Search

Treaties are concluded by States but often impose rights and obligations directly upon private parties. Can private parties contract out of a treaty including States' oppositions without explicit permissions granted by the treaty? The complexity between party autonomy and State sovereignty is reflected in recent cases and unsettled debates regarding the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extra Judicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters of November 15, 1965 ("HSC"). The HSC contains a large number of oppositions made by 65 Contracting States including China, Germany, India, and Singapore. Combining public and private international law, this paper aims to explore the correlative relationship between party autonomy and State sovereignty in applying the HSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrition labeling supports healthier diets by aiding purchase decisions and stimulating reformulation. This systematic literature review applied Cochrane methods to synthesize and appraise evidence on the effectiveness of nutrient declarations and nutrition and health claims on diet-related outcomes. The search spanned 11 academic databases, from inception to July 2022. Evidence was synthesized using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) and vote counting. Data were available from 170 studies. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) suggest that nutrient declarations likely improved consumer understanding of the nutritional quality/content of foods (moderate certainty) and may have improved the healthfulness of choices (low certainty) versus no label. RCT evidence also suggests that claims likely increased consumer perceptions of food healthfulness and increased choice and purchases of labeled foods (both moderate certainty), irrespective of nutritional quality. To improve label understanding and avoid misinterpretation, nutrient declarations may incorporate interpretive elements and claims can apply disqualifying conditions for their usage, on the basis of overall nutritional quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The first Better evidence and RecommendatIons for the next Generation HealTh—BRIGHT symposium was held in Chongqing, China between June 21 and 23, 2024. The symposium did not only showcase the recent progress made by multidisciplinary teams in generating and translating evidence for children's healthcare, guideline development and evaluation, and the utilization of AI applications in pediatrics but also fostered transnational and transregional cooperation to promote the advancement of high‐quality evidence and guidelines in this field. The symposium contributed significantly to the future development and transformation of research endeavors in pediatrics.

Introduction: The National Health Summit is a policy discussion platform that advocates the policy statement stated by National Health Policy 2019 which results in a set of declarations to address issues in the health system. This study’s objective is to monitor the extent of declaration’s implementation, its facilitators-barriers, and to formulate recommendation for future National Health Summit declarations and implementation strategies. Methods: This is a qualitative study conducted by Nepal Medical Association. in November-December 2024. Ethical approval from Nepal Health Research Council, Ethical Review Board (Reference number: 1069). The study was designed using the Realistic Evaluation Framework to look into the “context” which are the external factors impacting implementation of the declarations, the “mechanism” which are key elements facilitating or hindering policy changes, and the “outcome” which were the tangible results of NHS declarations. Results: Review and analysis of the participant responses identified policy influene and advocacy as contexts. The mechanisms identified were political and bureaucratic challenges, collaboration, finaicial hurdles, commitment, accountability, leadership, evidence based practices. The outcome discussed were health system strengthening, health workforce, governance, innovation, advocacy and digaital transformations. Conclusions: Implementation of declaration is challenging, with fragmentation as major health issues, however, continuous advocacy has had a synergistic effect in implementation and prioritization of the policy.

Holistic integrative medicine (HIM) has been officially propounded since 2012. Its theoretical system has continuously been improved, and its practical methods have become increasingly diverse, becoming an inevitable choice and path for medical development in the new era. This article demonstrates ten major propositions for HIM, elaborating on their connotations and extensions from the perspectives of epistemology and methodology, necessary for achieving modern medicine’s transformation and adaptive evolution.

The underlying argument here is informed by a closer reading of events leading up to Peter's declaration of Jesus as 'the Son of the Living God' in Matthew 16, juxtaposed with the notion of 'Embodied Witness' in Ivan Satyavarta's paper on 'Critical Issues'. Jesus did not see the reality of being the Son for demonstrating his divine power but, for servanthood; for achieving the purpose of God through action in the world. Likewise, for the disciples, the declaration of Jesus exceeds mere perception of divinity or his oral confession but for Christ-like action or embodied practice in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author writes from her perspective as an actor, in particular about her performance of the title character in Eugene O'Neill's "Anna Christie" (1921) with the Eugene O'Neill Foundation in Danville in 2023. She speaks in conversation with Pauline Lord, the first actor to portray Anna Christopherson, and specifically explores the question of what it means to love a character. She argues that to love requires a commitment to feeling (living with the character) the struggle (the anger, pain, and shame) of what there could be to hate in the character and therefore ourselves. She argues that such a commitment begins necessarily when the character is (when we are) brave enough to declare herself and have her say. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application for declaration of religion's status is one of issues which seem to be unresolved and continuously discussed in the judicial realm. The application is made by Muslim who wants to convert out of Islam for certain reason. The Malaysian Shariah Court have been inconsistent in deciding the said application. This note finds that the courts embrace two approaches, namely preventive and reconciliatory, in deciding the application. Both are based on maṣlaḥah (interest which is in line with Islamic principles and purposes) and both approaches are prudent precedence. However, the reconciliatory approach is the best in the sense that the judge will have to consider both preventive and reconciliatory approaches and adopt the most suitable and practical to the current situation. In the situation where the application becomes widespread, the first approach should be put in practice to avoid the floodgate to "riddah" (denouncing Islam). In contrast, in the situation when the application is not rampant, then the second approach should be put in place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research dealt with the topic (transformations of coding format in contemporary art) with regard to the path of the contemporary artist and the importance of his connection to his society. The research problem was determined by answering the following question: (What are the hypothetical requirements for the mind to carry out an aesthetic reading of the various art formats?) As for the second chapter, it included the theoretical framework, which contained two sections, the first included (the concept of communicative codes), while the second section included (the diversity of contemporary formation codes), while the third chapter was concerned with research procedures, and the fourth chapter contained the results and conclusions.

This paper critically examines Coeckelbergh’s (2023) performative view of moral status. Drawing parallels to Searle’s social ontology, two key claims of the performative view are identified: (1) Making a moral status claim is equivalent to making a moral status declaration. (2) A successful declaration establishes the institutional fact that the entity has moral status. Closer examination, however, reveals flaws in both claims. The second claim faces a dilemma: individual instances of moral status declaration are likely to fail because they do not conform to established moral discourse conventions, and reliance on declarations becomes both unnecessary and implausible for explaining widespread collective recognition of moral status. As for the first claim, accepting it undermines the potential for meaningful moral disagreement. As a remedy, this paper proposed a shift in perspective: interpreting moral status claims as assertions rather than declarations. This refined perspective provides a more plausible framework for understanding moral status and avoids the pitfalls associated with the performative view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the time when the world was labeled as a ‘global village’, and the media as co-creators of social development, there has been a very pronounced public struggle for man and the protection of his rights, which have been won over the past centuries. Along with the expansion of science and technology, new opportunities were also developed to protect human rights with norms or to limit or abolish discrimination. In this sense, the media, which are free, became more and more powerful and important co-creators of the humanization of human behavior. Documents whose purpose and essence is the protection of human rights were gradually written, especially after the tragic experiences of the world wars. The 20th century gave birth to the need for freedom and equality, but in that time, discrimination, especially of children, was not abolished, nor was the media’s attitude towards this issue completely humanized. This paper therefore discusses the importance of the media in the affirmation of children’s rights and, in particular, the need to sensitize both society and the media for the protection and affirmation of human rights, including the rights of children.

This article examines the advantages and disadvantages of large language models(LLMs) and artificial intelligence (AI) in research and education and proposes the urgent need for an international statement to guide their responsible use. LLMs and AI demonstrate remarkable natural language processing, data analysis, and decision‑making capabilities, offering potential benefits such as improved efficiency and transformative solutions. However, concerns regarding ethical considerations, bias, fake publications, and malicious use also arise. The objectives of this paper are to critically evaluate the utility of LLMs and AI in research and education, call for discussions between stakeholders, and discuss the need for an international statement. We identify advantages such as data processing, task automation, and personalized experiences, alongside disadvantages such as bias reinforcement, interpretability challenges, inaccurate reporting, and plagiarism. Stakeholders from academia, industry, government, and civil society must engage in open discussions to address the ethical, legal, and societal implications. The proposed international statement should emphasize transparency, accountability, ongoing research, and risk mitigation. Monitoring, evaluation, user education, and awareness are essential components. By fostering discussions and establishing guidelines, we can ensure the responsible and ethical development and use of LLMs and AI, maximizing benefits while minimizing risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interwar Bessarabia was an unknown territory both for the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic and Socialist Romania. Nothing was written on either side of the Prut River. If someone dared to recall an intriguing and much-wanted life between the Prut and Dniester rivers during that period, they were likely to be subjected to lessons of true. At least that was the case in the MSSR. The Democratic Republic of Moldova, established on January 24, 1918, followed by the Declaration of the Country Council on March 27, 1918, breathed fresh air into the region between the Prut and Dniester rivers, a breath that had been absent for over a century. In the very first days of the Great Union, thanks to the warm-hearted Onisifor Ghibu from Ardeal, the greatest musician of all Romanians, George Enescu, arrived in Chisinau from Iasi with his orchestra for a few days' tour. The concerts he presented on March 24, 25, and 28 were events difficult to compare with anything that had occurred over the years, unless we recall the nearly forty concerts given by Enescu himself in various towns of Bessarabia, where, alongside great performers like Nicolae Caravia, he delighted audiences with exceptional music. The significance of these tours is further underlined by the fact that, due to the genius musician, an opera theater was established in Chisinau (premiering " Faust" on August 6, 1918) and the creation of a Conservatory of Music and Dramatic Arts (January 1, 1919). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of human rights has been at the center of the world community for seventy years, since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. Although it is difficult to define the concept of human rights, researchers believe that this concept can be extracted from those rules and norms that have initially been recognized by the majority of UN members in the form of declarations, statements, treaties, conventions, and Performance of Opinio Juris, and second, affect the behavior and conduct of political entities. The current study investigates the definition of human rights after the events of September 11, 2001. This review article argues that the concept of human rights was initially a general concept, but it evolved over time into specialized areas, such that in the third millennium and after September 11, 2021, security-related human rights issues have become more important than before, and different groups and minorities received more special attention. On the other hand, environmental and health-related human rights issues have emerged as compelling issues of the present, which have further broadened the scope of human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mono brake system with variable brake force distribution is a mechanism used in two wheelers that activates the front and rear brakes at the same time by using one brake lever. Motive is to reduce the threat of accidents due to misuse of the front brake when braking. As there are a wide range of BFD ratios in the front and rear wheel, the mono brake system Variable brake force distribution (MBSVBD) can be achieved using riding comfort and high braking effort Same time, provided that the BFD ratio is Appropriately designed. This paper is aimed to develop the design method for (MBSVBD) and performance of load sensing BFD in a two wheeler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article clarifies the status of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in terms of the components outlined in Article 1 of the 1933 Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, which expresses the generally recognized features of a state. Addressing the issues concerning the territory of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, its population, government, and their status as subjects of the international law requires analysing the emergence of the notion of “Azerbaijan”, as well as the country’s geographic, historical, and political context. It is vital to review the history of preceding states of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic while determining the status of that state. The relevance of the study derives from the problem of specifying the status of newly formed states as subjects of international law in the contemporary world. In the article, historical and legal study is accomplished, which aims at examining the stages of the formation of civil justice, and legislation of different epochs in the territory of Azerbaijan; the comparative legal method enabled the analysis of foreign legislation in view of identifying the main principles of normative regulation of civil procedural actions. The result of the study is that since the declaration of independence on May 28, 1918, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic has controlled this heritage. The authority of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the subjectivity of the international law were both conditioned by the population (nation) element and expressed in the 1933 Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Responsibilities of States on the universally recognized characteristics of states. The novelty of the research lies in the detailed analysis of the status of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in the system of international relations. The author comes to the conclusion that the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic possesses the indispensable features of belonging to an independent state: the territory, the population living on it, the government and international relations established with a number of countries.

The phrase "natural person" is basically a conventional name given to man as a legal entity, as an individual participant in legal relations in general. It is therefore a qualification given by law to the individual, and not a separate qualification or vocation of him. However, such a vocation must necessarily exist, because otherwise the physical person would be a form devoid of content. This necessary vocation found its expression in another concept, that of legal capacity, consecrated especially doctrinally and jurisprudentially and which designates the vocation or aptitude of the natural person to participate, in general, in legal relations and to acquire rights and obligations. When we refer to civil legal relations, to the rights and obligations included in their content, we are dealing with the civil capacity of the person, regulated in the Civil Code under the aspect of the capacity to use and the capacity to exercise. The ability to be a subject of law, respectively, the capacity to use for civil law, presupposes, as I mentioned before, an existing human being, conceived or born, alive, which precisely constitutes the human support of the capacity. Consequently, knowing the date of the end of the physical person's capacity to use means establishing the date of his/her death. Through this article, we will analyze the two hypotheses regulated by the civil law by which this date is established. The first hypothesis is the one in which the death of the person is ascertained directly, through the examination of the human corpse, which constitutes the "physically ascertained death" hypothesis. The second hypothesis is that in which the examination of the body is not possible (because it cannot be found), although the death of the person is certain, or almost certain, which constitutes the hypothesis of "legally declared death". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reason for writing this paper is the (non) application of the Agreement on Succession Issues, especially its Annex G, which refers to private property and acquired rights. The authors analyzed the legal norms from a theoretical point of view, and then, by researching case law and analyzing the decisions made, they pointed out the (non) application of the ratified Agreement on Succession Issues. Respecting the assumed international obligations, valid international law, legality and justice, as well as the credibility of the European Union, it is necessary in practice to ensure more efficient and direct application of Annex "G" of the Agreement on Succession Issues which stipulates that SFRY successor states will protect private property. and acquired rights of citizens and other legal entities. Result of the author's paper is the Platform for "Ending the War Period" on the territory of the former joint state of SFRY by implementing the ratified Agreement on Succession Issues with Annexes of "A - G" with special reference to Annex "G" Private property and acquired rights, as a convalidation enacted laws and their legal consequences. The aim of the paper is for the representatives of the states of the former SFRY to adopt the proposals of the future Declaration on the basis of the mentioned Platform, which the authors presented in the conclusion of the paper.

O artigo trata de evolução do direito do consumidor em um confronto com o direito civil. ABSTRACT Thearticledealswiththeevolutionofconsumerlaw in confrontation withcivil law.

Background: The purpose of this study was to clarify how the Regional Referral Clinical Pathway for Home-based Palliative Care (RRCP-HPC) and an outreach program by a palliative care team (PCT) lead to an improvement in the outcome. Design and Methods: We conducted questionnaire surveys using the mailing method involving the regional medical staff involved in cancer patients introduced to the PCT of a single hospital, as well as bereaved families. The questionnaire was prepared through interviews with the medical staff and bereaved families. Subsequently, factor analysis was performed to identify factor structures and calculate the correlation coefficient with each outcome. Results: For the questionnaire survey involving the medical staff, responses were collected from 119 regional medical institutions and 84 regional medical staff. The response rate per institution was 51.3%. Similarly, for the questionnaire survey involving bereaved families, the response rate was 42.4%. For the survey involving the medical staff, 6 factors, such as "improved awareness of an interdisciplinary team," were extracted. For the survey involving the bereaved families, 4 factors, such as "improvement of communications between patients and healthcare professionals," were extracted. There were significant (≥moderate) correlations between these factors and all outcomes. Conclusion: In this study, we clarified the process of achieving palliative care until death at home without difficulties using the outreach program and RRCP-HPC. The results suggest the importance of improving communications. The outreach program and RRCP-HPC may have contributed to palliative care at home without difficulties through an improvement in communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship is an integral part of the market economy. However, only recently it has been possible to analyse this cluster online. The purpose of the research paper is a qualitative analysis of indicators formed by the Federal Tax Service of Russia to characterize the activities of small and medium-sized businesses. The article presents the results of a review of the indicators of information and digital resources of the Federal Tax Service of Russia that characterize the activities of small businesses: the unified register of small and medium – sized businesses; the unified register of small and medium-sized businesses – recipients of support; the unified state register of taxpayers; the state information register of accounting (financial) reporting; the “Transparent Business” service. It is concluded that the information and statistical databases of the Federal Tax Service of Russia have a significant potential for partial formation of statistical reporting data of small and medium-sized businesses, and are also acceptable for economic and statistical analysis of the activities of both a specific entity and a group of entities.

Church of the Holy Trinity, was emotionally charged, controversial and, in the end, very sad. The Rectory’s architecture and construction reflected both the needs of its various owners, and many of the dramatic events that had affected the city throughout its history. Despite repeated damage by fire, the faith community always found the strength and energy to restore the building and bring it back to life. Up until 1989, the Rectory was an integral part of the community’s spiritual life, and even after then, its upper storey continued to serve as the Church’s pastoral centre and a meeting place for Christian youth activities, while the ground floor housed the city’s Tourist Information Board and a popular restaurant. The Rectory was declared a national cultural monument in 2008, just as a developer was taking an interest in the site on which it stood. At this point, the local Church authorities decided it was not worthy of salvation and swiftly lodged an appeal against the decision to protect it, downplaying the building’s historical and architectural value, suggesting that since its original Late Medieval/ Early Modern features had been lost to fire 1678, the current building, reconstructed in 1777, was of no significant value. While a decision on the appeal was still pending, the Rectory was demolished, in the middle of Saturday night, July 12, 2008. The ground on which it stood was completely excavated within a week, allowing no possibility of recovery archaeological research. Eventually, a shopping centre was built over the place it once stood. This article discusses the controversial processes that led to the building’s abrupt demolition, and explores the failure to bring charges against those responsible for its destruction, which took place contrary to the Monuments Act

In the late 80s and early 90s of the twentieth century, Armenia openly made territorial claims to the historical lands of Azerbaijan and launched a military aggression against our country. At that time, taking advantage of the chaos in Azerbaijan, Armenia occupied 20% of our lands, and as a result of the policy of ethnic cleansing pursued by Armenia, more than 1 million Azerbaijanis were expelled from their native lands. The process of negotiations on the elimination of the consequences of military aggression against Azerbaijan and the implementation of UN Security Council Resolutions 822, 853, 874 and 884, which lasted about 30 years, did not yield results due to the destructive position of Armenia. On September 27, 2020, the armed forces of the Republic of Armenia again grossly violated the norms of international law. There were dead and wounded among civilians and servicemen. It has launched counter-offensive operations by the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan to prevent and neutralize real and potential military threats to the national security of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Thus, part of the Republic of Azerbaijan was liberated by military means, and the other part of the lands occupied by the Armenians was liberated peacefully on the basis of the commitment of the defeated Armenia, the Declaration of November 10, assessed for the Republic of Armenia as an "act of capitulation". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any of individuals or legal persons, regardless of the form of ownership, have the right to introduce into and out of the country goods and means of transport according to the legislation in force, but when crossing the border, they are subject to the declaration of the customs body. The declaration is considered the main stage of the procedure for completing the customs documents, which in turn is the component part of the customs activity. Once the goods or transports enter or leave the state border, they will be placed under a customs regime, and will be the subject of a customs declaration. This condition for declaring goods is regulated by the Customs Code of the Republic of Moldova. Thus, art. 173 stipulates that "goods and means of transport crossing the customs border, goods and means of transport whose customs destination changes, other goods and means of transport in the cases established under the law are declared to the customs body". According to the customs legislation, the declaration of the goods and their presentation for customs clearance is made by the declarants or their representatives, by submitting a detailed customs declaration, in writing, at the end of the transit procedure or within 20 days from the date of filing the summary declaration. Thus, this article will bring to the fore the definition and analysis of this type of customs declaration - the customs declaration in detail.

Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is the most common inherited metabolic disorder characterized by high cholesterol and if left untreated leads to premature cardiovascular disease, such as heart attacks. Treatment that begins early in life, particularly in childhood, is highly efficacious in preventing cardiovascular disease and cost-effective, thus early detection of FH is crucial. However, in Europe, less than 10% of people living with FH are diagnosed and even less receive life-saving treatment. The Prague Declaration is a call to action for national and European Union policymakers and decision-makers and a result of the Czech EU Presidency meeting on FH Paediatric Screening (early detection of inherited high cholesterol) at the Czech Senate in Prague on 6th September 2022. It builds on a considerable body of evidence which was discussed at the Technical Meeting under the auspices of the Slovenian EU Presidency in October 2021. The Prague meeting addressed the outstanding barriers to the systematic implementation of FH paediatric screening across Europe. In this article, we present the key points from the Prague meeting and concrete actions needed to move forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire safety expertise was in great demand following the Grenfell Tower fire in London in June 2017. The government established a review of building regulations and an expert panel to inform its responses to Grenfell, and many other relevant organisations also formed their own expert panels. However, expert knowledge in fire safety is a highly contested domain, with knowledge claims based on differing sources. Fire fighters can claim expertise based on their experience of fighting fires, scientists and science-based engineers can claim expertise from experimentation, and those who create and enact regulations can claim expertise in what can termed 'codespeak'—the language of regulation. Although distanced from fundamental empirical experience of fire, codespeak is powerful because of its relative clarity and certainty, and legal status. Building users also bring their own form of 'local' expertise—they have first-hand experience of the practicalities of the solutions wrought by the other experts. Policy-makers thus face many competing forms of expert advice on fire safety, and their ability to judge what is most relevant in any particular case rests on the existence of a sufficient range and depth of in-house government expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of History Studies (13094688) is the property of History Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

At international level the right to health developed with human rights growing concern and development, as it is understood as continuum which is the conditions to the protection of health of the public. In terms of civil and political rights, one can have the right to medical care services and provision of public health care including the treatment, diagnosis of diseases and other services for health care and for those who are not capable to pay for it.COVID-19 pandemic created global health care concern. The main focus of this paper is to study international human Right to Health in international covenants, declaration and regional charter and also international strategies and responses of COVID-19 pandemic and their possible solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While teaching, the Institute of Animal Nutrition of the University of Zurich (IANZ) noticed that veterinary students, veterinarians and pet owners have significant difficulties in reading and understanding pet food labels (PFL). The authors hypothesized that if PFL are easy to read and understand, 90% of those dog owners (n = 43) polled at a dog exhibition are able to answer a questionnaire after reading an exemplary PFL modified from existing products. About 30.2% of the participants were able to compare the protein content of a canned diet versus a dry diet. About 34.9% were able to estimate and compare the carbohydrate content of two dry diets by reading the composition. About 32.6% identified which of the two dry diets was potentially a complete diet by reading the listed ingredients. The results show that a majority of the participants was overwhelmed with the task of reading and understanding the exemplary PFL. An improvement of public education on the basics of product labelling or additional simplified information on the labels might be helpful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preamble is a contemporary way for some elements of different written acts to be defined. Therefore, preamble is commonly introductory clause or clauses, usually located at the begining of the act which it is prefixed. Preamble may be very often a part of some legal acts. It could also be found in other written acts which are not necessarily legal by its nature. Therefore, it is wildly spread. Central problem in relation to preamble is the question of its legal binding and the scope of it. The specific is the significance of the preamble in constitutional law: it may consists of declaration on motive for delivery of constitution, declaration on politically crucial moments in history and it could define objectives of new constitutional system, or the solution of some urgent political question. In the last two cases legal obligation of preamble is beyond any despute. In theory, other approaches could also be found concerning the question of legal binding of preamble clauses.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2019 4(1), 61-78 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. Beyond autonomy: mutual trust applies to investment protection and beyond. - III. The application of Achmea by investor-State tribunals. - IV. The consequences: how Member States have committed to apply Achmea. | (Abstract) This Article considers the role, application, and implications of the Achmea judgment (judgment of 6 March 2018, case C-284/16 [GC]). As such, the Authors first consider the Leitmotive of Achmea, that is to say, the principles of autonomy and mutual trust. The latter principle, it is argued, should be given much more attention, particularly in light of its fundamental importance in the overall architecture of the European Union. The Article then critically analyses the application of the Achmea judgment by intra-EU arbitral tribunals and how these tribunals have distinguished the effects of the judgment for their assessments on jurisdiction. In a concluding section, the Authors finally reflect on the declarations made by Member States on 15 and 16 January 2019 on the implications and interpretation of Achmea and the intended effects thereof for pending arbitrations.

Nesih konusu sahabe döneminden itibaren önemsenmiş ve dini doğru anlamanın bir ölçütü olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu sebeple ulema konuyu değişik boyutlarıyla inceleme ihtiyacını hissetmiştir. Söz konusu meseleyi farklı açılardan ele alan âlimlerimizden biri de, birçok alanda eser telif eden ve usulcü kişiliğiyle öne çıkan Tâcüddîn es-Sübkî’dir. Kendisi, Şâfiî mezhebine mensup olmakla beraber zaman zaman gelenekten farklı görüşler ileri sürmüş hatta bazı konularda dört mezhebin genel görüşüne muhalefet edebilmiştir. Onun çoğu âlimden farklı düşündüğü alanlardan biri de nesih meselesidir. Özellikle haber-i vahid ve kıyasın, Kitap ve mütevatir sünneti nesih edebileceği görüşü dikkat çekicidir. Çalışmamızda Tâcüddîn es-Sübkî’nin nesih konusuna yaklaşımını ve konuyla ilgili genel görüşe muhalif görüşlerini tespit ve tahlil etmeye çalışacağız

The article examines trends and problems of taxation of individuals in the current system, the need to introduce universal declarations in Kazakhstan. The choice of this topic is caused by fact that state, business sector and population of Kazakhstan should not remain indifferent to this tax, as it is one of the stable sources in budget revenue part. The scientific generalization presented in this article is a continuation of scientific disputes rethinking, interpretations, approaches of scientists – economists of developed and developing countries to issue of taxation of the population. The search for the right, effective ways to solve the problems above can be realized through the interaction of scientific people and leading practitioners – economists with participation and discussion of this issue in various scientific forums at regional and national levels, approbation of speeches at scientific and practical conferences, publication of articles in scientific publications of countries near and far abroad and in Kazakhstan with the purpose of attracting attention of interested taxpayer categories.

The silent majority i.e. the children were last to come into the category of rights-holders. The journey from being 'property of parents' to 'object of protection' and then from 'object of protection' to 'subject of rights' is very long. Declaration on the Rights of the Child 1924 under the umbrella of League of Nations was the first document whereby the children for the first time came into the international recognition. Then in 1959, under the umbrella of United Nations Declaration on the Rights of the Child was again adopted, where their protections and vulnerability was reinforced. These both documents were just dealing the protection measures regarding children and they were considered just "objects of protection". Then moment came in 1989, when the historic UN Convention on the Rights of the Child was adopted, which first time recognised children as "rights-holders", and made them 'subjects of rights' from 'objects of protection'. The Convention proved to be the first significant binding instrument which explicitly recognised the children as possessors of rights and not the beggars. The examples and illustrations of three different jurisdictions i.e., United Kingdom: the kingpin of Common law, France; the leader of current civil law system and Pakistan; hybrid system, i.e., Common law mixed with Islamic Law, have been chosen. The objective of paper is to evaluate and see how children became the subject of international law and were lucky to be recognised as 'rights-holder' rather than only 'property' of their parents. The paper gives descriptive historical analysis the journey from 'child protections' to 'child rights' through two Declarations and a UN Convention, of children's rights, that led to their recognition as a category of holders of all human rights, along with special protection on account of their vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uzbekistan is implementing comprehensive reforms aimed at radical reform and improvement of criminal law. In the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated February 7, 2017 "On the Strategy of Actions for the Further Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan" PF-4947, also approved the Strategy for Improving the Strategy and Strategy is one of the directions. Despite the reforms, there is a need to improve the law on transnational crime due to the growing number of cases of transboundary movement of illicit goods or individuals that pose a serious threat to the interests of the state and society in order to gain material benefits. In addition, the Concept of Improving the Criminal and Criminal Procedure Legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, attached to the Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated May 14, 2018 "On measures to radically improve the system of criminal and criminal procedure legislation" PP-3723 Due to the fact that measures should be taken and criminal law should include liability for transnational and international crimes, this scientific article is devoted to some issues related to the qualification of the crime of smuggling.The article also highlights the differences and similar features of the crime of smuggling from other similar crimes and analyzes the legislation of Uzbekistan. In addition, this article examines the specifics of the qualification of smuggling in the legislation of foreign countries as an object of study. Based on the general analysis, suggestions and recommendations are made on the classification of smuggling offenses based on the legislation of Uzbekistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the theoretical and practical issues of Uzbekistan's youth policy, the legal basis of education and the protection of the rights of the child, as well as questions concerning the powers of the subjects. State policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan on juvenile delinquency as well as the current state of Uzbekistan is that a number of ministries and departments (justice, education, home affairs, labor relations and employment, prosecutors, etc.) deal with the problems of minor children. It is realized that yet there is no clear coordination or interaction between these departments, which would define clear goals and objectives. This leads to the fact that each department solves individual problems. The lack of alternative programs makes it difficult to effectively implement reforms in the area of juvenile justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En suivant le fil conducteur du concept de virtualité dans la pensée derridienne, cet article montre comment, chez Derrida, tout acte politique peut être pensé comme un acte virtuel. La déconstruction du concept de virtualité à partir des Spectres de Marx (1993) permet tout d’abord de comprendre différemment son irruption dans Otobiographies (1984), contemporaines du Séminaire La vie la mort récemment publié (2019) dans lequel on en retrouve le chapitre 2 « Logique de la vivante », et de lire avec un regard neuf « Du droit à la justice », la première partie de Force de loi (1993). Comment faire pour que chaque « sur-vie » compte et pas seulement la vie de l’homme blanc qui a rédigé et signé, au nom d’un soi-disant « peuple libre », la déclaration d’indépendance des Etats-Unis ou des Amériques du sud ?

The recognition of Kosovo is an issue in some part of the international community even though its independence has been recognized by 116 states and that the ICJ has given a legal opinion which confirmed that the independence was not a violation of international law. This paper analysis the pros and cons and the difficulties created by the non-recognition of Kosovo both for the region and broader, dealing not only with the political reasons and difficulties. The paper is written by using combined methodology and methods: systemic analysis, of legal analysis, and method of comparison analysis. Conclusions and recommendations are expected to be a contribution towards a further debate about the importance of the recognition of the state of Kosovo.

The activities of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) in the educational sphere have been researched. The article as well focuses on the important program «Education for All». At the World Education Forum (Dakar, 2000), the governments pledged to achieve «Education for All» and identified six goals to be met by 2015. Threfore the study examines these goals. Special attention has been paid to the results of this program. According to the World Report on Monitoring «Education for All», the statistics has been presented to achieve the goals set. The study outlines the problems of this sphere that need to be solved in the future. It is emphasized that a number of goals, namely the right of all to education, gender equality, improvement of the education system, etc. are extremely important. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization organizes different conferences, forums for solution problems of education, gives important recommendation for improvements educational sphere. The views of the General Directors of UNESCO on the role of education in UNESCO’s activities, on implementation of the provisions of the «Education for All» have been given. The author as well emphasizes on the high importance of educational sphere of the activities of UNESCO. In accordance with the new declaration, the study outlines the perspective of educational sphere of UNESCO’s activities (from 2015 to 2030).

The article substantiates the expediency to distinguish a kind of “gift relations in the public service” – “gift relations with the participation of close persons of a public servant.” The author draws attention to the specificity of the subjects of the relevant relations, which is a public servant (a person empowered to exercise the functions of the state or local self-government and “serve” for a public interest) and close persons of the public servant (persons connected with the public servant by means of family, friendly relations) A gift in these relations differs by peculiarity because it is oriented solely to the person of a public servant, and not to his professional activities, his special legal status. Its presentation does not imply any influence on the “purity” of the professional activities of a public servant. In view of this, it is inappropriate to consider the normative consolidation of the appropriate “personal” (it is also called “private”, “ordinary”, “normal”) gift to requirements for cost, grounds, the periodicity of receiving. At the same time, despite the specifics of “gift relations with the participation of a public servant,” they cannot remain outside the regulatory framework. Such regulation allows strengthening the foundations of determinacy in the “gift policy” of the state and eliminating the grounds for use of “gifts from close persons” as a means of “indirect” influence, including inappropriate, on the professional activities of public servants or concealment of unjust enrichment of the latter. The author justifies the inappropriate use of prohibitions and restrictions in the regulation of appropriate kind of “gift relations in the public service.” Instead, the introduction of an obligatory annual declaration where public servants point all gifts, including “personal” ones, indicating donor’s personality, the nature of the relationship with him, the market value of the gift. A similar obligation is proposed to provide for close persons of a public servant (first of all, family members as well as close persons who live together with a public servant) in order to strengthen the principles of transparency of “gift relations with the participation of close persons of a public servant,” confirmation of the history of relationship, funds sources for gift’s presentation (the indication of funds sources for the gift is mandatory for this group of persons). For the effective use of the declaration, proposals are formulated to unify the provisions of anti-corruption, tax and tort legislation in the aspect of compliance with the requirements for obtainment of gifts by public servants from their relatives.

The backbone of this research is based on the national pledge: "I promise on my honour, to be faithful and loyal to Ghana my motherland....". This is the pledge taken by everybody in Ghana, especially those appointed by the government, and the executive itself, before they take up public office. This applies to the electoral commissioners as well, and therefore, with regards to elections, due-diligence is important. This paper discusses election results declared by the Electoral Commission of Ghana, with computational errors that undermine the integrity of the EC and Ghana as a whole. Ghana has 275 constituencies; this means 275 Members of Parliament (MP) are elected each time. There were 38,622 polling stations across the 16 regions of Ghana. In all, there were 12 presidential candidates in this year's general election. The law mandates that the EC announces election results and winners at the collation centres for MPs, and the electoral commission chairperson announces the presidential result and winner at the headquarters. In this year's presidential election, the results had errors that generated political agitation by the opposition, the National Democratic Congress (NDC), thereby rejecting the results announced by the EC chairperson. Hence, a method is adopted using the authors' own 2020 Elections Results Database System and the disputed results announced by the EC chairperson was checked. The errors have been corrected academically for reference purposes. The errors committed by the EC dents their reputation and image, but it is not a big mistake that will lead to complete annulment of results. It is recommended that the electoral commission develop or purchase a software that would help them capture election results and carry out computations automatically, going forward. An empirical data with mixed method was used to deduce the correct results, both quantitatively and qualitatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fate of the so-called Old Rectory in Žilina, situated next to the monumental Church of the Holy Trinity, was emotionally charged, controversial and, in the end, very sad. The Rectory's architecture and construction reflected both the needs of its various owners, and many of the dramatic events that had affected the city throughout its history. Despite repeated damage by fire, the faith community always found the strength and energy to restore the building and bring it back to life. Up until 1989, the Rectory was an integral part of the community's spiritual life, and even after then, its upper storey continued to serve as the Church's pastoral centre and a meeting place for Christian youth activities, while the ground floor housed the city's Tourist Information Board and a popular restaurant. The Rectory was declared a national cultural monument in 2008, just as a developer was taking an interest in the site on which it stood. At this point, the local Church authorities decided it was not worthy of salvation and swiftly lodged an appeal against the decision to protect it, downplaying the building's historical and architectural value, suggesting that since its original Late Medieval/ Early Modern features had been lost to fire 1678, the current building, reconstructed in 1777, was of no significant value. While a decision on the appeal was still pending, the Rectory was demolished, in the middle of Saturday night, July 12, 2008. The ground on which it stood was completely excavated within a week, allowing no possibility of recovery archaeological research. Eventually, a shopping centre was built over the place it once stood. This article discusses the controversial processes that led to the building's abrupt demolition, and explores the failure to bring charges against those responsible for its destruction, which took place contrary to the Monuments Act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Croatian Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) has published this "Declaration on eHealth" to warn all stakeholders (patients, health professionals, institutions, government agencies, suppliers) to use the huge potential of information and communication technologies (ICT) and solutions to improve health care in Croatia. The Declaration draws attention to areas of infrastructure such as: education, regulation and standardization, medical and health informatics (MHI) as a profession, the obligation of institutions, government bodies and suppliers. In addition to answering the question "what?", the Declaration addresses the most important question "how?". Instead of the existing "atomization" and disconnection of projects and solutions, the Declaration proposes the realization of a common concept of computerization in health and for health by establishing a central body at the state level (agency, office, institute, etc.) in which expertise, decision-making and financing of health informatics projects at the national level will be concentrated. The central body should function on the principles of professionalism, independence and transparency. The purpose of the proposal offered by the Declaration is to improve the management of health system computerization, which would avoid containment within institutions, enable obtaining and purposeful use of available financial resources and experts, and achieve the necessary cooperation, which would bring the results in ICT support to the health system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Bulletin of National Mining University is the property of National Mining University, State Higher Educational Institution and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)