experimental periodontitis, there is a consistent increase in the degree of endogenous intoxication with their dominance on the 15 th day of the experiment relative to the control, namely, the content of medium-mass molecules (МMМ254, МMМ280) and the erythrocyte intoxication index (EII) increased in blood, respectively, by 24.8% (р≤0.05), 28.2% (р≤0.05) and 34.7% (р≤0.05) compared to the first group of animals, which indicates an increase in the processes and the important role of metabolites of endogenous intoxication and their participation in the mechanisms of formation of experimental periodontitis.

Over the past decades, egg poultry farming has undergone a certain specificity, concentration and intensification, which contributed to radical changes in the main production processes, as well as to the use of high-tech cage equipment for keeping laying hens, which to one degree or another affects the condition of hens and the quality of edible eggs. Chicken health is an important part of normal functioning and high productivity of chickens. For the health of chickens, the normal and full functioning of the immune system is necessary, which is influenced by various technological factors, one of which is the size of the grouping of chickens in cages. The purpose of the article is to investigate the non-specific reactivity of chickens under the influence of the size of the grouping with the same density of laying hens in cages that are similar in design. Egg-laying hens of the industrial flock “Hy-Line W-36” were used as the object of research. Experiments with experimental animals were conducted in accordance with the rules of the European Convention on the Protection of Vertebrate Animals. Under the conditions of a modern complex for the production of edible eggs, 4 groups of chickens were formed, each of which was kept in a separate analogue poultry house. The non-specific reactivity of the hens’ organism under the influence of the size of the grouping with the same density of laying hens in cages analogous to the construction was studied. It was found that with a decrease in the size of the grouping of chickens, there is a shift of the leukocyte formula to the left, a preference for non-specific protective cells, which occurs as a result of a functional increase in the proliferative activity of the bone marrow and is expressed in an increase in the number of heterophils and an increase in their activity in the macrophage-macrophage immune response system

The study of stress in the conditions of industrial technologies of keeping laying hens and determining the level of technological stressors influence on the physiological state of poultry is a necessary condition for the development of new methods of stress prevention in choosing the best ways to keep them. The aim of the study was to determine the informativeness of integrated immunohematological indices for the diagnosis of stress-induced disorders in laying hens under the influence of technological stressors of varying intensity. Chronic technological stress was modeled by long-term keeping of laying hens at high planting density. The intensity of the stressor was determined by increasing the density of laying hens. Integral immunohematological indices were determined on the basis of an extended general blood test. It has been found that in laying hens, which due to prolonged exposure to high density were in a state of chronic stress, there is a high level of endogenous intoxication and impaired immunological reactivity, as evidenced by increased Leukocyte shift index, Immunoreactivity index, Leukocyte to erythrocyte sedimentation rate ratio, lymphocyte to monocyte ratio, heterophil to monocyte ratio. It is shown that under chronic stress in laying hens there is activation of the cellular part of the immune system, active adaptive response of white blood, as well as the predominance of delayed-type reactions over immediate-type hypersensitivity, as indicated decrease in lymphocyte-granulocyte index, general index, lymphocytic index and lymphocyte to eosinophil ratio. Thus, integrated immunohematological indices are promising markers for the diagnosis of chronic stress in laying hens.

Background. In abdominal surgery, there is a great interest in patients with obstructive jaundice, which is due to the preservation of a high incidence rate and an insufficient degree of satisfaction with the results of treatment. One of the ways to improve the results of treatment is to search for optimal schemes for correcting homeostasis disorders, especially its most important component – endogenous intoxication. The purpose of the workis to optimize the course of the early postoperative period of patients with obstructive jaundice of non-tumor origin of moderate severity (class B). Materials and methods. A survey of 58 patients with mild obstructive jaundice of moderate severity (class B) who underwent various surgical interventions aimed at restoring the passage of bile into the duodenum was conducted. In the first group (n = 28), standard therapy was performed in the early postoperative period, in the second (n = 30), it included remaxol. The diagnostic complex includes: indicators of the clinical course of the disease, assessment of the syndrome of endogenous intoxication by the content of toxic products of hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature in the blood; indicators of the functional state of the liver. Results. The use of remaxol in the complex therapy of patients with mechanical jaundice of non-tumor origin leads to a significant reduction in homeostasis disorders, which resulted in a decrease in hydrophilic and hydrophobic toxins in the blood. With this kind of therapy, the clinical course of the disease was optimized: the number of postoperative complications significantly decreased (according to the Clavien-Dindo classification from 57.1 % in the first group to 20.0 % in the second group (χ2 = 3.853, p = 0.050), the duration of hospital stay of patients was reduced by 2.7 bed days (p < 0.05). Conclusions. The inclusion of the hepatoprotector remaxol in the complex therapy of patients with obstructive jaundice leads to a decrease in the severity of endogenous intoxication syndrome, optimizes the course of the early postoperative period.

Objective: To study the clinical features of the course and the dynamics of some haematological indices in endogenous intoxication syndrome in children under 3 years of age suffering from pneumonia. Methods: There were 80 children under surveillance, of which 60 were pneumonia patients (main group), and 20 healthy children (control group). Laboratory survey included determining levels of leukocyte index of intoxication (LII), lactic and uric acids. The respiratory failure (RF) I is noted in 51.6%, RF II in 34.2% and RF III in 14.2% of cases. Results: Clinically and radiologically, 60.5% of children were diagnosed with bilateral processes in lungs, and in 39.5% the unilateral process. Signs of endogenous intoxication were: hyperhidrosis (59.4%), acrocyanosis (46.6%), perioral cyanosis (55.5%), mottled skin integument (49.2%), pronounced subcutaneous venous network (48.2%). The LII rate in the acute period had a strong tendency towards an increase of up to 5 days, with a gradual reduction to normal reference values by the end of the first week. It was found that high levels of lactic and uric acids were closely correlated with hypoxia. For example, in RF I, II and III levels of lactic acid were 1.3±0.1, 1.9±0.2 and 2.61±0.25 respectively. Children with RF III have degrees of lactic acid concentration that was statistically significant (p

Objective: to study the state of the processes of endogenous intoxication, lipoperoxidation and antioxidant protection in the saliva of athletes during exercise and during the recovery period after it. Materials and methods: the study includes 20 professional athletes and 40 volunteers who do not have regular high physical exertion. Samples of saliva in athletes were taken three times: at rest, 10-15 minutes after training and again at rest; in the control group - once. In the samples, the content of products of lipoperoxidation, endogenous intoxication, activity of antioxidant enzymes was determined. Results: it is shown that the training process is accompanied by an intensification of the processes of lipoperoxidation and endogenous intoxication. In the recovery period, the level of lipid peroxidation products remains elevated, and the content of protein toxins quickly returns to normal. The activity of antioxidant enzymes after exercise is reduced, but increases in the recovery period. This is due to compensatory mechanisms in the antioxidant defense system. Conclusions: it is necessary to monitor the parameters of the subjects for timely correction of the effects of oxidative stress.

Modern medical practice shows that the only eff ective treatment for breast cancer in dogs is surgery; current developments in chemotherapy and radiation therapy are ineff ective and too expensive. To identify the types of breast tumors and their anatomical distribution, it is necessary to have a reliable histological diagnosis. In most cases, it is used because the main treatment for breast cancer in dogs is their surgical removal. Undoubtedly decisive for this method of treatment are the phenomena of intoxication and endotoxicosis. Endotoxicosis in the early postoperative period consists of iatrogenic, tumor with tumors isolated and based on a small number of observations. However, the results of intoxication and the consequences of massive surgical tissue damage are often a determining factor for the outcome of treatment. Unfortunately, reports of studies of MSM in animals obtained by us indicate that almost all animals with breast tumors have endogenous intoxication, which we detected by the level of MSM and MDA in blood plasma. In our opinion, determination of the level of these markers of endotoxicosis before surgery and in the postoperative period can be an objective criterion for the risk of surgical treatment. Monitoring the level of MSM in the remote postoperative period, in combination with other biochemical studies can be a criterion for assessing the general clinical condition of the animal for the development of metastases. Probably lower levels of endogenous intoxication and clinically confi rmed reduction in the duration of treatment are a clear confi rmation of the eff ectiveness of high-frequency electrocoagulator EK-300M1. Dogs with breast tumors had high levels of MSM and MDA, which is a refl ection of the level of endogenous intoxication and may be an objective criterion for the risk of surgical treatment and postoperative recovery. Progressive reduction of these indicators in animals of the experimental group proves the eff ectiveness of the proposed treatment tactics.

Background. The search for methods of correcting endogenous intoxication is relevant, despite the large number of exis­ting methods for the treatment of diseases of the pancreatohepatobiliary system. The purpose of the research is to study the nature of changes in endogenous intoxication syndrome in patients with chronic pancreatohepatobiliary system lesions during bioregulation therapy (BRT). Materials and methods. Seventy-two patients with chronic pancreatitis in the phase of unstable remission aged 18–62 years were examined, including 15 men and 57 women. Depending on the presence of concomitant pancreatohepatobi­liary pathology, the patients were divided into three groups: chronic viral hepatitis C was first diagnosed in 26 patients (group I), chronic acalculous cholecystitis — in 25 (group II), biliary dyskinesia — in 21 people (group III). All patients were prescribed a course of basic therapy and at the same time a combination bioregulatory corrector of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and a combination bioregulatory hepatotropic drug. Dynamic changes (before and after during BRT) of middle-molecular weight peptides, circulating immune complexes and leukocyte intoxication index were studied to evaluate endotoxicosis. Results. After the course of BRT, along with the elimination or reduction of pain syndrome, dyspepsia, normalization of bowel activity and other clinical signs of improvement, there was a significant decrease in the level of endogenous intoxication (p

Background. In recent years, there has been a great interest in dysregulatory pathology, especially the defeat of various organs and systems in acute pancreatitis, in which the mortality rate remains at a high level, which is largely associated with the syndrome of a systemic inflammatory response. Certainly, lung damage is one of the predictors in the pathogenesis of the aggravation of acute pancreatitis and the development of fatal complications. The purpose of this research is to study the detoxification and hemostasis correcting ability of the lungs in the experiment and in the clinic for acute pancreatitis. Materials and methods. The research is based on experimental and clinical studies. The experiments were performed on adult mongrel dogs (n=15), which were modeled under anesthesia for pancreatic necrosis by injecting bile into the pancreatic parenchyma. In the control period, relaparotomy and thoracotomy, lung tissue biopsy, and blood sampling were performed. 30 patients with acute severe pancreatitis were examined (17 men (56,7%), 13 women (43,3 %), the age was 53,8 ± 5,32 years). Methods of investigation: assessment of the severity of endotoxicosis, coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters of arterial and venous blood. The state of the coagulation-lytic system and lipid metabolism were determined in the lung tissue. Results. In an experiment on a model of biliary pancreatic necrosis and in the clinic in patients with acute severe pancreatitis, a significant deterioration in the detoxification ability of the lungs and changes in their ability to modulate the coagulation state of the blood were found. The experiment proved that the transformation of the functional state of the lungs is based on significant modifications of the lipid metabolism and the coagulation-lytic system of the organ tissues, the triggers of which are excessive activation of phospholipase systems and oxidative stress. Conclusions. In acute pancreatitis, as the disease progresses, there is a significant deterioration in the detoxification ability of the lungs and changes in their ability to modulate the coagulation state of the blood, which is due to sharp changes in the modification of lipid metabolism and the coagulation-lytic system of organ tissues due to excessive activation of phospholipase systems and oxidative stress.

The purpose of the study: is to establish the characteristics of the development of endogenous intoxication during experimental obstruction of the urinary tract. Materials and methods: to achieve this goal, one control and three experimental groups of animals were formed, in which blood was taken from the marginal ear vein on the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st day of the experiment. The following parameters were determined in blood serum: urea, creatinine, total protein and albumin. The level of endogenous intoxication was assessed by the indicators of medium-mass molecules, circulating immune complexes and malon dialdehyde. Results: statistical analysis of blood biochemical parameters and endogenous intoxication markers confirm the link between modern biomarkers of renal injury and morphological changes in the tissues of obstructive and compensatory organs. Conclusion: our findings point to the overstress adaptation mechanisms, the development of oxidative stress and exhibit a high level of endogenous intoxication, resulting in structural and metabolic changes in the affected and in the contralateral kidney.

Background: This work describes etiological structure and statistics for causes of acute enteric infections and salmonellosis in modern conditions. Method: It was analyzed the common epidemiologic signs and indices of modern acute enteric infections (AEI), caused by opportunistic microorganisms (OMO), various viruses and salmonella. Result: The research also shows the integrative intoxication indicators of causal groups in endogenous intoxication which point to these phenomena being caused by autointoxication at the moment of one’s own cells disruption as well as induced by bacterial endo- and exotoxins. Conclusion: The work compares the etiology of AEI on the basis of reviewing their epidemiological attributes, changes in the integrative indication for endogenous intoxication, as well as vectors and causal correlations between hematological and microbiotic indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question regarding clarification the mechanisms that link changes in the musculoskeletal system with changes in the microbiome, in recent few years has become particularly relevant. The investigation of the biological effect of probiotics on cartilage metabolism under osteoarthritis (OA) opens the perspectives for their use in complex therapy and prevention of joint pathology. The aim of the research was to analyze the quantitative and qualitative composition of the peptide component of the middle-mass molecules (MMM) of different fractions in the articular cartilage of rats with experimental OA under the introduction of multiprobiotic (PB) composition. The experiments were conducted on white male non-linear rats weighing 180-200 g. Experimental osteoarthritis in rats was induced by a single injection of sodium monoiodacetate (MIA; Sigma, USA) in the knee patellar ligament. The animals of therapeutic group received oral administration of live probiotic composition Multiprobiotic Simbiter® acidophilic concentrated ("O.D. Prolisok", Ukraine) at a dose of 140 mg/kg daily for 14 days. Euthanasia of animals was performed on the 30th day of the experiment. The level of MMM was assessed spectrophotometrically. Fractionation at the peptide level was performed using the method of chromatography, which is separated by size on Sephadex G 15 column. Our findings showed an increase in the MMM content of all studied fractions in cartilage tissue of rats with experimental OA and changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of their the peptide component, that could indicate the development of endogenous intoxication, as a result of impaired cartilage metabolism, inflammation and destructive processes in the knee joint during the pathology. Administration to animals with MIA-induced OA PB composition had a favorable effect on the studied parameters, which was expressed in a decrease of MMM content and restored redistribution of the peptide pool of cartilage tissue. The obtained results provide grounds for further research aimed at studying the biological effect of PB on cartilage metabolism, which may contribute to the development of new strategies for the treatment and prevention of joint diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim: to conduct a retrospective analysis of literature sources on the pathogenesis and methods of diagnosis of chronic kidney disease in cats. Materials and methods. The research was conducted by the method of scientific literature open-source analysis: PubMed, Elsevier, electronic resources of the National Library named after V.I. Vernadsky (1981–2007). Results. Chronic kidney disease is a common reason for cat owners to go to veterinary clinics. The term “chronic kidney disease” has a broader meaning than the more limited and not very specific name – chronic renal failure; it is also used to indicate the preazotemic stage of the disease. Chronic kidney disease is characterized by a gradual deterioration of the clinical condition of animals due to progressive decline in renal function. An idea of the pathogenesis and methods of diagnosis of chronic kidney disease in the period from 1981 to 2007 is presented. Conclusions. According to the results of retrospective analysis of literature sources for the period from 1981 to 2007, the basis was identified aspects of the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease in domestic cats, which have not lost relevance today. The main link during chronic kidney disease in cats is the development of hyperazotemia and, as a consequence, endogenous intoxication of the body, which develops gradually and leads to the death of the animal. The morphological basis of chronic kidney disease in cats is the development of diffuse nephrosclerosis, which is reflected in the results of clinical, biochemical and instrumental studies. According to biochemical analysis of blood, in cats recorded an increase in urea and creatinine, the results of clinical studies of urine showed a decrease in its relative density, as well as the development of proteinuria, the appearance of erythrocytes and cylinders. According to the results of hematological research, anemic syndrome develops due to decreased erythropoietin synthesis. With age in cats, ultrasound examination of the kidneys reveals a decrease in their volume due to uniform sclerosis of the parenchyma: it is determined by its thinning and increased echogenicity due to the accumulation of connective tissue components, which is a sign of nephrosclerosis. Although kidney biopsy is the most informative method of diagnosing chronic kidney disease, it has many contraindications, which does not allow its use in the routine diagnosis of nephropathy in domestic cats. its thinning and increase in echogenicity due to the accumulation of connective tissue components, which is a sign of nephrosclerosis, is determined. Although kidney biopsy is the most informative method of diagnosing chronic kidney disease, it has many contraindications, which does not allow its use in the routine diagnosis of nephropathy in domestic cats. Its thinning and increase in echogenicity due to the accumulation of connective tissue components, which is a sign of nephrosclerosis, is determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our work was to investigate the peculiarities of changes in endogenous intoxication rates: medium mass molecules (MMM) and erythrocyte intoxication index (EII) in the blood of guinea pigs in the formation of combined pathology - experimental periodontitis (EP) and immobilization stress (IS).The results of biochemical studies showed that at all stages of development of combined pathology - experimental periodontitis and immobilization stress there is a consistent increase in the degree of endogenous intoxication, which dominated on the 15th day of the experiment, namely increased content of medium mass molecules (МMМ254 , MMM280) and EII in the blood by 58.5% (p≤0.05), 80.3% (p≤0.05) and 95.7% (p≤0.05), respectively, compared with the first group of animals is a clear manifestation of the formation of endogenous intoxication. These changes are obviously the result of insufficient elimination of toxic products on the background of the inflammatory process in periodontal tissues and stress.

Background. Treatment of patients with acute peritonitis, including pelvic, is still one of the actual questions, due to the persisting negative results. This is mainly due to unclear understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease and the early postoperative period. In-depth knowledge of this issue will form the basis for the development of optimal therapy regimens. The purpose of this work is to determine the features of the early postoperative period in patients with acute pelvic peritonitis. Materials and methods. The work is based on the materials of clinical and laboratory studies of 42 patients with acute peritonitis of different genesis: group 1 – acute pelvic peritonitis (19); group 2 – acute peritonitis of appendicular origin (23). The patients were examined at admission and in the early postoperative period. The diagnostic complex, along with routine investigations, includes: assessment of the endogenous intoxication syndrome, oxidative stress and phospholipase activity; a number of indicators of the functional status of the intestine and liver. Results. It is established that before the operation and in the early postoperative period in patients with acute peritonitis there are markable phenomena of endogenous intoxication, oxidative stress with the decline of antioxidant enzyme capacity and activation of phospholipases, which are associated with impaired functional state of the intestine and liver. The severity and dynamics of these changes is associated with the origin of peritonitis. In acute pelviperitonitis against the background of an accelerated recovery of functional state of the intestine and liver, disorders of homeostasis in the early postoperative period are corrected faster, the course of the early postoperative period proceeds favorably with minimal postoperative complications. Conclusions. In acute purulent pelvic peritonitis, in contrast to appendicular peritonitis, there is a relatively positive course of the early postoperative period and a decrease in the development of complications, which is associated with mild endogenous intoxication symptoms against the background of an accelerated recovery of intestinal and liver function.

Background. The treatment of patients with obstructive jaundice is still one of the topical issues, due to the continuing unsatisfactory results. This is largely facilitated by the dysfunction of the liver, the restoration of which, even with the correction of the passage of bile, occurs slowly, which causes the preservation of homeostasis disorders. Detailed knowledge of this issue will form the basis for the development of optimal therapy regimens. The purpose of this research is to study the severity of endogenous intoxication and the state of the hemostatic system in association with the functional status of the liver in patients with non-tumor jaundice before operation and in the early postoperative period. Materials and methods. We examined 36 patients with obstructive jaundice of benign origin who underwent various surgical interventions aimed at restoring the passage of bile into the duodenum. We devided pations into 2 groups: the 1st group (n = 18) – patients with mild obstructive jaundice, the 2nd (n = 18) – severe. The diagnostic complex includes: assessment of the syndrome of endogenous intoxication by the content of toxic products of hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature in the blood; a number of indicators of the functional state of the liver; assessment of the state of the hemostasis system according to thromboelastography data. Results. It was found that in the preoperative time and in the early postoperative period in patients with obstructive jaundice there are pronounced phenomena of endogenous intoxication, disorders in the hemostatic system, which are associated with a disturbance of the functional state of the liver. The expression of these changes is associated with the severity of the pathology. In the mild form of obstructive jaundice, hemostatic changes are recorded in the form of an increase in the clotting ability of blood while maintaining the activity of the fibrinolytic system. In the severe obstructive jaundice, the functional potential of the liver decreases, one of the manifestations of which is the modulation of the hemostasis system in the form of hypocoagulemia and hyperfibrinolysis. Conclusions. The obtained clinical and laboratory information in disorders of homeostasis and functional state of the liver has not only academic, but also applied significance, determining the vector of pathogenetic therapy of patients with mechanical jaundice in the early postoperative period.

The article presents the results of study effect of quercetin on the indicators of endogenous intoxication syndrome under conditions of experimental periodontitis. One of the key links in the pathogenesis of any inflammatory disease, including maxillofacial area, is endogenous intoxication, an important pathophysiological mechanism of which is the activation of lipid peroxidation. The experimental animals were treated by intramuscular injections with water-soluble quercetin for 7 days. For further research the blood serum was selected in which was determined the content of middle molecular weight molecules and erythrocyte intoxication index. Excessive lipoperoxidation was accompanied by accumulation of peroxidation products and depletion of antioxidant reserves, which led to accumulation of toxic substances. That is why the study of the level of middle molecular weight molecules and erythrocyte intoxication index in simulated bacterial-immune periodontitis is a reliable criterion. Quercetin was able to reduce the expression of endogenous intoxication syndrome in experimental bacterial-immune periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe acute pancreatitis represents about 20% of all pancreatitis diagnosis and it has a high mortality rate when associated with a lung dysfunction. The aim of this research was to investigate the use of a wild spectrum metabolic drug (Cytoflavin®) for the treatment of acute lung injury in experimental pancreatitis. A l-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis (groups II and III) was simulated experimentally in a rat population. A combined metabolic drug was used as treatment. We determined the levels of amylase, medium molecules (MM 254 and 280), malonic aldehyde (MA), diene conjugates (DC), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the blood and we performed a histologic examination of the lungs and pancreas of the rat population. The activation of lipid peroxidation peaks at 24–48 h from the onset of the disease. The level of malonic aldehyde in groups II and III was higher (39.09% and 30.99%, respectively) than that in the control group I (p < 0.02; p < 0.01), the diene conjugates level was higher by 43.66% and 42.03% respectively (p < 0.01). With medical correction after 72 h (group III), the level of malonic aldehyde and diene conjugates decreased by 17.0% and 30.5% when compared with group II (no medical correction) (p < 0.05). The level of medium molecules peaked after 72 h of the disease induction (p < 0.001). A correlation was established between the level of endogenous intoxication with the membrane-destructive processes in the lung tissue 48 h after modeling of acute experimental pancreatitis. The use of the proposed medicament correction reduces the manifestations of endogenous intoxication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An impact of the endogenous intoxication on the treatment efficacy of the lower jaw fractures is not well-studied. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of endogenous intoxication on the dynamics of recovery from traumatic injuries of the lower jaw. Thirty-two patients with the open bilateral traumatic fracture of the lower jaw were enrolled in present study. All the patients were subjected for general blood analysis; the biochemical and hemostasis parameters and leukocyte intoxication index were also included. The patients were divided into the 3 experimental groups. Group 1 was composed of patients (26.3%) with low leukocyte intoxication index (< 1.0). The patients included into group 2 (47.4%) exhibited the index ranging from 1.0 to 1.4. For the patients included in group 3 (26.3%), this index exceeded 1.5. All the examinations were performed on day 1 after the injury and on day 5 after the reposition of fragments of the lower jaw. Thirteen patients were also examined for the macro- and microelement content and ratios in the oral fluid. We observed that due to the adverse effects of endogenous intoxication, the patient may develop the opposite reactions, including the restoration to normal values or development of sensitization of the body and tissue necrobiosis. We also found that significant changes in leukocyte intoxication index during the recovery period in all experimental groups. For example, in group 1, the leukocyte intoxication index decreased up to 0.88 ± 0.05 (p < 0.001), whereas in group 2, this index decreased up to 1.27 ± 0.04 (p < 0.001). Group 3 demonstrated a substantial decreased of this index, e.g., 2.0 ± 0.22 (p < 0.05). The precise molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon are unknown and remain to be further elucidated. We showed here for the first time that endogenous intoxication during the traumatic injuries of the lower jaw might trigger the development of sensitization or necrobiosis of the surrounding tissues, which has a significant impact on duration of the treatment and recovery period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Тhe aim of our work was to find out the peculiarities of changes ofendogenous intoxication indices in guinea pig blood during theformation of combined pathology - experimental contact dermatitis and experimental pneumonia and correction of their disorders with thiotriazoline.The paper found a gradual increase in the molecules of mediummass and erythrocyte index of intoxication in guinea pig serum with experimental contact dermatitis and experimental pneumonia with the highest degree of expression on the 18thday of the experiment, and this may be may indicate the development of endogenous intoxication of the animal body. At the same time, the use of the drug thiotriazoline caused the decrease of the studied indicators, which gives grounds to stateits positive effect on certain markers of endogenous intoxicationand the feasibility of further research.

Introduction. Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic poly-etiologic dermatosis by the mechanism of its development, manifested by papular rash on the skin and mucous membranes, severe itching. The objective of the study was to determine and analyze the levels of endogenous intoxication markers in blood plasma of the patients with lichen planus depending on severity and duration of the disease. Materials and methods. 48 patients, 20 men and 28 women, participated in the study. 31 patients had suffered from dermatosis for about 2 years, and 17 patients for over 2 years. Mild LP was diagnosed in 17 patients and moderate LP in 31 patients. The blood levels of homocysteine (HC), carbonyl groups of oxidative modified proteins (CG-OMP) and medium molecular weight peptides (MMWP) were determined in all the patients. Results. Significantly increased blood plasma levels of HC, MMWP and CG were found in patients with lichen planus as compared to the control group. The patients with severe and prolonged course of dermatosis had more evident disturbances in the content of endogenous intoxication markers than those with short and mild course of the disease. Conclusions. A significant increase in the levels of homocysteine, MMWP and carbonyl groups of oxidative modified proteins was found in the patients with LP, being indicative of an essential role of endogenous intoxication processes in the pathogenesis of lichen planus.

Background. The purpose was to evaluate the state of endogenous intoxication and immune-inflammatory response in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC) associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), depending on the stage of decompensation. Materials and methods. The study included 204 patients. Among them, 78 patients were diagnosed with alcoholic liver disease at the stage of liver cirrhosis (group I) and 126 patients had a combination of ALC and NAFLD (group II). General-clinical and instrumental examinations were performed. The leukocyte index of intoxication (LII), sorption capacity of erythrocytes (SCE), levels of resistin, highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in the blood were determined. Results. Patients with a combination of ALC and NAFLD had a more severe clinical picture with the development of astheno-vegetative, pain, dyspeptic, hepatorenal, hepatopulmonary syndromes, jaundice, portal hypertension, liver encephalopathy. Among severe infectious complications, pneumonia and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis were more common in persons with subcompensation and decompensation. In all patients, SCE, LII, TNFα, hs-CRP and resistin levels increased with increasing decompensation of the disease. Higher SCE, LII, TNFα, hs-CRP and resistin levels were observed in patients with ALC associated with NAFLD due to a more severe course of the pathological condition. Positive correlations were found between resistin level and TNFα, hs-CRP, SCE, and LII. Conclusions. Analyzing the results of the study, it was found that with an increase in ALC decompensation, the degree of endogenous intoxication, which is accompanied by the development of immune-inflammatory response, is increasing, as evidenced by elevated SCE, LII, TNFα, hs-CRP, and resistin levels. Significantly higher SCE, LII, TNFα, hs-CRP, and resistin levels were detected in patients with a combination of ALCs and NAFLD accompanied by a more severe course of the disease. In patients with ALC associated with NAFLD, correlation between the resistin level and SCE, LII, TNFα, hs-CRP was found.

Long-term compression syndrome (crush-syndrome) occupies 15-24 % in the structure of traumatic lesions and is characterized by severe course, development of a syndrome of systemic inflammatory response and disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome, leading to multiple organ failure and high mortality of the victims, even in specialized hospitals. The aim of our study was to investigate the dynamics of endogenous intoxication indices changes in rats blood and liver on the model of endotoxicosis, which is formed under conditions of crush-syndrome. Experiments were carried out on 40 inbred, sexually mature white male rats weighing 180-200 g, which were modeled with crush-syndrome of medium degree. The rats were divided into five groups: intact animals, experimental group 1 1 day of observation, experimental group 2 3rd day of observation, experimental group 3 7 days of observation, experimental group 4 14 days of observation. Blood serum and liver homogenate were used for the investigations. Determination of the content of middle-mass molecules was carried out in accordance with the Lifshits R.I. method. In the dynamics of the post-traumatic period of the crush-syndrome, an increase in the level of endogenous intoxication has been established, as indicated by an increase in the content of medium mass molecules, with a peak at the third day of observation. Thus, on the 3rd day of observation, the content of MSM1 in serum was significantly increased by 23.6 % compared with the 1st day and 2.1 times exceeded the control group data. Regarding the changes in the content of MSM2 in blood serum in the crush-syndrome dynamics, the 3rd day of observation revealed a probable prevalence of this index by 2.4 times vs intact rats, which was significantly higher by 38.1% vs the data for 1st day of observation. When comparing the dynamics of changes in endogenous intoxication indices, their synchronous development in blood and liver, with predominance in the liver has been established. It is associated with destructive changes, development of inflammation, hypoxia, decrease of the energy potential of the liver and activation of lipids peroxide oxidation.

Introduction. The pathogenesis of hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) has not been clarified, but since the basis of HPS development is the dilation of inner lung capillaries, researchers suggest that HPS is caused by the prolonged action of biologically active compounds on the blood vessels of pulmonary circuit and a syndrome of systemic inflammatory response has also been implicated in its development. The objective of the study was to evaluate the indices of endogenous intoxication and inflammation in blood serum and lung tissue of animals with different models of hepatopulmonary syndrome. Material and methods. The first experimental model of HPS was made by imposing a double ligature on common bile duct and its further dissection with a scalpel. The animals of second experimental group were fed with a mixture of maize flour, lard, cholesterol, and alcohol plus subcutaneously injection with carbon tetrachloride oil solution for 8 weeks. Determination of the middle mass molecules contents, TNF-α and CRP was carried out in blood serum and lung tissue. Results. The modelling of HPS resulted in a statistically significant increase in endogenous intoxication, manifested by an increase in the content of MMM and inflammation indices in blood serum and supernatant of lung tissue homogenate. An increasing of middle mass molecules was more significant for a pool of МMМ2. Conclusions. Comparing the indices of endogenous intoxication and inflammation in blood serum and lung tissue in both models of hepatopulmonary syndrome, we have found the synchronous development of destructive processes on systemic and local levels with predominance in lungs.

In the late period after cranio-skeletal trauma, the stimulation of reparative processes in organs and systems of the body is very important. In these circumstances, the effectiveness of phyto-medicines was not insufficiently studied. Phytho-pharmaceuticals include a number of natural biologically active substances capable of overcoming the mechanisms of damage and stimulating reparative processes. The absence of side effects and the background of high biological activity makes them a promising tool for correction of various pathological disorders and processes. The purpose of this work is to find out the histological changes of the kidneys, liver and lungs which appears in laboratory animals after modeling of cranio-skeletal trauma and correction of these changes by phytomixture. In experiments was used 99 non-linear white rats, 180-200 grams weight, which were on a standard vivarium diet. All animals were divided into three groups: control and two experimental. In both experimental groups (46 animals), under the conditions of thiopental-sodium anesthesia (40 mg per 1 kg body weight intraperitoneally), a moderate severity of closed craniocerebral trauma was modeled and caused a closed fracture of the femoral bones. The control group included 7 intact animals. After 14 days of post-traumatic period, for the first experimental group, the phytochemicals, which included Arnica montana, Elytrigia repens, Calendula officinalis, Urtica dioica and folium Betulae were used. The infusion was prepared at 1:10 and administered once a day to the experimental animals through the probe into the stomach at a dose of 10 ml per kilogram of animal mass daily from day 14 to day 35 of the experiment. In the second experimental group, an equivalent volume of physiological solution was intra gastrically injected during observation periods. The surviving animals, in conditions of thiopental-sodium anesthesia (80 mg per 1 kg of body weight intraperitoneally), after 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after trauma were taken out from the experiment by the method of total blood-flow from the heart. The erythrocyte index of intoxication (EII) and the content of fractions of medium weight molecules at 254 and 280 nm (MSM254, MSM280) were determined. In terms of cranio-skeletal injuries modeling during the late traumatic disease manifestations a significant increase of the level of endogenous intoxication was observed. It was manifested by increase of erythrocyte index value intoxication (EI) and content fractions average molecular weight (MSM) in the blood serum. The level of EI was significantly greater than control in all periods of observation with a moderate decline after 35 days. The characteristic feature of the dynamics of content MSM serum fractions is their high level after 14 days with normalization after 28 days and re-growth after 35 days. After applying phytomixture a significant decrease in endotoxemia was observed. Value of EI reaches the level of control after 35 days, and fractions MSM - starting from 28 days. Thus, after 21 days of the experiment in the stromal components of the kidneys, liver and lungs uneven blood supply mainly the venous channel was visualized. It was combined with moderate swelling of interstitium and the formation of focal polymorphic-cell infiltrates. In epitheliocytes there was mainly protein degeneration. The use of the herbal extract reduced perivascular edema and polymorphocyte infiltration of interalveolar lobes in the lungs, the development of the degeneration of the epithelium of the excretory renal tubule and hepatocytes. The appearance of dual-core cells showed an increase in regenerative activity in the liver and in the kidneys. There were discovered that simulated trauma is accompanied by dystrophic-necrotic disorders of the liver, kidney and lung tissues, which decrease until 35 days of the experiment, with the appearance of marked signs of regeneration. After the phytomixture using the signs of tissue recovery were more pronounced, especially after 35 days after injury.

The development of endogenous intoxication was studied using an experimental model to predict the course of obstructive uropathy. To this end, one control and three experimentalgroups of animals were formed, in which blood was drawn from the marginal ear vein on the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st days of the experiment. The following parameters were determined in blood serum: urea, creatinine, total protein, and albumin. The level of endogenous intoxication was assessed by the indicators of medium-mass molecules, circulating immune complexes, and malondialdehyde. Statistical analysis of blood biochemicalparameters and markers of endogenous intoxication confirms that these indicators are suitable as markers of the severity of the pathological process and morphofunctional changes in the tissue of the obstructed and compensatory organs. Our findings point to overstress of adaptation mechanisms, the development of oxidative stress, and reveal a high level of endogenous intoxication, resulting in structural and metabolic changesboth in the affected and in the contralateral kidney.

Endogenous intoxication as a typical pathological process has always been one of the key issues in all areas of medicine, especially in intensive care. Accumulation of endogenous toxic substances is an integral component of any critical condition. It accompanies severe trauma, generalized infections and destructive diseases of the cavity organs. The loss of the function of detoxification systems in multi-organ failure causes the progression of endotoxicosis and the disruption of oxygen transport (in the organs of detoxification as well), hence closing the vicious cycle of thanatogenesis.Endogenous intoxication is a multidisciplinary problem being a matter of interest in different areas of modern medical science, experimental pathophysiology and biomedical technology. As a result new effective methods of efferent treatments of critical conditions are introduced into clinical practice. For many years theoretical and applied issues aimed at solving the problem of endotoxicosis have been the focus of studies in the V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (now the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology). In the presented review we have tried to generalize the main results of the Institute's activities in this direction.

The study outcomes of dynamic parameters for the pro- and anitoxidant status and the cytokine profile in piglets under the stress caused by weaning them from sows for their transfer to growing-fattening facilities under conditions of an industrial-sized pig farm are reported. It has been ascertained that the technological stress affecting the animals is followed by increasing the contents of malondialdehyde and medium molecular-weight peptides, the endogenous intoxication, and the level of proinflammatory cytokines on days 3–10 after the stress effect. Increasing the antioxidant-defense enzyme activity and the levels of stable nitric-oxide metabolites and IL-4 and IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokines contributed to normalizing the body's metabolic processes and decreasing the contents of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ anti-inflammatory cytokines. The dynamics of variations in the pro- and anitoxidant status and the cytokine profile can indicate their interdependence under the oxidative stress associated with the events of weaning and transferring them to growing-fattening facilities. The process of adaptation to the new conditions was usually completed on the 20th day after the stress effect. In addition, most analyzed parameters were restored to the preweaning levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Accumulation of excessive amounts of exo- and endotoxins in the body leads to the inevitable occurrence endogenous intoxication. This status is accompanied by a different type of inflammatory processes in the tissues. Middle mass molecules are products of catabolism of endo- and exogenous proteins. Separate fractions of middle molecular peptides have neurotoxic activity, change the membranes permeability, disturb the sodium-potassium balance, transport amino acids, creatinine excretion, protein biosynthesis, tissue respiration, cause microcirculation disorders, and have cytotoxic activity. Transaminases are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions progress. Aminotransferases influence on reaction of the formation and decomposition of amino acids and carbohydrates. The aim of the study: The aim of our work was to study endogenous intoxication and status of plasmatic membranes in animals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and acetaminophen toxic lesions. Research materials and methods: We conducted two series of experiments. In the first series toxic lesion was caused by a single intragastric administration of acetaminophen suspension in 2 % starch solution to animals in a dose of 1250 mg/kg (1/2 LD50). In the second series the suspension of acetaminophen in 2 % starch solution in a dose of 55 mg/kg was given. Non-genetic form of experimental type 2 diabetes mellitus was modeled by a single intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin solution in doses 65 mg/kg, which was diluted by citrate buffer (pH 4.5) with the previous intraperitoneal nicotinamide administration in doses of 230 mg/kg. Rats, which were given the same amount of solvent (citrate buffer pH 4.5), were used as the control group. Results and discussion: Content of middle mass molecules and erythrocyte intoxication index were determined for research of endogenous intoxication status of rats with type 2 diabetes at single administration of acetaminophen. The experimental results show, that all investigated parameters changes compared with intact animals after acetaminophen administration to animals with type 2 diabetes. Aminotransferases are the main enzymes of protein metabolism and combine carbohydrate metabolism. The high levels of these enzymes in the blood are signal of liver tissues damages. The destruction and death of cells in this organ is accompanied by the release of enzymes in the blood. Conclusion: After analyzing of the obtained results, it can be argued that acetaminophen changes of endogenous intoxication indices and status of plasmatic membranes in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Among pollutants a significant threat is posed by heavy metals, nitrate fertilizers and industrial waste. However, people also contribute to this threat through bad habits such as smoking and alcohol. All these factors affect health and can cause death. The aim of this study was to investigate the content of reactive oxygen species, markers of cytolysis of hepatocytes, cardoza and the degree of endogenous intoxication in the organism of rats affected by nitrite of sodium on the background of tobacco intoxication. The experiments were carried out on white rats, which were divided into three age categories: immature, mature and old, who for 30 days were exposed to tobacco smoke. The research animals were divided into three groups. One of them for 24 hours before the end of the experiment was given sodium nitrite, the second group was given sodium nitrite 72 hours before the end of the experiment. 30 days after poisoning we tested the contents of reactive oxygen species in neutrophils, cytolysis of erythrocyte membrane was investigated by erythrocytic index of intoxication, hepatocytes and cardiocytes – aminotransferase activity. The degree of endogenous intoxication was evaluated by the content of average weight molecules in blood serum. Poisoning of rats with sodium nitrite on the background of the 30 day intoxication by tobacco smoke led to a significant formation of ROS in neutrophils of rats of different age groups. We investigated the activity of aminotransferases in the blood serum and the above organs of rats after exposing them to sodium nitrite and 30 day tobacco smoke. In the blood serum of adult and aged rats, the activity of alanine aminotransferase increased in these conditions by 2.1 and 1.6 times, respectively. Sodium nitrite, which was an additional factor in the intoxication of the rats of all age groups by smoke, caused more pronounced changes in the activity of the studied enzyme in the blood serum. In the liver and myocardium of rats of different ages a reliable decrease of this index was observed in all experimental groups. There was a significant increase in the serum of rats at different ages of aspartate aminotransferase activity. Aspartate aminotransferase activity in the myocardium of all experimental animals showed a reduction by 1.2–1.3 times after smoke inhalation and 1.5–1.6 times with simultaneous intoxication of the rats by sodium nitrite and tobacco smoke. Sodium nitrite, as an additional toxin raised the penetration capacity of erythrocytes among rats poisoned with smoke.By the end of the experiment, the erythrocyte index of intoxication increased in all age groups: immature rats by 31.7%, mature – by 36.0%, in old rats – by 23.6%. The next step of our research was to investigate the markers of endogenous intoxication – average molecular weight. After the simultaneous intoxication of rats by sodium nitrate and tobacco smoke, at the end of the experiment the content of average weight molecules was λ = 254 and of average mass λ=280 inthe blood serum of rats of all age groups increased by 3.1–3.3 times compared with the intact control group. Immature rats proved most sensitive to the action of sodium nitrite and tobacco.

Aim. To study the L-carnitine and L-glutathione influence on the clinical course of chronic pancreatitis (CP) in patients with obesity. Materials and methods. Three representative groups of patients were formed to determine the effectiveness of treatment. The average age of patients was (41.7±4.2) years. The common control group included 30 practically healthy persons (PHP) of the corresponding age and gender. The control group (group 1 (K), 25 persons), the basic group 2 (group 2 (A), 30 persons), the basic group 3 (group 3 (B) 25 persons). Results. After applying the proposed therapy in CP patients (group b) in the course of the disease compared with the group K showed an improvement of health, reduction of asthenic-vegetative, intoxication, and dyspepsia syndromes signs. After 2 weeks of therapy asthenic-vegetative syndrome was absent. Analysis of indicators in 3 months after treatment indicated that patients of the 2nd and the 3rd were achieved stable remission of CP, as no patient visited doctors for medical aid again. But, in 3 months after treatment 2 patients of the K group (10%) were admitted again, 5 patients (25%) sought medical help repeatedly concerning exacerbation of CP symptoms to the gastroenterologists. The result of the complex therapy with L-glutathione and L-carnitine addition positive effect on the IR syndrome is defined in our study a significant decrease of body mass index in patients of the 2nd and the 3rd groups during a 60 days period respectively: 7.5% and 8.1% (p

The syndrome of endogenous intoxication, which accompanies pathological processes, is caused by many mechanisms. Erythrocyte index of intoxication (EII) is one of the markers of endogenous intoxication. Medium Molecules (MSM) are products of catabolis m of endo- and exogenous proteins. The aim. of the study was to investigate the effect of L-arginine on the level of endogenous intoxication that occurs in the blood of white rats under the influence of acute immobilization stress and adrenal damage to the myocardium. Material and methods. The experiments were carried out on white male rats of the Vistar line weighing 180-200 g, which were divided into 3 groups of 10 animals (two experimental and one control). MSM254 MSM280 and EII in blood was determined. Results. The level of MSM254 increased by 1,3 times (p

Endogenous intoxication indices in late-pregnancy cows have been analyzed. The possibility for the use of these indices as predictors of bronchopulmonary pathology in the newborn calves has been identified. Overall, 29 Red-and-White Holstein cows checked on day 239–262 of gestation and 29 newborn calves were examined. Bronchitis occurred in all the calves within the first month of their life. In addition, it developed into pneumonia in seven newborn calves. The markers of endogenous intoxication in cows were analyzed. The total and effective albumin concentrations, the concentration of medium molecular weight peptides (MMWP) in the blood serum, the leucocyte intoxication index (LII) by the Kalf-Kalif formula, the toxicity index (TI), and the intoxication coefficient (IC) were determined. The MMWP level in the cows with calves unaffected by pneumonia comprised 0.408 ± 0.152 c.u. The cows with calves affected by pneumonia showed a higher MMWP content (0.615 ± 0.197 c.u., p < 0.05). A correlation between the MMWP concentration and the predicted probability of pneumonia was revealed (rs = 0.536, p < 0.005). The leucocyte intoxication index by the Kalf-Kalif formula and the toxicity index in the cows of both groups significantly varied. However, no reliable difference between the groups was revealed. The intoxication coefficient in the cows with calves affected by pneumonia was 26.5 ± 8.4, while a statistically reliable (p < 0.05) high IC value was recorded in cows that had offspring affected by uncomplicated bronchitis (IC = 17.2 ± 6.8). A correlation between the IC value in cows and the incidence of pneumonia in their offspring was revealed (rs = 0.568, p < 0.001). The MMWP concentration in blood serum of the pregnant cows may serve as a predictor of pneumonia in the newborn calves (AUC = 0.782, susceptibility – 85.71%, specificity – 81.82%, and critical value > 0.547 in conventional units). The diagnostic value of the IC predictor is rated as very good (AUC = 0.812, susceptibility – 71.43%, specificity – 86.36%, and critical value > 22.5 in conventional units). The concentration of medium molecular weight peptides and the intoxication concentration in cows in the period of gestation can allow us to make predictions for bronchopulmonary pathology development with high predictive accuracy in their offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of traditional infusion-transfusion therapy is not always able to fully restore the body and prevent the development of irreversible changes in hemolytic anemia. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the new infusion drug "Reomannisol" in experimental hemolytic anemia. The model of hemolytic anemia was reproduced on 60 rats. Infusion drug "Reomannisol" and comparison drug "Reosorbilact" were administered in a dose of 10 ml/kg of animal weight the next day after the administration of phenylhydrazine for 5 days. The studies were performed in 1 - 2 - 5 days after the drug administration. Demonstrated decrease of endogenous intoxication markers when using "Reomannissol" indicated its efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Nowadays, more than 2500 additives are intentionally added to food in order to keep certain properties or to extend shelf life. One of the most common food additives in Ukraine and in Europe is monosodium glutamate. Potentially negative health effects of monosodium glutamate prompt us to question safety of its wide-spread use. Objectives. In this study we defined the effect of monosodium glutamate (E 621) on the main markers of endogenous intoxication in rats. Materials and Methods. Experimental studies were conducted on 72 nonlinear male white rats weighing 150-180 g. The experimental animals were administered monosodium glutamate at a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight (corresponds dose 2 g per day in humans) for 7, 14 and 30 days. The control group of animals was given normal saline. Syndrome of endogenous intoxication was evaluated using measurements of low, medium, and high molecular weight substances in blood plasma, red blood cell suspension, and urine. Results. Our results indicated a shift of the markers of intoxication syndrome towards mainly catabolic substances. The results obtained after one week of the experiment correspond with phase of partial compensation, characterized by increased concentrations of low and middle molecular weight substances in red blood cells and plasma. After two weeks and up to one month of the experiment, the predominantly catabolic markers of endogenous intoxication continue to increase in erythrocytes and plasma, indicating a shift to the phase of partial decompensation to systems and organs of detoxification. Conclusion. The administration of monosodium glutamate at a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight was associated with development of excessive contents of low and middle molecular weight substances with reduced ability of kidneys to excrete toxic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gastroenterologia (2308-2097) is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and aims: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant public health issue, being one of the major contributors to morbidity and mortality in the modern societies. Chronic hyperglycemia produces significant physiological, biochemical, and histological changes in the affected organisms. This study aims to evaluate the markers of endogenous intoxication in rats with diabetes mellitus combined with carrageenan-induced enterocolitis. Materials and methods: Diabetes mellitus was induced by a single intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (Sigma Aldrich, USA, at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight). Carrageenan-induced enterocolitis was modeled by giving the animals free access to 1.0 % solution of carrageenan in drinking water for 1 month. The syndrome of endogenous intoxication was assessed by quantification of low and medium molecular weight substances in blood plasma, red blood cell suspension and urine using extraction-spectrophotometric method. Results: The increase in endogenous intoxication in streptozotocin-induced diabetes combined with chronic enterocolitis can mainly be attributed to the catabolic pool of blood plasma substances of low and medium molecular weight. The index of distribution of low- and medium-molecular-weight substances between blood plasma proteins and glycocalyx of erythrocytes in the experimental groups increased simultaneously with the quantities of investigated fractions in the erythrocyte suspension measured at the wavelengths of 242, 254 and 280 nm. Conclusions: We observed upsurge of endogenous intoxication markers in the rats with diabetes mellitus. Endotoxicosis became even more evident in the rats with diabetes mellitus combined with carrageenan-induced enterocolitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Tuberculosis (TB) belongs to interleukin-dependent immunodeficiencies with pronounced changes in cytokine system. Despite significant progress achieved in TB control, the role of some cytokines in the development of its resistant forms remains unclear; the issues of identification of integrated markers of progression of the pathological process in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) is unsolved; as well as no prognostic determination was made in terms of their role in ensuring the effectiveness of standard programs for tuberculosis chemotherapy. In view of the above, it is necessary to analyze indicators of certain cytokines in the blood serum of patients with MDR TB, depending on the resistance profile, which may reflect the severity of local and systemic nature of the specific inflammation, features of immuno-cytokine regulation in order to improve treatment programs. TB belongs to diseases that are accompanied by endogenous intoxication, i.e. accumulation in the body of end and intermediate products of metabolism in metabolism impaired due to inflammatory response. Pathways of endogenous intoxication development in TB are cytotoxic hypoxia, violation of intracellular homeostasis, massive generation and further resorption of tissue decay products, immuno-cytokine and hormonal imbalance, etc. The objective of this study — to estimate the parameters of endogenous intoxication, to determine the features of cytokine regulation in patients with multidrug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis depending on the resistance profile of mycobacteria and to define their role in the development of systemic inflammatory response. Materials and methods. The study included 116 patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis and preserved sensitivity to antimycobacterials; with MDR TB and diagnosed resistant to at least two first-line agents; tuberculosis patients with enhanced resistance. Clinical, radiological, biochemical, microscopic, microbiological, immune-enzymatic and statistical study methods were used. Results. Pearson correlation analysis between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines showed that in patients with MDR TB there is a weak negative correlation between the levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10, IL-18 and IL-10 (–0.22, p < 0,001; –0.16, p

Aim. To identify the structural and functional heart parameters in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) depending on severity of endogenous intoxication syndrome that is defined by blood middle mass molecules (MMM) level.Material and methods. In 110 patients with CHF standard clinical, laboratory and instrumental (echocardiography) examinations were performed. Besides the blood MMM levels were determined in all patients. The patients were divided into three groups with minimal, moderate and severe endogenous intoxication depending on MMM levels.Results. 41.8% of patients had the minimal severity of endogenous intoxication, 39.1% average degree and 19.1% severe intoxication. The patients with the highest MMM levels were specified by low left ventricular ejection fraction (p

Objective: to evaluate the efficiency of pharmacological correction of endogenous intoxication in patients with Stages III—IV ovarian cancer (OC) in the perioperative period. Subjects and methods. Thirty-to-70-year old seventy patients with Stages III-IV OC who had been surgically treated under general anesthesia were examined. The bio chemical parameters of intoxication, such as middleweight molecules, the total, effective concentration and binding capacity of albumin, integral hematological indices of intoxication, and C-reactive protein, were studied in the perioperative period. Results. Analysis of the performed tests showed that the premorbid background in all the examinees was characterized by varying degrees of endogenous intoxication (EI), increased leukocytic index of intoxication, hematological index of intoxication, and modified hematological index of intoxication, an imbalance between the accumulation and binding of overproduced toxic ligands, the intensified production of acutephase inflammatory proteins by the activation of a systemic inflammatory response, and decreased systemic responsiveness. These changes occur with suppressed systemic responsiveness, inadequate intoxication compensation by physiological detoxification systems and hemostatic instability. Conclusion. The use of heptral and Remaxol as part of the metabolic pharmacological correction infusion program nonequivalently caused reductions in the activity of an inflammatory response and the efficiency of EI correction in patients with OC in the perioperative period. The administration of Remaxol for systemic hyporesponsiveness and pronounced intoxication in OC patients promoted the optimization of systemic responsiveness, by producing a reduced toxic effect of tumorassociated EI.

The study was based on the treatment results of 217 patients with mechanical jaundice of benign genesis complicated by purulent cholangitis. In 53 patients with cholemic endotoxicosis after preliminary minimally invasive decompression of the bile ducts various methods of treatment were used. In 17 patients (group I), traditional treatment including infusion and antibiotic therapy was used; in 18 patients (group II) plasmapheresis was used in combination with indirect electrochemical oxygenation (IECO) of plasma with sodium hypochlorite; and in 18 (group III) with additional ozonation of plasma (PA with IECO + Ozone) and subsequent reinfusion of detoxified plasma. Comparative evaluation of the laboratory parameters dynamics in the process of treatment in groups 2 and 3 did not reveal any significant differences. Hyperleukocytosis before operative treatment is noted in both groups. However, after surgical treatment in group 1 patients, the leukocytosis parameters are normalized only at the time of discharge, which indicates more pronounced purulent intoxication. At the same time, in patients of groups 2 and 3 there was a more rapid decrease and normalization of leukocytosis on the 5th postoperative day. The developed differential surgical tactic with the implementation of minimally invasive decompression and the use of plasmapheresis allows to stop the phenomenon of endotoxicosis, cholestasis and liver dysfunction and thereby improve the results of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]