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Copyright of Adab Al-Basrah is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As the development of photovoltaic (PV) power generation continuously accelerated the total installed capacity of PV, the traditional static load model is difficult to meet the needs of the power grid with the increasing penetration of PV. And the dynamic model of grid-connected PV power generation is complicated and there are plenty parameters need to be identified, so the dynamic model of grid-connected PV power generation are extremely challenging to apply in wide-area power system. In this paper, a discrete-time equivalent model of PV (PDEM) is established based on the third-order dynamic differential equation of the PV power generation system and the parameters of the PDEM are identified using the least squares (LS) and the bat algorithm (BA). Besides, the dynamic characteristics of the PV power generation grid connected system with different permeability and the fitting residuals of the two methods is analyzed in the IEEE14-bus system incorporated into the PV system. The applicability of the PDEM is verified by setting short circuit grounding fault and changing the PV permeability and voltage dip. The simulation results demonstrate that the PDEM has a strong adaptability and good applicability in the case of high PV permeability with a wide application. And the applicability of the BA in identification of PDEM are given in this paper.

As large-scale wind turbines are connected to the grid, modeling studies of wind farms are essential to the power system dynamic research. Due to the large number of wind turbines in the wind farm, detailed modeling of each wind turbine leads to high model complexity and low simulation efficiency. An equivalent modeling method for the wind farm is needed to reduce the complexity. For wind farms with widely used doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs), the existing equivalent studies mainly focus on such continuous control parts as electrical control. These methods are unsuitable for the low voltage ride through (LVRT) part which is discontinuous due to switching control. Based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) and density-based spatial clustering of applications (DBSCAN), this paper proposes an equivalent method for LVRT characteristics of wind farms. Firstly, the multi-turbine equivalent model of the wind farm is established. Each wind turbine in the model represents a cluster of wind turbines with similar voltage variation characteristics. A single equivalent transmission line connects all wind turbines to the power grid. By changing the terminal voltage threshold to enter LVRT, each equivalent turbine can be in different LVRT states. Secondly, an LVRT parameter optimization method based on PSO is used to obtain the dynamic parameters of the equivalent wind turbines. This method of parameter optimization is applicable to the equivalent of LVRT parameters. Thirdly, a clustering method based on DBSCAN is used to obtain suitable clusters of wind turbines. This clustering method can classify wind turbines with similar electrical distances into the same cluster. Finally, two examples are set up to verify the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The equivalent simplification of large wind farms is essential for evaluating the safety of power systems. However, sub-synchronous oscillations can significantly affect the stability of power systems. Although detailed mathematical models of wind farms can help accurately analyze the oscillation mechanism, the solution process is complicated and may lead to problems such as the “dimensional disaster.” Therefore, this paper proposes a sub-synchronous frequency domain- equivalent modeling method for wind farms based on the nature of the equivalent resistance of the rotor, in order to analyze sub-synchronous oscillations accurately. To this end, Matlab/Simulink is used to simulate a detailed model, a single-unit model, and an equivalent model, considering a wind farm as an example. A simulation analysis is then performed under the sub-synchronous frequency to prove that the model is effective and that the wind farm equivalence model method is valid.

The article considers the problems of conveying verbal means of expressing humour in translation taking the American comedy “Sixteen Candles” by John Hughes as an example. The comparison of the original and its three translations (two voice-over translations and subtitles) made it possible to analyse in detail the verbal and non-verbal means of creating a humorous effect in the film and assess their interpretation in Russian in specific comic situations. Furthermore, in some cases we offer our own translation solutions. The problem of conveying humor is still one of the most difficult problems in audiovisual translation; it is often related to specific cultural peculiarities reflected in the speech of the source language speakers and the speakers of the target language. The relevance of the paper lies in the need for further research on the means of creating humour and the problems of its preservation in translation. The goal of the paper was to study the verbal and non-verbal means of creating humour in a particular comedy film, as well as to analyse and assess the effectiveness of their transfer in Russian translations. The following methods of analysing the data were employed: comparative-contrastive analysis, linguistic analysis, lexicographic analysis, situational analysis and functional-stylistic analysis. The study revealed some losses in translation usually caused by unjustified lexical replacements (mainly generalization), a change in the word‟s register (for instance, using a neutral literary word for a slang word) and resorting to outdated vocabulary. Besides that, translators often ignore non-verbal, situational means of creating humour and their influence the verbal description of the situation.

The daisy-chain connection of inverters is one of the basic configurations of the power collecting network in a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power generation farm. In this study, the total impact of a cluster of M similar inverters in daisy-chain connection in the PV farm is examined in the following two aspects: 1) aggregated representation of the cluster of inverters is derived for stability study based on the dynamic equivalence. The derivation confirms the rationality of representing the cluster of inverters by an aggregated inverter connected to the external system via an equivalent reactance, which is the maximum eigenvalue of the matrix of daisy-chain connection defined in the article. 2) Analysis is conducted to indicate that the risk of oscillatory instability may be collectively induced by all the inverters in the daisy-chain connection in the cluster. This explains why the increasing number of inverters may imply the possible instability risk of a PV farm. An example of a power system with a grid-connected PV power generation farm is presented in the article to demonstrate and evaluate the analytical conclusion obtained.

The article is aimed at studying some features of translation strategies used to convey the expressive potential of a poetic text with elements of mounting techniques, viewed through the prism of the rhythmic-syntactic level of organisation of the poetic text. The subject of analysis is enjambement, or verse (poetic) transference, which is a “dissonance” between the rhythmic division of poetic speech into poetic lines and the syntactic division of verbal material into syntagmas in verse, thereby affecting the rhythmic structure of the text. The poem by H.M. Enzensberger (born in 1929), “verteidigung der wölfe gegen die lämmer”, as well as the translation of the specified poem into Russian (“Protection of wolves from sheep”) made by Lev Ginzburg (1921-1980), are used as the factual material. The original poem is written in free rhythms and includes elements of mounting techniques. To achieve this goal, a complex methodology has been applied, which, in addition to structural-descriptive and comparative analyses, also involves elements of linguopoetic and linguo-stylistic approaches. The relevance of the presented work is primarily due to the translation perspective of the study, which required the involvement of the main provisions of the theory of dynamic equivalence by E. Nida, secondly, – to the fact that translation strategies are considered in terms of intercultural interaction, i.e. taking into account the culturally specific characteristics of the bearers of the source and target languages. Based on the results of the analysis, a conclusion has been made about the special role of verse transferences in the mounted lyrical poetry of H.M. Enzensberger, which are engaged in the creation of the “defamiliarisation” effect at the appropriate micro-level of the lyrical work. A comparative analysis of the texts in the source language and the target language indicates that the application of the main provisions of the theory of dynamic equivalence, as well as the relevant linguistic aspects of intercultural communication when translating poetic works, contributes to a most accurate preservation of the aesthetic effect and of the expressive potential inherent in the original poetic text with elements of mounting techniques.

As the number of wind farms (WFs) in urban power grids gradually increases, their dynamic equivalence is needed for stability analysis. This paper proposes a dynamic equivalence method for distributed multiple wind farms in an urban power grid. The key idea is to characterize wind farms dynamics and then use them for coherence by considering the differences between doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) and permanent magnet direct-drive synchronous generators (PMSG). The mathematical-physical models and operational control characteristics are firstly analyzed to find the essential attributes representing the dynamic characteristics. Then we introduce the similarity based on the dynamic timing warping (DTW) distances, which help construct the clustering index for coherency wind farms. Meanwhile, comprehensive constraints, which ensure the consistency of the urban power grid topology, are adequately considered. Finally, the parameters of coherent wind farms are aggregated based on the clustering groups. The proposed method is validated in an urban grid by the time-domain simulation.

The aim of this article is to analyse the scope of formal and dynamic equivalence in three press releases published by the European Commission in April 2020. The discussed press releases refer to the issue of the coronavirus pandemic and various measures taken by the Commission as a response to the crisis caused by the pandemic. Simultaneously, a particular attention is placed on the influence of the above-mentioned types of equivalence on the message covered by the press releases. Moreover, the study is based on three languages English, German and Polish. As the research shows, the two types of equivalence may apply to various aspects of texts introducing a wide range of effects to the translation. Whereas formal equivalence is usually present in shorter forms, dynamic equivalence corresponds to larger units of text. Additionally, it has been proved that the two types of equivalence are not applied in both translations to an equal extent

This research is an annotated translation study. The author conducted an Indonesian- Chinese translation of two chapters of the biography named Tokoh Tionghoa & Identitas Indonesia: dari Tjoe Bou San sampai Yap Thiam Hien and gave annotations to important and necessary parts. The specific purposes of this research can be described as follows: (1) find the appropriate method to translate this source text; (2) find out proper translation techniques and provide reasons for choosing equivalence. In translating this biography, the author uses communicative translation (Newmark, 1988) and considers the dynamic equivalence theory of Nida and Taber (1982) as the main principle. Annotations are divided into six groups, namely: culturally charged words, phrases that are translated into Chinese idioms, proper nouns, metaphors, footnote, and sentences. To translate a text successfully, translators need not only a good mastery of languages but also broad knowledge

In order to reduce the dimension of wind farm model and improve the simulation efficiency under the premise of ensuring the accuracy, this article proposes a dynamic equivalent method for permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based wind farm cluster utilizing the adaptive extended Kalman filters. Combining the dynamic model of PMSG, the equivalent wind turbine parameters that need to be identified are incorporated into the extended state variables, and an online parameters identification method based on extended Kalman filter (EKF) theory is put forward. To eliminate the influence of random noise on the accuracy of identification, the adaptive technology is introduced into EKF to estimate the process and measurement noise covariance in real time through the Sage–Husa estimator. Thus, a wind farm cluster equivalent model is obtained. Finally, the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method are verified by time-domain simulation and frequency-domain simulation in IEEE 39-bus system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inculturation emerged as a result of paradigm shifts in the missionary outlook of the Church necessitated by a heightened sense of culture, especially the plurality of cultures. This outlook saw culture as a tool for the transmission of the Gospel message to different frontiers. In view of this, dialogue with culture has passed from being an exception to the rule to becoming normative. Inculturation is a complex process, which must be undertaken gradually and critically. Overall, it aims to incarnate the Gospel in every culture by maintaining a healthy balance between tradition and progress. In this paper, the method of inculturation that is highlighted is the one developed by Charles Kraft and Anscar Chupungco known as “dynamic equivalence,” which seeks to build a “communicational bridge” between the Gospel message and human experience. This paper, therefore, embarks upon the discussion of faith-culture dialogue, keeping in mind Church’s efforts to proclaim the message of the Gospel: first, by first tracing the historical development of Inculturation, highlighting the Church’s disposition towards faith culture dialogue; second, by discussing the nature and dynamics of inculturation, focusing on its essential characteristics; and lastly, delineating the process of inculturation, which underscores dynamic equivalence as method. References Acevedo, Marcelo S.J., Inculturation and the Challenge of Modernity. Rome: Pontifical Gregorian University, 1982. Alberigo, Giuseppe “The Announcement of the Council: From Security of the Fortress to the Lure of Quest,” in History of Vatican II, 1 Announcing and Preparing Vatican II: Toward a New Era in Catholicism, ed. Giuseppe Alberigo and Joseph A. Komonchak. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis. 1-54. Aleaz, K.P. “The Theology of Inculturation Re-Examined,” Asia Journal of Theology 25, 2 (2011):232. Amalorpavadass, D.S. “Indian Culture. Integrating Cultural Elements into Spirituality” in Indian Christian Spirituality ed. By D.S. Amalorpvadass, Bangalore: NBCLC, 1982, 100. Arbuckle, Gerard A. “Christianity, Identity, and Cultures: A Case Study” The Australasian Catholic Report (January, 2013): 41-43. Arbuckle, Gerard Earthing the Gospel: An Inculturation Handbook for the Pastoral Worker. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1990. Arevalo, Catalino “Inculturation in the Church: The Asian Context,” Landas 25 (2011): 83-134. Arrupe, P. 1978, “Letter to the Whole Society on Inculturation” Aixala (ed.) 3, 172-181. Barnes, Michael SJ, Theology and the Dialogue of Religions. Cambridge: Cambridge Unviersity Press, 2002. Bevans, Stephen SVD. “Revisiting Mission as Vatican II: Theology and Practice for Today’s Mission Church” Theological Studies 74 (2013): 26. Chupungco, Anscar. “Two Methods of Liturgical Inculturation: Creative Assimilation and Dynamic Equivalence” in Liturgy for the Filipino Church: A Collection of Talks of Anscar J. Chupungco, OSB given at the National Meeting of Diocesan Directors of Liturgy (1986-2004), ed. Josefina M. Manabat, SLD. Mendiola. Manila: San Beda College, Graduate School of Liturgy, 2004. 18-33. Chupungco, Anscar Liturgies of the Future: the Process and Methods of Inculturation. Collegeville Minnesota: A Pueblo Book, 1989. Chupungco, Anscar. “Liturgy and Inculturation,” East Asian Pastoral Review 18 (1981): 264. Costa R.O. (ed.) One Faith, Many Cultures: Inculturation, Indigenization, and Contextualization. Maryknoll: NY Orbis, 1988. Chupungco, Anscar in “Liturgy and Inculturation,” East Asian Pastoral Review 18 (1981): 264. De la Rosa, Rolando V. Beginnings of the Filipino Dominicans: History of the Filipinization of the Religious Orders in the Philippines, Revised Edition. Manila: UST Publishing House, 1990. De Mesa, Jose M. Why Theology is Never Far from Home. Manila: De La Salle University Press, Inc., 2003. Eilers, Franz-Josef. Communicating Between Cultures: An Introduction to Intercultural Communication. Fourth Updated Edition. Manila: Logos, Divine Word Publication, 2012. Federation of Asian Bishops’ Conferences, Resource Manual for Catholics in Asia: Dialogue. Thailand: FABC-OEIA, 2001. Follo, Francesco “Inculturation and Interculturality in John Paul II and Benedict XVI.” Retrieved 5 February 2014 from http://www.oasiscenter.eu/articles/interreligious-dialogue/2010/03/29/inculturation-and-interculturality-in-john-paul-ii-and-benedict-xvi quoting Ratzinger’s speech during the 25th anniversary of the John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family, 11 May 2006. Genero, Bartolome. ed. Inculturazione della fede: Sagi Interdisciplinarii. Naple: Edizioni ehoniane, 1981. Gorski, John F. M.M., “Christology, Inculturation, and Their Missiological Implications: A Latin American Perspective,” International Bulletin of Missionary Research 28, 2 (2004): 61, Javier, Edgar G. SVD, Dialogue: Our Mission Today. Quezon City: Claretian Publication and ICLA Publications, 2006. Jeremiah, Anderson “Inculturation: A Sub-Altern Critique of K.P. Aleaz’ ‘Indian Christian Vedanta,’ The Asia Journal of Theology 21, 2. (October 2007): 398-411. Kraft, Charles H. Christianity in Culture: A Study in Biblical Theologizing in Cross-Cultural Perspective. New York: Orbis Books, 1980. Kroeger, James, H., “The Faith-Culture Dialogue in Asia: Ten FABC Insights on Inculturation,” oletin Eclesiastico de Filipinas 85, 870 (2009): 7-28. Masson, Joseph ‘L Église ouverte ser le monde’in NRT, 84 (1962) 1038. Mercado, Leonardo N. Inculturation and Filipino Theology, Asia Pacific Missiological Series 2. Manila: Divine Word Publication, 1992. Mercado, Leonardo N. Elements of Filipino Theology. Tacloban City, Philippines: Divine Word University, 1975. Mitchell, Nathan “Culture, Inculturation, and Sacrosanctum Concilium,” Worship 77, 2 (March 2003): 171-181. Pietrzak, Daniel Interculturality and Internationality: A Utopia or a Constructive Tension for a Franciscan Missiology? Retrieved September 9, 2014 from http://www2.ofmconv.pcn.net/docs/en/general/miscon06_india/Interculturality%20and%20Internationality%20%20a%20utopia%20or%20a%20constructive%20tension%20for%20a%20Franciscan%20Missiology.pdf Radcliffe, Timothy. “Inculturation,” Review for Religious (Sept – Oct 1994): 646-657. Schreiter, Robert. “The Legacy of St. Francis Xavier: Inculturation of the Gospel Then and Now” East Asian Pastoral Review 44 (2007): 17-31. Schreiter, Robert J. Constructing Local Theologies. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1993. Shorter, Aylward Toward a Theology of Inculturation. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1999. Stanley, Brian. “Inculturation: Historical Background, Theological Foundations and Contemporary Questions,” Transformation 24, 1 (January 2007): 21-27. Timoner, Gerard F. “Intercultural Theology as a Way of Doing Theology” in Philippiniana Sacra XLI, 121 (January-April, 2006): 75-46. Timoner, Gerard. “Theology of Inculturation: A Critical Appraisal,” Philippiniana Sacra XL no. 119 (2005): 322-325. Ustorf, Werner “The Cultural Origins of Intercultural Theology” Mission Studies 25 (2008): 229-251. Wijsen, Frans “Intercultural Theology” Exchange 30, 3 (2001): 222-230.

Copyright of Acta Hispanica is the property of University of Szeged, Department of Hispanic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mainly derived from daily life of common people, English proverbs, as a highly condensed encyclopedia of the English-speaking nations and their cultures, cover the widest possible fields of the society ranging from the universal deepest philosophic contemplation to the commonest daily activities. English proverb translation has always been heatedly discussed in language field, and many scholars have made great contribution to it. They put forward different translation methods from different views. The paper attempts to discuss the Chinese translation methods on the basis of the dynamic equivalence theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To simplify the transient stability analysis of a large-scale power system and realize real-time emergency control, a fast transient stability simulation algorithm based on real-time dynamic equivalence is proposed. Generator models are grouped and aggregated according to a fast numerical integration. A fast calculation method of the admittance matrix is then proposed to calculate the parameters of an equivalent system, and numerical integration is performed using the obtained equivalent system. Then, based on integral sensitivity, a new fast emergency control strategy is proposed for the equivalent system. The final emergency control strategy is obtained by mapping the control strategy for the equivalent system back to the original system. The results of a simulation on an East China Power System that includes 496 generators and 5075 buses show that the suggested algorithm can output an accurate transient stability simulation result and form an effective emergency control strategy. The proposed algorithm is much faster than the existing solutions and has the potential to be used for online pre-decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With more and more distributed renewable energy generations and diversified electric vehicle (EV) loads connected to active distribution networks (ADNs), the power interaction between the ADNs and backbone network becomes more complicated. Furthermore, it is difficult to exactly simulate the power flows in the ADN due to large amounts of branches without power measurement units. Consequently, this paper proposes an equivalent modeling for the ADN, consisting of a motor and a synthetic constant impedance (Z), constant current (I), constant power (P) load (ZIP) with an internal identification for EV loads. The equivalent modeling utilizes a multi-layer double deep Q network (MLDDQN) to track the dynamics of the original ADN using few power measurements in the boundary with high precision. In the MLDDQN, the types of the ZIP load and motor are selected from the load pool to obtain the dynamic equivalent modeling of the ADN in the first layer, and the weight of the model is determined to obtain the active power (P) and reactive power (Q) (P Q component) of motor and ZIP load in the second layer through the powerful feature extraction ability of deep learning and the optimization decision-making ability of reinforcement learning. Another layer is adopted to optimize the parameters of the equivalent EV to independently trace the characteristics of the original EV loads. The simulation results show that the proposed MLDDQN improves the sample selection and behavior value function evaluation in deep reinforcement learning through prior experience playback, huber loss function strategy and dueling network. Additionally, the precision and applicability of the equivalent modeling is tested with comparisons with traditional DDQN and DQN. • A Multi-layer double deep Q network (MLDDQN) equivalent modeling method is proposed. • The MLDDQN can accurately track the load characteristics of EVs. • The MLDDQN is employed to achieve the improvement of the optimal strategy. • The performance of the MLDDQN is superior to DDQN and DQN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper studies linear conjugacy of PL-RDK systems, which are kinetic systems with power law rate functions whose kinetic orders are identical for branching reactions, i.e. reactions with the same reactant complex. Mass action kinetics (MAK) systems are the best known examples of such systems with reactant-determined kinetic orders (RDK). We specify their kinetics with their rate vector and T matrix. The T matrix is formed from the kinetic order matrix by replacing the reactions with their reactant complexes as row indices (thus compressing identical rows of branching reactions of a reactant complex to one) and taking the transpose of the resulting matrix. The T matrix is hence the kinetic analogue of the network's matrix of complexes Y with the latter's columns of non-reactant complexes truncated away. For MAK systems, the T matrix and the truncated Y matrix are identical. We show that, on non-branching networks, a necessary condition for linear conjugacy of MAK systems and, more generally, of PL-FSK (power law factor span surjective kinetics) systems, i.e. those whose T matrix columns are pairwise different, is $$T = T'$$ , i.e. equality of their T matrices. This motivated our inclusion of the condition $$T = T'$$ in exploring extension of results from MAK to PL-RDK systems. We extend the Johnston-Siegel Criterion for linear conjugacy from MAK to PL-RDK systems satisfying the additional assumption of $$T = T'$$ and adapt the MILP algorithms of Johnston et al. and Szederkenyi to search for linear conjugates of such systems. We conclude by illustrating the results with several examples and an outlook on further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept ofTaohas long been regarded as a conundrum for translators because of its complex connotations. Over the past century, many translations of theTao Te Ching, in which theTaooriginated and is elaborated, have appeared, with Waley’s version being one of the most authoritative. However, controversy and doubts about its translatability remain. This paper draws a comparison betweenTaoand ‘natural law’, which is a classic concept of Western thought, to explore a better way of translating the ‘untranslatable’, i.e. a traditional Chinese philosophical term. Based on a long-term study of theTao Te Chingin general, and Waley’s translation in particular, this article explores questions concerning ‘the untranslatability ofTao’, natural law regarded as the closest paradigm to theTaoin Western philosophy, and the translated connotations of law and morality. It draws on the concept of dynamic equivalence for the purpose of countering its untranslatability and approaching its translation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Sufis took Islam to many parts of Asia and in some of those countries still continue to have a significant impact. Using Kraft’s model of dynamic equivalence this paper examines the Sufi spiritual forms of dhikr and sama ʾ. Taking his parameters of form, function and meaning, these forms have been researched in terms of their use in fostering the Christian spiritual growth of Muslim seekers/followers of Jesus Christ in one of those Asian contexts. The assessment seeks to discover the degree to which they are compatible or may create difficulties with similar Christian forms. Following a brief overview of Sufism, the dhikr is considered in terms of its form, function and meaning. Both the fikr, the complement of the dhikr and the sama' are examined briefly. Then, the main issues highlighted are examined from a Christian theological perspective. Following Hiebert, a brief consideration is also given in terms of Christian history and traditions. Finally, observations are made as to how compatible these forms are within the Christian context while also outlining some of the possible problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing demand of electricity, the development of the urban power grid has drawn a lot of attention in China. In order to focus on the analysis of an urban power grid, the remaining part of the large-scale power grid used is to be reduced. The accuracy of the equivalence is key to urban power grid research. In this paper, a multistep dynamic equivalent method based on district dividing is proposed. Based on the electrical distance, voltage level, and geographic location, the external system is divided into outer layer, inner layer, and buffer subsystem. Each district is separately reduced by different methods. The proposed technique is illustrated by a real large-scale power grid in the south of China. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, a frequently used representation of mass-action type reaction networks is extended to a more general system class where the reaction rates are in rational function form. An algorithm is given to compute a possible reaction graph from the kinetic differential equations. However, this structure is generally non-unique, as it is illustrated through the phenomenon of dynamical equivalence, when different reaction network structures correspond to exactly the same dynamics. It is shown that under some technical assumptions, the so-called dense realization containing the maximal number of reactions, forms a super-structure in the sense that the reaction graph of any dynamically equivalent reaction network is the sub-graph of the dense realization. Additionally, optimization based methods are given to find dynamically equivalent realizations with preferred properties, such as dense realizations or sparse realizations. The introduced concepts are illustrated by examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power system dynamic equivalence, which has been developed to overcome the computational issues, is faced with new challenges by emerging distributed energy resources (DERs). The switching characteristic between DERs operational modes beside non-dispatchable inherent, that is, generation uncertainties, should be take into account in power system dynamic equivalencing. This paper proposes a switching-based dynamic equivalence modeling for power system considering DERs. Prony analysis is employed to fit a reduced-order model to a high-order system in frequency domain. The developed modelling strategy consists of high and low frequency equivalences. When the external system reconnects to the main network through the breaker, high-frequency equivalence is replaced with external system. This period contains 4 cycles for communication delay beside 5 cycles governor time constant, which give rises to a six-order equivalence model. Afterwards, a four-order low-frequency equivalence model is fitted to the external system in the connected grid mode. Accuracy of the fitted dynamic equivalences is investigated by calculating the mean square error between the measured signal and the Prony approximated one. A synchronous-based DER, a doubly-fed induction generators and a fuel cell DER are added to the CIGRE benchmark in order to analyse the proposed dynamic equivalence modelling. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed equivalence modelling could exhibit the same results as the real external system in the frequency domain. Simulation results also reveal that increasing penetration of DERs affect the dynamic equivalence in grid-connected mode by degrading the higher frequencies while it has no impact on transient period equivalence. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper analyses degrees of equivalence in the translation of verbally expressed humour. Contrary to the traditional belief that it is dynamic equivalence which is more effective in translating humour, the paper attempts to demonstrate that formal correspondence might be as effective in certain cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lord's Prayer, recorded in the New Testament, has been read, recited, or sung in the traditional Christian church for centuries. It has become a hallmark of Christianity and, reinterpreting one of its famous terms, might even be considered blasphemous. The eternal debate whether a contemporary version should interfere with the ageless, conservative version of the Bible, has been one of the greatest challanges of any translator all throughout generations. In The Message version, Professor Eugene Peterson chose to replace the wellknown and famous daily bread with the contemporary noun phrase three square meals, in rendering the meaning of the daily need for food. Different translation studies theories and theoreticians have been analyzed and applied to both the conservative and the contemporary versions, to prove the role of the translator as a mediator between cultures and languages. The dynamic functional approach of Nida, the three parts model of Jakobson, the ethonography of speaking approach of Hymes, among others, have been considered when dealing with the translation of the material and metaphorical Bread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the common practice in the power system of China is to represent the small and medium hydropower generator group as a negative load. This paper presents a method to build a dynamic equivalent model of the hydropower generator group using a 3rd order generator model and a static characteristic load model. Based on phasor measurements in the tie line which connects to the modeled hydropower generator group, the dynamic multi-swarm particle swarm optimizer (DMS-PSO) algorithm is used to obtain parameters of the equivalent model. The proposed method is verified in the small and medium hydropower generator group of Sichuan power grid with both simulation and actual data. The results show that the dynamic responses and the transient stability are consistent before and after the equivalence. The proposed method can be used for modeling a group of small and medium hydropower generators whose structures and parameters are unknown.

This paper explores the process of legal translation aiming to gain an insight into the mechanisms that guarantee the quality of translation for legal work. The first part of the paper introduces static equivalence theory, which was developed by the author and serves as a basic framework under which a legal translator operates. In order to achieve static equivalence between the source and the target languages, the author, based on his several-decades of experience doing pragmatic translation (legal translation in particular) and an in-depth retrospective examination (concept-based), has constructed in the second part of the paper a five-step model for the process of legal translation. The model articulates all the essential steps that a legal translator needs to go through in his work, and the interconnections among them. These steps include (1) browsing the text to determine an applicable translation strategy, (2) perusing the text to decode the writer's intent, (3) conducting operative analysis to select a best way of expression, (4) cross-linguistic transfer, and (5) equivalence check by back-translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicating the theme in a sentence/text regards the organization of information structure (balance between given and new information units) according to the author’s intention and textual (writing) skills; to transpose this balance in translation is the translator’s job, not always devoid of difficulties or hesitations. Obviously, the target language is constantly “revised” for checking the equivalent devices in theme predicating strategies. The present paper discusses a specific text and its information structure from the viewpoint of dynamic equivalence.

The Bible, which contains the Old Testament and the New Testament, is called the cornerstone of western culture. The Psalms is a book included in the Old Testament and occupies an important position in the Bible. The importance of the Bible also prompts the development of numerous translation theories. Among many scholars who devote themselves to Bible translation survey, an American linguist, translation theorist Eugene Albert Nida proposed his systematic translation theory "Dynamic Equivalence" in the 1960s. It has influenced the Bible translation ever since then. Today's Chinese Version (TCV) is translated from Today's English Version (TEV) under the guidance of it during 1970s. Based on the guidance of dynamic equivalence, the TCV and TEV version of Psalms is compared and analyzed, aiming to prove the validation of the application of dynamic equivalence in bible translation and also point out some deficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jane Eyre has won worldwide reputation owing to Charlotte's skillful writing and the inspired feminist rebellious spirit. This paper mainly focuses on the analysis and appreciation of Song Zhaolin's translated work of Jane Eyre based on the dynamic equivalence strategy he used. The author of the original work Charlotte Brontë put a lot of her own experiences into Jane Eyre, which can also be shown in Song's translation. He also combined free and literal translation strategies in the translating process, which results in both faithful and expressive effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Distinct chemical reaction networks (CRNs) may lead to the same dynamics; this fact has been termed the fundamental dogma of chemical kinetics. We use Lie algebra of derivations to construct a tangent space along trajectories of vector fields, induced by CRNs, such that their dynamical structure is preserved via the construction of a diffeomorphic map . Thus, given two CRNs, it is possible to express the states (i.e. chemical species concentration) of one CRN as function of the other and vice versa, via the composition of their diffeomorphic maps. We call these map compositions the dynamical equivalence. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The distinction between the near and far-fields for a semi-infinite, elastic strip has been exploited to derive conditions under which different dynamic excitations can be considered as equivalent. These different excitations are equivalent in the sense that they produce the same displacement field far from the excited end. It is shown that dynamically equivalent excitations degenerate to statically equivalent loads in the limit of a vanishing frequency. The no-radiation condition is derived, and its relation to self-equilibrated, dynamic and static loads is presented. Dynamically equivalent excitations are utilized to formulate a dynamic version of Saint-Venant’s principle for symmetric excitations with frequencies below the first cut-off frequency of a strip. It has been shown that the requirement of self-equilibrium of a load for the decay of end effects for static fields can be deduced from the requirement of zero average power for the dynamic fields. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

If two control systems on manifolds of the same dimension are dynamic equivalent, we prove that either they are static equivalent, i.e., equivalent via a classical diffeomorphism, or they are both ruled; for systems of different dimensions, the one of higher dimension must be ruled. A ruled system is one whose equations define at each point in the state manifold a ruled submanifold of the tangent space. Dynamic equivalence is also known as equivalence by endogenous dynamic feedback or by a Lie-Bäcklund transformation when control systems are viewed as underdetermined systems of ordinary differential equations; it is very close to absolute equivalence for Pfaffian systems. It was already known that a differentially flat system must be ruled; this was a particular case of the present result, in which one of the systems was assumed to be "trivial" (or linear controllable). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic equivalence of the wind farm is a fundamental problem in the simulation of a power system connected with wind farms because it is unpractical to model every generator in a wind farm in detail. In this paper, an Equivalence Method based on the Output Characteristics (EMOC) is proposed, with which the wind farm composed of Squirrel-Cage Induction Generators (SCIGs) can be equivalent to one generator. By considering the diversity of wind generators and special operating characteristics of a wind farm, the equivalent generator based on EMOC responds accurately in various faults. No matter whether the wind farm is integrated in grid or just programmed, EMOC can be used to acquire an accurate equivalent generator. Simulation of the dynamic equivalence of an SCIG wind farm validated the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two midpoint-trapezoid pairs of dynamically equivalent (conjugate) algorithms are derived as compositions of first-order forward Euler and backward Euler integrators as applied to an incremental form of the initial-value problem of three-dimensional rigid body rotation. The algorithms are related to the recently developed methodology of the so-called Munthe-Kaas Runge–Kutta methods. Selected examples are used to illustrate the excellent long-term integration properties. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Usually there are several identical generation units in a power plant. A dynamic equivalence approach is developed for the torsional interaction analysis of multi-identical-machine power system. By similarity transformation, the state matrix of an N-machine system can be transformed to a block diagonal matrix with N blocks on the diagonal, N - 1 of which are the same. Therefore, an N-machine system is simplified into the study of two types of simple single-machine systems, however, all the information on system eigenvalues are preserved. The equivalence method was applied to a practical power system in Inner Mongolia, North China. The results achieved validate the functionality of the equivalence method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The relative difficulties of items on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were compared in English-speaking Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients in the United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK). Methods Participants were aged 75 and over, with a clinical diagnosis of AD according to standardized methods. Initial MMSE scores from an AD patient registry in the US (n = 401), and a field survey in the UK (n = 139) were compared. Item Characteristic Curve analysis (ICC) was used to calculate the relative difficulty of individual MMSE items, adjusted for the remaining MMSE items. Age, gender, education, and severity of disease were evaluated as possible confounders. Results UK participants found it relatively more difficult to name their county than US participants did to name their state. The relative difficulties of registration and recall, repeating a phrase, and following verbal directions also were significantly higher for the UK participants, even after adjustment for other factors. Conclusions Differences between the cohorts could be explained by translation artifacts in the test items or by cultural differences in the manifestation of AD. In this study, most, if not all differences can be explained by the former. ICC analysis can be used to develop tests that are functionally equivalent, a prerequisite for comparing dementia in different populations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euivalence is an essential requirement of translation and the main task of translation activity is to establish equivalence between the source text and the target text. Such being the case, different principles of translation equivalence have been put forward, of which the principle of dynamic equivalence put forward by Nida is the most familiar to and has the greatest influence on Chinese translation circle. It has its own features and boasts a lot of merits, which will be discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]